世贸组织规则复习提纲

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国际贸易复习提纲.docx

复出口(Re-export)从国外输入的商甜，没有在本国消费，乂未经加工就再出口，称作复出口或再出口。如进口货物的退货、转口贸易等。
它由两部分组成：一是从本国口由贸易区或海关保税仓库再出口；二是经过海关结关手续后的本国化商品再出口。
复进口(Reimport)输往国外的商品未经加工乂输入本国，则叫做复进口或再进口。产生复进口的原因，或者是商品质量不合格，或者是商品销佔:不对路，或者是国内木身就供不应求。从经济效益考虑，一国应该尽量避免出现复进口的情况。国际贸易的基本类型
2、按贸易对彖的性质划分：
有形贸易(货物贸易)
无形贸易(服务贸易、技术贸易)
冇形贸易
有形贸易(Tangible Goods Trade)是指买卖那些看得见、摸得着的具有物质形态的商品(如粮食、机器等)的交换活动。
无形贸易
无形贸易(Intangible Goods Trade)是指买卖一切不具备物质形态的商品的交换活动，例如运输.保险.金融.文化娱乐、国际旅游.技术转让、咨询等方而的提供和接受。无形贸易可以分为服务贸易和技术贸易。
或者说某种商品从甲国经市乙国输往肉国销售，对乙国來说，这项买卖就是过境贸易。
在过境贸易中，又可分为直接过境贸易和间接过境贸易。
过境贸易
直接过境贸易是指A国的商品进入本国境内后不存放海关仓库而直接运往B国;
间接过境贸易是指A国的商品进入C国境内后存放仓库，然厉再运往B国。
在过境贸易中，由于木国未通过买卖取得货物的所有权，因此，过境商品一般不列入本国的进出口统计中。在总贸易体系中，间接过境贸易计入该国的对外贸易总额屮。复出口复进口
复出口、复进口
出口贸易
出口贸易(ExportTrade)是抬将木国牛•产和加工的商品或劳务运往国外市场进行销售，又称输出贸易。

世贸组织规则复习简版.doc

世贸组织规则和法律复习范围一、简答题：1.What is WTO?WTO：(a) on November 11, 2001, the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation minister shi guangshcng, on behalf of the Chin esc govern me nt officially signed on China's acccssio n protocol, and submit to the WTO secretariat, signed by President jiang zemin of Chinas accession to the WTO of ratification. On December II, 2001, China officially became the world trade organization (wto) 143th member. (b) on the basis of the WTO multilateral trading system features: (1) the meaning of the multilateral trading system: \H when processing trade relations with each other for all countries must comply with a collection of a series of international rules.、” - the more complete historical mission and legal status arc higher than the GATT; Perfect structure, function, clear; To be responsible for the management of the implementation of trade agreements coverage: For members of the binding is strong; Stronger members widely, the feasibility of the system goal and way to achieve the comprehensive; Make wto members pay attention to the interests, rights and obligations as a whole - could be more lasting 1 dispute settlement system quite strong ability is stronger than the original 2 multilateral trading system, supervision ability is higher than the original 3 multilateral trading system, the influence is greater than the original multilateral trading system2.What are intellectual property rights? And what areas of IPR are covered by TRIPS Agreement?(I)lntellectual property: conferred by the law of civil subject to the proprietary rights of its creative in tellectual achieveme nt s. Intern ational protection of intellectual property rights, is the obj ective dema nd of the kno wledge and tech nical comm unication has become in creasingly in ter nation al i zed ・(2) the legal features of in tellectual property, in tangible property rights; The dualism of the property rights a nd perso nal rights; Confirmed by the law directly. Exclusiveness. Ftegional; Timeliness(3) the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRiP^ agreement aim: reduce the distortion of international trade and block; To promote more fully in the inter national scope of intellectual property rights, more effective protect io n; To ensure the implementatio n of intellectual property rights a nd procedure right legal trade barriers .In tellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: (i) Copyright and rights related to copyright (ii) In dustrial property. I ntellectual property rights in elude three parts: Copyrights, patents, industrial designs・3.What are the principles of GATT?The ultimate aim of GAFT is the establishment of a free multilateral trading system and liberalisation of internatiorial trade through removal of discrimination in international trade and reduction in trade barriers. For the achieveme nt of this obj ective, GATT has adopted the following fun dame ntal prin ci pies. These principles forbid unfair trade practice and set a code of con duct for the participants.(i)Trade should be on non-discriminatory basis.(ii)Quantitative restrictions on trade are prohibited・(iii)Qttlement of trade disputes should be achieved through consultations within the framework of GZKFT(iv)Tariff reductions are to be accomplished in a series of multilateral negotiations, or GATT rounds.4.What arc safeguard mcasurcs?(保障扌占施)Safeguard measures: meaning: as an importer of security measures, must be the product import quantity has increased dramatically, to the domestic same products or directly competitive products lead to serious damage orthreat, cut the measures don*t ask, don't product source・ Conditions: import growth (absolute growth and relative growth), by failing to see the factor and the tariff concession or other trade liberalization wrong cause serious damage or threat. Implementation: additional duties, quantitative restrictions, non-discriminatory (source); Compensation and authorized retaliation . Features: 1, compared with the provisions of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy safeguards the faimess of the implcmcntation environment. Safeguard measures is a WTO member in the only means to protect domestic industries under the condition of fair trade, but against the unfair anti-dumping, countervailing and other trade protection measures taken・2, safeguard measures generally is discriminatory, it caused to (he domestic same industry injury of all imported products, and not for a specific exporte匚Anli-dumping measures and countervailing, for the specific members of subsidies or dumping of the concrete enterprise (specific product). 3, safeguards the industiy injury standard - "severe damage11 anti-dumping and countervaiIing method is higher than the industry injury standard - H material injury”. This H serious damage" to make the importer of industiy in the temporary, and extremely difficult or on the verge of bankruptcy・5.What is anti-dumping?If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping" the product. The WTO Agreement does not r egulate the actions of companies engaged in "dumping”. I(s focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the ^Anti-dumping Agreement", anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the "normal value^or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.The final anti-dumping remedies is anti-dumping duty of dumping products・ The amount of anti-dumping duties can be equal to dumping margins, can also lower lhan dumping margins. Another kind of remedy is price undertakings・ If exporters voluntarily made a satisfactory commitment, modify or stop to dumping price export prices, the investigation procedures can be suspended or terminated, relevant departments do not take temporary measures or to impose anti-dumping duties.Conditions of WTO "anti-dumping agreement regulation, anti-dumping duties of dumping products must comply with the three basic conditions:First, make sure there is the fact of dumping;Second, make sure caused material injuiy to a domestic industry or the threat of material injury, or cause substantial obstacles to establish relevant domestic industries;Third, determine the causal relationship between dumping and injury.Dumping exists; Damage exists; There is a causal relationship between dumping and damage・ In the case of these three conditions all have, can appear the international anti・dumping・二、名词解释1 ・ Pre-shipment inspectionThe practice of employing private companiesto check shipment details such as price, quantity and quality of goods ordered overseas. The Agreement on PSI recognizes that principles of the GATT Agreement apply to such activities. The purpose is to safeguard national financial interests (prevention of capital flight and commercial fraud as well as customs duty evasion, for instance) and to compensate for in adequacies in administrative infrastructures. Pre-shipment inspection, also called preshipment inspection or PSI, is a part of supply chai n manageme nt and an import a nt and reliable quality con trol method for checki ng goods* quality while clients buy from the suppliers・2.MFNmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions・Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (sec box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.3.National treatmentmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions・Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (sec box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.4.Prohibited subsidiesational treatment is a principle in international law vital to many treaty regimes・Il essentially means treating foreigners and locals equally. Under national treatment, if a state grants a particular right, benefit or privilege to its own citizens, it must also grant those advantages to the citizens of other states while they arc in that country. In the context of international agreements, a state must provide equal treatment to those citizens of other states that are participating in the agreement. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.Imported and locally・pix)duced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents. This principle of "national treatment5' (giving others the same treatment as one's own nationals) is also found in all the three main WTO agreements (Article 3 of GATT, Article 17 of GATS and Article 3 of TRIPS), although once again the principle is handled slightly differently in each of these.5.Custom valuationFor importers, (he process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee on Customs Valuation of the Council for Trade in Goods (CGT) carries out work in the WTO on customs valuation. Customs valuation is a customs procedure applied to determine the customs value of imported goods・ If the rate of duty is ad valorem, the customs value is essential (o determine the duty to be paid on an imported good・Customs Valuation is the process where customs authorities assign a monetary value to a good or service for the purposes of import or export. Generally, authorities engage in this process as a means of protecting tariff concessions, collecting revenue for the governing authority, implementing trade policy, and protecting public health and safety.6.DumpingDumping is an in formal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either (a) the price in the domestic country, or (b) the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them, because they want to protect their own industries from such competition. Exporting goods at prices lower than the home-market prices. In price-to-price dumping, the exporter uses higher home-prices to supplement the reduced revenue from lower export prices・ In price-cost dumping, the exporter is subsidized by the local government with duty drawbacks, cash incentives, etc. Dumping is legal under GATT (now WTO) rules unless its injurious effect on the importing country^ producers can be established. If injury is established, GATT rules allow imposition of anti-dumping duty equal to the difference between the exporter's home-market price and the imporlefs FOB price.Dumping, in economic terms, is when a country lowers the sales price of one of its exports for the express purpose of gaining unfair market share in that industry in another country. The exporter usually lowers the price below what it would sell for at home, and sometimes even below its actual cost to produce・7、CopyrightCopyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (eg the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to fin. Copyright has two ways: automatically and registration8、Trade Policy ReviewSurveillance of national trade policies is a fundamentally important activity running throughout the work of the WTO・At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). All WTO members are reviewed, the frequency of each country^ review varying according to its share of world trade.三、选择题1.Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might gain because of foreign ( B )A.tariffs・B・ subsidies. C・ quotas・ D. Local-Content legislation.2.Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has ( B )A.increased・B. decreased・ C・ remained the same. D. fluctuated wildly.3・ Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of intemational trade dispute (B )A.World BankB.World Trade OrganizationC.International Monetary OrganizationD・ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development4.An appeal of a WTO dispute settlement panel report may be made to the Appellate Body by: (C )A.any WTO member state.B.any party to the dispute, including parties not directly involved.C.only parties directly involved in the dispute.D.only the party charged with violating a WTO obligation.5.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures arc: ( D )A.designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B.meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C・ necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D.All of the above.6.The dominant trading nation in the world market since World War II was ( B )A. the United Kingdom・B. the United States. C・ Japan. D. Germany・7.The GATT was ( A )A. an international treaty. B・ an international U・N agency.C・ an international IMF agency. D. a U.S・ government agency.8.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are: ( D )A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B・ meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value・C・ necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.四、判断题1.The original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes- (T)2.The Agriculture Agreement does allow governments to support their rural economies, butpreferably through policies that cause less distortion to trade・(T)3.GATT 1947, the original agreement is not the heart of GATT 1994. (F)4.The Dispute Settlement Body is actually the WTO General Council convened under its ownChairman and following its own rules of procedure・(T)。

世贸组织规则复习提纲

世贸组织规则复习提纲世贸组织规则WTO理论基础：市场经济体制一、GATT（一）GATT经过了几轮谈判（8轮）乌拉圭回合为第八轮（二）GATT宗旨：通过彼此削减关税以及其他贸易壁垒，消除国际贸易上的歧视待遇，以充分利用世界资源，扩大商品生产和交换，保证充分就业，增加实际收入和有效需求，提高生活水平。

（三）1994年4月15日，“乌拉圭回合”参加方在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建立世界贸易组织马拉喀什协定》，简称《建立世界贸易组织协定》，世界贸易组织成立。

二、WTO（一）2001年11月11日，对外贸易经济合作部部长石广生代表中国政府在中国加入议定书上正式签字，并向世贸组织秘书处递交了由国家主席江泽民签署的中国加入世贸组织批准书。

2001年12月11日，中国正式成为世贸组织第143个成员。

（二）以WTO为基础的多边贸易体制特点：(1)多边贸易体制的含义：“为各国相互处理贸易关系时必须遵守的一系列国际规则的集合。

”——更为完整历史使命和法律地位都高于GATT；结构健全、职能明确；负责实施管理的贸易协定覆盖面大；对成员的约束力强；成员广泛——更强的可行性体制目标与实现目标途径全面深刻；使世贸组织成员各方利益兼顾、权利义务整体平衡——更能持久1、体制基础比较牢固2、争端解决能力强于原多边贸易体制3、监督能力高于原多边贸易体制4、影响力大于原多边贸易体制（三）WTO宗旨：（1）提高生活水平，保证充分就业；（2）扩大货物、服务的生产与贸易；（3）坚持走可持续发展道路；（4）保证发展中国家贸易和经济的发展；（5）建立更加完善的多边贸易体制。

（四）WTO基本职能与法律地位：基本职能(一)实施和管理协议(二)提供多边贸易谈判场所(三)解决成员方之间的贸易争端(四)审议各成员的贸易政策(五)与有关机构的合作(六)提供技术支持和培训法律地位(一)1947年关贸总协定不是“国际法人”(二)世贸组织具有国际法人资格条件（五）WTO原则1、非歧视原则（最惠国待遇和国民待遇）：世贸组织一成员方对另一成员不采用任何其他所同样不适用的优惠和限制措施。

WTO复习

1、什么是装运前检验？是国际商品贸易中经常采用的一种检验方式，是检验机构对所有涉及到用户成员方的产品的质量、数量、价格、关税税则目录和商品分类进行核实的一种海关措施。

2、什么是非法转口？非法转口最主要的是逃出口配额, 比如,中国出口到欧洲或其他发达地区的服装都有配额的限制,但是有些地方不需要配额. 这样如果想要出口到该地区,但是又没有配额的话,就在报关单和提单上显示运往不需要配额的国家, 但是实际转港的时候运往真正的出口目的地.3、什么是地理标识? 版权及邻接权？是指识别一货物来源于成员领土或该领土内一地区或地方的标识，该货物的特定数量、声誉或其他特定性主要归因于其地理来源。

4、什么是原产地规则协定？任何成员为确定货物原产地而实施的普遍适用的法律、法规和行政裁决。

5、什么是关税配额？对商品进口的绝对数额不加限制，而对在一定时期内，在规定配额以内的进口商品，给于低税、减税或免税的待遇；对超过配额的进口商品则征收较高的关税。

6、什么是关税减让？削减关税并约束减让后的税率，约束现行的关税水平，上线约束税率，约束低关税或零关税。

7、什么是进口许可证？用以实施进口许可制度的行政程序，该制度要求进口商向有关行政机关提交申请或其他文件（报关所需文件除外），作为货物进入关税领土的先决条件8、什么是技术法规？指规定强制执行的产品特性或其相关工艺和生产方法（包括适用的管理规定）的文件，以及规定适用于产品、工艺或生产方法的专门术语、符号、包装、标志或标签要求的文件。

9、补贴的类型有几种？各是什么含义？1)禁止性补贴(红灯):是指世贸组织反补贴协议规定禁止成员方给予或者予以维持的补贴行为。

2)可诉补贴(黄灯):指那些不是一律被禁止，但又不能自动免于质疑的补贴。

3)不可诉补贴(绿灯):指不会招致其他成员方提起反补贴申诉的补贴。

10、世界贸易组织的主要职能有哪些？1)便利所有协定的实施和管理2)提供多边贸易谈判场所3）管理贸易争端机制4）管理贸易政策审议机制5）与国际有关机构合作6）对发展中国家成员提供技术支持和培训11、世界贸易组织有哪些基本原则，各是什么含义？1）非歧视贸易原则：指一缔约方在实施某种限制或禁止措施时，不得对其他缔约方实施歧视性待遇。

世界贸易组织概论考试总复习—详细

第一章认识WTO1．2001年12月11日，中国正式加入世界贸易组织2. 世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization 简称WTO）成立于1995年1月1日，总部设在日内瓦。

前身是成立于1948年1月的关贸总协定（GATT），1995年1月1日世界贸易组织代替关贸总协定正式运行3. 中国入世谈判历程第一阶段从20世纪80年代初到1986年7月，主要是酝酿、准备复关(GATT)事宜第二阶段从1987年2月到1992年10月，主要是审议中国经贸体制，中方要回答的中心题目是到底要搞市场经济还是计划经济第三阶段从1992年10月到2001年9月，中方进入实质性谈判，即双边市场准入谈判和围绕起草中国入世法律文件的多边谈判第一节关税与贸易总协定一、关税与贸易总协定诞生的历史背景a) 经济学界关于贸易的两大理论之争A. 自由贸易论（绝对优势与比较优势）B. 保护贸易论（幼稚工业理论）b) “关税战”的后果A. 围绕美国的高关税政策，当时欧洲大陆国家也纷纷相继通过限制性关税对美国实施报复，如停付对美国的战争欠款等，引发了激烈的“关税战”，世界经济陷入了严重危机B. “建设一个世界贸易多边体系”作为今后美国对外经济的基本目标，且将多边主义建立在“非歧视原则”和“减少贸易壁垒”两个基本原则的基础之上。

1934年6月12日，美国国会在世界上率先通过《互惠贸易协定法》，第一次将关税制定权授予行政部门c) 1944年布雷顿森林会议美国为促进战后经济振兴和调节各国的经济贸易关系，遂将建立国际货币基金组织、国际复兴与开发银行（即世界银行）和国际贸易组织作为调节世界经济贸易关系的三大支柱国际货币基金组织——国际货币问题，如何促进国际货币合作，稳定各国汇率世界银行——投资问题，如何促进国际资金的合作，解决经济恢复和发展的资金来源国际贸易组织——如何减少和消除贸易中的障碍，恢复贸易秩序，促进国际贸易的扩大1946年2月，23个国家在双边谈判的基础上签订了123项双边关税减让协议，协议命名为“关税与贸易总协定”(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，GATT).从1948年1月1日开始实施，到1995年1月1日世界贸易组织正式运行二、关贸总协定的性质关贸总协定是一个准国际性组织、临时性的组织机构三、关税与贸易总协定的回合谈判1947年－1994年，关税与贸易总协定共进行了8轮多边贸易谈判，缔约方之间的关税水平大幅度下降，非关税壁垒受到约束第二节乌拉圭回合与世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合谈判不仅解决了多边贸易体制中的传统问题，而且还包括了新议题，扩大了多边贸易体制的管辖范围，有利于世界经济和国际贸易的增长一、乌拉圭回合的成果成立WTO，取代临时性的GATT多边贸易体制的法律框架更加明确，争端解决机制更加有效可靠进一步降低关税，达成更广泛的货物贸易市场开放协议，改善了市场准入条件就服务贸易和与贸易有关的知识产权达成协议在农产品和纺织品服装贸易方面，加强了多边纪律约束二、世界贸易组织的建立1995年1月1日世贸组织正式开始生效运转，同年1月31日，世贸组织举行成立大会，取代1948年的关贸总协定1、WTO与GATT的关系对GATT的继承与发展（1）宗旨上的补充（2）原则上的灵活性：例外规定（3）法律规范上的继承性（4）组织结构与管理职能上的接替性（5）主持多边贸易谈判仍为主要职能区别第一，两者的身份不同。

WTO世贸组织复习资料

1.WTO是什么①世界经济的三大组织支柱之一②国际贸易中多边谈判和争端解决的场所③国际贸易的竞争规则2.GATT产生1947年联合国审议并通过《哈瓦那宪章》，美国国会未批准，国际贸易组织夭折，1947年齐国联合签署关税与贸易总协定《临时适用议定书》，延续47年3.1994年4月15日，在摩洛哥马拉喀什通过了《建立世界贸易组织的协定》4.WTO与GATT的关系（1）联系：①WTO集成GATT合理内核，包括宗旨、职能、基本原则②《1947年GATT》转化为《1994年GATT》，成为WTO负责实施管理多边货物贸易的协定（2）区别：①机构性质：GATT是临时适用的多边贸易协定，WTO是具有国际法人资格的国际组织②管辖范围：GATT只处理货物贸易，WTO还涉及服务贸易和知识产权③争端解决：GATT遵循协商一致原则，WTO采用反向协商一致（只要不是所有的参加方都反对，则视为通过），有明确时间表5.国际法人资格（1）国际组织具有法人资格的表现：①能独立行使国际权力和承担国际义务②具体表现为具有缔约、取得和处置财产以及进行法律诉讼的能力，并享有特权和豁免权（2）国际组织具备法人资格的必要前提：①比协调各国行为的中心更高级的组织②建立本身的机构③具有特定的义务④独立于其成员，能表达其本身的意志6.第四届部长级会议多哈会议7.WTO建立后的作用和挑战（1）积极作用：①成为当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础②有利于世界市场竞争的规范化③有利于资源在世界范围内合理配置④促进政府改革（在WTO负责实施管理的贸易协定与协议中，对市场经济发展不足的成员进一步改革予以鼓励，对申请加入WTO的经济转型国家按市场经济条件提出承诺的义务，促进他们进一步完善市场经济）（2）挑战：①贸易大国在WTO的强势地位②地区经济一体化对WTO的双重影响8.经济全球化对WTO的双重作用经济全球化给世界各国，尤其是发展中国家,带来了加快经济发展的历史机遇，同时使世界各国和地区之间的经济联系和相互依存日益密切。

世界贸易组织复习纲要

世界贸易组织复习纲要第一章一、GATT的产生背景——二战的教训 P2GATT，1947年签订和成立。

正值二战以后，除了美国以外，几乎所有资本主义国家尽成废墟，恢复本国经济和世界经济成为当务之急。

当时，国际经济关系上有三个问题需要解决：1、重建国际贸易秩序2、建立国家之间的汇率及其支持平衡的制度3、促进国际资金合作，解决经济恢复所需要的资金来源。

二、GA TT的八轮谈判P3（一）分为四个阶段：1、1950’S，经济复苏的黄金十年——1947-1960 1-5轮谈判2、1960’s，美国衰退，日本欧洲崛起，部分国家出现局部性的经济危机。

危机和上涨并存——1964-1967 第六轮肯尼迪回合3、1970’S，布雷顿森林体制失败。

1973-1975年世界性的经济危机导致滞涨。

第三次科技革命开始，新兴产开始发展，但距离崛起尚待时日。

同时夕阳产业迅速衰弱——1973-1979 第七轮东京回合4、1980’s，经济回升——1986-1994 第八轮乌拉圭回合（二）1－5轮谈判（1947-1960）第一轮日内瓦发起谈判（1947/4-10）第二轮安纳西谈判（1949/1-7）第三轮托尔基谈判（1950/9-1951/4）（台湾非法以“中国”名义退出）第四轮日内瓦谈判（1956/1-5）（前四轮谈判主要着眼于关税减让，主要发达国家的加权平均关税水平降至15%）第五轮狄龙回合谈判（1960/9-1962/7）（关税减让以外，就欧共体加入GATT展开了第24条第6款谈判）第六轮肯尼迪回合谈判（1964/5-1967/6）（关税减让以外，达成作为第6条实施细则的《反倾销协议》，新增了第四部分“贸易与发展”，第一次正式、明确地提出“非互惠原则”，开创了让波兰作为“中央计划经济国家”参加GATT 多边贸易谈判的先例）第七轮东京回合谈判（1973/9-1979/11）（关税减让以外，达成进口许可证程序、海关估价、补贴与反补贴、政府采购、贸易技术壁垒、反倾销、民用航空器、牛肉和奶制品九个协议，消除祖父条款但允许成员自主加入，并通过四个重要决定）第八轮谈判——乌拉圭回合（1986－1994）成果（1）货物贸易方面主要分为了两个部分：一是关税减让谈判；二是规则谈判。

世贸组织规则复习简版

世贸组织规则和法律复习范围一、简答题：1.What is WTO?WTO：(a) on November 11, 2001, the ministry of foreign trade and economic cooperation minister shi guangsheng, on behalf of the Chinese government officially signed on China's accession protocol, and submit to the WTO secretariat, signed by President jiang zemin of China's accession to the WTO of ratification. On December 11, 2001, China officially became the world trade organization (wto) 143th member. (b) on the basis of the WTO multilateral trading system features: (1) the meaning of the multilateral trading system: \"when processing trade relations with each other for all countries must comply with a collection of a series of international rules.\" - the more complete historical mission and legal status are higher than the GATT; Perfect structure, function, clear; To be responsible for the management of the implementation of trade agreements coverage; For members of the binding is strong; Stronger members widely, the feasibility of the system goal and way to achieve the comprehensive; Make wto members pay attention to the interests, rights and obligations as a whole - could be more lasting 1 dispute settlement system quite strong ability is stronger than the original 2 multilateral trading system, supervision ability is higher than the original 3 multilateral trading system, the influence is greater than the original multilateral trading system2.What are intellectual property rights? And what areas of IPR are covered by TRIPSAgreement?(1)Intellectual property: conferred by the law of civil subject to the proprietary rights of its creative intellectual achievements. International protection of intellectual property rights, is the objective demand of the knowledge and technical communication has become increasingly internationalized. (2) the legal features of intellectual property, intangible property rights; The dualism of the property rights and personal rights; Confirmed by the law directly. Exclusiveness. Regional; Timeliness(3) the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement aim: reduce the distortion of international trade and block; T o promote more fully in the international scope of intellectual property rights, more effective protection; T o ensure the implementation of intellectual property rights and procedure right legal trade barriers. Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas: (i) Copyright and rights related to copyright (ii) Industrial property. Intellectual property rights include three parts: Copyrights, patents, industrial designs.3.What are the principles of GATT?The ultimate aim of GATT is the establishment of a free multilateral trading system and liberalisation of international trade through removal of discrimination in international trade and reduction in trade barriers. For the achievement of this objective, GATT has adopted the following fundamental principles. These principles forbid unfair trade practice and set a code of conduct for the participants.(i) Trade should be on non-discriminatory basis.(ii) Quantitative restrictions on trade are prohibited.(iii) Settlement of trade disputes should be achieved through consultations within the framework of GATT. (iv) T ariff reductions are to be accomplished in a series of multilateral negotiations, or GATT rounds.4.What are safeguard measures?(保障措施)Safeguard measures: meaning: as an importer of security measures, must be the product import quantity has increased dramatically, to the domestic same products or directly competitive products lead to serious damage or threat, cut the measures don't ask, don't product source. Conditions: import growth (absolute growth and relative growth), by failing to see the factor and the tariff concession or other trade liberalization wrong cause serious damage or threat. Implementation: additional duties, quantitative restrictions, non-discriminatory (source); Compensation and authorized retaliation . Features: 1, compared with the provisions of the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy safeguards the fairness of the implementation environment. Safeguard measures is a WTO member in the only means to protect domestic industries under the condition of fair trade, but against the unfair anti-dumping, countervailing and other trade protection measures taken. 2, safeguard measures generally is discriminatory, it caused to the domestic same industry injury of all imported products, and not for a specific exporter. Anti-dumping measures and countervailing, for the specific members of subsidies or dumping of the concrete enterprise (specific product). 3, safeguards the industry injury standard - "severe damage" anti-dumping and countervailing method is higher than the industry injury standard - "material injury". This "serious damage" to make the importer of industry in the temporary, and extremely difficult or on the verge of bankruptcy.5.What is anti-dumping?If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product. The WTO Agreement does not regu late the actions of companies engaged in "dumping". Its focus is on how governments can or cannot react to dumping — it disciplines anti-dumping actions, and it is often called the “Anti-dumping Agreement”. anti-dumping is a measure to rectify the situation arising out of the dumping of goods and its trade distortive effect.Typically anti-dumping action means charging extra import duty on the particular product from the particular exporting country in order to bring its price closer to the “normal value”or to remove the injury to domestic industry in the importing country.The final anti-dumping remedies is anti-dumping duty of dumping products. The amount of anti-dumping duties can be equal to dumping margins, can also lower than dumping margins. Another kind of remedy is price undertakings. If exporters voluntarily made a satisfactory commitment, modify or stop to dumping price export prices, the investigation procedures can be suspended or terminated, relevant departments do not take temporary measures or to impose anti-dumping duties.Conditions of WTO "anti-dumping agreement" regulation, anti-dumping duties of dumping products must comply with the three basic conditions:First, make sure there is the fact of dumping;Second, make sure caused material injury to a domestic industry or the threat of material injury, or cause substantial obstacles to establish relevant domestic industries;Third, determine the causal relationship between dumping and injury.Dumping exists; Damage exists; There is a causal relationship between dumping and damage. In the case of these three conditions all have, can appear the international anti-dumping.二、名词解释1.Pre-shipment inspectionThe practice of employing private companies to check shipment details such as price, quantity and quality of goods ordered overseas. The Agreement on PSI recognizes that principles of the GATT Agreement apply to such activities. The purpose is to safeguard national financial interests (prevention of capital flight and commercial fraud as well as customs duty evasion, for instance) and to compensate for inadequacies inadministrative infrastructures.Pre-shipment inspection, also called preshipment inspection or PSI, is a part of supply chain management and an important and reliable quality control method for checking goods' quality while clients buy from the suppliers.2.MFNmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions.Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (see box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.3.National treatmentmost-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), also called normal trade relations, guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured nation; it is essentially a method of establishing equality of trading opportunity among states by making originally bilateral agreements multilateral. As a principle of public international law, it establishes the sovereign equality of states with respect to trading policy. As an instrument of economic policy, it provides a treaty basis for competitive international transactions.Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other WTO members.This principle is known as most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment (see box). It is so important that it is the first article of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which governs trade in goods. MFN is also a priority in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Article 2) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) (Article 4), although in each agreement the principle is handled slightly differently. Together, those three agreements cover all three main areas of trade handled by the WTO.4.Prohibited subsidiesational treatment is a principle in international law vital to many treaty regimes. It essentially means treating foreigners and locals equally. Under national treatment, if a state grants a particular right, benefit or privilege to its own citizens, it must also grant those advantages to the citizens of other states while they are in that country. In the context of international agreements, a state must provide equal treatment to those citizens of other states that are participating in the agreement. Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market.Imported and locally-produced goods should be treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and patents. This principle of “national treatment” (giving others the same treatment as one’s own nationals) is alsofound in all the three main WTO agreements (Article 3 of GA TT, Article 17 of GA TS and Article 3 of TRIPS), although once again the principle is handled slightly differently in each of these.5.Custom valuationFor importers, the process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee on Customs Valuation of the Council for Trade in Goods (CGT) carries out work in the WTO on customs valuation. Customs valuation is a customs procedure applied to determine the customs value of imported goods. If the rate of duty is ad valorem, the customs value is essential to determine the duty to be paid on an imported good.Customs Valuation is the process where customs authorities assign a monetary value to a good or service for the purposes of import or export. Generally, authorities engage in this process as a means of protecting tariff concessions, collecting revenue for the governing authority, implementing trade policy, and protecting public health and safety.6.DumpingDumping is an informal name for the practice of selling a product in a foreign country for less than either (a) the price in the domestic country, or (b) the cost of making the product. It is illegal in some countries to dump certain products into them, because they want to protect their own industries from such competition. Exporting goods at prices lower than the home-market prices. In price-to-price dumping, the exporter uses higher home-prices to supplement the reduced revenue from lower export prices. In price-cost dumping, the exporter is subsidized by the local government with duty drawbacks, cash incentives, etc. Dumping is legal under GATT (now WTO) rules unless its injurious effect on the importing country's producers can be established. If injury is established, GATT rules allow imposition of anti-dumping duty equal to the difference between the exporter's home-market price and the importer's FOB price.Dumping, in economic terms, is when a country lowers the sales price of one of its exports for the express purpose of gaining unfair market share in that industry in another country. The exporter usually lowers the price below what it would sell for at home, and sometimes even below its actual cost to produce.7、CopyrightCopyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its use and distribution, usually for a limited time, with the intention of enabling the creator of intellectual wealth (eg the photographer of a photograph or the author of a book) to receive compensation for their work and be able to fin. Copyright has two ways: automatically and registration8、Trade Policy ReviewSurveillance of national trade policies is a fundamentally important activity running throughout the work of the WTO. At the centre of this work is the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). All WTO members are reviewed, the frequency of each country’s review varying according to its share of world trade.三、选择题1. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might gain because of foreign ( B )A. tariffs.B. subsidies.C. quotas.D. Local-Content legislation.2.Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has （ B ）A. increased.B. decreased.C. remained the same.D. fluctuated wildly.3. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade dispute （B ）A. World BankB. World Trade OrganizationC. International Monetary OrganizationD. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development4.An appeal of a WTO dispute settlement panel report may be made to the Appellate Body by: ( C )A. any WTO member state.B. any party to the dispute, including parties not directly involved.C. only parties directly involved in the dispute.D. only the party charged with violating a WTO obligation.5.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are: （ D ）A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B. meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C. necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.6. The dominant trading nation in the world market since World War II was ( B )A. the United Kingdom.B. the United States.C. Japan.D. Germany.7. The GA TT was ( A )A. an international treaty.B. an international U.N agency.C. an international IMF agency.D. a U.S. government agency.8.WTO member states are allowed to take measures contrary to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1994) if the measures are:（D ）A. designed to conserve exhaustible materials.B. meant to protect national treasures of artistic, historic, or archaeological value.C. necessary to protect human, animal, or plant life, or health.D. All of the above.四、判断题1.The original GA TT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes.（T）2.The Agriculture Agreement does allow governments to support their rural economies, butpreferably through policies that cause less distortion to trade. （T）3.GA TT 1947, the original agreement is not the heart of GATT 1994.（F）4.The Dispute Settlement Body is actually the WTO General Council convened under its ownChairman and following its own rules of procedure. (T)。

世界贸易组织概论复习提纲1

世界贸易组织概论复习提纲11.关税与贸易总协定的谈判中，首次涉及非关税壁垒的是：A、安纳西回合B、托奎回合C、日内瓦回合D、肯尼迪回合2.关税与贸易总协定的谈判中，通过了对发展中缔约方的授权条款的是A、安纳西回合B、日内瓦回合C、肯尼迪回合D、东京回合3. 1947～1994年，关税与贸易总协定共进行了___轮谈判。

A、5B、8C、10D、124.关税与贸易总协定的最后一轮谈判叫做：A、东京回合B、狄龙回合C、乌拉圭回合D、肯尼迪回合5. “乌拉圭回合”《最后文件》的生效时间是：A、1993年12月15日B、1994年4月15日C、1995年1月1日D、2001年12月11日6.“乌拉圭回合”结束后，发达成员工业品的加权平均税率降至：A、6.3%C、20.5%D、14.4%7. “乌拉圭回合”结束后，发展中成员工业品的加权平均税率降至：A、6.3%B、3.8%C、20.5%D、14.4%8.世界贸易组织的前身是：A、联合国B、世界银行C、关税与贸易总协定D、国际货币基金组织9.世界贸易组织成立于：A、1947年B、1986年C、1995年D、2001年10.世界贸易组织管辖的范围包括：A、货物领域B、服务贸易领域C、知识产权领域D、以上三项都是11. A国、B国、C国均为世贸组织成员（三国相互之间没有自由贸易协定），当A国把从B 国进口的汽车关税从20%降至10%时，A 国对从C国进口的汽车关税税率为：A、20%B、15%C、10%12.一国要求国内生产人造黄油的厂家必须使用一定比例的国产天然黄油，对于该国来说：A、违反了公平竞争原则B、违反了国民待遇原则C、违反了最惠国待遇原则D、没有违反世贸组织规定13.一国要求国内香烟制造商必须使用一定比例的国产烟叶，对于该国来说违反了：A、公平竞争原则B、国民待遇原则C、最惠国待遇原则D、透明度原则14.世贸组织成员方对本国电影院放映的外国影片数量进行限定的做法：A、符合世贸组织的规定B、违反公平竞争原则C、违反最惠国待遇原则D、违反国民待遇原则15在服务贸易领域，国民待遇原则：A、是成员承担的普遍义务B、是成员承担的一般义务C、由成员通过谈判确定D、作为例外原则16.在知识产权领域，最惠国待遇原则和国民待遇原则的保护效用是：A、并列有效B、前者更有效，后者次之C、后者更有效，前者次之D、两者均无效17.在世界贸易组织的4个附件中，属于诸边贸易协定的是：A、附件1B、附件2C、附件3D、附件418.世贸组织的最高决策机构是：A、总理事会B、部长级会议C、秘书处D、货物贸易理事会19.申请加入世贸组织的国家或地区，须经世贸组织部长会议：A、1/2多数表决通过B、2/3多数表决通过C、3/4多数表决通过D、4/5多数表决通过20.有关加入文件开始生效，申请加入方成为世界贸易组织正式成员的时间是在世界贸易组织接到申请加入方表示接受的文件之日起：A、第30天B、第60天C、第90天D、第180天21. 任何成员都可以退出世界贸易组织。

世贸组织法复习资料

1.肯定式协商一致2.最惠国待遇原则3.非关税壁垒4.正常价值5.否定式协商一致6.国民待遇原则7.倾销8.实质损害1.WTO的职能是什么2.贸易政策审议机制的特点。

3.反倾销调查中出口价格的确定方法有哪些？4.什么是日落条款？5.WTO的宗旨是什么6.反倾销的实施要件是什么7.什么是归零法？其危害是什么？8.什么是非市场经济地位？9.什么是补贴？具体如何分类？10.什么是交叉报复？1.WTO争端解决机制的特点有哪些？2.反倾销、反补贴与保障措施存在哪些不同？3.GATT争端解决机制存在哪些缺陷？4.什么是技术贸易壁垒？具有哪些特点？2000年6月15日，韩国根据DSB第4条、1994年关贸总协定第22条第1款和《保障措施协议》第14条，要求就美国队钢管进口实施的保障措施进行磋商。

7月28日，双方举行了磋商，但没有解决争议。

9月14日，韩国要求设立专家组。

争端解决机构在10月23日的会议上设立了专家组。

2001年10月29日，专家组散发给各成员。

美国和韩国分别于11月9日和26日就专家组报告中的某些法律问题和法律解释问题提出上诉。

上诉机构于2002年1月31日作出上诉裁决。

争端机构于2月15日散发了该裁决。

本案涉及美国对钢管进口采取的措施。

1999年6月30日，美国国际贸易委员会收到申诉，称钢管进口对美国钢管制造造成了严重损害。

国际贸易委员会与1999年8月4日发起调差。

1999年10月28日，国际贸易委员会就严重的问题进行了公开的“声音”表决：Crawford委员认为没有“严重损害”和“严重损害威胁”；Bragg和Askey委员认为“有严重损害威胁”，但没有“当前严重损害”；其他3个认为有“当前严重损害”。

鉴于此，国际贸易委员会决定，钢管向美国进口数量增加，是对美国生产同类或直接竞争产品的产业造成严重损害的一个实质性原因。

1999年12月8日，国际贸易委员会宣布了救济措施。

Crawford委员反对采取任何救济措施，Bragg和Askey委员建议采取为期4年的救济措施：从价税第一年12.5%，第二年11%，第三年9.5%，第四年8%。

世界贸易组织概论期末复习提纲

世界贸易组织概论复习提纲考试题型：名词解释（20%）、单选（15%）、多选（10%）、判断（10%）、简答（25%）、案例分析（20%）。

第一章世界贸易组织建立概述1、理解与识记（1）世界贸易组织建立的基础是什么？（2）世界贸易组织成立的时间。

（3）世界贸易组织与关贸总协定的区别。

（管辖范围、争端解决机制等）（4）世界贸易组织与其他国际组织的关系。

（国际货币基金组织、世界银行等）第二章世界贸易组织的宗旨、地位和职能1、理解与识记（1）世界贸易组织的宗旨有哪些？（3）世界贸易组织的职能是什么？。

2、熟悉与了解（1）世界贸易组织的地位。

第三章世界贸易组织的法律体系和组织结构1、理解与识记（1）世界贸易组织的组织法是什么？其地位如何？（2）部长级会议与总理事会的区别。

（3）当前，世界贸易组织的总干事和成员国数量。

（4）中国入世时间。

2、熟悉与了解（1）世界贸易组织的加入、退出程序。

（2）影响加入世界贸易组织的主要因素。

第四章世界贸易组织的基本原则1、熟练掌握（1）什么是最惠国待遇？最惠国待遇原则的表现。

（2）什么是国民待遇？国民待遇原则的表现。

2、理解与识记（1）非歧视待遇原则的体现（2）什么是贸易自由化原则？什么是关税约束？3、熟悉与了解（1）允许正当保护原则、公平竞争原则、特殊和差别化待遇原则的具体表现。

第五章货物贸易的部门多边协议——“回归”的贸易协议1、熟练掌握（1）什么是“绿箱”政策？（2）什么是“黄箱”政策？（3）什么是“蓝箱”政策？（4）《农业协议》中，关于市场准入是如何规定的？（5）如何促进农产品贸易自由化？2、理解与识记（1）“回归”的贸易协议包括哪些协议？（2）乌拉圭回合农业谈判的三大利益集团？（3）《农业协议》的适用范围。

（4）“绿箱”、“黄箱”、“蓝箱”政策的具体体现。

（5）《纺织品与服装协议》的有效期。

3、熟悉与了解（1）《农业协议》中，列入承诺减让的出口补贴措施。

第六章货物贸易的非关税措施多边协议1、熟练掌握（1）《海关估价协议》的适用范围？海关估价的方法。