英语学术论文

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英汉学术论文中的作者身份构建

四、结论
总的来说，英汉学术论文中的作者身份构建既有共性也有特性。虽然两种语言的文化背景、学科领域和期刊要求存在差异，但无论在英语还是汉语学术论文中，作者都需要通过展示自己的科研成果、提出自己的学术观点并强调研究成果的社会价值来构建自己的身份。随着全球化的不断深入，跨文化交流的不断增加以及学科交叉的不断普及，我们期待看到更多具有创新性和实用性的英汉学术论文出现，为人类知识的进步做出更大的贡献。
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四、英汉学术论文身份构建的对比研究
在身份构建方面，英语学术论文通常会明确指出作者的身份，如所属大学、研究机构等，而在汉语学术论文中，作者的身份信息往往较为简洁，很少明确指出所属机构。这可能与英汉文化中对个体和集体观念的差异有关，英语文化更强调个体的身份认同，而汉语文化更强调集体的身份认同。
三、英汉学术论文作者自称的对比研究
通过对语料库的分析，我们发现英汉学术论文中作者自称的使用存在一定差异。英语学术论文中，作者常使用“we”作为第一人称代词，强调团队合作，而在汉语学术论文中，作者更倾向于使用“我”作为第一人称代词，突出个人贡献。这种差异反映了英汉文化中对个人和集体观念的不同重视。
一、英语学术论文中的作者身份构建
在英语学术论文中，作者身份的构建通常体现在以下几个方面：
1、科研成果的展示：英语学术论文注重对科研成果的展示，作者在论文中详细阐述自己的研究方法和发现，将自己的科研成果以论文的形式公之于众。
2、学术观点的提出：英语学术论文的作者通常会在论文中提出自己的学术观点，这些观点是基于大量的文献调研和实证研究得出的，是对现有知识的创新和拓展。
三、英汉学术论文中作者身份构建的差异及其原因
虽然英汉学术论文在作者身份构建上存在共性，但也存在一些差异。这些差异主要体现在以下几个方面：

英语学术论文常用句型总结版

英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。

6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。

7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。

9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。

英文学术论文范文英文学术论文范文范例(优秀7篇)

英文学术论文范文英文学术论文范文范例（优秀7篇）推荐英文学术论文篇一会议相关事项：1、正式开会时间为：20某某年8月17-19日。

16日下午报到。

2、会议语言为中文和英文。

有同声翻译。

会议日程安排和具体资料请见本会专用网站：3、基金会承担您参加会议期间的午餐。

没有会务费。

其他费用自理(如果需要大会筹备组代订宾馆，请在报名时标明)。

4、诚请您在收到邀请函后即登录会议网站进行网上报名，也可用传真形式通知(参会回执可从网上获取)。

推荐英文学术论文篇二，关于某某大学第三届研究生国际学术会议的通知为了进一步营造科学研究氛围，开拓研究生国际学术视野，搭建研究生展示科研成果的平台，提升研究生研究能力、学术水平和国际交流能力，定于20某某年11月18-20日举办某某大学第三届研究生国际学术会议。

现将有关事项通知如下：本次研究生国际学术会议由某某大学研究生院主办，国际教育学院等相关学院协办。

成立第三届研究生国际学术会议组织委员会负责具体组织工作。

组委会成员如下：组长：江驹副组长：刘丽琳范祥涛王亚彤成员：沈星黄金泉赖际舟刘少斌左敦稳汪涛葛红娟刘友文张卓李栗燕屈雅红刘长江于敏王箭秘书：张廷赟沈楠郑珺子20某某年11月18日-20日中国某某某某大学㈠征稿范围本次国际学术会议征稿对象为某某大学硕、博士研究生（含留学生）、国内其他高校硕、博士研究生（含留学生）、国外研究生。

㈡投稿时间国外研究生投稿时间为20某某年6月10日-8月31日国内研究生（含留学研究生）投稿时间为20某某年6月10日-10月1日。

㈢投稿要求1、本次学术会议论文投稿领域分航空宇航、机械、信息、材料、人文经管、其他共六大类。

论文要求为原创研究成果，论文内容不涉密、不涉及政治与宗教问题。

2、本次学术会议以研究生提交英文论文、大会英文发言交流形式参会。

所有未正式发表的论文均可投稿，长度不限。

㈣评审时间1、会议形式本次会议官方用语为英语，会议分大会交流和分组交流，组委会将选出不超过10篇论文参加大会英文发言交流，其余所有录用论文将在分会场进行交流发言。

sci英文论著

在学术领域，SCI（Science Citation Index）英文论著通常指的是在SCI收录的国际学术期刊上发表的英文论文。

SCI是世界上最权威的科技文献检索系统之一，其收录的期刊具有很高的学术水平和影响力。

SCI英文论著的特点主要包括：
1）高水平：SCI收录的期刊通常具有很高的国际学术水平和影响力，发表在这些期刊上的论文通常代表了某一领域的最新研究成果和进展。

2）英文撰写：SCI英文论著作者需要使用英文进行撰写和表达，这对于提高作者的英语水平和学术写作能力有很大的帮助。

3）国际交流：SCI英文论文可以被全球范围内的学者和研究人员阅读和引用，有助于促进国际学术交流和合作。

4）学术评价：SCI英文論著对于作者的学术评价和职业发展具有重要的意义，可以提高作者的学术声誉和地位。

需要注意的是，SCI英文论不是一种具体的论著形式，而是指在SCI收录期刊上发表的各类英文论文，包括研究论文、综述、评论等。

这些论文的内容涵盖了各个学科领域的基础研究和应用研究。

英语学术写作作文模板

英语学术写作作文模板英文回答：Introduction。

In the realm of academic writing, the template servesas a guiding framework that aids scholars in organizingtheir thoughts and presenting them coherently. It providesa standardized structure that ensures a logical flow of ideas, enhancing the clarity and impact of the written work.Parts of an Academic Writing Template。

1. Title。

The title concisely encapsulates the main topic of the writing and should be both informative and engaging.2. Introduction。

Provides background information on the topic。

States the thesis statement, the main argument or point being made。

3. Body Paragraphs。

Each paragraph supports a specific aspect or claim related to the thesis。

Begins with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph。

Includes evidence, analysis, and discussion to support the topic sentence。

英语专业学术论文写作：摘要

英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。

其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。

练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇

英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。

英语学术写作与论文写作技巧

英语学术写作与论文写作技巧1. 引言1.1 概述英语学术写作和论文写作是大学生和研究人员在学术研究中必备的技能。

正确地运用这些技巧不仅可以提高论文的质量，还可以增强作者的学术能力。

本文将探讨英语学术写作的关键技巧以及论文写作的方法和步骤。

1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分进行讨论。

首先，在引言部分介绍文章的目的和重要性。

其次，在第二节中，将详细阐述英语学术写作的技巧，包括正确使用语法和拼写、发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力以及使用适当的学术词汇和表达方式。

接下来，在第三节中，将探讨论文写作技巧，包括确定论文主题和目标、收集和整理相关资料和文献，以及编写有效的论文提纲和草稿。

然后，在第四节中，将提供一些建议来提高写作效率，例如制定合理的时间管理计划、分阶段完成写作任务，并寻求同行评审和反馈。

最后，在结论部分对全文进行总结并指出进一步发展方向。

1.3 目的本文的目的是帮助读者了解和掌握英语学术写作和论文写作技巧，使他们能够更好地进行学术研究和论文撰写。

通过学习和应用这些技巧，读者将能够提高自己的写作水平，并在学术领域中取得更好的成就。

2. 英语学术写作技巧：2.1 正确使用语法和拼写：在英语学术写作中，准确使用语法和拼写是非常重要的。

错误的语法和拼写会降低文章质量并影响读者对你的专业水平的评估。

因此，以下是一些建议帮助你提高语法和拼写技巧：- 经常阅读英文书籍、论文和期刊文章，特别是与你研究领域相关的内容。

通过大量阅读，你能够接触到正确的语法结构和单词用法。

- 使用拼写检查工具来纠正拼写错误。

大多数文字处理软件都配有内置的拼写检查功能，可以及时指出错误并给出建议。

- 注意动词时态和主谓一致性。

这些是常见的语法错误点，应该特别关注。

- 请他人帮忙校对你的文章。

有时我们自己难以察觉自己文本中的错误，因此请他人帮助检查将有助于提高文章质量。

2.2 发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力：在学术写作中，逻辑性和思维能力是至关重要的方面。

英语学术论文范文【可编辑版】

英语学术论文范文英语学术论文范文英语学术论文范文：1. TitleStrategies of Oral English Teahing in Senior ShoolsThesis StatementThe urrent soial bakgrounds hih make Oral English bee an important part in the English learning proess are urgent. Teahers in senior shools alas enounter man problems in their Oral English teahing. This stud disusses the major auses, and gives some reative solutions to them.3. Purposes and Signifiane of StudIn reent ears it has been argued on both linguisti and pshologial grounds that Oral English should be the prinipal objetive in English teahing. Most textbooks plae emphasis more on Oral English in that the embod a methodolog that is largel oral. The urrent problems that appear in Oral English teahing in senior shools are the greatest obstales hih prevent students from learning English ell. With the globalization of soial life and eonom, the proess of opening up to the outside bees quikl, to a ertain extent, the requirements for the ultivation of Oral English are instant.This stud ill help senior teahers and learners analze the potential problems and speifi methods to deal ith.4. Situation of StudCorder vies his opinions that the seond language aquisition provides to the researher evidene of ho languageis learned or aquired, hat strategies or proedures the learners are emploing in his disover of the language.Segaloitz and Gatbouton take their vie as that language learning partiularl the oral petene has begun to fous on the teahing strategies.Goffman points out that oral talking is often organized into to-part exhanges, this organizing prinipal follos from the ver fundamental requirements of oral speeh as a muniation sstem. The Teahing Sllabus stipulates that Band One requires senior shool students to retell main ideas based on the general meaning of the passages, and an do some introdution about famil, friends, or lass b using simple sentenes and expressions. Band To desribes that students an anser questions and disuss aording to the text effiientl. It also requires students to do dail talk about soiet, ulture and siene hih related to the text in the textbooks.The High Shool English Standards stipulates that Band Six requires senior shool students to do dail onversations and express on opinions on the given topis. Students an desribepersonal experienes and express oneself appropriatel on some speifi oasions. Band Eight stresses that students an make a3-minute speeh based on simple topis b preparation in a short time, and do some simple translations in dail life.Theories about ho e teah oral English reflet our vie of the nature of language. A deeper understanding of the effets of muniative needs on non-native speaker disourse should make us more understanding of our students diffiulties inpratising their Oral English. It is generall aepted that English plas an important part in the basi eduation ourses, and even in the advaned eduation. In the past, English teahing laid great emphasis on the grammatial strutures instead of Oral English teahing. This leads to some serious problems that most learners in China have studied English for more ten ears, et the annot muniate ith native English speakers naturall. The probabl lak the language environment, and most of them have no opportunities to pratie their English orall in lass. Furthermore, teahers, some of hom annot have ver good oral English, in some bakard and remote areas of China, are not qualified. These ertainl leave students the diret impat on the motivation of English learning.5. Diffiult of StudIt is a little bit hard for senior students to spend some time everda to pratie their Oral English beause of the heav pressure of the entrane examination to ollege. Meanhile, in vie of the test-oriented sstem in China, teahers often emphasize a lot on preparing lesson plans for their students. Moreover, the solutions that offered in this stud annot be put into pratie easil. Colleting the materials andinformation is another diffiult thing for m limited time energ.6. Outline1. IntrodutionTheoretial Frameork1 Foreign Language Methodologies2 The Requirements of the High Shool English Standards3 Theories of the seond language aquisition4 Motivations for Senior Students English Learning3. The Causes of the Problems3.1 Students Fators in Their Oral English Learning3.1.1 Lak of Language Environment3.1.2 Fe Opportunities to Contat ith English3.1.3 Lak of Confidene and Creativit1.4 The Impat of Pshologial Obstales3.2 Teahers Fators in Their Oral English Teahing 3.1 Less profiien in teahers oral English3.2 Poor Teahing Theories and Strategies3.3 The Traditional Teahing Modes3.3 Administrators Problems3.3.1 Large Class3.3.2 The Current English Test Sstem4. Solutions4.1 The solutions to Students Problems4.1.1 Cultivation of Language Environment4.1.2 Creation of More Chanes to Pratie Oral English 4.1.1 Reitation Method4.2 Step-b-step Method4.1.3 Finding the fixed partners to pratie4.1.3 Fostering Self-onfidene and Creativit4.2 The Solutions to Teahers Problems4.1 Professionalism for Teahers Oral English4.2 Attempt of Ne Teahing Theories and Strategies 4.1 Model-based Method4.2 Theme-based Method4.3 Question Anser Method4.4 Interative Approah4.5 Group Ativities4.6 Role pla7 Disussion and Debate4.8 The Art of Correting Mistakes4.3 The Solutions to Governments Eduation Poli4.3.1 Small Class4.3.2 The Reform of English Test Sstem5. ConlusionBibliograph Rihards, J. J. The Context of Language Teahing. Beijing：Foreign Language and Researh Press, 201X Robins, R. H. General Linguistis. Beijing：Foreign Language and Researh Press, 201X 成云.心理学. 成都：四川大学出版社, 201X 胡春洞.英语教学法. 北京：高等教育出版社,90 刘家坊. 教育学. 成都：四川大学出版社，201X中国教育部. 全日制普通高级中学英语教学大纲. 北京：人民教育出版社, 201X 钟启泉. 外语教育展望. 上海：华东师范大学出版社, 2001以上这篇英语学术论文范文为您介绍到这里，希望它对您有帮助。

学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)

学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统（The pprisl Systems）是对系统功能语言学的新进展。

系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。

评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。

该研究由Mrtin指导，Croline Coffin，Rick Iedem，Henrike Korner，Dvid Rose，Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。

这项研究是“写得得体”（Write It Right）科研项目的一部分。

评价理论包括三大次系统：态度，介入和级差。

三大次系统又可以次系统化。

态度系统指对文本，人类行为和现象所作出的推断。

态度有积极和消极之分。

任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。

态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。

态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。

态度可以通过表品质的词来表达，如hppy；可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达，如like；通过情态状语表达，如hppily。

态度包含三个系范畴：情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。

推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。

鉴赏系统又可分为：反应、构成和价值。

介入系统深受Bkhtin （1981，1986）对话性和多语性的影响。

从这个意义层面上讲，介入资源是一种方式，通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中，一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音，或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。

介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。

对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属；对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。

介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现，如my，it is sid tht等。

级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源，包含语势和聚焦。

语势有强势和弱势之分，聚焦有明显和模糊之分。

级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现，如some，plusible等。

3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析：态度，介入，级差。

英语学术议论文作文模板

英语学术议论文作文模板Title: Academic Paper Writing Template。

Abstract:This paper provides a template for writing an academic paper in English. It outlines the structure, formatting, and style guidelines that are commonly used in academic writing. The template is designed to help writers organize their thoughts and present their ideas in a clear, logical, and scholarly manner.Introduction:Academic writing is a critical skill for students, researchers, and professionals in various fields. Whether it is a research paper, a literature review, a thesis, or a dissertation, the ability to communicate complex ideas in a clear and coherent manner is essential. This template aims to provide a framework for organizing and presenting academic papers effectively.1. Title Page:The title page should include the title of the paper, the author's name, the institutional affiliation, and the date of submission. The title should be concise and informative, accurately reflecting the content of the paper. The author's name should be followed by the institutional affiliation, and the date of submission should be placed at the bottom of the page.2. Abstract:The abstract is a brief summary of the paper, providing an overview of the research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions. It should be concise, informative, and well-written, allowing readers to quickly grasp the main points of the paper. The abstract is typically 150-250 words in length and is placed at the beginning of the paper.3. Introduction:The introduction provides background information on the topic, outlines the research question or problem, and presents the purpose and significance of the study. It should also include a brief overview of the paper's structure and organization. The introduction should be engaging and informative, setting the stage for the rest of the paper.4. Literature Review:The literature review provides a critical analysis of existing research and scholarship on the topic. It should identify gaps, contradictions, and debates in the literature, and provide a rationale for the current study. The literature review should be well-organized, focused, and comprehensive, demonstrating the writer's understanding of the relevant literature.5. Methodology:The methodology section describes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures. It should provide a clear and detailed explanation of how the study was conducted, allowing readers to evaluate the validity and reliability of the findings. The methodology should be precise, transparent, and replicable.6. Results:The results section presents the findings of the study in a clear and organized manner. It should include tables, figures, and statistical analyses as necessary, and provide a narrative description of the key findings. The results should be presented objectively, without interpretation or speculation.7. Discussion:The discussion section interprets the findings in relation to the research question, the literature, and the theoretical framework. It should highlight the significance of the findings, address any limitations or weaknesses of the study, and suggest implications for future research or practice. The discussion should be analytical, reflective, and well-supported by evidence.8. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the main findings and arguments of the paper, reiterates the significance of the study, and offers final thoughts or recommendations. It should be concise, focused, and persuasive, leaving readers with a clear understanding of the paper's contributions and implications.9. References:The references section lists all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). It should be accurate, consistent, and complete, allowing readers to locate and verify the sources used in the paper.10. Formatting and Style Guidelines:The paper should be formatted according to the requirements of the target journal or academic institution. This includes margins, font size and style, line spacing, headings, and pagination. The writing style should be formal, objective, and precise, using clear and concise language.Conclusion:This template provides a comprehensive framework for writing an academic paper in English. By following the guidelines outlined in this template, writers can effectively organize their ideas, present their arguments, and communicate their findings in a scholarly manner. Academic writing is a skill that can be developed and improved with practice, and this template serves as a valuable tool for writers at all levels of proficiency.。

英语学术论文写作30题

英语学术论文写作30题1. In the introduction of an academic paper, which of the following is the best way to attract readers' attention?A. Presenting a long list of previous studies.B. Starting with a controversial statement.C. Using complex sentence structures.D. Describing personal experiences.答案：B。

解析：选项 A 呈现一长串以往的研究可能会让读者感到枯燥；选项 C 使用复杂的句子结构可能会增加读者的理解难度；选项 D 描述个人经历在学术论文引言中不太常见。

而选项 B 以有争议的陈述开头能够激发读者的兴趣和好奇心，从而吸引他们的注意力。

2. When elaborating the research background in the introduction, which of the following should be avoided?A. Citing recent and relevant studies.B. Overemphasizing minor details.C. Explaining the significance of the research.D. Connecting the research to existing theories.答案：B。

解析：选项 A 引用近期相关研究是必要的；选项 C 解释研究的重要性有助于突出研究价值；选项D 将研究与现有理论相联系能体现研究的科学性。

而选项B 过度强调次要细节会使重点不突出，分散读者注意力。

3. Which of the following is an appropriate opening sentence for the introduction of an academic paper?A. "This paper will discuss an important topic."B. "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in this field."C. "I have always been interested in this subject."D. "The aim of this study is to solve a long-standing problem."答案：D。

英语学术论文写作：致谢（Acknowledgements）

大多数学术论文都包含有致谢部分（acknowledgements），在这部分我们对在研究过程给予我们指导和帮助的人员和机构表示感谢。

另外，致谢还能让我们有机会展示自己是某科研团队或协会的一员，而如果能够提到我们所在科研团队的某“大牛”，对论文质量是一种潜在的保障。

归根结底，学术需要得到认可。

致谢一般在期刊论文第一页的底部以脚注的形式出现，或者在正文末尾以尾注的形式出现。

如果是毕业论文，一般用单独的一个章节（一、两页）来致谢。

在大多数情况下，致谢应该以第一人称来写——用I代表单个作者，用we代表多个作者。

有时候也有人用“the present authors”，不过这个短语一般被认为过于正式。

致谢的常见内容和结构如果是期刊论文，在这一部分，经费支持往往排在第一位，其次是感谢。

免责声明可有可无。

如果有其他版本可以放在最开头或结尾。

但是在学位论文或毕业论文中，一般是把对导师、老师以及相关委员会成员等的感谢放在开头。

例如：【例1】W.M. and Z.Z. are supported by grant LM05110 from the national Library of Medicine. We thank Dr. Warren Gish for helpful conversations, Dr. Eugene Koomingfor assistance with samples, and Dr. Gregory Schuler for producing several of the figures.（W、 M.和Z.Z.由国家医学图书馆的经费资助（LM05110）。

我们感谢与WarrenGish博士的建设性谈话，Eugene Kooming博士提供的样本帮助，以及GregorySchuler博士提供的数据。

）【例2】Our research was partly financed by the Swedish Council for research in the Social Sciences and by the Norwegian Council for Applied Sciences. We are grateful to Paul Dufenberg, George Moore, Eva Prendergast and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlierdrafts. Thanks also to seminar participants at TSMAQ, theDanish School of Business Administration and the University of Stockholm. Any errors are our own.（我们的研究得到了瑞典社会科学研究理事会和挪威应用科学理事会的部分资助。

英语专业学术论文阅读与写作-文献综述-格式要求

英语专业学术论文阅读与写作文献综述要求1. 请同学们对毕业论文写作过程中所读的全部文献资料进行加工整理,形成有条理的文献综述.2. 字数要求：中文5000字。

3. 阅读文献数量要求：不少于20篇, 中英文文献都有, 英文文献务必在两篇以上。

4．打印要求：文稿必须用Microsoft Word编辑打印，不接受手写稿。

页面设置：A4纸。

页边距：上下左右均为2.5cm。

页码：居中，阿拉伯数字。

注意封面不应有页码。

装订：单面打印。

左侧装订。

5. 如果出现雷同作业均按零分计。

6．上交时间及方式：以班为单位，按学号从小到大顺序排放。

5月25日前务必上交至英语专业教研室，汝秀花老师处。

如仍有同学继续在外实习或工作，请其务必准时委托本班同学帮忙上交。

1个学分，必修课程，过期不候。

请学习委员提前检查同学们论文的格式和内容，如有格式不当及内容大部分抄袭者，请其修正。

以免耽误时间。

文献综述正文格式：一、一级标题(用黑体小三号)1. 二级标题（黑体小四号）1) 三级标题(宋体小四号)（除各级标题外，正文采用宋体小四号，行距设置为1.25倍）（图、表和公式等要求和毕业论文相同）应该如何撰写文献综述？一、什么是文献综述1、文献综述的概念文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。

根据其涉及的内容范围不同，综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型。

所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象，而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的。

文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状、最新进展、学术见解和建议，它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。

文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作，进展到何程度，要求对国内外相关研究的动态、前沿性问题做出较详细的综述，并提供参考文献。

作者一般不在其中发表个人见解和建议，也不做任何评论，只是客观概括地反映事实。

学术英语议论文作文模板

学术英语议论文作文模板英文回答：Introduction。

Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.State the thesis statement, which clearly expresses the main argument.Body Paragraphs。

Paragraph 1:Topic sentence: State the first supporting argument.Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or research to support the argument.Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports the argument.Paragraph 2:Topic sentence: State the second supporting argument.Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or research to support the argument.Analysis: Explain how the evidence supports the argument.Paragraph 3:(Optional) Provide additional evidence or arguments to strengthen the overall thesis.Conclusion。

Restate the thesis statement.Summarize the main supporting arguments.End with a closing statement that reinforces the thesis and leaves a lasting impression.中文回答：前言。

英语学术论文写作考试重点整理

学术文章：Features on the lexical level:词汇上的特征①Terminology ②Nominalization ③Abbreviation ④Use of single verbsFeatures on the syntactical level 句法特征①Long complex sentenceFor accuracy to explain coplicated ideas clearly and precisely②Simple-present tenseDescribes natural phenomena, processes and makes explanation vivid and timeless③Passive voiceconvince the reader of the objectivity of the desciption④Non-finite verbsparticiples, infinitives and gerunds are freqently used in EST1：Why do you engage in scientific research ?Reasons to Engage in Scientific Research：（1）Personal interest to explore the world （2）Solving practical problems（3）Career development （4）Technological development（5）Academic exchanges （6）Academic evaluation （7）Being forced to2：What are the types, the structure and the characteristics of academic paper ?In terms of disciplines, they can be divived intoThree large categories: （1）Philosophy（2）natural science （3）social science.In accordance with a combination of the content, target, methods and other factors.①Argumentative papers ②Descriptive papers③Academic Meeting/Research Reviews ④Book ReviewsCharacteristics of Academic WritingEnglish for science and technology(EST) refers to the style used in scientific and technological activities. Their features are:（1）Objectivity（2）Clarity（3）Coherence（4）Accuracy4：Structure of a DefinitionA definition consists of three elements:(1) the term itself, (2) the category the term belongs to, (3) the features of the term.5. Criteria of a Good Definition1. Follow rules that have traditionally been given for definition.2. State the essential attributes of that which is defined.3. Give examples of usage.4. Avoid circularity.5. Must be neither too broad or too narrow nor leave out any appropriate information, nor include that which does not truly apply.6. Must not be obscure.7. Should not be stated in the negative when it can be stated positively.6：Principles of Title SelectionValue Principle Scientific Principle Innovative Principle Feasibility Principle7：Methods for Choosing a TitleIn general, there are six main methods for choosing a research title.(1) Consult your professor or an expert (2) Participate in academic conferences(3) Select from puzzling problems (4) Read books and newspapers(5) Choose from your own interests (6) Do literature reviews7：Standards for Good Titles(1) Accuracy Word choices should be accurate and reflect the actual situation.(2) Brevity Using the most succinct text possible to summarize the contents.(3) Clarity The title should clearly reflect the subject of the paper.8：Writing Formats for TitlesTitles are usually written in the following three formats:①All the letters of the title are capitalized;②The first letter of each content words of the title is capitalized;③The first letter of the title is capitalized.8：Some widely observed guidelines for the use of tables are:①The table should be self-contained.That is, it can stand alone face to face with the paper.②A table is usually placed in a position near its relevant description.③Provide each table with a number (Table 1, Table 2, etc.) and a title.④The title should be clear, concise, complete and accurate. Try to use descriptive words, not abbreviated forms.⑤The title of a table or diagram most commonly follows the same three methods as given above for the paper title.⑥The format of the column title. The first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized, other words are in lowercase.⑦Notes of table. To explain the column title, abbreviations, symbols and data, add notes or footnotes at the bottom of the table.⑧Do not repeat information in a table only if it presents new information.⑨It is easier to compare numbers by reading down a column rather than across a row.9：Data collection and selection usually follow four principles:（1）Centered around the theme （2）True and verifiable （3）Typical （4）Novel 10：Three Important Steps for Data Collection and Evaluation（1）Understand types of resources. （2）Critically read and evaluate those resources.（3）Take notes effectively.10：Four important dimensions in critical thinking and reading:(1) Structure (2) Purpose (3) Audience (4) Author11：Common criteria used to access the information found on the Internet:(1) Authorship (2) The publishing body (3) Point of view or bias(4) Referral to and/or display of knowledge of the literature(5) Accuracy or verifiability of details (6) Currency12：Criteria for evaluating accuracy:评估确定性的标准（1）For a research document, the data and the research method(s) are included.（2）The methodology is appropriate to the topic and allows the study to be duplicated for purposes of verification. The document relies on other sources or includes links to the documents themselves.（3）The document names individuals and/or sources that provided non-published data used inthe preparation of the study.（4）The background information that was used can be verified for accuracy.13：Criteria for currency:精度的标准（1）The document includes the date(s) at which the information was gathered.（2）The document refers to clearly dated information.（3）Where necessary, the document includes information on the regularity of updates.（4）The document includes a publication date or a “last updated”date.（5）The document includes a date of copyright.（6）If no date is given in an electronic document, you can view the directory in which it resides and read the date of latest modification.14：Functions of an OutlineOutline can be helpful to show the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information.15：Reasons for creating an outline:（1）Aids in the writing process.（2）Helps organize ideas.（3）Presents material in a logical form.（4）Shows relationships among ideas in the paper.（5）Constructs an ordered overview of what is written. （6）Defines boundaries and groups. 16：Four Main Components for Effective Outlines(1)Parallelism：Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb phrase, the second heading should also be a verb phrase.(2) Coordination：All informations contained in heading 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in heading 2.(3) Subordination：The information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific.(4) Division：Each heading should be divided into 2 or more parts.17：Types of Outlines and Samples(1)Alphanumeric Outlines：Use alphabetical letters and numerals to outline the content of essays.(2) Full Sentence Outlines：The Full sentence outline format is essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline. The main difference is that full sentences are required at each level of the outline.(3) Decimal Outlines：The decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline.the added benefit is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of the outline related to the large whole.18：Tips for Comparison and Contrast(1) Determine the organizational style.(2) State organization so as to ensure clarity.(3) Make preferences clear in comparison or contrast essay.(4) When organizing the writing, ensure information about the items being compared and contrasted are balanced.19：How many kinds of citation are there?Two types of citation:(1) Citation as note/reference, (2) Citation as material quoted.20：What does a writer usually do with in-text citation ?①Both the name and date enclosed in parentheses.The comma between the author and the year may or may not be included based on the publisher requirements.②To make the last name of the researcher the subject or object of the sentence or clause and follow it immediately with the date of the study in parentheses.③If you wish to emphasize the date of the cited study, you can omit the parentheses。