2017考研英语阅读题材预测之硫化铁量子点能提高电池性能
2017考研英语一阅读答案
2017考研英语一阅读答案答案:21-25 ACDDC21. 答案【A】explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.解析:本题目为例证题,考察论点与论据。
根据题干关键词the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804定位到第二段第二句。
例证题中的例子为论据,所要找的答案为论点,而论点在论据之前,因此该题目的答案是第二段的第一句话。
二段首句说的是美国人愿意忍受长时间的安全检查。
正确答案A的American’s tolerance是原文Americans are willing to tolerate的原词复现,current security checks是原文的time-consuming security 的同义转化。
干扰项B 的urgency to strengthen security worldwide,原文未提及worldwide,属于扩大范围;选项C的major U.S. major airports属于具体信息的干扰;选项D的privacy 隐私并未提及,是常识性干扰。
22. 答案【C】An increase in the number of travelers.解析:本题目为原因细节题。
根据题干中的long waits at major airports定位到原文第三段的第二句,原文的resulted in 与题干中的contributed to是同义转化,所以定位内容就是提升的安全措施以及航空旅游的增加。
正确答案C的an increase in the number of travelers 是原文 a rise in airline travel的同义替换。
干扰项A的carry-on bags是在第四段的最后一句出现的,非定位句内容;选项B的TSA efficiency也出现在第四段;选项D的unexpected secret checks未提及。
2017考研英语理学类阅读理解模拟题及答案(一)
2017考研英语理学类阅读理解模拟题及答案(一)Scientists have known since 1952 that DNA is the basic stuff of heredity. They've known its chemical structure since 1953. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins , the basic building blocks of life.But everything the genetic engineers have accomplished during the past half-century is just a preamble to the work that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues are doing now. Collins leads the Human Genome Project , a 15-year effort to draw the first detailed map of every nook and cranny and gene in human DNA. Anderson , who pioneered the first successful human gene-therapy operations , is leading the campaign to put information about DNA to use as quickly as possible in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.What they and other researchers are plotting is nothing less than a biomedical revolution. Like Silicon Valley pirates reverse-engineering a computer chip to steal a competitor's secrets , genetic engineers are decoding life's molecular secrets and trying to use that knowledge to reverse the natural course of disease. DNA in their hands has become both a blueprint and a drug , a pharmacological substance of extraordinary potency that can treat not just symptoms or the diseases that cause them but also the imperfections in DNA that make people susceptible to a disease. And that's just the beginning. For all the fevered work being done , however , science is still far away from the Brave New World vision of engineering a perfect human —or even a perfect tomato. Much more research is needed before genetherapy becomes commonplace , and many diseases will take decades to conquer , if they can be conquered at all.In the short run , the most practical way to use the new technology will be in genetic screening. Doctors will be able to detect all sorts of flaws in DNA long before they can be fixed. In some cases the knowledge may lead to treatments that delay the onset of the disease or soften its effects. Someone with a genetic predisposition to heart disease , for example , could follow a low-fat diet. And if scientists determine that a vital protein is missing because the gene that was supposed to make it is defective , they might be able to give the patient an artificial version of the protein. But in other instances , almost nothing can be done to stop the ravages brought on by genetic mutations. (409 words)1. It can be inferred from the text that Collins and Anderson and legions of colleagues _____.[A] know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program[B] have found the basic building blocks of life[C] have accomplished some genetic discovery during the past half-century[D] are making a breakthrough in DNA2. Collins and Anderson are cited in the text to indicate all the following EXCEPT that ______.[A] time-consuming effort is needed to accomplish the detailed map of in human DNA[B] human gene-therapy operations may be applied to the patients[C] gene-therapy now is already generally used to the treatment and prevention of human diseases[D] information about DNA may be used in the treatment and prevention of human diseases3. The word “pirate ” (line 2, paragraph 3) means______.[A] one who robs at sea or plunders the land from the sea[B] one who makes use of or reproduces the work of another without authorization[C] to take (something) by piracy[D] to make use of or reproduce (another's work) without authorization4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_____.[A] engineering a perfect human is not feasible for the time being[B] it‘s impossible for scientists to engineer a perfect tomato[C] many diseases will never be conquered by human beings[D] doctors will be able to cure all sorts of flaws in DNA in the long run5. The best title for the text may be ______.[A] DNA and Heredity[B] The Genetic Revolution[C] A Biomedical Revolution[D] How to Apply Genetic T echnology词汇注释stuff 物质preamble 开端nook and cranny 排列potency 力量susceptible 易受感染的predisposition 易患病的体质难句讲解1. They know that human DNA acts like a biological computer program some 3 billion bits long that spells out the instructions for making proteins , the basic building blocks of life.[简析] 本句话的主干是“They know that …”。
2017考研英语阅读:蓝色的钢铁海洋
2017考研英语阅读:蓝色的钢铁海洋每年考研英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人,因此2017年考研复习之初,一定要从基础打好,稳扎稳打。
凯程考研频道分享《经济学人》文章,希望大家能够多看、多练,提升阅读能力!Solar farms太阳能发电厂Blue steel蓝色的钢铁海洋British fields adopt a new crop英国大地上种起了新“庄稼”Let's take it to Spain我们把它搬去西班牙吧TWO nuclear bombs are among many curious machines which the Science Museum stores at anold airfield in Wiltshire. An early hovercraft stands with a fleet of submersibles and a truck thatonce roamed the Antarctic. Now a new acquisition is on the way. Around the runway workersare preparing to lay out 155,000 solar panels—at about 170 acres, one of the biggest solarfarms in Britain.科学博物馆将许多稀奇古怪的机器储藏在位于威尔特郡(Wiltshire)的废旧机场里,这其中就包括两枚核弹。
还有一艘早期的气垫船,一排潜水器,和一辆曾经驰骋于南极洲的卡车。
现如今,一项新的收藏将要加入它们的行列。
工人们准备在跑道的周围搭建155,000张太阳能板。
该工程占地约170英亩,将有望成为英国最大的太阳能发电厂。
Though Britain's hillsides are peppered with wind turbines, solar panels produce less than halfof one percent of its power. Racing to hit a European target that requires it to generate 30%of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020, the government wants a lot more. GregoryBarker, an energy minister, says the solar industry could expand sixfold within a decade. Laidon the ground, that many panels would fill an area of about 150 square miles.尽管不列颠的山坡上布满了用来风力发电的风轮机,并且其发电量差不多是太阳能板发电量的两百多倍。
【2017暑期版】每日一道高考题:阅读理解D篇(含答案和解析)
【2017暑期版】每日一道高考题:阅读理解D篇(含答案和解析)Genius is an infinite capacity for taking pains.所谓天才就是不断地承受痛苦。
答题时间:2017高考英语真题北京卷(阅读理解D篇)Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpo se which we really desire.”A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve itsown existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformationof these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.67. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may .A. run out of human controlB. satisfy human’s real desiresC. command armies of killer robotsD. work faster than a mathematician68. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to .A. prevent themselves from being destroyedB achieve their original goals independentlyC. do anything successfully with given ordersD. beat humans in international chess matches69. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to .A. help super intelligent machines work betterB. be secure against evil human beingsC. keep machines from being harmedD. avoid robots’ affecting the world70. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?A. It will disappear with the development of AI.B. It will get worse with human interference.C. It will be solved but with difficulty.D. It will stay for a decade.【答案】67. A 68. A 69. D 70. C【解析】本文主要介绍了人工智能。
2017考研英语阅读理解精读P28—工学类
2017考研英语阅读理解精读P28—工学类Passage 28In a ditty for the stage, W.S. Gilbert once gave warning that "Things are seldom what they seem/Skim milk masquerades as cream." If appearances were tricky in 1878, they have just become trickier still. By doubling the resolution of existing liquid-crystal displays (LCDS), IBM has created a monitor which, when viewed from 18 inches away or farther, shows images that the human eye finds indistinguishable from the real thing.The T220, as it is called, measures 22 inches across the diagonal, and displays 9.2m picture elements ("pixels"). That gives it a resolution of 200 pixels per inch, twice the previous state of the art. This achievement has come as a result of gradual improvements in optics, liquid-crystal chemistry and microelectronics made by IBM groups in Yamato, Japan, and Yorktown Heights, New York.LCDs work by sandwiching a thin sheet of liquid crystals-in this case, thin-film transistors-between two narrowly separated panes of glass. Typically, small glass spheres have held the two panes of glass apart, impairing by refraction the performance of the display. IBM has replaced the spheres with small posts, which are located in the interstices between pixels, and so do not disturb the light as it leaves the excited liquid crystal. In the past, attempts to achieve such high pixel rates have been stymied by the build-up of electrical static, which caused problems with the brightness of the screens. The IBM groups have solved this by using a laser to scan back and forth across the glass, preventing the build up of static electricity.At a current retail price of $22,000, the T220 is hardly going to be flying off the shelves. But it will be ideal for hospitals. Historically, radiology has been a driving force behind the development of high-resolution screens. And the T220's price tag will go almost unnoticed when attached to MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) or CT (computerised tomography) scanning machines. Until now, no monitor has been able to display the 5m pixels of data that a typical CT-scanning machine produces. The ability to reproduce the data with perfect fidelity should help radiologists make more accurate diagnoses from the computer screen.According to Bob Artemenko, director of marketing and strategy for IBM'S business display unit, the new screen could also help petroleum engineers to speed up their analysis of where to drill from one month to one day. Similarly, the higher fidelity will allow CAD (computer-aided design) systems, especially in the motor and aerospace industries, to work faster-because the detail revealed by the new monitor can cut out costly prototype-building exercises. RAM'S idea is that the new monitor will allow designers of all sorts to go straight from computer image to final product, eliminating many costly and time-consuming middle stages.With prices of more conventional 15 inch LCDs now below $500, IBM is expected to shift itsengineering effort from achieving high resolution to lowering costs. How long before the T22o starts showing up in high-end laptops? Judging from previous experience, it could happen sooner than most people think注(1):本文选自Economist; 9/22/2001, p7, 2p, 1c;注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象2004年Text 1;1. How does the author introduce the topic?[A]Posing a contrast.[B]Justifying an assumption.[C]Making a comparison.[D]Explaining a phenomenon.2. Which of the following is not the advantage of the T220?[A]Reasonable price.[B]Time-saving.[C]Cost-saving.[D]High fidelity.3. The expression “stymied”(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____________.[A]limited[B]controlled[C]improved[D]hindered4. Why does the hospital ignore the price tag of T220?[A]T220 creates a driving force for the medical staff.[B]T220 guarantees a more accurate diagnosis.[C]CT-scanning machine fails to produce such high fidelity images.[D]T220 owns the ability to reproduce data with perfect fidelity.5. What is the current problem IBM facing?[A]Achieving high resolution.[B]Pursuing more applications.[C]Lowering the price.[D]Reducing the size of the screen.答案:CADBC篇章剖析本文是一篇说明文,详细介绍了清晰度比以前的屏幕高一倍的新型液晶显示器所显示的影像看起来与真实物品几乎难分真假。
2017考研英语阅读:用热量延长电池寿命
2017考研英语阅读:用热量延长电池寿命在考研英语中,阅读分数可谓是占到了总分的半壁江山,正所谓“得阅读者得考研”。
对于备考2017考研的同学们,在平时的复习中一定要拓展阅读思路,各类话题都要关注,这样才能在整体上提升考研英语阅读水平!凯程考研频道考研分享《2017考研英语阅读精选》,一起来学习吧!Don't go sticking your electronic devices in a toaster oven just yet, but for a longer-lasting battery, you might someday heat them up when not in use. Over time, the electrodes inside a rechargeable battery cell can grow tiny, branch-like filaments1 called dendrites, causing short circuits that kill the battery or even ignite it in flames. But thanks to new experiments and computer simulations, researchers from the California Institute of Technology have explored in detail how higher temperatures can break down these dendrites -- and possibly extend battery lifetimes. A battery cell consists of a positive and negative electrode, called the cathode and anode. As the battery produces electrical current, electrons flow from the anode through a circuit outside the battery and back into the cathode. Having lost the electrons that are generating the current, some of the atoms in the anode -- an electrically conductive metal like lithium -- become ions that then travel to the cathode, moving through a conductive liquid medium called an electrolyte.Recharging the battery reverses the process, and the ions travel back and stick onto the anode. But when they do, the ions don't attach evenly. Instead, they form microscopic2 bumps that eventually grow into long branches after multiple recharging cycles. When these dendrites reach and contact the cathode, they form a short circuit. Electrical current now flows across the dendrites instead of the external circuit, rendering3 the battery useless and dead.The current also heats up the dendrites, and because the electrolyte tends to be flammable, the dendrites can ignite. Even if the dendrites don't short circuit the battery, they can break off from the anode entirely4 and float around in the electrolyte. In this way, the anode loses material, and the battery can't store as much energy.【词汇解析】1. filamentsn.(电灯泡的)灯丝( filament的名词复数);丝极;细丝;丝状物参考例句:Instead, sarcomere shortening occurs when the thin filaments'slide\" by the thick filaments. 此外,肌节的缩短发生于细肌丝沿粗肌丝“滑行”之际。
Color Ferromagnetism in Quark Matter
a r X i v :n u c l -t h /0304005v 2 31 J u l 2003TH-875Color Ferromagnetism in Quark MatterAiichi IwazakiDepartment of Physics,Nishogakusha University,Shonan Ohi Chiba 277-8585,Japan.Osamu Morimatsu Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies,High Energy Accelerator Research Organization,1-1,Ooho,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,305-0801,Japan (July 1,2003)Abstract We show a possibility that there exists a color ferromagnetic state in quark matter,in which a color magnetic field is spontaneously generated.The state arises between the hadronic state and the color superconducting state when the density of quarks is varied.Although the state (Savvidy state )has been known to involve unstable modes of gluons,we show that the modes compose a quantum Hall state to stabilize the ferromagnetic state.We alsoshow that the order of the phase transition between the state and the quarkgluon plasma is of the first order.PACS 12.38.-t,12.38.MN,24.85.+p,73.43.-fQuark Matter,Color Superconductivity,Quantum Hall StatesTypeset using REVT E XQuark matter possesses several phase structures when its temperature and densiy are varied;the hadronic phase,the quark gluon plasma phase,and the color superconducting phase.Especially,recent progress[1]in the color superconducting phase has been paid much attention.The superconducting phase is realized as dynamical effects of quark matter, namely,the condensation of Cooper pairs of quarks due to instability of Fermi surface of quark gas against attractive forces.On the other hand,hadronic phase is realized as dynamical effects of gluons,namely,the condensation of color magnetic monopoles[2].SU(3) gluons become effectively Abelian gluons and color magnetic monopoles at large distance[3], and the monopoles condense to form a dual superconductor.Therefore,both of these phases are characterized as superconducting states,i.e.electric and magnetic superconductors.In this letter we point out a possible existence of a color ferromagnetic state[4]in which the color magneticfield B is spontaneously generated.It is very intriguing that a quantum Hall state[5]of some gluons,which has been known previously to be unstable modes[6], is formed to stabilize the ferromagnetic state.Such a quantum Hall state carrying color charges is shown to be possible only when quark matter is present.The quark matter is shown to have lower energy density in the ferromagnetic phase than that in the color superconducting state when the chemical potential is less than approximately2 eB ,the energy density in the superconducting phase is lower than that in the ferromagnetic state.Hence,the ferromagnetc phase is expected to arise between the hadronic phase and the superconducting phase.The actual value of2 eB .As is well known[4,6],the effective potential V of the constant color magneticfield hasthe minimum at non-zero magneticfield and also has an imaginaly part at the minimum:−iV=112as a true vaccum of the gauge theory.This state,however,may be adopted as a state of the gaugefield in dense quark matter,which is localized for example in a neutron star or as a nulcear compound object formed by heavy ion collider.The possibility is considered seriously in this paper.The presence of the imaginary part of the potential leads to excitation of unstable modes around the minimum eB mim=Λ2.This is similar to the case that when we expand a potential=a2(|φ|2−v2)2/4of a scalarfield around the local maximum,φ=0,i.e.wrong vacuum,unstable modes are present with their energies E such as E2=k2−a2v2<0.They are excited and eventually lead to the stable vaccum φ =v with condensation of a constant unstable mode with E2(k=0)=−a2v2.In the gauge theory similar condensations of gluon unstable modes are expected to arise.In order to explain the unstable modes in the gauge theory,we decompose the gauge fields A iµsuch that Aµ=A3µ,andΦµ=(A1µ+iA2µ)/√4 F2µν=−12|DµΦν−DνΦµ|2−−ie(∂µAν−∂νAµ)Φ†µΦν+e2e′B(2n+1−s)+k2,where e′=e/2and k is a momentum parallel to the magneticfield and s takes a value of±1,representing spin contributions.Remember that since we are considering SU(2)gauge theory with massless quarks of twoflavours,we have two types of quarks whose color charges are positive and negative,respectively for eachflavour.Both of the quarks have the identical energy.There are many degenerate states specified by momentum k2in each Landau level. The degeneracy is given by4×e′B/2πper unit area,where the factor4comes from positive and negative color charged quarks with eachflavour.The number density of the quarks is estimated such that ρ(e′B)=2e′B2π+2 N−1n=1 |k|<k f(n)dkπ2 2 ε2f−2e′Bn , with k f(n)=e′B(2n+1−1)+k2=E(n−1,k,s=−1)=π |k|<k f(n=0)dk k2+2 N−1n=1 |k|<k f(n)dk k2+2e′BnThen,we have proved numerically by equating both densities,ρ(e′B)=ρ(e′B=0)that E tot(e′B)/E tot(e′B=0)<1for any N,where the ratio goes smoothly to zero(one)as N goes to zero(infinity).In general,from the dimensional analysis the ratio is a function only of the variable,ρ2/3/e′B.Therefore,wefind that the energy density of quarks in the magneticfield with any strength is lower than that of free quarks.We have estimated numerically how the energy density becomes lower with increasing the Fermi energy,E tot(e′B)−E tot(e′B=0)e′B.Although we have not yet determined the value of√e′B is order of several handred MeV,e.g.200MeV.Hence,wefind that thephase boundary between the ferromagnetic phase and the superconducting phase is present around the chemical potentialµof quarks being about500MeV.We are addressed later with the minimum chemical potential needed for the realization of the ferromagnetic phase.Up to now,we have considered the energy densities of the quarks and the gaugefields at zero temperature.It is easy to calculate the free energy atfinite temperature of the quarks and the gluons in the magneticfield.In the case we neglect the contributions of unstable modes;the modes condense to form a quantum Hall state in which any unstable modes are absent.We have numerically estimated the free energy and found that the color magnetic field becomes large with the chemical potential.This is owing to the magnetic mo-√ment generated by the quarks,k23−eB;k23<eB.The denenerate states in the Landau level may be specified by a momentum k2whose wave functions behave such as exp[−ik2x2−ik3x3−1l/2coupled with the magneticfield B=ǫi,j∂i A j (ǫ12=1):L=|(i∂ν−eAν)φ|2+2eB|φ|2−λǫµνλ2|φa|4+asα=2π×integer to keep the equality of the system described by L a to that of ly, in two dimentional space the statistics of particles can be changed by attaching aficticiousflux dx2B a=2αto the particles.The introduction of thefield aµis to attach theflux to the particles ofφa.When we takeα=2π×integer,the statistics of the particles doesnot change.In our case the bosons ofφbecome new bosons ofφa.The equivalence of this lagrangian L a to the original one L has been shown[8]in a operator formalism although the equivalence had been known in the path integral formalism using the world lines of theφa particles.It is well known that QHSs can be described by this type of Chern-Simons gauge theory even in the meanfield approximation[5].Equations of motion are given byφ†a i∂0φa+c.c.+2a0|φa|2=1ǫij∂0a j(5)4π(i∂0+a0)2φa−(i ∂−e A+ a)2φa+2eBφa=λ|φa|2φa.(6) where we have takenα=2π.Using these equations,we now explain how the ferromagnetic state is stabilized by mak-ing a QHS.The essence is that in the QHS theficticiousflux is used to cancel on average with the real magneticflux,i.e.a i=A i.Consequently,thefieldφa does not feel any gauge field and the lagrangian eq(3)is reduced to one representing an usual double well potential. Hence wefind a uniform solution,<φa>=v:v is obtained by solving the above equations which are reduced to2a0v2=1some color charges of quarks are transmitted to the condensate.Then,the color chargedensity of the quark matter with the radius L should be larger than that of the color condensate,ρ/L=eB/4πL.Thus,it follows that the chemical potential,µ,should be largerthan(3πeB/4L)1/3∼180MeV(eB/0.04GeV2)1/3(3fm/L)1/3in order for the ferromagnetic phase to arise in the quark matter.Since it is a value nessesary for the realization of thephase,a critical value separating the two phases,hadronic phase and ferromagnetic phaseis larger than it.Up to now,we have discussed the ferromagnetic state of the SU(2)gauge theory withmassless quarks of twoflavours.The orientation in color space of the magneticfield generatedspontaneously can be taken arbitrary in the case of the SU(2)gauge theory.On the other hand,in the SU(3)gauge theory the different choice of the orientation leads to different physical unstable modes[7];three unstable modes are present in general but one of the modes vanishes in a specific orientation.The orientation can be determined in the quark matter by minimizing the energy density of the quarks;the energy depends on the orientation of the magneticfily,when we take B/|B|=aλ3+bλ8(a2+b2=1),we impose the color neutrality of the quark matter and minimize its energy.Then,we canfind the orientation of the magneticfield.The detail will be published in near future.Finally,we show that a real observable magneticfield is produced by quarks rotatingaround the color magneticfield.If the number of the color positive charged quarks is thesame as that of the color negative charged quarks,the total real magnetic moment produced by the quarks vanishes.But the number of the color positive charged quarks and that of the color negative charged quarks is different in the color neutral system due to the gluon condensation with the color charges in the QHS.Therefore,the real magnetic moment produced by,for example,up quarks does not vanish.Taking eB being several0.01GeV2 and the radius of quark matter L being several fm,we can show that the real magneticfield with strength1014∼1015Gauss is produced in the color ferromagnetic phase of the quark matter,which may be generated by heavy ion collisions.We would like to express thanks to Profs.T.Kunihiro,T.Hatsuda and M.Asakawa for useful discussions.One of the authors(A.I.)also expressess thanks to the member of theory group in KEK for their hospitality.REFERENCES[1]K.Rajagopal and F.Wilczek,hep-ph/0011333.[2]S.Mandelstam,Phys.Lett.53B476(1975).G.tHooft,Nucl.Phys.B190455(1981).[3]Z.F.Ezawa and A.Iwazaki,Phys.Rev.D252681(1982).T.Suzuki and I.Yotsuyanagi,Phys.Rev.D424257(1990).[4]G.K.Savvidy,Phys.Lett.71B133(1977).H.Pagels,Lecture at Coral Gables,Florida,1978.[5]The Quantum Hall Effect,2nd Ed.,edited by R.E.Prange and S.M.Girvan(Springer-Verlag,New York,1990).Quantum Hall Effects,edited by Z.F.Ezawa(World Scientific).Z.F.Ezawa,M.Hotta and A.Iwazaki,Phys.Rev.B467765(1992);Z.F.Ezawa and A.Iwazaki,J.Phys.Soc.Jpn614133(1990).[6]N.K.Nielsen and P.Olesen,Nucl.Phys.B144376(1978);Phys.Lett.79B304(1978).[7]J.Ambijorn,N.K.Nielsen and P.Olesen,Nucl.Phys.B15275(1979).H.B.Nielsen and M.Ninomiya,Nucl.Phys.B156,1(1979).H.B.Nielsen and P.Olesen,Nucl.Phys.B160330(1979).[8]G.W.Semenoff,Phys.Rev.Lett.61516(1988);G.W.Semenoffand P.Sodano,Nucl.Phys.B328753(1989).[9]M.Alford,K.Rajagopal and F.Wilczek,Phys.Lett.B422247(1998).[10]S.Narison,Phys.Lett.B387162(1996)[11]S.C.Zhang,H.Hanson and S.Kilvelson Phys.Rev.Lett.6282(1989).。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文34—2 水电的发展
托福考试 复习TPO 34—2 水电的发展原文:The Development of Steam Power【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back. 【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britain in the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated with it, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was not used, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there that coal’s potential wad enormous.【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantly filling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles at the surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Both burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by the early 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines were operating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical study of the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilled crafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that the Newcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendid invention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steam engine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for a while, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment. 【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained mines and made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. The steam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as other industries during the 1780s, contributing to aphenomenal rise in industrialization. The British iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows in blast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke (which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after 1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a great boom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it had increased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.题目:1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain's short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available landfor farming.rger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statements about Ru ssia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you must select TWO answer choices.A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resources eventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.reliableB.plentifulC.well-preservedD.existing4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion of Britain’s energy?A.T o help explain why the energy crisis was so severeB.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advanced and well suppliedC.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heatD.T o indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before the eighteenth century5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery and Newcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.B.Both produced steam by burning coal.C.Both were used to operate pumps.D.Both were very inefficient.6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.independentB.talentedC.famousD.ambitious7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientific instruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led to many patented inventions.C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.D.He redesigned New comen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.originalB.necessaryC.magnificentD.popular9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development that greatly changed the production of iron?A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig ironB.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine ironC.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoalD.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 with that of 1844?A.T o contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuriesB.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s inventionC.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in BritainD.T o demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.advantageousB.essentialC.less costlyD.highly stimulating12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development of steam power?A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back t o medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain was first to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase the supply of coal as a primary source of energy.D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radical developments in machinery used in the iron industry.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been a problem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vast forests.By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig i ron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forestsenabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to B ritain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points. By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain less dependent on wood.B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources of energy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages of relying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it useful to several industries.E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries from cotton to iron production.F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinarygrowth of the iron industry and the British economy.答案:1.B2.BD3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.C9.C10.C11.B12.C13.A14.CDF。
辽宁省朝阳市2017高考英语一轮复习九月阅读理解选编(四)
辽宁朝阳市2017高考英语九月阅读理解选编阅读理解。
阅读下列短文, 从给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D) 中, 选出最佳选项。
I just hope that o ur brains won’t crash(死机). Areyou working on your typing skills to make you a moreefficient worker? That may be all for nothing as Intelbelieves that we’ll be able to c ontrol our computerswith our brains by 2020.Intel and its research partners are studying howbrain acts when it thinks. For example, scientists havefound that people’s brains react in a similar manner when asked to think of a bear.Through sensors(感应器)that can find this sort of brain activity, Intel thinks that it will be able to read and translate this into an input system thanks to a chip in the brain.“We’re trying to pr ove you can do interesting things with brain waves. ”Intel research scien tist Dean Pomerleau told Computerworld. “Eventually people may be willing to be, more devoted to brain implants(植入物). Imagine being able to surf the Web with the Power of your thoughts. ”Even if thinking ab out a bear isn’t enough to show that you want t o copy and paste something. Intel still thinks that there’s a future in using your brain instead of the keyboard.“If w e can get to the point where you can accurately find specific words, you could mentally type, ”he added. “You could compose characters or words by thinking about letters flashing on the screen or typing whole words rather than their individual characters. ”While this may al l sound impractical for present time, Intel thinks that it’s possible and something we’ll all want.“I think hum an beings are unusually adaptive(适应的), ”said Andrew Chien, vice president of research and director of future technologies research at Intel Labs. “If you told people 20 years ago that they would be carrying computers all the time, they would have said, ‘I don’t want that. I don’t need that. ’Now you can’t get them to stop carrying devices. There are a lot of things that have to be done first but I think implanting chips into human brains is well within the scope of possibility. ”Make good use of your favorite mouse and keyboard set-up before they’re old-fashioned. 【文章大意】本文主要讲了现在Intel及同伴正在研究怎样用人脑控制我们的电脑。
高中英语真题:2017高考英语阅读理解一轮基础选练(三)
2017高考英语阅读理解一轮基础选练(三)【2016模拟题】阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项中(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。
(2015·江苏)In the United States alone,over 100 million cellphones are thrown away each year.Cellph ones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like c omputers and personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbag e as a whole.Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and s ilver.A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other precious metals was higher in socalled e waste than in naturally occurring minerals.Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals remo ved,the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonoussubstances to escape into the environment.Creating products out of raw materials creates much more wa ste material,up to 100 times more,than the material contained in the finished products.Consider again the cellphone,and imagine the mines that produced those metals,the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装)it came in.Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that“the production,distribution,and use of products—as well as management of the resulting waste—all result in greenhouse gas release.”Individuals can reduce th eir contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance,buying reusable products and recycling.In many countries the concept of extended producer responsi bility is being considered or has been put in place as an incen tive(动机)for reducing waste.If producers are required to take back p ackaging they use to sell their products,would they reduce the packaging in the first place? Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on mon ey.Why,they ask,should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with th e bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television?From the governments' point of view,a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibi lity is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and taxpayers ba ck to the producers.文章大意:文章主要讲述了电子垃圾的产生、危害以及相关解决措施。
职称英语理工类每日一练:阅读理解(4月9日).doc
2017年职称英语理工类每日一练:阅读理解(4月9日)阅读理解Superconductor Ceramic 陶瓷An underground revolution begins this winter. With the flip (轻击)of a switch, 30,000 homes in one part of Detroit will soon become the first in the country to receive electricity transmitted by ice-cold high-performance cables. Other American cities are expected to follow Detroit’s example in the years ahead, which could conserve enormous amounts of power.The new electrical cables at the Frisbie power station in Detroit are revolutionary because they are made of superconductors. A superconductor is a material that transmits electricity with little or no resistance. Resistance is the degree to which a substance resists electric current. All common electrical conductors have a certain amount of electrical resistance. They convert at least some of the electrical energy passing through them into waste heat. Superconductors don’t. No one understands how superconductivity works. It just does.Making superconductors isn’t ea sy. A superconductor material has to be cooled to an extremely low temperature to lose its resistance. The first superconductors, made more than 50 years ago, had to be cooled to-263 degrees Celsius before they lost theirresistance. Newer superconducting materials lose their resistance at -143 degrees Celsius.The superconductors cable installed at the Frisbie station is made of a ceramic material that contains copper, oxygen, bismuth (铋), strontium(锶), and calcium(钙)。
(完整版)2017年考研英语阅读理解模拟题(二)及答案:理学类
考研 VIP 只为更出众2017 年考研英语阅读理解模拟试题(二)及答案:理学类It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process thatuses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect onits living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals,for example,gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight,but at the cost ofrequiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals,withtheir relatively low metabolic rates,can survive well on a sporadic food supply,but can gen- erate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If onlyoxidative metabolic rate is considered,there- fore,one might assume thatsmaller , more active,animals could prey on larger ones,at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis,the great equalizer.Anaerobic glcolysis is a process in which energy is produced,withoutoxygen , through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid andadenosine tri- phosphate (ATP),the energy provider. The amount of energy thatcan be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present-inall vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles' wet weight. Thus the anaerobicenergy reserves of a verte- brate are proportional to the size of the animal. If,for example,some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur,normallytorpid,the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously,via anaerobic glycolysis,the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidativemetabolic energy production. This explains how many large species havemanaged to compete with their more active neighbors:the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.There are limitations,however,to this compensa- tion. The glycogenreserves of any animal are good,at most,for only about two minutes at maximum effort,after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source ofenergy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until theacid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resyn- thesis. Duringthis process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up throughanaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greaterfor the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew canreplace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort,for example,the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem thatthis inter- minably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a gravedisadvantage for survival. Fortunately,muscle glycogen is used only whenneeded and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times ofpanic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.1. What is the text mainly about?。
专四阅读电动汽车革命
专四阅读电动汽车革命The Revolution of Electric CarsIn recent years, electric cars have been rapidly gaining popularity and are becoming a potential game-changer in the automotive industry. With advancements in technology and increasing concern about the environment, electric cars are seen as a key solution to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. This article will discuss the revolution of electric cars and its impact on our society.Firstly, electric cars offer numerous advantages over traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. One of the most significant advantages is their environmental-friendly nature. Unlike internal combustion engines, electric cars produce zero emissions. By switching from conventional cars to electric ones, we can greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality.Moreover, electric cars are more energy-efficient than their conventional counterparts. While gasoline-powered cars lose energy through heat and friction, electric vehicles convert about 59-62% of electricity into propulsion, making them more efficient and cost-effective in the long run.Another major factor contributing to the revolution of electric cars is the decreasing cost of batteries. As battery technology advances, the cost of producing lithium-ion batteries, which power electric vehicles, continues to decline. This makes electric cars more affordable and accessible to a wider range of consumers. Furthermore, the improvement in battery capacity and charginginfrastructure has alleviated the range anxiety that many potential buyers had. The ability to travel longer distances without worrying about running out of charge has greatly increased the appeal of electric cars.Additionally, governments around the world have been implementing policies to support the adoption of electric vehicles. In many countries, there are subsidies and tax incentives for purchasing electric cars, making them more attractive to consumers. Some cities have also established charging infrastructure and designated parking spots for electric vehicles, further promoting their use.Despite these advancements, there are still challenges to overcome for electric cars to fully revolutionize the automotive industry. The limited availability of charging stations and long charging times remain barriers for potential buyers. However, with the rapid development of technology, it is expected that these obstacles will be addressed in the near future to encourage more widespread adoption.In conclusion, the revolution of electric cars is well underway. With their environmental benefits, energy efficiency, decreasing cost of batteries, and government support, electric vehicles are poised to become the future of transportation. Although challenges remain, the continued advancements in technology and infrastructure will eventually lead to a transportation system powered by clean and sustainable energy.。
二硫化铁 多巴胺 电池
二硫化铁多巴胺电池二硫化铁-多巴胺电池是一种新型的电池技术,由二硫化铁正极和多巴胺负极组成。
它具有高能量密度、良好的循环稳定性和可重构性等特点,因此在电池领域受到了广泛的关注和研究。
二硫化铁是一种二维材料,具有优良的电化学性能。
它可以提供更高的能量密度,相比传统的过渡金属氧化物正极材料,如钴酸锂等,具有更高的能量密度。
而多巴胺则被广泛应用于生物医学和材料科学领域,具有优良的储能性能和可控性。
二硫化铁和多巴胺的结合,形成了一种新型的电池体系,具有很大的潜力应用于能源储存领域。
二硫化铁-多巴胺电池的工作原理比较复杂。
在充电过程中,多巴胺负极通过氧化反应将多巴胺转化为醌酸,释放出电子。
同时,二硫化铁正极通过还原反应将Fe2+转化为Fe4+,吸收电子。
在放电过程中,则反转反应发生,多巴胺负极通过还原反应将醌酸转化为多巴胺,吸收电子。
同时,二硫化铁正极通过氧化反应将Fe4+转化为Fe2+,释放出电子。
通过这种反应过程,二硫化铁-多巴胺电池实现了能量的转换和储存。
二硫化铁-多巴胺电池具有很多优点。
首先,它具有较高的能量密度,可以提供更长时间的电力支持。
其次,它具有良好的循环稳定性,可以进行多次充放电循环而不出现明显的性能衰退。
此外,它还具有可重构性,可以通过调整反应条件和电极结构来改变电池性能。
这些特点使得二硫化铁-多巴胺电池在电动汽车、储能系统等领域具有很大的应用潜力。
然而,二硫化铁-多巴胺电池也存在一些挑战和问题。
首先,二硫化铁和多巴胺之间的反应机制还不完全清楚,需要进一步的研究来揭示其内在的规律。
其次,电极材料的合成和制备工艺还需要进一步改进,以提高电池的性能和稳定性。
此外,二硫化铁-多巴胺电池的安全性也需要进一步研究和改进,以确保其在实际应用中的可靠性和安全性。
总体而言,二硫化铁-多巴胺电池作为一种新型的电池技术,在能源储存领域具有很大的潜力和应用前景。
通过不断的研究和技术突破,相信它将在未来取得更大的发展和应用。
浙江高考英语一轮复习基醇点聚焦Unit5Thepowerofnature知能演练轻松闯关新人教版选修6
Unit 5 The power of nature阅读提速练Ⅰ阅读理解A(2017·浙江卷10月)There are energy savings to be made from all recyclable materials, sometimes huge savings. Recycling plastics and aluminum, for instance, uses only 5% to 10% as much energy as producing new plastic or smelting(提炼) aluminum.Long before most of us even noticed what we now call “the environment,”Buckminster Fuller said, “Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to be left around because we’ve been i gnorant of their value.” To take one example, let’s compare the throwaway economy with a recycling economy as we feed a cat for life.Say your cat weight 5kg and eats one can of food each day. Each empty can of its food weighs 40g. In a throwaway economy, you would throw away 5,475 cans over the cat’s 15year lifetime. That’s 219kg of steel—more than a fifth of a ton and more than 40 times the cat’s weight.In a recycling economy, we would make one set of 100 cans to start with, then replace them over and over again with recycled cans. Since almost 3% of the metal is lost during reprocessing, we’d have to make an extra 10 cans each year. But in all, only 150 cans will be used up over the cat’s lifetime—and we’ll still have 100 left over for the next cat.Instead of using up 219kg of steel, we’ve used only 6kg. And because the process of recycling steel is less polluting than making new steel, we’ve also achieved the following significant savings: in energy use—47% to 74%; in air pollution—85%; in water pollution—35%; in water use—40%.【解题导语】本文首段点明主旨:回收利用可大大节约资源,并引用伟大建筑师富勒的话和养猫喂食的例子肯定循环经济的价值所在。
2017年高考英语阅读专练(七选五)
2017年高考英语阅读专练(七选五)1. Brain TransplantsResearch on the human brain has been attracting more and more scientists in recent years. 1 If we compare a human brain to a hard disc, what the scientists are doing is to make better use of the hard disc.The idea that a human brain could be transplanted may come from Frankenstein. In 1999, an experiment turned a bear into a dolphin. 2 They were made of the memory area in the dolphin’s brain containing information about swimming. They had a series of useful information, which was saved into a button-sized chip (芯片). Later the information was transplanted into the action memory area in the bear’s brain. 3 It proved to be a highly successful experiment and a bear was turned into a dolphin.Recently, another memory transplant was performed at the Motor Nerve Research Institute of the University of California. The experiment had an entire transplant of the memory area. 4 The transplant was performed from a dog named Genius to a dog named Idiot. Genius could follow up to 100 gestures and orders made by its master. It was a real genius in memorizing. However, Idiot had no contact with people since its birth. It became an animal with nothing in its brain, without any memory.5 When the two dogs woke up, Idiot had grasped all the abilities Genius possessed; it was good at memorizing and sensible. It could follow every gesture and any command given by its master. But Genius gave no response to its master, and did not recognize him at all.A. The experiment was a complete success.B. It included actions, moods, logic, words, images, etc.C. Then it was released by means of electric power.D. Different images have different meanings in the memory area.E. Using the most advanced technology, detailed images were produced.F. Discoveries show that messages are carried by the central nervous system in the brain.G. One of the latest topics is how to change the human brain or combine it with the computer.2. W. Lloyd Jerome’s Dental SurgeryIf you walk into W.Lloyd Jerome’s dental surgery in Glasgow, You’ll see bright paintings and a fashionable blue couch which patientssit on while he checks their teeth. Jerome says, “That’s because they’re frightened.__1__ “That’s why I don’t wear a white coat. I find that’s one of the things that people associate with pain. In fact, my philosophy is that dental treatment should take place in an atmosphere of relaxation, interest and, above all, enjoyment”, which is all highly shocking for anyone who associates dental treatment with pain, or at the very least, formal, clinical visits. He says, “If people are relaxed, entertained and correctly treated, they will forget such previous unpleasant experiences.“Virtual-reality headsets are one of his new relaxation techniques.___2____ The headsets are used for the first check-up, where the patient sits on the blue couch and watches ar film while I look at their teeth. Then the headset switches to a special camera, to give the patient a visual tour around their mouth.”“Another key point is that the surgery smells more like a perfume shop than a dentist’s. Today there is the smell of orange. ‘When people walk in, I want them to realize with all their senses that it’s not like going to dentist’s. Smell is very important. ____3_____”Known as Glasgow’s most fashionable dentist, Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very seriously. ____4___For example, Jerome uses a special instrument which sprays warm water on the teeth to clean them, rather than scraping them. “It feels a bit strange, but as long as people are relaxed, it’s not painful.___5___ “One of the things I found out there was that when youmake it easier for the patient, you make it easier for yourself.”He sees his patient-centred attitude as the start of a gradual movement towards less formality in the conservative British dentistry profession. At that moment, a patient arrives. Jerome rushes over, offers him a cup of tea, asks him what video he’d like to watch and leads him gently towards the chair.A. Five years ago, Jerome went to the United States to do research.B. He has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid.C. The relaxation techniques are important but the quality of the treatment is the most important thing.D. We were the first practice in Britain to introduce them.E. Now they look forward to their visits here.F. That dental smell of surgical spirit can get the heart racing in minutes if you’re frightened of dentists.G. Fifty percent of the population only go to the dentist when they’re in pain.3. School PhobiaSchool phobia is a type of illness which causes the students, typically between the ages of 8-13, to be afraid to go to school. Symptoms include stomachaches, tiredness, shaking, a racing heart and frequent trips to the toilet.__1__ Most commonly it is the result of separation anxiety, but it can also be caused by different kinds of stress. A child who has recently moved, suffered a loss, or gone through a divorce may develop school phobia, and phobias can also develop in response to an unrecognized learning disability, and poor self-image.__2__ He or she may become physically ill when ordered to school, or pretend to be sick to avoid going. When the child arrives at school, he or she may run away, or develop behavioral problems in class. When school is discussed, the child can become impatient, upset or angry.Many techniques can be used to manage school phobia. But research suggests that much more effective treatment is required for school phobia to prevent problems developing in later life. Children with this condition usually benefit from seeing a psychologist or doctor. __3__ As soon as a school phobia is identified, parents should take action too. Like other phobias, school phobia gets worse if it is left untreated, and it can prevent the child from succeeding in school. __4__ If bullying is a cause, for example, the bullying situation should be solved. A teacher can meet the child at the door and take him or her to class, and provide support so that the child feels a friendly adult is always available.Changes at home can include supportive language from parents, along with support like assistance with homework. If a child lacks confidence, parents may encourage the child to take up new hobbies. __5__ Parents might also talk to their children about their own fears of school and how they got over them, and their own enjoyment of school and school-like activities.A. It will help children to feel good about themselves.B. But a child with phobia refuses to accept adults’support.C. A child with school phobia usually refuses to go to school.D. Adjustments can be made at home and in the classroom to help.E. This common phobia is associated with a wide variety of causes.F. The most effective treatment is to help the child have a sense of success.G. And the assistance can help parents and school officials support the child.4. The Pleasing Sound of a RainstickA rainstick is a long tube that is carved out, with small sticks or other materials pushed inside so that it has a somewhat smooth surface on the outside, but small barriers inside. These can be in a lined pattern, for a specific sound, or placed at random for a more varied effect. It is then filled with a variety of different things, like small stones, or beads(珠子), or even rice, and the ends are capped to provide a seal. __1_____ The origins of rainsticks are not really known and so the stories are quite varied. Some people say that the ancient peoples of Chile created rainsticks from dried cactus(仙人掌), with the sharp points taken off, pushed back inside and then filled with small stones. __2_____ The Deaguita Indians survive even today, and they are still using them in many of their rain ceremonies. They also make them as musical instruments.___3____ Turning the stick over quickly will produce a higher sound, while turning it slowly will produce a deeper effect. How long the effect lasts depends on how long the instrument is. The tube also affects the quality of the rain sound as well. If you make them from some kind of absorbent material, like cactus or bamboo, you will hear it better than if you were to make it from cardboard tubing.A rainstick can be made from almost any kind of material and the types of things that you can use as fillings can be even more varied.__4____ Usually, these school projects are made using a cardboard tube, like the center from a roll of toilet paper or a paper towel tube. Tooth picks are then inserted, with the exposed ends cut off and glued in place. ___5____A. You can even make your own rainsticks, and they are often part ofschool projects where they are used to help children learn the history of Indian peoples.B. When turned upside down, these materials fall down through thetube, bouncing off of the barriers to produce a calming rain-likesound.C. These were then capped with pieces of wood on the ends and used inceremonies to bring rain to their crops.D. One end is capped off with poster board and filled with rice or beans,and then the other end is sealed.E. You can get different rain sounds, depending on how fast you turnthe rainstick itself.F. This rainstick can never be opened according to the scared writings ofthe ancients.G. They can be three feet or longer depending on what the tube itself ismade from.5. Tips on Young Adult LifeAs you grow rapidly through your teenage years, you will experience a lot of changes. The changes may seem difficult. 1 Don’t panic! You will deal successfully with them! You are a young adult now!With more responsibility, you will find more freedom to make your own choices. This is a time to be well informed about making choices. In this way you can make healthy balanced decisions. 2 You may already know your career path or you may have no idea at all what you want to do. Both situations are fine! Work hard and the right opportunity will present itself to you.Young adulthood means greater freedom and more choices. 3 But try not to shut your family out of your life. You school learn to think of others even though you are old enough to look after yourself.It is also perfectly natural at this time for you to spend more time with your friends than your family 4 A true friend will stand by you no matter what happens.This period is a part of the life cycle. There are some people who will be with you throughout life’s journey. There will be some people with whom you part and go separate ways. Leaving school can be hard. The reality is that you may not even see all of your classmates again.You are a young adult. It is your life. No one can live it for you. 5 So making the right choices will be important to you. Life is for living. Enjoy your life wisely!A.Choose your friends wisely.B.They will help shape the future.C.They may seem to happen quickly.D.You will probably want to be independent.E.You may appreciate what you have in your own life.F.The choices that you make from now on will be your choices. G.Your family has been with you since you came into this world.6. The First AmericansThere was a time long ago when a land bridge connected Asia and North America. The first settlers in North America crossed this land bridge from what is now Siberia to Alaska. The people who made this initial crossing were probably following the animals they used for food.Eventually, the oceans rose and the land bridge between thecontinents disappeared. The settlers, who I shall call the “First Americans”, could not return to their homeland. 1For the next few thousand years, the First Americans migrated south and east throughout North and South America. They made the journey all the way from Alaska to the southern tip of South America, a distance of more than 10,000 miles. 2In the far north, above the Arctic Circle, the First Americans became hunters of the ocean. 3 In the brief summer, they gathered berries and other plants. In the winter, they stayed in lodges much of the time preparing for the next summer. It was a hard life, but they learned to survive in these harsh conditions.Farther south, in what is now Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, the First Americans became cliff dwellers(悬崖居民). They began by living in caves that already existed in the cliffs. 4 The dwellings they constructed in many ways resembled today’s apartment buildings.5 They built a system of dams and canals so they could store and use water almost any time of the year. They were so successful that they could raise fruits and vegetables that were not found naturally in the desert.In Mexico and South America, the First Americans founded civilizations that were among the greatest in the world. They built huge pyramids, lived in fabulous cities, and made great advances in science and mathematics long before the Europeans arrived.A. They also discovered foods like corn and potatoes.B. Along the way, they established many different civilizations.C. The First Americans of the Southwest learned to irrigate the desert.D. They would have to survive in the New World they had discovered.E. They built boats of animal skins and hunted or fished for their food.F. People living near each other tended to share similar environmentsand customs.G. They discovered how to add to the caves by building structures ofwood and stone.7. Public Speaking and Critical ThinkingWhat is critical thinking? To a certain degree, it’s a matter of logic—of being able to spot weakness in other people’s arguments and to avoid them in your own. It also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence.In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly the relationships among ideas. ___1____ Thegreatest thinkers, scientists and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas. That, too, is critical thinking.___2___ As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a great deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical( 机械的) exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also disordered and confused. If, on the other hand, the structure is clear, there is good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not just a matter of arranging the ideas you already have. __3____What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. ___4___ As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will improve your ability to think clearly and accurately. ___5___ As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as a critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece.A. Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.B. This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it.C. It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech.D. It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, onlyreorganized ideas.E. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.F. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways.G. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speechmaking, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication.8. ShopaholismThe word addiction usually makes you think of alcohol or drugs.1 Some people are compulsive shoppers. Others find it impossible to pull themselves away from their work. Still others spend countless hours watching TV or playing computer games.2 Many people enjoy going to malls or stores more and more every day, but it’s more than a common hobby for some of them. They have turned into shopaholics. They are people who simply enjoyshopping and walking around spending money without being able to stop doing it. They are hooked on shopping and usually buy things that they don’t need. Even though they don’t have enough money, they buy everything they want.The question is: why do they have this addiction? There isn’t a specific answer. Some people go shopping when they are sad, worried, upset or lonely and they want to feel better. They use this activity as a way to forget their problems. Shopaholics say that they feel more important and better after they buy something. 3Shopaholism seems to be a harmless addiction, but it can bring out problems. Some of them can be psychological. If this is the case, people addicted to shopping should go to a support group to help them break this habit. However, the process, like for most addictions, is long, and they suffer a lot. 4 They just think about satisfying their feelings, so they spend money they don’t have. 5A. Once you are addicted to alcohol or drugs, it is difficult to get rid of.B. Over the years, shopping has become a very common activity.C. They also tend to have this addiction when they feel guilty.D. However in modern-day society we are seeing some new kinds ofaddictions.E. People addicted to computer games consider the games as great ways to amuse themselves.F. They get deep in debt, and they can even go bankrupt and get sent to prison.G. It can also cause financial problems.9. FlavoringMost drinks stating that they are fruit-flavored (水果味道的) contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the British Food Commission.“Shoppers need to check the labels (标签)before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent,”said Food Commission spokesperson Ian Tokelove. “Food production is highly competitive. 1 It will increase profits, and consumers won’t always realize they are being tricked.”Flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products thatdo not have the desired flavors. Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores. 2 Of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit. In addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar.3 Let’s take jam as an example. Some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.4 Consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought. Under current UK law, food packages do not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. “Describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packet with pictures of strawberries is misleading.5 Unfortunately, it is also legal and widespread,”Tokelove said. “It’s time to take measures to protect the consumers’rights.”A. The products which contain real fruit are popular with people.B. Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit.C. They found that about 60 percent of them didn’t contain any fruit at all.D. If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so.E. It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products.F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all.G. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.1. GECBA2. BDFCA3. ECGDA4. BCEAD5. CBDAF6. DBEGC7. DEAFG8. DBCGF9. DCBGF。
2017年GRE阅读综合整理考前练习题及答案
2017年GRE阅读综合整理考前练习题及答案The finding that there were rock-melting temperatures on asteroids for sustained periods is puzzling: asteroids’heat source is unknown, and unlike planet-sized bodies, such small bodies quickly dissipate heat. Rubin suggests that asteroids’heat could have derived from collisions between asteroids. Skeptics have argued that a single impact would raise an asteroid’s overall temperature very little and that asteroids would cool too quickly between impacts to accumulate much heat. However, these objections assumed that asteroids are dense, solid bodies. A recent discovery that asteroids are highly porous makes Rubin’s hypothesis more plausible. When solid bodies collide, much debris is ejected, dissipating energy. Impacts on porous bodies generate less debris, so more energy goes into producing heat. Heat could be retainedas debris fall back into impact craters, creating an insulating blanket.1. The passage suggests that one factor that has made it difficult to account for the temperatures once reached by asteroids isA. a miscalculation of the frequency of asteroid collisionsB. a misconception about asteroids’densityC. a mistaken assumption about what the heat source of the asteroids wasD. an underestimation of the rate at which small bodies lose heatE. an erroneous view of how asteroids were formedConsider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.2. It can be inferred from the passage that Rubin disagrees with skeptics mentioned in the passage about which of the following?A. Whether porous bodies generate less debris when struck than do solid bodiesB. The temperatures asteroids would have to reach for their rocks to have meltedC. The likely effect of impacts on asteroids’temperatures答案:B C。
矿物燃料英语阅读理解
矿物燃料英语阅读理解When you watch TV and play video games you make global warming (全球变暖)worse!To make electricity,fossil fuels(矿物燃料)are burned in big factories.But burning fossil fuels also makes greenhouse gases.This means that every time you use electricity you help make global warming worse!Cars are also making global warming worse.They burn fossil fuels in their engines,and send lots of greenhouse gases into the air.So what can we do to stop global warming?Try to use less electricity.First,turn off lights,your television,and your computer when you stop using them,You could also try to watch less TV.But you may find it hard to do these!Second,plant trees.Not only is it a fun thing to do,but it is also a great way to lower the number of greenhouse gases in the air.Trees take carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)out of the air when they st,don't throw away your rubbish,but try to recycle it.Because if rubbish is not recycled,it rots(腐烂)and makes a greenhouse gas called methane(甲烷).So try to recycle cans,bottles,plastic bags and newspapers.It'll make you feel great!And it'll help the Earth.(1)What do people burn to make electricity in big factories?A.Minerals.B.Rubbish.C.Fossil fuels.D.Oil.(2)Why do cars also make global warming worse?A.Because people throw rubbish on the ground from cars.B.Because they burn fossil fuels in their engines and produce greenhouse gases.C.Because people burn cars when they are broken.D.Because people use air conditioners in their cars.(3)How many suggestions does the writer give for stopping global warming?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.(4)Which of the following is NOT true?A.Fewer cars can help reduce(减少)global warming.B.It is hard to give up watching TV.C.Planting trees is helpful but boring.D.Rotted(腐烂的)rubbish produces a kind of greenhouse gas.。
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2017考研英语阅读题材预测之硫化铁量子点能提高电池性能
在考研英语中,阅读分数可谓是占到了总分的半壁江山,正所谓“得阅读者得考研”。
对于备考2017考研的同学们,在平时的复习中一定要拓展阅读思路,各类话题都要关注,这样才能在整体上提升考研英语阅读水平!凯程考研频道考研分享《2017考研英语阅读精选》,一起来学习吧!
硫化铁量子点能提高电池性能
If you add quantum dots - nanocrystals 10,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair - to a smartphone battery it will charge in 30 seconds, but the effect only lasts for a few recharge cycles. However, a group of researchers at Vanderbilt University report in the Nov. 11 issue of the journal ACS Nano that they have found a way to overcome this problem: Making the quantum dots out of iron pyrite, commonly known as fool's gold, can produce batteries that charge quickly and work for dozens of cycles.
The research team headed by Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Cary Pint and led by graduate student Anna Douglas became interested in iron pyrite because it is one of the most abundant materials in the earth's surface. It is produced in raw form as a byproduct of coal production and is so cheap that it is used in lithium batteries that are bought in the store and thrown away after a single use.
Despite all their promise, researchers have had trouble getting nanoparticles to improve battery performance.
"Researchers have demonstrated that nanoscale materials can significantly improve batteries, but there is a limit," Pint said. "When the particles get very small, generally meaning below 10 nanometers (40 to 50 atoms wide), the nanoparticles begin to chemically react with the electrolytes and so can only charge and discharge a few times. So this size regime is forbidden In commercial lithium-ion batteries."
Aided by Douglas' expertise in synthesizing nanoparticles, the team set out to explore this "ultrasmall" regime. They did so by adding millions of iron pyrite quantum dots of different sizes to standard lithium button batteries like those that are used to power watches, automobile key remotes and LED flashlights. They got the most bang for their buck when they added ultrasmall nanocrystals that were about 4.5 nanometers in size. These substantially improved both the batteries' cycling and rate capabilities.
The researchers discovered that they got this result because iron pyrite has a unique way of changing form into an iron and a lithium-sulfur (or sodium sulfur) compound to store energy. "This is a different mechanism from how commercial lithium-ion batteries store charge, where lithium inserts into a material during charging and is extracted while discharging - all the while leaving the material that stores the lithium mostly unchanged," Douglas explained.
【单词详解】
1 pint
n.品脱
参考例句:
I'll have a pint of beer and a packet of crisps, please.我要一品脱啤酒和一袋炸马铃薯片。
In the old days you could get a pint of beer for a shilling.从前,花一先令就可以买到一品脱啤酒。
2 expertise
n.专门知识(或技能等),专长
参考例句:
We were amazed at his expertise on the ski slopes.他斜坡滑雪的技能使我们赞叹不已。
You really have the technical expertise in a new breakthrough.让你真正在专业技术上有一个全新的突破。
3 automobile
n.汽车,机动车
参考例句:
He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。
4 buck
n.雄鹿,雄兔;v.马离地跳跃
参考例句:
The boy bent curiously to the skeleton of the buck.这个男孩好奇地弯下身去看鹿的骸骨。
The female deer attracts the buck with high-pitched sounds.雌鹿以尖声吸引雄鹿。
5 capabilities
n.能力( capability的名词复数);可能;容量;[复数]潜在能力
参考例句:
He was somewhat pompous and had a high opinion of his own capabilities. 他有点自大,自视甚高。
来自辞典例句
Some programmers use tabs to break complex product capabilities into smaller chunks. 一些程序员认为,标签可以将复杂的功能分为每个窗格一组简单的功能。
来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
6 sodium
n.(化)钠
参考例句:
Out over the town the sodium lights were lit.在外面,全城的钠光灯都亮了。
Common salt is a compound of sodium and chlorine.食盐是钠和氯的复合物。
7 mechanism
n.机械装置;机构,结构
参考例句:
The bones and muscles are parts of the mechanism of the body.骨骼和肌肉是人体的组成部件。
The mechanism of the machine is very complicated.这台机器的结构是非常复杂的。