2007年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

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2007年10月MBA真题及详解【圣才出品】

2007年10月MBA真题及详解一、分析下面的论证在概念、论证方法、论据及结论等方面的有效性。

600字左右。

在中国改革开放的字典里，“终身制”和“铁饭碗”作为指称弊端的概念，是贬义词。

其实这里存在误解。

在现代企业理论中有一个“期界问题（horizon problem）”，是指由于雇佣关系很短导致职工的种种短视行为，以及此类行为对企业造成的危害。

当雇员面对短期的雇佣关系，首先他不会为提高自己的专业技能投资，因为他在甲企业中培育的专业技能对他在乙企业中的发展可能毫无意义；其次，作为一个匆匆过客，他不会关注企业的竞争力，因为这和他的长期收入没有多大关系；最后，只要有机会，他会为了个人短期收入最大化而损害企业利益，例如过度地使用机器设备等等。

为了解决“期界问题”，日本和德国的企业对那些专业技能要求很高的岗位上的员工，一般都实行终身雇佣制；而终身雇佣制也为日本和德国企业建立与保持国际竞争力提供了保障。

这证明了“终身制”和“铁饭碗”不见得不好，也说明，中国企业的劳动关系应该向着建立长期雇佣关系的方向发展。

在现代社会，企业劳动者个人都面临着不断变化的市场环境。

而变化的环境必然导致机会主义行为。

在各行各业，控制机会主义行为的惟一途径，就是在企业内部培养员工对公司的忠诚感。

而培养忠诚感，需要建立员工和企业之间的长期雇佣关系，要给员工提供“铁饭碗”，使员工形成长远预期。

因此，在企业管理的字典里，“终身制”和“铁饭碗”应该是褒义词。

不少国家包括美国不是有终身教授吗？既然允许有捧着“铁饭碗”的教授，为什么不允许有捧着“铁饭碗”的工人呢？（论证有效性分析的一般要点是：概念特别是核心概念的界定和使用是否准确并前后一致，有无各种明显的逻辑错误，该论证的论据是否支持结论，论据成立的条件是否充分等。

要注意分析的内容深度、逻辑结构和语言表达。

）【真题详解】题干的论证中存在若干逻辑错误或漏洞，以下要点供参考：1．论证中“终身制”、“铁饭碗”、“终身雇佣制”、“长期雇佣关系”这四个概念各有其不同的历史背景和具体含义，上述论证中忽视了这些概念之间的差异。

全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】

全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。

2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。

[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。

3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。

de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。

4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。

中山大学二外法语考研真题及详解(2012～2014)【圣才出品】【可修改文字】

可编辑修改精选全文完整版中山大学二外法语考研真题及详解（2012～2014）【圣才出品】10．中山大学二外法语考研真题及详解（2012～2014）中山大学2014年二外法语考研真题I. Choix multiples(30%)选择题1. Avez-vous besoin ______ argent que vous m’avez prêté?A. de l’B. un peu deC. de plus d’D. le【答案】A【解析】句意：您需要我还您之前借给我的钱吗？avoir besoin de qqch需要……，prêter de l’argent à qqn 借钱给某人。

2. ______ dimanche, nous allions souvent au cinema.A. LesB. Tout leC. LeD. Des【答案】C【解析】句意：以前的星期天，我们经常会去看电影。

在日期、星期前使用定冠词le，allion是nous的未完成过去时变位，表示过去的习惯性动作3. J’en ai assez ______ examens.A. d’B. desC. mesD. pour les【答案】A【解析】句意：我受够考试了。

en avoir assez de qqch/qqn,厌烦某物某人。

4. Il me faudrait ______ agneau pour préparer ce petit plat.A. d’B. d’unC. l’D. de l’【答案】D【解析】句意：我需要些小羊肉来完成这道菜。

在肉类，蔬菜等名词前一般使用部分冠词。

5. Comment la vendeuse dit-elle merci au client? Elle lui ______ dit très courtoisement.A. laB. enC. yD. le【答案】D【解析】句意：售货员是如何向顾客道谢的？她非常有礼貌的向顾客道谢。

2005年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2005年中山大学外国语学院221英语考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. I strongly ____ your going away with her, considering your health condition.A. react toB. incline toC. object toD. adapt to【答案】C【解析】句意：考虑到你的健康状况，我强烈反对你跟她一起走。

本题考查的是短语辨析，object to对……反对，抗议，不支持。

符合题意，故为正确答案。

react to作出反应。

incline to倾向于……，向……倾斜。

adapt to使自己适应于……。

2. Don’t apologize for breaking the glass. It’s of no ____.A. treasureB. substanceC. consequenceD. requirement【答案】C【解析】句意：不要为打碎一个杯子而道歉，不是什么要紧的事儿。

本题考查的是固定搭配，of no consequence不要紧，不打紧。

符合题意，故为正确答案。

treasure财富，财产。

substance物质，实质。

requirement要求，必要条件，必需品。

3. It’s been a week since that happened. John hasn’t yet ____ from his astonishment.A. relievedB. relaxedC. retreatedD. recovered【答案】D【解析】句意：那件事已经过去有一周了，但是约翰仍然没有从震惊中缓过来。

(NEW)中山大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解

目　录2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2004年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2005年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解2006年中山大学外国语学院348基础英语考研真题及详解2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解2008年中山大学外国语学院616基础英语考研真题及详解2009年中山大学外国语学院628基础英语考研真题及详解2010年中山大学外国语学院622基础英语考研真题及详解2011年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2012年中山大学外国语学院632基础英语考研真题及详解2013年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2014年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2015年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2016年中山大学外国语学院637基础英语考研真题及详解2017年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2018年中山大学外国语学院638基础英语考研真题及详解2003年中山大学外国语学院352基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading (30%)Green Wave Washes Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Britain has shown that “green consumers” continue to flourish as a significant group among shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentalism is yesterday’s issue may be seriously misjudging the public mood.A report from Mintel, the market research organization, says that despite recession and financial pressures, more people than ever want to buy environmentally friendly products and a “green wave” has swept through consumerism, taking in people previously untouched by environmental concerns. The recently published report also predicts that the process will repeat itself with “ethical” concerns, involving issues such as fair trade with the Third World and the social record of businesses. Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel’s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that the proportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more for them has climbed from 53 percent in 1990 to around 60 percent in 1994. On average, they will pay 13 percent more for such products, although this percentage is higher among women, managerial and professional groups and those aged 35 to 44.Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion of consumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issues fell from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spender among older people and manual workers has risen substantially. Regions such as Scotland have also caught up with the south of England in their environmental concerns. According to Mintel, the image of green consumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric members of society has virtually disappeared. The consumer research manager for Mintel, Angela Hughes, said it had become firmly established as a mainstream market. She explained that as far as the average person is concerned environmentalism has not “gone off the boil”. In fact, it has spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages and occupations.Mintel’s 1994 survey found that 13 percent of consumers are “very dark green”, nearly always buying environmentally friendly products, 28 percent are “dark green”, trying “as far as possible” to buy such products, and 21 percent are “pale green” tending to buy green products if they see them. Another 26 percent are “armchair greens”; they said they care about environmental issues but their concern does not affect their spending habits. Only 10 percent say they do not care about green issues.Four in ten people are “ethical spenders”, buying goods which do not, for example, involve dealings with oppressive regimes. This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of “armchair ethicals” has risen from 28 to 35 percent and only 22 percent say they are, unconcerned now, against 30 percent in 1990. Hughes claims that in the twenty-first century, consumers will be encouraged to think more about the entire history of the products and services they buy, including the policies of the companies that provide them and that this will require a greater degree of honesty with consumers.Among green consumers, animal testing is the top issue—48 percent said they would be deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals—followed by concerns regarding irresponsible selling, the ozone layer, river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factor farming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990, suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business have taken on the environmental agenda.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of the passage? In your answer booklet write YES, NO, or NOT GIVEN for each statement.1. The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.2. Being financially better off has made shoppers more sensitive to buying ‘green’.3. The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of the environment according to the research findings.4. Consumers’ green shopping habits are influenced by Mintel’s findings.5. Mintel has limited their investigation to professional and managerial groups.6. Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.【答案与解析】1. YES(文章通篇没有多提政治，除了第一段“politicians claims environmentalism is yesterday’s issue”，本文更多的是从消费者的角度来讨论这一问题的。

2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2007年中山大学外国语学院738基础英语考研真题及详解Ⅰ. Reading comprehension (40%):Passage 1Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people-their political and economic systems-but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African cultural values. African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain. In African culture music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including birth, death, work, and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it became a crucial means of preserving the culture during and after the dislocations of slavery.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to _____.A. analyze the impact that slavery had on African political and economic systemsB. review the attempt of recent scholarship to study the influence of African music on other musicC. correct the failure of some scholarship to appreciate the significance of musicin African cultureD. survey the ways by which people attempt to preserve their culture against the effects of oppression2. In line 5, the phrase “isolated social domain” refers to _____.A. African music in relation to contemporary culture as a wholeB. music as it may be perceived in non-African culturesC. feature of African music that aided in transmitting African cultural valuesD. an aspect of the African cultural legacy3. Which of the following statements concerning the function of African music can be inferred from the passage?A. It preserved cultural values because it was thoroughly integrated into the lives of the people.B. It was more important in the development of African religious life than in other areas of culture.C. It was developed in response to the loss of political and economic systems.D. Its pervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the impact of slavery.4. According to the author, scholars would err in drawing which of the following conclusions?Ⅰ. Slavery stripped the slaves of their political and economic systems.Ⅱ. African music was similar to all other traditions of music in that it originated in a total vision of life.Ⅲ. Music was a crucial part of the African cultural legacy.A. Ⅰ onlyB. Ⅱ onlyC. ⅠandⅡ onlyD. Ⅰ, Ⅱ, andⅢ【答案与解析】1. C 本文最开始就讲到“学者们常常忽视了音乐在保存美国的非洲文化中的重要作用”，紧接着下面一句的后半句话也说到“他们低估了音乐在保存非洲文化价值观上的意义”。

2007年中山大学教育学(教育、心理学)考研真题答案精解

【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：12007年中山大学教育学（教育、心理学）考研真题答案精解2015考研英语写作七大误区【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2词汇与语法错误考研英语写作让很多同学都很头痛，有两点原因：一为词汇，二为语法。

因为英语与汉语的区别是一词多义，非常讲究用词准确而且正式。

同时，英语的词汇非常丰富，一个词语通常都有许多同义词和近义词。

考生如果平时注意积累并加以练习，就能够在考试中熟练地加以运用。

英文写作也同样非常讲究语法，尤其是考研作文作为正式文体，需要注意以下几点小细节：(1)尽量少用缩写形式。

如don't,can't,won't 应写为do not,cannot,will not 等。

(2)用更加正式的否定形式。

如not…any 应写为no,not…much 写为little,not many 写做few 等。

(3)尽量少用"etc.","and so on"等表达方式。

例如：Activities include dancing,singing,etc 。

Activities include dancing,singing,and other fun stuff 。

◎中文式思维模式很多考生在考试过程中把一些中文的成语、谚语翻译成英文，这种做法导致的结果就是文章不仅行文不符合英文的规律，读起来也让人觉得非常不舒服。

纠正中文思维习惯的关键依然在于培养英文语感，同时考生在平时的练习中也要尽量让自己用英文来思考。

如果考生需要用到谚语，名句等，最好的办法是直接掌握英文的谚语、名句，并灵活运用到文章中。

◎注意字数与标点考研英语作文一分钟平均7～8个字，字数多少算个够?自己目测一下，以大作文为例，中等大小一行15字，最起码写到12，13位置,因为阅卷人做的第一件事情就是看你的字数，就看你的位置到没有到。

2017年中山大学国际翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年中山大学国际翻译学院211翻译硕士英语考研真题及详解PART ⅠGRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [60 MIN] (1×30＝30 POINTS) There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and Please choose the correct answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.1. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _____ in the public mind today.A. existingB. to existC. existsD. have exist【答案】C【解析】句意：由于登山存在的危险而产生的焦虑不应像如今公众心里所想的那么多。

此处考查比较状语从句中的省略问题，than或者as引导的比较状语从句中和主句重复的部分可以省略，所以空格后的比较状语从句其实省略了主语anxiety。

2. I knew that I would have to do everything I could to keep _____ being anxious or desperate.A. out ofB. fromC. atD. up【答案】B【解析】句意：我知道，我原本可以尽我所能来使自己免于陷入焦虑或绝望。

keep sb. from doing阻止或约束（自己或他人）做某事。

3. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, _____ they can limit how much water you drink.A. much more thanB. no more thanC. no less thanD. any more than【答案】D【解析】句意：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，正如他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。

(完整word版)中山大学研究生英语期末试题100 Vocabulary Items (Unit 1-Unit 6 + Unit 8)

Part II. Vocabulary and Structure （100x1=100points）Section A: In this section, there are 55 incomplete sentences, each with four items marked A, B, C and D. Choose one item that best completes the sentence and mark your choice on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Many children with mild mental ______ are not identified until they enter school andsometimes not until the second or third grade, when more difficult academic work is required.A.retardationB. senilityC. strokeD. deprivation2.Whitehouse goes so far as to suggest that investors begin hedging with fixed ________ assets:"Buy some gold and silver."A. intangibleB. spatialC. subjectiveD. tangible3.After the ups and downs in bond and equity markets for the past few years, the ability todeliver long-term positive returns across all market conditions has become the ______ for some investors.A.holy grailB. little hellionC. dust bunnyD. comic relief4.They officially ________ the area around the nuclear power station as unsuitable for humanhabitation.A. coordinatedB. designatedC. devastatedD. speculated5.Girls and boys were ____________ into different dining rooms for meals and not allowed tomix at break time.A. recreatedB. frustratedC. integratedD. segregated6.We live in an increasingly __________ society, in which religion has less and less influence inour daily lives.A. supernaturalB. religiousC. secularD. sacred7.Unlike their parents, young people are no longer guaranteed good salaries and _________jobs even if they have received the best education.A. prestigiousB. indecentC. poignantD. despised8.It seems like he doesn’t have any original idea, and his speech is full of _______.A. noveltyB. inspirationC. wisdomD. platitude9.We should make the citizens _______ the eight items of “honors and disgraces” into theirwords and deeds.A. internalizeB. socializeC. fantasizeD. minimize10.Some research suggests that women with ____ -sounding names such as “Sam” and “Chris”are more successful in the business world.A. feminineB. muscularC. masculineD. aggressive11.If someone watches or listens with _______ attention, he or she is extremely interested orfascinated.A. scarceB. boorishC. raptD. frustrated12.He is a bad-tempered old man and always flies into a _________ at the slightest provocation.A. rageB. promptC. frayD. demeanor13.In recent years, young parents, female professionals, and well-educated parents are morelikely to _______ their children into more equal gender roles.A. fantasizeB. socializeC. epitomizeD. personalize14.For fear of being sent to the police, the teenage shoplifter, with great lamentation andabundance of tears, ______ the security guard of the shop to forgive him.A.importunedB. banishedC. told offD. let loose15.The former mayor is under investigation for ______ abusing power for personal gains.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly16.As regards your proposal for making investment in your city, we ________ it premature totake the matter into consideration.A. seemB. lookC. deemD. reproduce17.They passed a law to ____________ people from parking in the street.A. speculateB. predisposeC. forceD. inhibit18.But what do we expect of our teachers? We have a __________ idea of what a teacher shouldlook like in our mind. We expect male teachers to appear neat and refined, and female ones to wear skirts. Principals and parents would become suspicious if a teacher fails to fit into the model.A.controversialB. stereotypedC. subvervientD. masculine19.If the gene copying process were perfect, life as it now exists would never have _________.A. happened aboutB. heard aboutC. come aboutD. talked about20.Japa n is located on the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” an area prone to ______ upheaval and volcanicactivity because it lies on the edges of tectonic plates.A.societalB. antisocialC. demographicD. seismic21.After the nuclear blasts, Japan ordered an evacuation of the areas surrounding the nuclearplants, but those living outside the evacuation zones have felt left in ______, exposed to levels of radiation that are several times the normal level, though not high enough to causeobservable health risks.A. wombB. limboC. probationD. recollection22.Mr. Smith, who was worried that the ban might ________ on the rights of law-abiding gunowners, had already voted against the bill.A. infringeB. integrateC. inferiorD. incorporate23.Students well-rounded education but feel that the school attracts few toprecruiters outside of the Southeast.A. rave aboutB. lay outC. hook upD. whoop up24.This event is called a party --- a place where one _______ without worrying about beingjudged by the cold standard of professional usefulness.A. rest upB. fork outC. pull backD. let loose25.A host of other singles services have sprung up, from dogwalkers to alarm systems to agenciesthat will water your plants or bring you aspirin and coffee when you’re _________.A. hung aroundB. hung overC. hung upD. hung on26.To many of them, modern medicine has become a ______ sword.A. double-dividendB. double-sidedC. double-edgedD. double-stranded27.The layout of space characteristic of French cities is only one aspect of the theme ofcentralization that ______ French culture.A. fantasizesB. internalizesC. socializesD. characterizes28.In the United States, cities are usually laid out along a grid, streets and buildings arenumbered __________.A. quintessentiallyB.archaeologicallyC. sequentiallyD. dysfunctionally29.In middle-class America, specific spaces are _________ for specific activities.A. populatedB. dominatedC. designatedD. validated30.This pattern has been used for thousands of years, as demonstrated by the archaeologicalevidence _______ in ancient Indian cities.A. undefinedB. uncoveredC. undoneD. untitled31.Today about a fifth of all married couples still ______ the old-style marriage in which thewife stays home to raise children and the husband works.A. opt withB. opt toC. opt forD. opt against32.Although they are always at the center of things, they tend to be loners and are ____ to stresswhen life becomes difficult.A. proneB. aboutC. motiveD. sturdy33.What else does talking frankly and informally mean but an invitation to ________ withoutany career consequence?A. whoop it upB. unload opinionsC. hang aroundD. incur a debt34.The Single in the past, of the _______ego and much-watched answering machine, wastraditionally at the margin of society: a figure of fun, pity and awe.A. archlyB. gallantlyC. wobblyD. allegedly35.We should strengthen regulation, prevent and ______ financial risks so as to provide betterbanking services for economic and social development.A. plunkB. defuseC. violateD. strive36.Bothered by terrorism, world leaders are now united in their _____ for peace.A. questB. intimacyC. validationD. condo37.Mr. Obama ________ that it was the Republican who had tried to turn a national tragedy tohis advantage by releasing a press release about the deadly assault.A. banishedB. counteredC. establishedD. outraged38.17-year-old Richard Beasley has ________ not guilty to the charges of murder, including theattempted killing of a fourth man.A. improvisedB. importunedC. petitionedD. pleaded39.In the heated debate, the two presidential candidates ________ about last month’s attack onthe US Libya consulate (领事馆) that left four Americans dead.A. bickeredB. buzzedC. groanedD. grappled40.Because of this possibility, shareholders will have to ________ monitoring costs or agencycosts to ensure that managers behave properly.A. embraceB. outnumberC. incurD. modify41.New York's subway system ________ the worst damage in its 108-year history, said JosephLhota, head of the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA).A. afflictedB. affiliatedC. strainedD. sustained42.New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo said his state must ________ to the reality of morefrequent extreme weather events.A. adaptB. adhereC. adoptD. adjourn43.She told the journalist that she was one week ________ her twentieth birthday when she gotmarried with Mr. Wilson.A. made sense ofB. shy ofC. in place ofD. in the wake of44.Meanwhile farmers have no option but to ________ the ever-increasing premiums thatinsurers are demanding.A. hook upB. let looseC. fork outD. pitch in45.I’ve learned that a private detective was sent to make ________ inquiries about Miss Hutton'sfinancial situation.A. discreetB. flintyC. mandatoryD. vigilant46.It’s an amazing surprise that the Cherry Blossom restaurant serves a ________ of Japaneseand Californian cooking.A. complexB. fusionC. landmarkD. mainstay47.Smith got some of the blame last year when Republicans lost control of Congress, leading to amixed assessment of his political___________ by the experts.A. sphereB. prowessC. traitD. disapproval48.This report, which highlighted the educational differences between blacks and whites, raisedmany issues and started new ___________.A. controversiesB. inclinationC. normsD. tendency49.I was rather nervous at first, Steve being so __________, and elegant, and superior to me inall respects.A. self-consciousB. self-madeC. self-possessedD. self-determined50.While women show steady advancement and __________, their share of jobs in traditionallymale roles is still relatively low.A. meditationB. upward mobilityC. temperamentD. ambition51.The customer is always the focus for us, molding our thinking and our actions. Our customersregard us as a __________, innovative and flexible partner. We are "BEST IN CLASS".A. buoyantB. motivatedC. activeD. tech-savvy52.The developed nations, with about one fourth of the world's population, possess almost halfthe __________land of the earth.A. spatialB. arableC. vastD. populated53.China can not __________the violation of the principles of non-intervention andnoninterference in the internal affairs of states.A. condoneB. provokeC. defuseD. arouse54.Putting food into one's mouth with a knife is considered __________ in England.A. elegantB. showyC. vulgarD. gallant55.Things generally do not go well when there is no recognized etiquette and everyone is forcedto __________.A. imitateB. impartC. improvise.D. immersePart BDirections: In this section, there are 45 complete sentences, each with an underlined part. Replace each underlined word/phrase with one of the four items marked A, B, C and D that best keeps its meaning and mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.56.Thanks to an explosion of research, science now knows how to defuse the danger and controlthe disease.A. strengthenB. attestC. diminishD. aggravate57.Rude behaviour in children is more often the result of thoughtlessness than that of deliberateaggression.A. immaterialB. insignificantC. contemptibleD. intentional58.The number of scientists, engineers, and physicians born in poor countries and working inaffluent ones is of great concern to policymakers.A. intimateB. wealthyC. deprivedD. indigent59.The average millionaire made B's and C's in college, Stanley says. Their average SAT scorewas not good enough to get into top-notch schools.A. first-rateB. mediocreC. modestD. public60.He couldn't buy into that brand of conservatism.A. put up withB. believe inC. associate withD. toy with61.Though not conspicuously beautiful, the church towers add to the general effect of the historictown as viewed from a distance.A.particularlyB. elegantlyC. noticeablyD. stunningly62.The parents felt exhausted after throwing a party for a houseful of boisterous kids.A.naughtyB. noisyC. naïveD. nasty63.In view of the insecurity of online shopping, doing a little bit of research before purchasingwill protect you against a dodgy seller trying to pull a fast one.A.make profitB. deceiveC. get rich quickD. make a deal64.If a person is irreversibly comatose, or in what physicians call a “vegetative state,” decisionsmust be made for him unless he has stated his preferences beforehand.A. unconsciousB. blurredC. handicappedD. deformed65.In the US one of the most influential and lucrative professions is law, a field in which writingskills are indispensable.A. tiringB. gruelingC. despisedD. profitable66.To Americans, objective, tangible “reality” must prece de any subjective or inner experience.A. discreetB. concreteC. identifiableD. arable67.She hasn’t ruled out marriage, but wouldn’t give up her freedom for a man.A. clutchedB. intrudedC. excludedD. included68.Flinty Miss Manners does not recognize any holidays from etiquette.A. unconsciousB. unmercifulC. unreciprocatedD. unaccountable69.Global warming could wreak havoc in China. The rise in temperatures would worsen thewater shortage problem in North China, in the area of Three Gorges Dam it warned heavy rainfall and could trigger landslides or mudflows,A.vistaB. libidoC. damageD. fusion70.Married types who have bickered once too often about toothpaste caps or dust bunnies areopting to live apart in peace rather than together in stress.A. groanedB. trampedC. strainedD. quarreled71.The point of an office party is not whooping it up or telling people off, it is showingappreciation of the staff.A. reprimandingB. embarrassingC. commandingD. demanding72.The magnitude earthquake caused widespread damage and great loss. Our governmentimmediately pitched in relief efforts.A. yearned forB. laid outC. launched intoD. rounded off73.The doctors threatened to take us to court if we didn’t go along with their procedures.A. coincide withB. agree withC. afflict withD. grapple with74.Doctor’s power to treat with a n array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’scapacity to heal.A. excelledB. excludedC. exceededD. externalizedlions of singles yearning for escape zones or solitude are straining Europe’s city housingmarket.A. opting forB. aspiring forC. searching forD. longing for76.While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reasonfor them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either.A. grow hostile toB. become uninterested inC. be indifferent toD. begin to like77.The drunk driver was consumed with guilt after the accident in which five people died andone was seriously injured. .A. was convicted withB. was charged withC. was filled withD. was criticized with78.With his prison record and lack of experience, he’s already got two strikes against him whenhe applies for a job.A. favorsB. privilegesC. advantagesD. disadvantages79.Both responses reflect the deeply ingrained prejudice of many Chinese against the humanitiesand are grossly erroneous.A. incurredB. rootedC. defusedD. banished80.bioethics.A.ProposedB. imposedC. presentedD. represented81.In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitalsand nursing homes across the country.A.WithB. WithoutC. ForD. Against82.A. condonedB. appalledC. frayedD. gazed at83.With the development of science and technology, some scientists believe that soon it will becommonplace for people to travel to the moon.A. ordinaryB. unusualC. impulsiveD. devastating84.American.A. intelligentB. diligentC. prestigiousD. attractive85.He was bouncing off the walls with impatience for the takeoff of his flight, which wasannounced to delay again.A. was acting unreasonablyB. was jumping up and downC. was laughing heartilyD. was riding the wave86.We must admit that the three-week trial turned out to be an emotional ordeal for everyoneinvolved.A. afflictionB. controversyC. havocD. strife87.After dinning at Hilton Hotel, we were faced with the ticklish issue of who would pay for themeal.A. discreetB. gloomyC. peskyD. thorny88.The president said at the conference that curbing (遏制) the addiction level would savemoney and prolong lives.A. constituteB. extendC. modifyD. salvage89.Unfortunately, the defect in the braking system had caused several accidents before the carwas recalled.A. retardationB. intrusionC. deformityD. flaw90.If a teacher makes copies of software for students, he or she is undoubtedly infringingcopyright.A. devastatingB. inundatingC. segregatingD. violating91.It often seems to be supposed that a concern for grammar is inconsistent with the principlesof communicative language teaching.A. contradictoryB. impersistentC. disagreeableD. oblivious92.It is reported that $6 million has been designated to make road safety improvements onPacheco Pass.A. optedB. deliveredC. allottedD. assigned93.The hellion tried to make Oliver cry by hitting him, pulling his hair, and calling him all sortsof names.A. abusingB. bickeringC. provokingD. swearing94.To our great joy, all the information used in this report has been validated by an independentpanel of experts.A. attestedB. confirmedC. formulatedD. testified95.International press comments have been more cynical, claiming that the Laura Spence storyis indicative of the quintessentially British problem of class and arrogance and a reminder that a backward looking Britain is still alive and well.A. characteristicallyB. erroneouslyC. neutrallyD. virtually96.The clearing banks, in addition, hold at the Bank whatever operational balances they deemnecessary.A. assumeB. perceiveC. speculateD. fantasize97.What a shame! Any major changes were prevented by the rigid conservatism of the Church inthis region.A. flintyB. harshC. inflexibleD. nastydy Mountcashel is most kind and attentive, who does not start so many objections as Mrs.Henry, and is less disposed to argument and to find fault.A. aptB. inclinedC. likelyD. prone99.All doubts were banished by the sight that met his eyes as they followed the Doctor'spointing finger.A. pulled backB. ruled outC. let looseD. taken over100.Middle class women, once the mainstay of all volunteer endeavors, are no longer an unlimited resource.A. counterpartB. momentumC. pillarD. prototypeKey:Section A:1~10 ADABD; CADAC 11~20 CABAD; CDBCD 21~30 BAADB; CDCCB 31~40 CABCB; ABDAC 41~50 DABCA; BBACB 51~55 DBACCSection B:56-60 CDBAB61-70 CBBAD; BCBCD 71-80 ACBCD; BBDBC 81~90 ADADA; ADBDD 91~100 ACABA; BCDBC。

2007年中山大学736基础法语考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

1 / 372007年中山大学736基础法语考研真题及详解一、找出下列句子中的（唯一）可能的错误并予以纠正（20%）1. La foule a envahie la gare.【答案】envahi【解析】助动词为avoir 的谓语动词，其过去分词无需与主语进行性数配合。

2. Une foule de clients se pressent devant la vitrine.【答案】presse【解析】此处une foule de 意为“一群……”，强调集体概念，因此谓语动词为第三人称单数变位。

3. Une dizaine de jour plus tard, tout le monde a commenc é à oubli é cette accident.【答案】jours, oublier, cet2 / 37【解析】une dizaine de 意为“十来个……”，后接名词复数。

commencer à+动词原形，意为“开始做某事”。

指示代词cet(ce/cette)修饰以元音开头的阳性名词。

4. La plupart des verbes appartient à ce groupe.【答案】appartiennent【解析】此处la plupart de 意为“大部分的……”，强调名词复数，因此谓语动词为第三人称复数变位。

5. La plupart sont issues des familles paysannes.【答案】issus【解析】être issu(e/es/s) de 为固定搭配，意为“出身于……”。

此处la plupart 无特指，因此主语为阳性名词复数，故填issus 。

6. Beaucoup d ’adultes vont à l ’école du soir.【答案】des adultes【解析】此处les adultes 表特指一类人，意为“成年人们”，beaucoup des=beaucoup de+les 。

英语三级笔译实务真题精选及详解(二)【圣才出品】

英语三级笔译实务真题精选及详解（二）Section1:English-ChineseTranslation(50points)Translate the following passage into Chinese.The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a quarter of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by anunprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.In 2011 and 2013 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2% since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1% of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6%.Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society. In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that areillegal in Ireland but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average.Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race is illegal.Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.【参考译文】爱尔兰是西欧主权国家，面积占爱尔兰岛的5/6，仅与北爱尔兰接壤。

英语三级口译综合能力真题精选及详解(三)【圣才出品】

英语三级口译综合能力真题精选及详解（三）Part IA. Listen to the following passage and then decide whether the statements below are true or false. After hearing a short passage, tick the circle of “True” on the answer sheet if you think the statement is true, or tick the circle for “False” if it is false. There are 10 statements in this part of the test, with 1 point each. You will hear the passage only once. At the end of the recording, you will have 2 minutes to finish this part.1. My father served in World War II.〇True〇False2. The Baby Boom began before World War II.〇True〇False3. My parents didn’t feel secure because the Cold War was beginning with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.〇False4. American people were proud and optimistic because they felt they had saved the world and now were helping to rebuild Europe and Japan.〇True〇False5. There were not enough opportunities for people like my parents.〇True〇False6. Only middle-class Americans benefited from the prosperity in the post-war era. 〇True〇False7. World War II generation and their children challenged social injustice and inequality.〇True〇False8. My parents’ generation believed in the infinite possibilities of America.〇False9. America’s promise was extended to all its citizens.〇True〇False10. American supremacy merely resulted from military might.〇True〇False【参考答案及解析】1. True 理解推断题。

[含答案]07年英语分班考试卷(由中大青年INSIGHT校对,含答案)

September, 2007SectionA (0.5%,5%)Directions:In this section,you will hear several statement. Each statement will be read only once. Then there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D,and decide which one is closet in meaning to the statement you have just heare. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.A.Mary did not call billB.Mary callde BillC.Mary answered Bill callD.Bill answered Mary call2.A.The Smiths have lived here longer than we haveB.We have lived here longer than the SmithsC.The Smiths have lived here longD.We haven’t lived here long and neither have the Smiths3.A.Bob enjoys swimming mostB.Bod enjoys lying on the beach mostC.Bob likes swimming and then sitting in the sun bestD.To Bob, swimming and sitting on the beach are a waste of time4.A.He never walks to the library at nightB.There is only one librarian here at nightC.The library is the only place to stay atD.He never works in the library in the daytime5.A.The children went home before finishing their gameB.One child left earlier than the othersC.Two children stop went home before the third stopped playingD.Two children stop playing before the third one left6.A.John was born on the 15thB.John was born on the 30 thC.John was born on the 13thD.John was born in 19307.A.I called himB.I forgot to call himC.I didn’t call himD.I forgot calling him8.A.A snake was crossing his feetB.A snake was by his feetC. He was crawling across a snake.D. He was playing with a snake9. A. He was interesting.B. We were interesting.C. He was interested.D. We were interested.10. A. Talking makes me tired.B. I don’t like talking.C. Though I feel tired, I’ll talk.D. I don’t wan t to talk.Section B(1%,5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. A. He left his notes in class.B. He borrowed the notes from his classmate.C. He needn’t have the exam.D. A classmate borrowed his note.12. A. He has a better idea.B. It would be better if Mary could come with him.C. He thinks Mary’s idea is the best.D. Maryshould come up with a better idea.13. A .Finish the workB. Wait until next morningC. Go homeD. Have a rest there14.A. they don’t have to go to the concertB his brother will let them use the carC. The subway is fine with her.D They’ll have to rent a car as early as possible15.A .he wants the others to follow himB. he must study the animal he caughtC. he is behind in his schoolworkD. he will catch up with them thenSection C (1%15%)Directions : in this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken two times. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer form the four choices marked A,B,Cand D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 16 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A. At SydneyB. At ChicagoC. At Hong KongD At Melbourne17. A. A number of iron boxesB. A pile of woollen goodsC. A number of wooden boxesD. Some clothing18. A. A boxB. A catC. A womanD. A man19. A. After the plane left LondonB. before the plane left LondonC. Two days agoD. That morning20. A. ￡345B. ￡435C. ￡230D. ￡335Passage 2Questions 21 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.21. A. By taxiB. By busC. On footD. By car22. A. Buckingham PalaceB. Oxford StreetC. The National GalleryD. The British Museum23. A. Have some very good mealsB. Go shoppingC. See some very good playsD. Do sightseeing24.A.They thought English food was bad.B.They will visit London again.C.They visited London last October.D.They didn’t take their umbrella last year.25.A.The couple enjoyed themselves very much in London.B.London is the best place to visit.C.The couple saw a lot in London.D.It often rains in London.Passage 3Questions 26 to 30 are based on the passage you have just heard.26.A.The origin of language is a legend handed down from the past.B.The origin of language is a question difficult to answer.C.The origin of language was not known until recently.D.The origin of language is a problem not yet solved.27.A.They could agree upon certain signs.B.They could communicate with each other.C.They could write them down..D.They could combine them.28.A.They are used to express fellings only.B.They can not be written downC.They are simply soundsD.They are mysterious29. A.The real poet is no more than a master of words.B.The real poet can convey his meaning in words which sing like music.C.The real poet’s style is charming.D.The real poet can move women to tears.30. A.The initial use of letters.B.The power of words.C.The first letters human being used.D.The invention of words.Part II.Reading Comprehension(1%,20%)Directions:There are 4 passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or Unfinished statemenets.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C) and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the AnswerSheet with a single line through the centre.Passage1Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Time spent in a bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book-lover or only there to buy a book as a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive design is irresistible, although this method of selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather uninteresting book. You soon become lost in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realise you have spent far too much time there and must hurry to keep some forgotten appointment --without buying a book, of course.This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookshop. You can go to such places as much as you wish. If it is a good shop, no assistant will approach you with the greeting:"Can I help you, sir?" You needn't buy anything you don't want. In a bookshop, an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished reading. You may want to find out where a particular section is. Then, and only then, are his services necessary. But when he has led you there, the assistant should leave politely and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.31. The best title for this passage may be.A. The Attraction of BookshopsB. How To Spend Your TimeC. Bookshops and Their assistantsD. Buying Books32. According to the author, the best way to escape the realities of everyday life is.A.to chat with assistants in a bookshopB.to take a walk in the streetsC.to make some appointment in a bookshopD.to stay reading books of various kinds in a bookshop33. In a good bookshop,______.A.all the books there are interestingB.you are satisfiedC.you can find shelter from a showerD.you n eed to buy something you don’t want34.An assistant in a bookshop helps you_____.A.on your entering the shopB.just before you finish readingC.only when you want to find out where q particular section isD.when you are reading35.According to the passage,which of the following statements is true?A.Time spent in a bookshop can be enjoyable only for book-lovers.B.There are only a few places where it is possible to escape the realities of life.C.People go to bookshops only to buy books.D.A book with an attractive design must be an interesting one.Passage 2Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:In the second half of each year, many powerful storms are born in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean seas.(of these, only about half a dozen generate the strong, circling winds of 75miles per hour or more that give them hurricane(飓风) status, and several usually make their way to the coast.) There they cause millions of dollars of damage, and bring death to large numbers of people.The great storms that hit the coast start as innocent circling disturbances hundreds——even thousands——of miles out to sea. As they travel aimlessly over water warmed by the summer sun, they are carried westward by the trade winds. When conditions are just right, warm, moist air flows in at the bottom of such a disturbance, moves upward it and comes out at the top. In the process, the moisture in this warm air produces rain, and with it the heat that is converted to energy in the form of strong winds. As the heat increases the young hurricane begins to turn in a counter-clockwise motion.The average life of a hurricane is only about nine days, but it contains almost more power than we can imagine. The energy in the heat released by a hurricane’s rainfall in a single day would satisfy the entire electrical needs of the United States for more than six months. Water, not wind, is the main source of death and destruction in a hurricane. A typical hurricane brings 6 to 12-inch downpours resulting in sudden floods. Worst of all is the powerful movement of the sea——the mountains of water moving toward the low-pressure hurricane center. The water level rises as much as 15 feet above normal as it moves toward shore.36.When is a storm considered to be a hurricane?A.When it is accompanied by wind.B.When it is accompanied by both wind and rain.C.When its circling winds move at 75 miles per hour or even more.D.When the circling winds bring damages.37.The underlined ―innocent aircling disturbances‖ in Paragraph 2 meansA.innocent people causing small disturbances.B.innocent people causing big disturbancesC.damaging circling windsD.harmless circling winds.38.The underlined ―it‖ in ―moves upward through it ― in Paragraph2 refers toA. a disturbanceB.moist airC.trade windD. water39.Srong winds are produced becaused ofA.the young hurricaneB. the heat generated along with rainC.a disturbanceD.moist air40.Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A.The Hurricane – its harms and benefitsB.The origin and effects of hurricaneC.The hurricane and its great energyD.The disasters caused by hurricanesPassage 3Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they procide him with wood and other products;they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods.Unfortunaterly, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. In his eagemess to draw quick profit from the trees, he has cut them down in large numbers ,only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had.Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships,with which to gain itself an empire.(I gained the empire but,without its tree, its soil became hard and poor.When the empire fell to pieces, the home country found itself faced by floods and starvation.)Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for itto persuade the cillager to see this. The villager wants wood to cook his food with;and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman.He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new trees. So, unless the govermment has a good system of control,or can deucate the people, the forests will slowly disappear.This does not only mean that the villagers’ sons and grandsons have fewer trees. The results are even more serious: for where there are trees their roots break the soil up------allowing the rain to sink in------and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily; but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away from the surface, causing floods and carrying away with it the rich topsoil, in which crops grow so well. When all the top-soil is gone, nothing remains but a worthless desert.41. What is the most important function of trees?A. Providing fuel.B. Offering shade.C. Preventing natural disasters.D. Providing charcoal.42. What eventually happened to the rich, powerful country 2000years ago?A. Its people died of hanger.B. It fell to pieces.C. It became a giant empire.D. It built many ships with wood.43. It is implied in the passage that the villager__________.A. wants a plentiful supply of trees for their lifeB. wants fire wood to cook their meals and warm themselvesC. wants to get money so that they can be richD. is not aware of the importance of environmental protection44. One of the roles of trees is to , according to the passage.A. decorate natureB. destroy an empireC. harden soilD. keep soil in position45. What is the passage mainly concerned with?A. The three benefits provided by trees.B. Trees and soil conservation.C. The various uses of trees.D. The different attitudes of the government and the villagers toward trees.Passage 4Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Our boat floated on, between walls of forest too thick to allow us a view of the land we were passing through, though we knew from the map that our river must from time to time be passing through chains of hills which crossed the jungle plains. Nowhere did we find a place where we could have landed, where the jungle did not actually spread right down into the river, banks of soft mud prevented us going ashore. In any case, what would we have gained by landing? The country was full of snakes and other dangerous creatures, and the jungle was so thick that one would be able to advance only slowly, cutting one’s way with knives the whole way. So we stayed in the boat, hoping that when we reach the sea, a friendly fisherman would pick us up and take us to civilization.We lived on fish, caught with a home-made net of string (we had no hooks), and any fruit and nuts we could pick up out of the water. As we had no fire, we had to eat everything, including the fish,raw.I had never tasted raw fish before,and I must say I did not much enjoy the experience:perhaps sea-fish which do not live in the mud are less tasteless.After rating my raw fish,I lay back and dreamed of such things as fried chicken and rice,and ice-cream.In the never ending damp heat of the jungle,ice-cream was aparticularly frequent dream.As for water,there was a choice:we could drink the muddy river water,or die of thirst.We drank the water.(Men who have just escaped what had appreared to be certain death lose all worries about such small things as diseases caused by dirty water.)In fact,none of us suffered from any illness as a result.One day we passed another village,but fortunately nobody saw us.We did not wish to risk being taken prisoners a second time:we might not be so lucky as to escape in a stolen boat again.46.It can be inferred from the passage that they had been in.A.an untnhabited areaB.an enemy countryC.a primitive areaD.a hunting ground47.According to the passage,they would Not go ashore where .A.trees reached the riverB.the river side was covered with soft mudC.they could not find human helpD.they might meet enemies48.What did they do on the river bankA.They killed snakesB.They had to cut their way forward.C.They found a boatD.They did not go ashore49.According to the author,__________.A.Sea fish tasted better than fish in muddy waterB.Sea fish tasted worse than fish in muddy waterC.Sea fish in muddy water were tastelessD.Sea fish in muddy water were less tasteless50.Why did the author drink the river water ?A.Because the water was free from germs.B.Because they had experienced something worse.C.Because they were not likely to be affected by disease.D.Because they were too healthy fo fall ill.Part 3V ocabulary and Structure (35%)Section A(1%,30%)Directions:There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,Cand D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.51.There is ______resemblance between Jane and Mary,who are just in the same class.It is hard to tell one from the other.A. inspiringB.strikingC. excitingD.overwelming52. It’s very expensive to ______the fashion.A. go along withB. get on withC. keep up withD. carry on with53. Despite ______ damaging testimony, the jury may decide for the plaintiff.A. the fact of the witness’sB. the witness’sC. there being th e witness’sD. the witness54. He invented a plough ______any other in existence.A. far superior toB. more superior thanC. more superior toD. much superior than55. I can’t bear the noise of my brother’s radio; it _____ me from my work.A. disturbsB. perturbsC. interruptsD. distracts56.Students who pass the test will be to the next grade.A.progressedB.proceededC.promotedD.proposed57.If this bill not paid within five days,your gas supply will beA.abandonedB.cut offC.turnde downD.lost touch58.When no one answered the door,she through the window to see if anyone was there.A.spottedB.inquiredC.scannedD.peered59.Stand when you’re being spoken to.A.highlyB.uprightC.primlyD.right away60.Although you realize the importance of how you handle stress, sometimes it is difficult to know the best way to anxiety.A.relaxB.releaseC.cutD.relieve61.A large part of human activity, particularly in relation to the environment, is conditions or events.A. in contrast toB. in favor ofC. in response toD. in case of62. She said she liked dancing but was not in the _____ for it just then.A. mannerB. intentionC. desireD. mood63. She was hired by the company to ______ the ads on the street.A. hand inB. hand outC. hand overD. hand on64.Don’t trust him, for he always______ his words.A. reverts toB. breaks offC. goes back onD. turns into65. The plan seems quite simple to me, but I just can’t _______to my classmates.A. get it acrossB. get at itC. get it downD. get through it66. Her daughter does not ______ her in any way.A. take apartB.take afterC.take inD. take up67. The firm__________its sales force due to the economic depression.A. Ran intoB.Ran out ofC.Ran overD.Ran down68. The book ____tells about how to get along with others.A. In questionB. Out of the questionC. Out of questionD. With regard to69. We are going to _________a new play early next month.A. Pull onC. Pull upD. Put up70. The drowning man tried hard to _____the wood so that he would not sink.A. Head forB.Hang aroundC.Hang upD.Hang onto71. The hard students studies, ________.A the more his body gives off heatB his body gives more heatC the more heat does his body gives offD the more heat his body gives off72.Dick didn't want to walk home because he was used to _______at school every day.A.pick upB.being picked upC.picking upD.be picked up73.This disturbing experience proved to be _______, since it taught me never to allow ideas to become rooted in the mind.A.of great importanceB.as of importanceC.on great importanceD.as important74.You will have to pay a fine,_______ you return those books to the library immediately.A.untilB.unlessC.ifD.provided75.By the end of June, you ________here for three months.A.will have studiedB.studiesC. will studyD.have studies76 I try , I cannot find the answer.A HoweverB However hardD Even77. You two have been growing up together ever since you were a little boy and a little girl. You _____ close friendship ever since childhoodA. haveB. must have hadC. hadD. must have78, He wants to be _____Newton and Einstein.A .a great scientist asB. as great a scientist asC. as a great scientist asD. such a great scientist as79.Newton proved that it is ______ the moon is pulled out of a straight path and kept in orbit.A. by the force of gravityB. by the force of gravity whichC. by the force of gravity thatD. by the force of gravity with which80.By using space technology China can predict natural disasters __ , Luan said.A. far more precisely than generally thoughtB. far precisely as generally thoughtC.more precise than generally thinkingD.more precisely that of general thought81.May I have a book on the basic principles of electronics,please?A.fundamentalB.majorC.elementaryD.initial82.When the bell rang,the teacher urged the students to hand in their papers.A.orderedB.demandedpelledD.pressed83.It is known to us that excessive working also injures people’s health.A.toleratesB.curesC.brings through84.Collins was so seriously injured that he was unable to continue his career.A.resumeB.asummeC.consumeD.ensure85.The president spoke to the audience on cleaning up the country.A.addressedB.mentionedC.indicatedD.saidSection BDirection:from the four choices given,choose the ONE that is closest in meaning to the underlined part in the sentence.86.Even a small screw might put a huge machine out of action.A.greatB.giganticC.enormousrge87.The runaway had been in flight for a couple of days and was caught at the entrance to the library this morning.A.by planeB.in the long runC.on the runD.by air88.Once the brain is hurt,there is no replacement for it .A,substituteB.settlementC.operationan89.Please express my good wish to your parents.I haven’t met them for years .rmB.amuseC.denyD.convey90.After months of direct sunshine,the color of the wall paper has gone.A,departedB.fadedC.exitedD.droppedPart IV.Cloze (1%,20%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Many large cities are(91)-but beautiful. Street are littered(92)-garbage.In the garbage,however,there is still something that can be(93)-.(94)-people want to solve the problem of waste,there is no time to be(95)-.They must work(96)-ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away(97)-waste.When a car gets too old,it may not run(98)-But the metal that the car was made(99)-is still good.It can be put(100)-use again.When a bottle is empty,it goes(101)-the garbage.But bottle glass can be(102)-into sand and used to(103)-streets.Garbage(104)-food can be changed into fertilizer.But first you have to(105)-all the glass and metal.Garbage can also be a good(106)-for marking building blocks,which are then covered with concrete.Now,more and more machines are(107)-for this purpose.Someday,people will watch films in a magnificent cinema which has been built(108)-garbage.Future buildings,road,and cities may be made (109)- garbage.But so far,building beautiful cities out of garbage is only(110)-.91.A.something B.anything C.nothing D.everything92.A.with B.by C.in D.without93.A.contemporary B.accurate eful D.nervous94.A.When B.If C.Once D.As95.A.lost B.loss C.lose D.spared96.A.at B.on C.out D.into97.A.like B.as C.by D.with98.A.any more B.longer C.no more D.no longer99.A.of B.from C.by D.in100.A.in B.to C.into D.onto101.A.out of B.into C.out in D.away from102.A.ground B.grind C.grounded D.stuck103.A.make B.cover C.pave D.dig104.A.from B.within C.out of D.in105.A.produce B.fish out C.sort off D.separate106.A.origin B.source C.way D.end107.A.designed B.planned C.made D.discovered108.A.by B.with C.out of D.of109.A.of B.from C.into D.in110.A.a dream B.a project C.an empty talk D.a prediction参考答案31-35 ADBCB36-40 CDABB41-45 CADDB46-50 ABDCB51-55 BCBAD56-60 BBDBD61-65 CDBCA66-70 BDCBD71-75 DBABA76-80 BBBCA81-85 AADAA86-90 CCADB91-95 BACBA96-100 CBAAB101-105 CACAB106-110 BACBA。

2007年中山大学英语专业(基础英语)真题试卷.doc

2007年中山大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：40.00)Scholars often fail to see that music played an important role in the preservation of African culture in the United States. They correctly note that slavery stripped some cultural elements from Black people—their political and economic systems—but they underestimate the significance of music in sustaining other African cultural values. African music, unlike the music of some other cultures, was based on a total vision of life in which music was not an isolated social domain. In African culture, music was pervasive, serving not only religion, but all phases of life, including birth, death, work and play. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential. Music, like art in general, was so inextricably a part of African culture that it becamea crucial means of preserving the culture during and after the dislocations of slavery.（分数：8.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.analyze the impact that slavery had on African political and economic systemsB.Review the attempt of recent scholarship to study the influence of African music on other musicC.Correct the failure of some scholarship to appreciate the significance of music in African cultureD.Survey the ways by which people attempt to preserve their culture against the effects of oppression(2).In para. 1, line 5 the phrase "isolated social domain" refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.African music in relation to contemporary culture as a wholeB.Music as it may be perceived in non-African culturesC.Feature of African music that aided in transmitting African cultural valuesD.An aspect of the African cultural legacy(3).Which of the following statements concerning the function of African music can be inferred from the passage?（分数：2.00）A.It preserved cultural values because it was thoroughly integrated into the lives of the people.B.It was more important in the development of African religious life than in other areas of culture.C.It was developed in response to the loss of political and economic systems.D.Its pervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the impact of slavery.(4).According to the author, scholars would err in drawing which of the following conclusions?I. Slavery stripped the slaves of their political and economic systems. II. African music was similar to all other traditions of music in that it originated in a total vision of life. III. Music was a crucial part of the African cultural legacy.（分数：2.00）A.I onlyB.II onlyC.I and II onlyD.I, II, and IIIOur task will be simpler if we begin with some stories written long before anyone worried very much about cleaning out the rhetorical imparities from the house of fiction. The stories in Boccancio"s Decameron, for example, seem extremely simple—perhaps even simple-minded and inept —if we ask of them the questions which many modern stories invite us to ask. It is bad enoughthat the characters are what we call two-dimensional, with no revealed depths of any kind; what is much worse, the "point of view" of the narrator shifts among them with a total disregard for the kind of technical focus or consistency generally admired today. But if we read these stories in their own terms, we soon discover a splendid and complex skill underlying the simplicity of the effect.（分数：8.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to______.（分数：2.00）A.refute a belief about modern stories generally held by peopleB.show that the stories in Decameron are inferior to modern storiesC.suggest a way to reread pre-modern storiesD.re-interpret Boccaccio"s Decameron(2).In presenting the argument, the author does which of the following?（分数：2.00）A.Make an enumerationB.Present a paradoxC.Make a comparisonD.Give an analogy(3).Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.The stories in Decameron are full of two-dimensional characters.B.Pre-modern stories such as Decameron do not use any narrative techniques.C.Modern stories try to avoid more than one "point of view".D.Stories in Decamron depict characters in a superficial way.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.modern stories are generally more interesting than earlier stories because they can reveal the characters in depthsB.telling a story from more than one perspective is considered a rhetorical impurity by modern story writersC.Unlike modern stories, earlier stories generally do not invite readers to ask "questions of themD.The stories in Decameron are simple-mindedWe all accept that killing is in general wrong, but virtually all of us also recognize certain exception—that is, concede that there can be instances in which killing is permissible. In addition to accepting the obvious permissibility of killing microbes and plants(except then this is objectionable for either instrumental or impersonal reasons)most people believe that it can be permissible in a variety of circumstances to kill animals, and also that it can be permissible to kill other human beings in self-defense and in appropriate conditions in war. There are four distinct categories into which we may sort most or all instances of killing for which there may be a reasonable justification. Perhaps the most contentious category consists of cases in which killing would simply promote the greater good—for example, a case in which killing one person would prevent the killing, or the deaths, or the deaths, of a much greater number of people. The second category consists of cases in which an individual has done something that has lowered the moral barriers to harming him, or compromised his status as inviolable, or made him liable to action that might result in his death. Cases in which killing might be thought to be justified for this sort of reason include killing in self defense, killing in war, and killing as a mode of punishment. The third category of possibly permissible killing consists of cases in which the metaphysical or moral status of the individual killed is uncertain or controversial. Among those beings whose nature arguably entails a moral status inferior to our own are animals, human embryos and fetuses, newborn infants, congenitally severely retarded human beings, human beings who have suffered severe brain damage or dementia, and human beings who have been in irreversible coma. These are beings that are in one way or another "at the margins". The fourth and final category comprises cases in which death would not be harm to an individual but instead a benefit. In manysuch cases, the individual for whom death would be a benefit also desires to die and may request to be killed or helped to die. The practical issues that arise under this heading are suicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia.（分数：10.00）(1).The passage states that______.（分数：2.00）A.killing microbes and plants is generally not considered morally wrongB.most people think it alright to assist other people to commit suicideC.killing animals are morally more objectionable than killing plantsD.though killing human beings is immoral, sometimes it is necessary(2).The phrase "at the margins" in the last line of the fourth paragraph means:______.（分数：2.00）A.in dangerB.morally insignificantC.with an obscure moral statusD.in a helpless condition(3).According to the passage,______.（分数：2.00）A.it is permissible to kill one person if it can prevent the deaths of a much greater number of peopleB.killing in war is not morally wrongC.killing newborn babies might be morally justifiable.D.euthanasia is morally right because it benefits the individual involved(4).Which of the following is NOT TRUE according to the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Fetuses and newborn babies are considered to be morally inferior to ordinary human beings.B.Killing in self-defense might be permissible because the life of the person who attacks is no longer inviolable.C.Capital punishment is justifiable as a means of punishment.D.It is morally wrong to kill human beings who have been in irreversible coma.(5).Which of the following serves as the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Why Is Killing ImmoralB.The Morality of KillingC.Justifiable KillingsD.Problems of KillingPicture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer"s temperament discovering itself through the camera"s cropping of reality. That is, photography has two antithetical ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of intrepid, questing subjectivity and photographer is all. These conflicting ideals arise from a fundamental uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attractive because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography"s means. Whatever the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression on a par with painting, its originality is inextricably linked to be a form of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary in formativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton"s high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennisstroke. But as cameras become mere sophisticated, more armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartiec-Bresson, to refuse to use modem equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartiec-Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past—when images had a handmade quality. This nostalgia for some pristine state of the photographic enterprise is currently wide-spread and underlies the present-dry enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.（分数：14.00）(1).According to the passage, interest among photographers in each of photography"s two ideals can be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.rapidly changingB.cyclically recurringC.steadily growingD.unrelated to change in technology(2).The author is primarily concerned with______.（分数：2.00）A.establishing new technical standards for contemporary photographyB.analyzing the influence of photographic ideals on picture-takingC.tracing the development of camera technology in the twentieth centuryD.describing how photographers" individual temperaments are reflected in their work(3).The passage states all of the following about photographs EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.they can convey informationB.they can depict the photographer"s temperamentC.they can posses great formal beautyD.they can change the viewers sensibilities(4).The author mentions the work of Harold Edgerton in order to provide an example of______.（分数：2.00）A.how a controlled ambivalence toward photography"s means can produce outstanding picturesB.How the content of photographs has changed from the nineteenth century to the twentiethC.The popularity of high-speed photography in the twentieth centuryD.The relationship between photographic originality and technology(5).The passage suggests that photographers such as Walker Evans prefer old-fashioned techniques and equipment because these photographers______.（分数：2.00）A.dislike the dependence of photographic effectiveness on the powers of a machineB.strive for intense formal beauty in their photographsC.like the discipline that comes from self-imposed limitationD.need to feel armed by technology(6).According to the passage, the two antithetical ideals of photography differ primarily in the______.（分数：2.00）A.value that each pieces on the beauty of the finished productB.degree of technical knowledge that each requires of the photographerC.extent of the power that each requires of the photographers" equipmentD.way in which each defines the role of the photographer(7).Which of the following statements would be most likely to begin the paragraph immediately following the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Photographers, as a result of their heightened awareness of time, are constantly trying to capture events and actions that are fleetingB.Thus the cult of the future, worship of machines and speed, is firmly established in spite of efforts to the contrary by some photographers.C.The rejection of technical knowledge, however, can never be complete and photography cannot for any length of.time pretend that it has no weapons.D.The point of honor involved in rejecting complex equipment is, however, of no significance to the viewer of a photograph.二、句子改错(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Underline the wrong parts and put the correct ones in the brackets.(10%)（分数：20.00）(1).Virginia Hamilton who has won consistent praise for her novels about Black children.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became Secretary of Labor.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches over thirty feet in length.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (6).Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an organization required for its operations.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (7).Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant"s instep to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of good arch.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (8).Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes of the Civil War in the United States.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (9).A leading Canadian feminist and author, Nellie McClung, struggled relentlessly in the early twentieth century to win politically and legal rights for Canadian women（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (10).Although they are in different countries, Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan are close neighbors and cooperate on numerous matters of mutually interest.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 写作1.Thomas Alva Edison once said, "Opportunity is missed by most because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work." On the basis of this statement, you are required to write an essay of about 400 words on the relationship between opportunity and success. In the first part of your writing you should introduce your argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the final part, you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary. Marks will be awarded for Content, Organization, Grammar and Appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction will result in a loss of marks.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、英译汉(总题数：1，分数：2.00)2.Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%) Discipline and Punish(1975)is a genealogical study of the development of the "gentler" modern way of imprisoning criminals rather than torturing or killing them. While recognizing the element of genuinely enlightened reform, Foucault particularly emphasizes how such reform also becomes a vehicle of more effective control: "to punish less, perhaps; but certainly to punish better". He further argues that the new mode of punishment becomes the model for control of an entire society, with factories, hospitals and schools modeled on the modern prison. We should not, however, think that the deployment of this model was due to the explicit decisions of some central controlling agency. In typically genealogical fashion, Foucault"s analysis shows how techniques and institutions, developed for different and often quite innocuous purposes converged to create the modern system of disciplinary power.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、汉译英(总题数：1，分数：2.00)3.Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(20%) 宗教和巫术不只是解释事物并帮助人们实现种种目标。

[考研类试卷]2011年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2011年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2011年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/, beneath—/bi'ni:θ/corpora2 sociologist3 chef4 debris5 nasal6 embedding7 antonymy8 facial9 annotated10 phonetics二、填空题11 Lyons predicted in the seventies by pointing out that linguistics is______, rather than speculative or intuitive; it operates with publicly variable date obtained by means of observation or experiment.12 Phonetic similarity means that the______of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance.13 Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have ______ changes. That is, the same word may have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant.14 In their book ______ written in 1923,C. K. Ogden and I.A.Richards presented a " representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22.15 Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The upper term in this sense relation, i. e. the class name, is called ______, and the lower terms, the members, Hyponyms.16 Charles Darwin, the founder of Evolution Theory, was one of the first keeping the diary of his son's ______.17 And the Firthian tradition in this respect was further developed by the founder of systemic-functional linguistics, M.A.K. Halliday, whose contributions to sociolinguistics could be better seen from his understanding of language from a socially ______ or interactional perspective, his functional interpretation of grammar as a resource for meaning potential, and his linguistic model in the study of literature.18 For some reasons, much of the research on writing has concentrated on the preparation and revision processes rather than on the sentence generation and lexical access processes that have been the focus of______language production.19 As Carter and Simpson(1989)observed that "if the 1960s was a decade of formalism in stylistics, the 1970s a decade of functionalism, and the 1980s a decadeof______stylistics. "20 As a compromise between the "purely form-focused approaches" and the "purely meaning-focused" approaches, a recent movement called ______ seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.21 While Firth inherited the tradition by taking up some of______'s and Malinowski's views, he developed their theoriesand put forward his own original points of view.22 Mood is made up of two parts: the "Subject" and the "______" element.23 In spite of the dominant influences of Transformational Generative Grammar in the American linguistic scholarship, it has been challenged by a number of rebels, among whom, are Fillmore with his ______and other with Generative Semantics.24 The idea of______was first developed by Roman Jacobson(1896 - 1982)in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.25 Tone refers to the pitch on a syllable of a word. When pitch is related to a sentence, it is called ______.三、名词解释26 Logical subject27 Sentence28 Performatives29 Orientational metaphor30 SPEAKING31 Free indirect thought32 Blog33 Applied linguistics34 Mental processes35 Error analysis四、举例说明题36 Phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of sound and morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in grammar.37 In Chinese tone changes are used in the way that affects the meanings of individual words.38 Endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e. , a word or a group of words, which serve as a definable centre or head.五、简答题39 What are the similarities and differences between a phrase and a clause?40 What are the characteristics of Grice's "conversational implicature" ?41 What does Halliday's Systemic Grammar aim to do?。

2007年厦门大学221英语(二外)考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2007年厦门大学221英语（二外）考研真题及详解Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. The Gallery’s policy today is to make its collection more _____ to the public.A. accessibleB. workableC. possibleD. feasible【答案】A【解析】句意：画廊如今的政策是让公众更容易接触到其收藏。

accessible to易接近的。

workable切实可行的。

feasible可行的。

2. The links between cigarette smoking and cancer are now well _____.A. establishedB. publishedC. accomplishedD. completed【答案】A【解析】句意：如今，吸烟与癌症之间的联系已经被完全确定了。

established确定的；已制定的。

3. I am sorry that I have been so long in sending you the photos. I had the film _____ only last week.A. cleanedB. processedC. producedD. washed【答案】B【解析】句意：很抱歉这么久才把照片寄给你，我上周刚去冲洗了胶卷。

2007年中国人民大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2007年中国人民大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.1．“Quite a number of students gave excellent answers to my last question,”said the professor in his______on our performance in the exam.A．mentionB．statementC．commentD．reference正确答案：C解析：comment about／on评论。

mention of提及。

statement on／about声明，陈述。

reference to提到，谈及。

2．Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved if only the______charged on public transport were more reasonable.A．feesB．faresC．paymentsD．costs正确答案：B解析：fare车费，交通费。

fee(加入某组织或做某事付的)费用。

payment(应付的)额。

costs成本，诉讼费用。

3．Sand had______at the mouth of the river and formed a bank which boats could not pass,A．collectedB．accumulatedC．assembledD．added正确答案：A解析：collect收集，聚积(集中于某一点)。

accumulate知识财富的“累积，积聚”。

assemble集合或召集到一起成为一组或整体，把配件或零件装配在一起。

4．In a time of social reform, people’s state of mind tends to keep______with the rapid changes of society.A．stepB．progressC．paceD．touch正确答案：C解析：keep pace with与…并驾齐驱，与…步调一致。

2006年中山大学外国语学院451语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】

2006年中山大学外国语学院451语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10%) Example:life//respect//1.overwhelming2.burial3.facial4.coward5.rhetorical6.widget7.euthanasia8.alibi9.weird10.ordealII.Fill in the following blanks.(15%)1.The term______originates from Malinowski’s study of the functions of language performed by Trobriand Islanders.It refers to the social interaction of language.2.______are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.3.In traditional grammar,______is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item.4.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an______affix from a longer form already in the language.5.The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist______in the beginning of the twentieth century.6.Pscholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological______of linguistic structures.7.We witnessed a change in language teaching in the middle of the1970s when Hyme’s theory of______was introduced into the field as an antagonism to the traditional philosophy in language teaching.8.Stress refers to the degree of______used in producing a syllable.putational linguistics can be seen as a branch of applied linguistics,dealing with computer ______of human language.10.______is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language,and it has features ofboth the first language and the second language but is neither.11.______function is realized by mood and modality.12.The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is L.Bloomfield,whose book______(1933)was once held as the model of scientific methodology.13.The publication of Syntactic Structures(1957)marked the beginning of the______.14.______is an approach that stresses the relationships of elements in a sentence.It is a type ofgenerative grammar developed by C.J.Fillmore.actually have.III.Define the following terms.(50%)1.diachronic description2.broad and narrow transcription3.scale of delicacy4.meaning shift5.paradigmatic relation6.lexical ambiguity7.schemata in textmunicative competence9.relational processes10.speech and thought presentationIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30%)1.Halliday defines a functional grammar as“essentially a‘natural’grammar”,and believes that language is what it is because it has evolved to serve certain functions.2.Explain the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.3.What are the major factors in syllabus design?V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.What is the relationship between language and literature?2.What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies?3.Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement:“Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.”参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary.(10%)1.overwhelming—[2.burial—[]3.facial—[]4.coward—[]5.rhetorical—[]6.widget—[]7.euthanasia—[]8.alibi—[]9.weird—[]10.ordeal—[]II.Fill in the following blanks.(15%)1.phatic communion2.consonants3.pronoun4.imagined5.Saussure6.realitymunicative competence8.force9.processing10.interlanguage11.interpersonalnguage13.Chomskyan Revolution14.Case Grammar15.differentIII.Define the following terms.(50%)1.diachronic description:It is the study of a language through the course of its history.It is a2.broad and narrow transcription:In broad transcription,one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription,there are diacritics added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.3.scale of delicacy:In analysis,we take a general area of meaning and gradually break it into smaller and smaller sub-areas.In each stage,we gradually make finer and finer distinctions in meaning.When the systems on a scale are arranged according to the fineness of distinction, then such a scale is called scale of delicacy.4.meaning shift:In a narrow sense,meaning shift is used to refer to the change of meaning that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction such as broadening or narrowing of meaning.5.Paradigmatic relation,Saussure originally called associative,is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and the others absent.6.lexical ambiguity:This term refers to the ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: For example,“I went to the bank”,where“bank”might refer to a financial establishment or the slope of land adjoining a river.7.schemata in text:It refers to packets of stored knowledge in language processing.For example, as to the sentence“Three turtles rested on a floating log,and a fish swam beneath them.”Most of us would use our stored knowledge of spatial relationships to draw the inference that the fish swam beneath the log as well as beneath the three turtles.municative competence:This notion is introduced by Hyme,referring to the ability to apply grammatical,discourse and cultural knowledge to communicate effectively in particular contexts for particular purposes.9.relational processes:It is also known as a process of being,and concerned with the relation between one experience and another.It can be classified into two types:attributive and identifying.10.speech and thought presentation:These two terms are used for the language in fiction,referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator’s speech or thought.The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities:direct speech,indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts,and narrator’s representation of speech.The Thought presentation can also be categorized into:narrator’s representation of thought, narrator’s representation of thought acts,indirect thought,free indirect thought,and direct thought.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30%)1.Halliday defines a functional grammar as“essentially a‘natural’grammar”,and believes that language is what it is because it has evolved to serve certain functions.Key:We can judge from the way language is built up by children,in which language evolved in the human species beginning without any grammar at all.The children’s language is called protolanguage,and it is organized with meanings coded directly into expressions;as the children grow up,such a two-level system is then replaced by a three-level one in which meanings are first coded into wordings and these wordings then recoded into expressions. Thus,the form of the grammar relates naturally to the meanings that are being encoded.When a child of nineteen months reported“man clean car”,the fact that this is separated into three segments reflects the interpretation of composite experiences into their component parts,the different grammatical functions assigned to“man”,“clean”,“car”express the different roles of these parts with respect to the whole.The adult language,on the other hand, has built up semantic structures which enable use to“think about”our experience.And the systems of meanings have in their turn engendered lexicogrammatical structured that are plausible:hence we have verbs and nouns to match the analysis of experience into processes and participants.Thus,it is fair to say that a functional grammar is essentially a natural grammar,in the sense that everything in it can be explained by reference to how language is used;and language is what it is because it has evolved to serve certain functions.2.Explain the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.Key:In phonology,a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and in morphology,a morpheme is the smallest unit in grammar.They are interrelated in the way that sometimes phonological factors contribute to the allomorphic variation and morphological factors may also affect the appearance of phonemes.Sometimes,there is phonological conditioning,which accounts for the allomorphic variants of a morpheme.For example,for the past tense morpheme{ed},there are variants like/t/in“worked”,/d/in“warmed”,and/id/in“wanted”.The occurrence of the variants is closely related to phonological rule which defines that/t/occurs after the voiceless consonants(except/t/),/d/after the voiced consonants(except/d/),and/id/after/t/and /d/.There are cases where the rules to govern the allomorphs of the morpheme are morphologically conditioned,which in turn triggers the change of the phonemes.For example, some irregular verbs will undergo a special internal vowel change to indicate the past tense and the past participle:get-got-got,sing-sang-sung,and write-wrote-written3.What are the major factors in syllabus design?Key:There are mainly three major factors in syllabus design(1)Selecting participants.Before the training program starts,it is necessary to specify the characteristics of the learner and select individuals who match those specifications.For example,for the colleges in China,in order to select qualified students,an entrance examination is held every year.Apart from the selecting of students,teacher should be selected according to specified standards.(2)Process.This refers to the actual design of the syllabus.For example,the arrangement of content,preparation of materials,selection of teaching methodology and techniques,and means of course evaluation,all of them have to be included.(3)Evaluation.At the end of the training program,it is necessary to find out whether and to what degree the learners have reached the teaching objectives.There are two different kinds of evaluation:internal evaluation,checking whether to what degree the program has taught what it meant to teach;external evaluation which tries to find out whether and to what degree the program is useful to the learners in their work.For example,the final exam is oneV.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45%)1.What is the relationship between language and literature?Key:Literature is closely related to language.Generally speaking,it is marked by careful use of language,such as creative metaphors,elegant syntax,and so on.It reaches to human beings mostly via language.It could be seen as a language in use.The existence of literature owes a lot to language.The language used in literature is quite often different from language used in other fields,such as everyday use.In linguistics,the term“genre”is used to refer not only to types of literary works but also to any identifiable type of discourse,whether literary or not.Therefore,literature could be viewed as a particular range of genres or discourse types;that is,as a particular subset of the repertory of genres,existing in a given speech community.For example,written literature is discourse that may be read at a far distance in time a place from its origin.More generally speaking,literary discourse has many other general linguistic characteristics,such as certain kinds of phonological,syntactic,and semantic phenomena,occur with much greater frequency in literature than in other kinds of discourse.What’s more,studying the language of literature text as language can enhance our appreciation of the different systems of language organization,because the literary texts often reveal the nature of the language in which they written.2.What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies?Key:Linguistic relativity is one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,which states that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone,and“there is no limit to the structural diversity of language”.Therefore,similarity between languages is relative,the greater their structural differentiation is,the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be.For example,in English,the boundaries among the color spectrum are made in this way:red,orange,violet,blue,and yellow.In fact,these discriminations are arbitrary,and in other language the boundaries are indeed different.In neither Spanish,Italian nor Russian is there is a word that corresponds to the English meaning of“blue”.Linguistic relativity is important in linguistic studies because it recognizes the fact of linguistic diversity,which stands as the base which descriptive linguistics lies on.Linguistic diversity also triggers out the study of the linguistic similarity.The study of the linguistic relativity has shed light on two important insights:there is nowadays recognition that language,as a code,reflects cultural and preoccupations and constrains the way people think.3.Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement:“Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.”Key:The register is what you are speaking at the time,depending on what you are doing and the nature of the activity in which the language is functioning.A register can be defined as a configuration of meanings that are typically associated with a particular situational。