2015年四川大学2006史学通论考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题
四川大学考博06年中国文学典籍真题与答案
四川大学2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：中国文学典籍科目代码：205选用专业：文艺学、语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学、中国古代文学、中国现当代文学、比较文学与世界文学、文艺与传媒、文化批评、文学人类学、佛教语言文学、广播影视文艺学一.填空（每题2分，共10分）1.《春秋》所记鲁国十二公是：。
1. 隐公11年（公元前722年—前712年）2. 桓公18年（公元前711年—前694年）3. 庄公32年（公元前693年—前662年）4. 闵公2年（公元前661年—前660年）5. 僖公33年（公元前659年—前627年）6. 文公18年（公元前626年—前609年）7. 宣公18年（公元前608年—前591年）8. 成公18年（公元前590年—前573年）9. 襄公31年（公元前572年—前542年）10.昭公32年（公元前541年—前510年）11.定公15年（公元前509年—前495年）12.哀公27年（公元前494年—前468年）2.汉代传《诗》的四家是：。
汉人传诗的加之毛诗本有四家，称为四家诗。
后三家即鲁诗（申培公所传）、齐诗（辕固生所传）、韩诗（韩婴所传）。
此三家又被称为三家诗，3.《毛诗序》所说“六义”是：。
故诗有六义焉：一曰风，二曰赋，三曰比，四曰兴，五曰雅，六曰颂。
4.《文心雕龙·序志》所说“文之枢纽”是等五篇。
《文心雕龙》全书上篇共篇，下篇共篇。
从《原道》至《辨骚》的5篇﹐是全书的纲领﹐而其核心则是《原道》《徵圣》《宗经》3篇；25，25．5. 钟荣《诗品》共收位诗人，分为品，其中曹操为品，沈约为品，陶潜为品。
122，三，三，二，二。
二.就下列著作和作者之间做选择，写出正确的作者和其著作：（每小题1分，共10分）1.五经正义8 1.朱熹2.文心雕龙札记9 2.何晏3.诗集传 1 3.郭庆藩4.论语集解 2 4.王逸5.庄子集释 3 5.李鼎祚6.周易集解 5 6.郝懿行7.史记正义10 7.段玉裁8.楚辞章句 4 8.孔颖达9.尔雅义疏 6 9.黄侃10.说文解字注7 10.张守节三．解释下列加下划线的词语：（每词1分，共20分）1. 乃命义和，钦若昊天，历象日月星辰。
普外科考博试题四川大学
四川大学华西医学部2005普通外科学专业题四川大学华西医学部2005年普通外科学专业题一、名词解释1.stress ulcers2.gut drived infection3.couinand 肝分段4.child分级5.Charcot’s triads二、问答1.Tme及直肠系膜的概念2.胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3.原位肝的手术方式与适应症4.胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级5.肝门部胆管癌的Bishmush－C分型6.乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物7.Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系8.营养不良的分类与支持的适应症9.直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症10.胰岛素瘤的定位诊断11.肝癌的综合治疗12.门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗华西01-04年外科考博之专业基础解剖试题01年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释必答题（每题5分，共40分）纵隔翼点胸导管鼻旁窦胃床膀胱三角齿状线肩袖二问答题（从以下10题中选作五题，每题12分） 1大脑动脉环的位置、组成、分支、及其意义 2脊柱的骨性构成，连接方式，正常弯曲及其功能 3胸膜的位置，分布，隐窝及其生理临床意义 4子宫的位置，形态，分部，动、静脉来源、淋巴回流 5咽的形态、位置，分部和各部通连6心的传导系统组成，各部的位置及机能意义 7阐述腹股沟管8描述肝门，肾门和肺门 9阐述甲状腺位置，毗邻及其血供 10髋关节组成，结构特点02年考博局部解剖学试题一名词解释（每个3分，10题，共30分）鼻副窦腹直肌鞘主动脉裂孔肺段阴道穹输尿管间襞纵隔肝胰壶腹括约肌隔缘肉柱颈动脉鞘二问答题（共70分）1简述结肠上区器官配布特点（１０分） 2肾结石随尿外排，常在哪些部位滞留（5分）3试述肝门、肾门、肺门内各器官的心局部关系（10分） 4试述子宫的形态、位置、姿势和固定装置。
（10分） 5试述髋关节的组成和结构特点（10分） 6乳腺脓肿需进行切开排脓手术请问（10分）女性乳房结构上有哪些特点应如何选择手术切口、为什么7阑尾炎需作阑尾切除术，请问（15分）若是经麦氏点切口，经哪些层次到腹腔阑尾位于何处，常见位置有哪几种打开腹膜腔后，如何区分大，小肠如何才能迅速准确地找到阑尾阑尾动脉耒自何动脉，如何寻找辨认阑尾动脉2003年博士入学局部解剖学考试题一名词解释（共10个，每个3分，共计30分）骨髓椎间孔盆膈肺段纵隔肾蒂十二指肠悬韧带股管齿状线乳房悬韧带二问答题（共10题，从中选作7题，每题10分，共计70分） 1男、女直肠前面各有何重要结构，肛门指诊男、女各能触及哪些结构？ 2试述膝关节的组成、结构特点和运动。
四川大学宗教学专业考博真题(精华版---05至13年)
四川大学宗教学专业历年考博真题（2005—2013年）2005年宗教学原理一、简论宗教的本质（25分）二、论宗教与社会主义相适应（25分）三、简说宗教与其他意识形态的关系（25分）四、从“神道设教”谈中国宗教的特色（25分）2007年宗教学原理一、简论宗教产生的社会历史条件。
（25分）二、试论宗教与文艺的关系。
（25分）三、论宗教与邪教的原则区别。
（25分）四、你怎样理解宗教在“和谐社会建设”中的作用。
（25分）2008年宗教学原理一、试析宗教的本质。
（25分）二、简析宗教与封建迷信的主要区别。
（25分）三、试论宗教道德的基本特征及其社会意义。
（25分）四、简述宗教的文化功能。
（25分）2009年宗教学原理一、简答题（每题15分）1、宗教的基本要素2、宗教与科学的关系3、宗教的主要心理功能4、古代原始宗教的主要表现形态二、问答题（每题20分）1、宗教研究的基本方法有哪些？谈谈你的认识。
2、为什么说：“宗教是文化”？谈谈你对这一命题的理解与认识。
2010年宗教学原理一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、简析宗教人造说与宗教神启论对立的思想根源。
2、简述宗教观念与宗教其它构成要素之间的关系。
3、简述当代世界主要宗教发展的总体趋势及其成因。
4、如何理解“宗教的改革是社会关系的变化在宗教上的反映”？二、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1、试述科学与宗教在认识方法上的区别及其对人类社会生活的影响。
2、如何发挥宗教在构建社会主义和谐社会中的积极作用？2011年宗教学原理一、简答题1、简述自然宗教与人为宗教的异同；2、为什么说宗教意识既是理性的又是非理性的;3、简述宗教礼仪在信徒生活中的作用；4、简述现代宗教世俗化趋势主要特征及成因；二、论述题1、试述宗教道德的基本特征及其对目前我国社会生活的影响；2、试述宗教与政治的关系；2012年宗教学原理一、试述宗教的文化属性。
二、试述有神论与无神论对立的认识根源。
三、试述理性与信仰的特点及其社会功能。
四川大学2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题-计算机网络
四大学
2006 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目及代码：240 计算机网络 适用专业：计算机应用技术 （试题共 2 页） （答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分） 一、简单题： （共 6 题，每题 5 分，共 30 分） 1、 在计算机网络中， 在源节点与目标节点之间交换信息通常有三种交换方式： 电路交 换 （Circuit Switching） ； 报文交换 （Message Switching） ； 分组交换 （Packer Switching） 。 试简要说明每种交换方式的工作原理。 （5 分） 2、 请问网络操作系统的功能是什么？请简要回答。 （5 分） 3、 试说明 IP 地址与硬件地址（有的称为物理地址；也有的称为 MAC 地址）的区别。 为什么要使用这两种不同的地址？（5 分） 4、 码分多址 CDMA 为什么可以使所有用户在同样的时间使用同样的频带进行通信二 不会互相干扰？这种复用方法有何优缺点？（5 分） 5、 多协议标记交换 MPLS 有哪些主要功能？试简述 MPLS 的工作原理？（5 分） 6、 假设有两个网络，它们都能提供可靠的面向连接的服务。一个提供可靠的字节流， 另一个提供可靠的报文流。试问二者是否相同？为什么？（5 分） 二、计算题： （共 6 题，共 50 分） 1、 在重负荷的 50kb 卫星信道上，用选择重发（非顺序接收）的管道式协议发送含 40 位帧头和 3960 位数据的帧，问由于帧头和差错重发而浪费的信道带宽占百分之 几？假定无 ACK（确认）帧，NAK（否认，相当于选择拒收）帧为 40 位。数据帧 的出错率为 1%，NAK 帧的出错率可忽略不计。顺序号是 8 位。 （10 分） 2、 在一个最大分组大小为 128 字节、最大分组寿命为 30 秒，具有 8 位分组顺序号的 网络中，问每个连接的最大数据速率是多少？（10 分） 3、 现有 1 公里长的令牌环局域网，环上有 50 个站，每站引入 1 位延迟，数据传输速 率为 4Mb/s，信号传播速度为 200m/μS，设发送帧的最大长度为 100B。 第1页
四川大学650中国通史考研历年真题及解析
四川大学考研历年真题解析——650中国通史主编：弘毅考研编者：Hongxiu弘毅教育出品【资料说明】《中国通史专业历年真题解析（专业课）》系四川大学优秀历史学考研辅导团队集体编撰的“历年考研真题解析系列资料”之一。
历年真题是除了参考教材之外的最重要的一份资料，其实，这也是我们聚团队之力，编撰此资料的原因所在。
历年真题除了能直接告诉我们历年考研试题中考了哪些内容、哪一年考试难、哪一年考试容易之外，还能告诉我们很多东西。
首先说明一下，四川大学历史学硕士研究生考试近十几年来的情况如下：2007年以前是学校自主命题，2007年至2012年属于全国统考，2013年又重新开始学校自主命题。
本资料节选2000年—2006年、2013年的考研真题并加以相关详细解析。
由于统考部分试题及解析在网上便于查找，本资料就不再赘述。
想了解的同学可自行在网上查阅。
1.命题风格与试题难易大家都知道，2013年四川大学历史学开始统考后的第一年自主命题，看过今年试题的同学一开始都会感觉题量比较大并且题具有一定的灵活性，也就是有一定的难度。
但是通过认真分析与比较，我们可以发现，川大试题还是很侧重于基础的，70%的题目可以在课本上找到部分答案，而且部分题目还可以找到07年统考前，川大自主命题的一些影子。
这不同于一些学校的试题，比如北京大学，理论性很强，说不会答，一点也答不上来。
川大的试题，不管你复习的怎么样，一般都能答上一点，至于能答到什么程度，则因人而异。
其实，“试题很基础”----“试题很简单”----“能得高分”根本不是一回事。
试题很基础，所以每个学生都能答上一二，但是想得高分，就要比其他学生强，要答出别人答不出来的东西。
要答出别人答不出来的东西，这容易吗？大家不要被试题表象所迷惑。
很多学生考完，感觉超好，可成绩出来却很低，很大程度上就是这个原因：把考的基础当成考的简单。
其实这很像武侠小说中的全真教，招式看似平淡无奇，没有剑走偏锋的现象，但是如果没有扎实的基础和深厚的内功是不会成为大师的。
博士考试试题及答案解析
博士考试试题及答案解析在进行博士考试前，备战是非常重要的一环。
了解和掌握过往试题以及答案解析，可以帮助考生针对性地准备和提升复习效率。
本文将为大家提供一些博士考试试题及答案解析的示例，以供参考。
示例一：题目：社会学专业课程试题1. 什么是社会学的核心概念？请简要解释。
答案解析：社会学的核心概念是社会与个人的相互作用以及社会结构。
社会学通过研究个体在社会环境中的行为、社会群体的社会关系和社会结构的形成来揭示社会现象的规律。
2. 请分析社会学研究中的定性和定量方法各自的优势和不足。
答案解析：定性研究方法注重对现象的描述和解释，能够深入理解被研究对象的基本特征和背后的动因。
然而，定性方法受研究者主观因素的影响较大，结果的可靠性和一般性有限。
定量研究方法通过统计数据和数学模型分析，能够大规模、客观地研究社会现象，并提供普遍性结论。
但定量方法缺乏深入理解和解释现象的能力，可能忽略个体的独特情况。
示例二：题目：生物化学试题1. DNA是什么？它有什么重要功能？答案解析：DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是生物体内储存遗传信息的分子。
它具有两个重要功能：首先，DNA是遗传信息的携带者。
通过DNA分子中的碱基序列，不同的组合方式编码了生物体的遗传特征，包括形态、生理功能等。
其次，DNA在细胞中作为基因的载体，通过转录和翻译过程将遗传信息转化为蛋白质，从而发挥生物体的生理和生化功能。
2. 请解释DNA复制的过程。
答案解析：DNA复制是细胞分裂过程中的一个重要步骤，确保每个新生细胞都能获得完整的基因组。
DNA复制的过程包括以下几个关键步骤：（1）解旋：DNA双螺旋结构被酶解开，形成两条单链DNA。
（2）引物合成：DNA聚合酶根据已存在的DNA链合成新的互补链，此过程需要引物的参与。
（3）连接：DNA连接酶将新合成的DNA链连接到原有DNA链的末端，形成完整的DNA双螺旋。
（4）修复：酶复查错误，确保复制的准确性。
通过DNA复制，一个DNA分子可以复制成两个完全相同的DNA分子，实现细胞分裂的遗传基础。
四川大学考博英语真题及答案精编版
2014年四川大学考博英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1．本试题共5大题，共12页，请考生注意检查，考试时间为180分钟。
2．1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3．翻译和作文请答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹清楚、工整。
I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error wasplus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two years’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
【四川大学】博士研究生---副本
1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。
2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院 45人020101 政治经济学 12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史 3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。
(NEW)四川大学《650中国通史》历年考研真题汇编
目 录第一部分 四川大学650中国通史考研真题2016年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）2015年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）2014年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）2013年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）第二部分 四川大学相关专业考研真题2006年四川大学430中国现代史考研真题2006年四川大学350中国近代史考研真题2006年四川大学345中国古代史考研真题2005年四川大学350中国近现代史考研真题2005年四川大学349中国古代史考研真题2004年四川大学449中国近现代史考研真题2003年四川大学436中国近现代史考研真题2002年四川大学530中国近现代史考研真题2002年四川大学337中国古代史考研真题2002年四川大学336中国古代史考研真题2001年四川大学530中国近现代史考研真题2001年四川大学337中国古代史考研真题2001年四川大学336中国古代史考研真题2000年四川大学中国古代史考研真题2000年四川大学中国近现代史考研真题第一部分 四川大学650中国通史考研真题2016年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）1．儒家和墨家思想的异同。
2．四明图志碑刻内容一段十个繁体字化简体，然后解释两个词语“三祀” 和“锓诸梓”。
3．秦到宋的专门史研究近五年的突出性著作两部并评论。
4．近十年对新文化运动的新研究及著作。
5．结合清朝的人口政策和明清社会经济，论述清前期人口激增的原因。
6．晚清到民初满汉关系。
7．小论文关于近代学堂2015年四川大学650中国通史考研真题（回忆版）一、翻译白话文并加标点（30）谯周古史考一卷二、简答题（45*2）1．给出三个近代史起点的观点并说明作者，理由以及自己的评价。
2．说明“五族共和”的来源以及发展。
三、材料题(两道材料，每道三题，每题10分）1．关于唐朝宦官专权（1）材料反映了什么现象。
（还有两个小问题想不起来了）（2）结合材料说明宦官对百姓的剥削采用什么方式。
博士研究生考试试题
博士研究生考试试题一、名词解释1、professional paper（第一页）2、subjective description（77页）3、technical report（166页）二、简答题1、写出确定题目中的5个基本原则（第5页）2、P21第一题；3、P40页第二题；4、P55第二题；5、P69第一题；6、P88第三题；7、P125第二题；三、论述题1、P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。
（首先写5A指的是什么，然后再写上P49这一段）。
2、P155如何看待剽窃问题。
（可加上自己的观点）名词解释1.Professional paper:A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professional present their views and research finding on any deliberately chosen topic. It is variously known as “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”.2.Subjective description:subjective description shows the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. The author does not only want of describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing.3. Technical report: technical report refers to the papers whose contents involve certain unpublicized key technologies, technical know-how, or traditional Chinese technological processes, special raw materials, new technologies or methods that may bring about greater economic benefit, as well as technical renovation and transformation of relevant devices, instrument, prototypes, etc.简答题1.Finding topics: (1) It should be a topic within the reach of the author and capable of being finished within the assigned or suggested time limited. (2) It should be a topic of practical value for the specialty or the development of economy or science in general. (3) It should be a topic for which sufficient materials and documents can be made available either through readings or through investigations. Research work is by nature discovery and creation. (4) It should bear being tested theoretically and experimentally if his research is experimentation and investigation in nature as science demands thoroughness, accuracy and objectivity. (5) It should be a topic free from the author’s personal bias or preference even if it may be a topic of humanistic nature.2. What are the general functions of a title in a professional paper?(1) Generalizing the text; By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.(2) Attracting the reader; Ideally, the title should be such that, by reading it, any professional reader can see whether the paper is worth reading at all.(3) Facilitating the retrieval. A good title can help the readerin his search for information.3. What are the writing requirements for an abstract?(1) Integrity; An abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.(2) Concise; The writer’s abstract is a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.(3) Consistency; As a mini-paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper.(4) Concentration; An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.4. What are the “5 step” in abstract writing?(1) Underlining key words and sentences; Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional devices.(2) Listing essential point of the paper; Try to put the same emphasis onto the points of your paper as you did with the original paper.(3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two; This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.(4) Drafting the abstract; Use your own words wherever possible.(5) Checking the final draft. Firstly, it should be shorten further to a minimum length. Secondly recheck the abstract until you are satisfied with it. Finally, the abstract should be read critically by your colleagues for objectivity.5. What is your understanding of the structural features of the introduction?(1)Introducing the subject; Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.(2) Limiting the research scope; Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly.(3) Stating the general purpose; The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader of the general purpose of the why to where to start or where to guide.(4) Showing the writing arrangement. The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.6. What are the main methods of logical development?(1) Developing by chronological sequence; (2) Developing by investigation procedures;(3) Developing the research “from abstract to concrete”; (4) Developing the research “from concrete to abstract”; (5) Developing by using other logical sequencing.7. Give your understanding of the writing requirements for results with your own example?(1) Any data shown in this section must be meaningful. (2) The presentation of results should be short without verbiage and be of crystal clarity.论述题1. P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。
四川大学华西医学院病理生理学2015年考博真题试卷
8、应激
9、水肿
二、判断题（共10题）
1、脑死亡是渐进过程。
2、紫绀不一定缺氧。
3、低渗性脱水已发生休克。
4、低钾对心血管损伤较高钾重。
5、钙超载与缺血-再灌注无关。
6、等张性缺氧血氧饱和度正常。
三、简述题（共5题）
1、发热机制。
2、休克早期代偿机制及意义。
3、肝性脑病发生机制。
4、肾性高血压发生机制。
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2015生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（共10个）
1、脑死亡
2、高渗性脱水
3、DIC
4、发热
5、超极化阻滞
6、急性期反应蛋白
博士入学考试试题
博士入学考试试题1 心外科2000年上海第二医科大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题1、纵隔肿瘤分类特点2、VSD手术适应症，分类，临床表现3、TAPVC的解剖分型4、DORV的分类，手术适应症5、漏斗胸2001年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 胸出口综合征2 肺错构溜3 血气胸4 法乐四联症5 Edstein畸形二问答题1 试述心肌保护方法的新进展（12分）2 食管癌的临床病理分期和外科治疗的原则（15分）3 急性胸部损伤的综合处理原则（13分）2002年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 LABP2 DeBakey(II)3 INR 4双向Glenn术5 Rastellir术6Bentall术二写出下列名词的正常值（2分/题）1激活凝血时间2 二尖瓣面积（成人）3 碱剩余4 潮气量5 全肺阻力6 尿游离血红蛋白7 左心射血分数二问答题（8分/题）1矫正型大血管转位传导系统的解剖特点？2比较法乐氏四联症与右心室双向出口的异同点？3 冠状搭桥术前危险因素的评估包哪些内容？4婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点有哪些？2003年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（5*3）1急性排斥反应2 DebakeyIII型3 组织工程心脏瓣膜二问答题1 完全性大动脉错位的手术方式有哪些？（10分）2 气管。
主支气管钝性外伤的好发部位及机制（10分）3 冠心病心肌梗死的并发症有哪些？外科治疗的适应症和禁忌症？（10分）三选择题（每题15分，心外学生选第一题，胸外选第二题）1 婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点？2 肺减容术的手术原理、适应征？2005年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一、名解碱剩余McGoon比例心肌顿抑心脏指数毁损肺二、简答1、二尖瓣关闭不全的手术指征2、试述永存动脉干的临床分型3、冠状动脉主要分支及供血范围4、心内直视手术后钙超载的发生机制及预防措施5、支气管扩张的手术适应症、禁忌症2006年第三军医大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题一、名词解释（5分×4）1、Adamkiewicz Artery2、Eisenmenger's Syndrome3、Pancoast Tumor4、ECMO二、填空题：（4分×10）1、动脉导管连接于（）和（）之间。
四川大学真题2006年
四川大学真题2006年(总分：105.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：2，分数：10.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}Superstition is a biased word. Look up almost any dictionary definition and you will see that it implies that every religion not based on reason or knowledge is called a superstition. Even the word knowledge is a two-faced word. Presumably, it is used as a synonym for reason. What it all comes down to is that people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion.It is true that a person's religion must be based on some kind of knowledge. But what kind of knowledge is meant? Scientific, experimental, rational? Such knowledge is natural and maybe ethical and then it is natural religious knowledge. A person may quite easily conclude from observing the universe that only God could have produced it. That knowledge is not religion, not even if a person is bound to recognize a creator of the universe. It is natural knowledge such as Confucius, Socrates or Zoroaster possessed. Natural religious knowledge, as is evident in the history of the human race, although it helps to make a malt good, hardly, suffices to keep him good, especially in times of crisis. Will such natural knowledge, for instance, sustain a man when he has suddenly lost all his money and even his wife and children? Will it offer the hope of ever seeing them again? Will it influence him gladly to sacrifice his life for his family, his country, his religion? Only a strong sense of supernatural religion, a reliance upon God, will provide the necessary courage for right action.All the great religions of the world--Christianity, Hinduism, Chinese Buddhism and Islam--have shown men the way to such courage and its resulting peace of mind and heart and peace with all men. They point to a better sort of life, mostly a life somewhere else, or, at least, an end to the troubles of this life.Christianity and Islam direct men to look up, hope for and strive after an eternal life of happiness in the possession of God. Hinduism also encourages its adherents to achieve successively higher incarnations until they achieve unity, become one with Brahman-God. The agnostic or the atheist thinks of all of these creeds as religious superstition. Are the agnostic and the atheist free of superstition? Hardly. Every thinking man has a natural bent for religion, for ideals above and beyond earthly ones. If he crushes his natural inclination, which is God-inspired ideals, he most likely will substitute a series of self-inspired ideals or some fad like astrology, which will become a religion for him. There is a linebetween religion and superstition which everyone must learn to identify, of forfeit a true direction in his life.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, people define superstition as ______.（分数：1.00）A.some religious knowledge not based on reasonB.anything that seems unreasonable to themC.anything that seems unreasonable in another person's religion √D.any natural knowledge of a religion that is two-faced and totally different from another 解析：文中第1段结尾部分，作者对superstition做了诠释：...people designate as superstitious what they do not think reasonable in someone else's religion. 人们认为在其他宗教中讲不通的就是迷信。
2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题
2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005-2012年四川大学历史学考博试题2005年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论缺中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题试论20世纪前期的地方自治二，选做题1，以个案分析新式交通的兴起对城市发展的影响（城市史方向考生必做）2，晚清废除科举制的意义与影响（中国近代经济与社会方向必做）1，论南京国民政府的文化取向（中国近现代文化史必做）2，评民国时期关于西化问题的论战（中国近现代思想与学术必做）3，戊戌之后三十年中中国传统士绅与知识分子社会角色的转化（中国近现代区域经济与社会必做）4，民国时期各约法（或宪法）之制宪背景与内容异同（中国近现代政制研究必做）2006年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。
朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。
中国近现代社会与文化一，必做题民国初期国家政治制度演变述论（1912-1927）二，研究方向题1，论严复（中国文化史方向必做）2，评“中国前途”与现代化问题的讨论（中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）3，清代省会城市的地位与作用（中国城市发展研究方向必做）4，清末民初中国城市社会生活的变化（中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）三，中国近现代区域经济与社会研究方向必做题1，名词解释库平银常关昭信股票大比点石斋画报2，问答题庚子之后的中英商约谈判述论四，中国近现代政制研究方向必做题1，名词解释捐纳教谕赵烈文张国淦战国策派2，问答题南京国民政府制宪活动述论2007年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》中国近现代社会与文化专题一，必做题南京临时政府的社会经济改革述评二，选做题1，论19世纪末20世纪初中国文化人对进化论认识的演变及其原因（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）2，评20世纪三四十年代蒋介石的社会改良思想与实践（中国近现代史专业中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）3，试析近代中国城乡关系的特点（专门史中国城市发展与研究方向必做）4，试析近代中国票号业的发展变化（中国近现代史专业中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）5，近代中国人口流动的主要流向、规模、成因及其对中国社会经济文化的作用于影响（专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做）6，王寄生教授是怎样阐述第一次国共合作时期国共关系的？你是否赞同他的见解？为什么？（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2008年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二，如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战中国近现代社会与文化专题一，论甲午战争对中国政治、经济、社会、社会、思想文化的影响（政治、经济、社会、思想文化四个方面，限选择一个方面展开论述（专门史、中国近现代史各方向必做）二，试评19世纪70至90年代中国社会思想文化的演变（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）三，近代中国教案之文化与社会学分析(专门史中国近现代区域经济与社会方向必做)四，试析城市出现衰落的原因（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）五，评五四运动以后各派的救国方案（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术研究方向必做）六，试析近代中国城市大众文化的兴起（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会研究方向必做）七，论段祺瑞临时执政府对北洋军政体系的整合（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）2009年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述中国近现代社会与文化专题一，报考罗志田教授的考生从以下三题中任选二题作答1，在1820-1950年间选择一个你认为特别重要的史事，简述相关的人与事及其过程，从文化发展的层面讨论其在历史上的作用与影响（述事可以尽量简明，请侧重后面的讨论部分）2，你是怎样认识近代中国的革命（包括言论和行动）的？尽量用事例支持你的看法，请勿空论）3，今年是五四运动90周年，如果让你进一步研究五四新文化运动，你会怎样进行？请具体说明，并解释为什么要这样进行？二，报考其他导师考生选做题1，必做题评民国初年的政党政治2，选做题论南京国民政府立国的文化理论（专门史中国近现代文化史方向必做）评黄宗智的《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》（专门史中国区域经济与社会研究方向必做）比较分析宋末元初与明末清初城市的破坏与重建（专门史中国城市发展研究方向必做）中国现代自由主义评述（中国近现代史中国近现代思想与学术方向必做）比较分析太平天国的妇女解放与清末的妇女解放（中国近现代史中国近现代经济与社会方向必做）庚款办学述论（中国近现代史中国近现代政制研究方向必做）结合史例，谈谈近年来中国近代区域社会经济史领域研究的新特点，并作评述（中国近现代史中国近现代区域研究方向必做）2010年四川大学历史学考博试题史学通论一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识中国近现代社会与文化专题一。
四川大学2006-2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题
四川大学2006-2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题四川大学2006年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史比较研究及其意义二，对以下评论加以评说程颐：唐太宗，后人只知是英主，元不曾有人识其恶，至如杀兄取位，若以功业言，不过只做得个功臣，岂可夺元良之位。
朱熹：唐太宗一切假仁借义以行其私。
四川大学2007年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史主义二，评柯文著《在中国发现历史》四川大学2008年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一、结合本专业实际论历史记忆与历史书写之关系二、如何认识历史领域后现代主义的当代挑战四川大学2009年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，结合实例说明历史学的社会功能二，史学领域的后现代主义思潮评述四川大学2010年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题一，论历史思维的方法二，结合史学理论与实践谈谈你对史学即史料学这一观点的认识四川大学2011年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1、结合专业与史实论20世纪上半叶中国史学的转型2、论历史真理性的相对性与绝对性。
四川大学2012年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1，论述历史研究者如何构建合理的知识结构2，结合史实论述历史比较研究方法四川大学2013年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.辨析历史事实的主观性与客观性2. 结合实际谈谈史料的收集、整理、辨析四川大学2014年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.评述历史认识的过程2.试比较历史定量分析与定性分析的关系四川大学2015年博士研究生入学考试《史学通论》试题1.论述历史学在科学发展的作用以及历史学的社会功能2.试论历史研究方法中的整体研究以及跨学科研究。