英语学术论文写作引言ppt
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《英语学术论文写作》PPT unit1
The notion that the phonological representation of an utterance consists of a string of discrete segments is not the whole truth. A number of other units, consisting of strings of segments of different sizes, need to be recognised for a variety of purposes. The units we shall consider here are the following:
Most advisors encourage students to work out their own topics. To negotiate a topic, the student must first locate a good research subject, and then resorts to one or a combination of the following exercises: following personal interests, talking with other people, brainstorming and reading source materials.
How to Write a Dissertation in English
Con
1234 Q
The following is an excerpt from An Encyclopedia of Language about linear and nonlinear phonology:
Most advisors encourage students to work out their own topics. To negotiate a topic, the student must first locate a good research subject, and then resorts to one or a combination of the following exercises: following personal interests, talking with other people, brainstorming and reading source materials.
How to Write a Dissertation in English
Con
1234 Q
The following is an excerpt from An Encyclopedia of Language about linear and nonlinear phonology:
英文科技论文写作PPT课件(英文)-106页PPT资料
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We-sentences appear in many leading journals
In this report, we define a mechanism for … and discover distinct roles for … We use … assays to … We demonstrate that … We
provide evidence that … (Science)
The majority of known … To identify the responsible genes, we mapped virulence in F1 progeny derived from crosses between type II and type III strains, which we17源自Ⅲ. It-sentence
“It-sentences” are often used in science writing, particularly by Chinese authors. However, most of the “it-sentences” are unnecessary.
1. History
1) It has begun publication since 1990(semiannual publication)
2) It has become a quarterly journal and indexed by EI compendex since 2019
3) It has become the cooperated with Elsevier since 2019(attracting foreign authors)
We-sentences appear in many leading journals
In this report, we define a mechanism for … and discover distinct roles for … We use … assays to … We demonstrate that … We
provide evidence that … (Science)
The majority of known … To identify the responsible genes, we mapped virulence in F1 progeny derived from crosses between type II and type III strains, which we17源自Ⅲ. It-sentence
“It-sentences” are often used in science writing, particularly by Chinese authors. However, most of the “it-sentences” are unnecessary.
1. History
1) It has begun publication since 1990(semiannual publication)
2) It has become a quarterly journal and indexed by EI compendex since 2019
3) It has become the cooperated with Elsevier since 2019(attracting foreign authors)
英文学术论文写作方法 ppt课件
Genre：语类，语体，体裁，即根据写作目的把天下文章归 类划分的行为。
Swales (1990)： A class of communicative events, the members of which share some set of communicative purposes.
Bhatia(1993)：A recognizable communicative event characterized by a set of communicative purposes identified and mutually understood by the members of the professional academic community in which it regularly occurs. Most often it is highly structured and conventionalized.
名词化不但增加了词汇密度，而且使得新信息变成旧信息， 更使得更新的信息被介绍进来。层层深入，直达核心，越 来越具体，象剥洋葱。
P6集成引用、非集成引用、施事、盖然性 引用是指在论文的某些章节（例如在文献回顾、讨论部分），
要提到某个研究者，并引用这位研究者所说过的一句话或 理论主张，或下的定义，或研究发现。 集成引用指的是在论文里直接提到作者。下面的Chomsky 的例子就是。再如, Swales(1990) stated that , (P92，第 8段第4行、第15段第3行 ），当作者重要时. 非集成引用指的是不直接提及作者，而是注释一下，例如放 在句末括号里，或标注（P15第1段第3、5、7行），当作 者不重要时 。 施事，agent：指做某件事的人，与受事recipient对应。被 动态中的施事指的是被动句中动作的发出者，例如：As is suggested by Chomsky(1965).这句中的Chomsky就 是一个施事。 盖然性, 或然性，probability: 数学概念，指某种情况的发生 概率不是100%，而是处于0-1之间(若为no，则是0，若为yes，则是1， 处于两者之间的就是probably) 。在书中此处意思是过去时和现 在完成时的使用不是完全非此即彼，文中用了“比较普 遍”，“多使用”等词表示。Mostly, usually, sometimes, always， maybe,
学术英语写作English Academic WritingPPT课件
2021/3/25
授课：XXX
4
For Academic Writing:
--- It is based on extensive research of proved facts and authoritative testimony.
first-hand experiments
field research
--- Value Principle
--- Scientific Principle
--- Innovative Principle
--- Feasibility Principle
2.2 Methods for Choosing a Title
--- Consult your professor or an expert
The role of women in today’s society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women’s movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
学术类英语写作指导17页PPT
on between
report and essay writing
The most common confusion that students can have about the main difference between an essay and report writing is in
• Formal - Abstract language
Typology of persuasive essays • Problem-solution (Analytical
exposition) • Discussion • Opinion (Challenge) • Hybrid
Examples of Problem -solution essay
• Sample 1: In general, people do not have such a close relationship with their neighbours as they did in the past. Why is this so, and what can be done to improve contact between neighbours? (IELTS). • Sample 2: Examine the problem of poverty either in your own country or in another country of your choice. Discuss its main causes and effects. What measures should be taken to improve the situation? (EAP course). • Sample 3: In a recent survey of HR executives, more than 400 companies respond that the priorities of top management at their firms is to counter competition, cut costs and improve performance. Yet only 12 percent of these HR executives said that their department had a major responsibility for improving productivity, quality and consumer service in their companies. Why is there a gap between top management’s priorities and the responsibility of the HR department? What are some of the consequences of this gap? How do you think an HR department can gain top management’s support and align themselves with their company’s strategic goals? (Business Management at University Masters degree).
report and essay writing
The most common confusion that students can have about the main difference between an essay and report writing is in
• Formal - Abstract language
Typology of persuasive essays • Problem-solution (Analytical
exposition) • Discussion • Opinion (Challenge) • Hybrid
Examples of Problem -solution essay
• Sample 1: In general, people do not have such a close relationship with their neighbours as they did in the past. Why is this so, and what can be done to improve contact between neighbours? (IELTS). • Sample 2: Examine the problem of poverty either in your own country or in another country of your choice. Discuss its main causes and effects. What measures should be taken to improve the situation? (EAP course). • Sample 3: In a recent survey of HR executives, more than 400 companies respond that the priorities of top management at their firms is to counter competition, cut costs and improve performance. Yet only 12 percent of these HR executives said that their department had a major responsibility for improving productivity, quality and consumer service in their companies. Why is there a gap between top management’s priorities and the responsibility of the HR department? What are some of the consequences of this gap? How do you think an HR department can gain top management’s support and align themselves with their company’s strategic goals? (Business Management at University Masters degree).
英语学术论文写作 ppt课件
meaning and theme, thus striking the reader as having some deliberate and
unique artistic values in the novel and reinforce the theme of the novel with an
• William Faulkner (1897-1962 )
• TOPIC
• The repetition of certain nouns in the sound and the fury
• QUESTION
• What is the function of repetition in the novel?
学士论文的结构
• TITLE • ABSTRACT • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • CONTENTS • LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES (IF ANY) • INTRODUCTION • MAIN BODY • CONCLUSION • BIBLIOGRAPHY • APPENDICES ( IF ANY)
important.
• 优：because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very
important.
• B) 用“AND” 或 “OR” 时含义要明确，避免用斜线符号（/）。 • 劣：hot / cold extremes will damage the samples. • 优：hot and cold extremes will damage the samples.
• THESIS
unique artistic values in the novel and reinforce the theme of the novel with an
• William Faulkner (1897-1962 )
• TOPIC
• The repetition of certain nouns in the sound and the fury
• QUESTION
• What is the function of repetition in the novel?
学士论文的结构
• TITLE • ABSTRACT • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • CONTENTS • LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES (IF ANY) • INTRODUCTION • MAIN BODY • CONCLUSION • BIBLIOGRAPHY • APPENDICES ( IF ANY)
important.
• 优：because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very
important.
• B) 用“AND” 或 “OR” 时含义要明确，避免用斜线符号（/）。 • 劣：hot / cold extremes will damage the samples. • 优：hot and cold extremes will damage the samples.
• THESIS
英语学术论文写作 PPT课件
address as a data. A qualitative one rather than a quantitative one.
7.Bibliography
❖ Anderson, R. The power and the word—Language, Power and Change [M]. London: Praeger Publisher, 1998.
do for you; ask what you can do for your country”—derived from Kennedy’s presidential inaugural address
Thank You!
L/O/G/O
2. Literature review
Previous studies:
❖ 1、Halliday :defines the semantic system. ❖ 2、Brainslaw Malinowski：puts forward phatic communion. ❖ 3、Buhler：from a psychological perspective, distinguished three functions of
Somethings we have learned:
❖ 1 realizes the significance for the successful use of interpersonal meaning in political speech.
❖ 2 makes comparisons with each review,finds the deficiency,and trys to make good.
Candidate:xxx Supervisor: xxxxxxxx
7.Bibliography
❖ Anderson, R. The power and the word—Language, Power and Change [M]. London: Praeger Publisher, 1998.
do for you; ask what you can do for your country”—derived from Kennedy’s presidential inaugural address
Thank You!
L/O/G/O
2. Literature review
Previous studies:
❖ 1、Halliday :defines the semantic system. ❖ 2、Brainslaw Malinowski：puts forward phatic communion. ❖ 3、Buhler：from a psychological perspective, distinguished three functions of
Somethings we have learned:
❖ 1 realizes the significance for the successful use of interpersonal meaning in political speech.
❖ 2 makes comparisons with each review,finds the deficiency,and trys to make good.
Candidate:xxx Supervisor: xxxxxxxx
英语议论文ppt课件
如果担心字数不够可以在 "First and foremost" 前面加上 Two arguments can be listed to support this view/Reasons can be listed as follows: 对于词数要求在300以上时，可列举三个论据，举两个例子用开 扩充文章。
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（二）写作模板：
第一段：① 引言； ② 通俗含义；③ 有何启发
As the saying/remark/proverb/quotation has it (goes): ① ——— . In other words/To put it another way, ② —— — ；Simple as the saying/remark/proverb /quotation may sound ,it conveys a thought-provoking notion/message that ③ ———. ★ As the saying/remark/proverb/quotation has it (goes): ——— .可以替换为：
for the festival.(比喻) 孩子们准备过节忙得像蜜蜂一样。
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◆ 表达到位，才能看得明白
通常，作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的，但在将 观点传达给读者时，往往因为用词不准确，逻辑欠严 密，或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果 使读者不知所云。
Example： They gave me what I need，but not what I want．
How to write an argumentation
（如何书写议论文）
第一组:曹世江 学号：2015221166
1
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（二）写作模板：
第一段：① 引言； ② 通俗含义；③ 有何启发
As the saying/remark/proverb/quotation has it (goes): ① ——— . In other words/To put it another way, ② —— — ；Simple as the saying/remark/proverb /quotation may sound ,it conveys a thought-provoking notion/message that ③ ———. ★ As the saying/remark/proverb/quotation has it (goes): ——— .可以替换为：
for the festival.(比喻) 孩子们准备过节忙得像蜜蜂一样。
12
◆ 表达到位，才能看得明白
通常，作者对自己论述的观点是清楚的，但在将 观点传达给读者时，往往因为用词不准确，逻辑欠严 密，或因受中国式思维的干扰而令表达不到位，结果 使读者不知所云。
Example： They gave me what I need，but not what I want．
How to write an argumentation
（如何书写议论文）
第一组:曹世江 学号：2015221166
1
英语学术论文写作参考文献格式ppt课件
.
• 2. Title. • List the title in quotation marks, followed by a
period inside the end quotation mark unless the title itself ends in a question mark or exclamation point.
Dowden, Craig. “What Are the Effective Treatments for Propositional and Defiant Behaviors in Preadolescents?” Journal of Family Practice 54.2 (2005): 162,164-65.
ex. Clark, C., et al. “The Relationship between Executive Functional
Abilities, Adaptive Behavior, and Academic Achievement in Children with Externalizing Behavior Problems.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43.6 (2002): 785-96.
.
• 1. Author: (1) One author: List the author’s surname first, followed
by a comma and then by the first name or initials. Kluger, Jeffrey. “The Nuke Pipeline.” Time 17 Dec.
2) If it is a magazine article, and it is issued monthly.
• 2. Title. • List the title in quotation marks, followed by a
period inside the end quotation mark unless the title itself ends in a question mark or exclamation point.
Dowden, Craig. “What Are the Effective Treatments for Propositional and Defiant Behaviors in Preadolescents?” Journal of Family Practice 54.2 (2005): 162,164-65.
ex. Clark, C., et al. “The Relationship between Executive Functional
Abilities, Adaptive Behavior, and Academic Achievement in Children with Externalizing Behavior Problems.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43.6 (2002): 785-96.
.
• 1. Author: (1) One author: List the author’s surname first, followed
by a comma and then by the first name or initials. Kluger, Jeffrey. “The Nuke Pipeline.” Time 17 Dec.
2) If it is a magazine article, and it is issued monthly.
学术论文写作-Unit4ppt课件
3)When recruiting samples, a questionnaire was designed to collect information including personal background, lifestyle factors, genetic risk factors, occupational and environmental exposures, reproduction and sexual status, medical history and physical activity.
I. Warm-up
6. What methods for collecting data?
Unit Four
Data Collection Methods
Secondary Data
Primary Data
Experiment Survey
Field Lab
Internet Telephone
Mail Questionnaire Personal Interview
UnitБайду номын сангаасFour
II. Sample Reading
1. What information elements does this method section include? Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.
academic writing; • To make proper use of sequential markers in writing a
process; • To acquire the skills in designing a questionnaire.
I. Warm-up
6. What methods for collecting data?
Unit Four
Data Collection Methods
Secondary Data
Primary Data
Experiment Survey
Field Lab
Internet Telephone
Mail Questionnaire Personal Interview
UnitБайду номын сангаасFour
II. Sample Reading
1. What information elements does this method section include? Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage.
academic writing; • To make proper use of sequential markers in writing a
process; • To acquire the skills in designing a questionnaire.
06科技英语论文写作引言和文章综述(精美PPT)
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分4秒
Language points in Move 3
• Points learned:
− Make clear the transition between Move 2 and 3 by beginning the sentence with a phrase that suggests to the reader you’re going to respond to the niche created (e.g., “To address this problem,”).
7
Assignment
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
Where is the introduction/LR section located?
In theses and dissertations or
In research papers
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
How long should the introduction section be?
Sorry! There is no definite answer to this question.
Find the most authoritative papers
in your field and imitate
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
Which of the shapes best demonstrates the structure of a research introduction?
3. Language points in Move 1, 2, 3
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分4秒
Language points in Move 1
Language points in Move 3
• Points learned:
− Make clear the transition between Move 2 and 3 by beginning the sentence with a phrase that suggests to the reader you’re going to respond to the niche created (e.g., “To address this problem,”).
7
Assignment
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
Where is the introduction/LR section located?
In theses and dissertations or
In research papers
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
How long should the introduction section be?
Sorry! There is no definite answer to this question.
Find the most authoritative papers
in your field and imitate
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分3秒
Which of the shapes best demonstrates the structure of a research introduction?
3. Language points in Move 1, 2, 3
2024年4月8日星期一4时50分4秒
Language points in Move 1
Introduction--硕士论文引言部分写法PPT课件
.
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• An XYZ battery is a battery that ... The electrodes in an XYZ teleቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱhone battery are made of a composite of gold and silver, coated with a layer of platinum. The gold and silver provide structural support, while the platinum provides resilience. The performance of the battery can be strongly affected by the number of times the battery is recharged and the duration of each individual recharge. The battery is subject to three possible failure modes. ... A research program has recently been started by the authors in collaboration with a major battery manufacturer, with the goal of developing new design models for XYZ batteries. Analytical techniques are needed that can predict ...
• PART 1 DEFINITION OF THE TOPIC PLUS BACKGROUND (1–3) This introductory phrase may not be necessary in your paper. Here the definition of the XYZ battery indicates to the reader that this is the background topic (i.e. the general context) of the paper. This is the place to include notations, technical definitions, and explanations of key words.
英语议论文写作指导(共26张PPT)
Use proper grammar and Ensurpe uthnatcytouurasetnitoennces
are grammatically correct and use appropriate punctuation marks to clarify your meaning.
How to maintain clear and concise language
Use persuasive phrases
Use phrases that are designed to persuade your reader. For example, you can use phrases like "it is evident that," "it is clear that," or "there is no doubt that" to strengthen your argument.
定义
Argumentative essay，又称议论性文章，是一种阐述观点、论证论题的写作形式。 其主要目的是通过逻辑推理和事实证据来支持或反驳某一观点，从而说服读者。
重要性
Argumentative essays在学术和日常生活中都非常重要。在学术领域，它们是 评估学生批判性思维和表达能力的重要方式。在日常生活中，良好的议论文写作 能力有助于我们清晰地表达观点，说服他人，以及解决问题。
supporting your overall argument.
03
The arguments of argumentative essays
How to use facts and data as evidence
英语学位论文写作PPTCHAPTER1
1.2 Thesis, dissertation, paper
How to write a dissertation in English
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
在写硕士论文”. On the other hand, He is writing a paper. can be generally understood as “他正在写论文”, and this is not to be interpreted as “他正在写博士论文” or “他正在 写硕士论文” or “他正在写本科论文”.
If your main task is to summarize existing studies in the field, you are simply expected to present to the reader what you have read, how much you have understood, and the way you have organized all the information that you have reviewed. You are not expected to critically evaluate these previous studies. However, if you are expected to evaluate the research information, you must show your ability not just in understanding the information but also in commenting on other people’s work in a scholarly way. You have to consider not just the what factor but also the how and why factors, in which case
科技英语论文写作方法PPT课件
2021
2
（2）连贯性（coherence） 就是要求在一个段落中各个句子都应前后相衔接， 同时条理要清楚，所述之事的次序要合乎逻辑，使人读起 来没有杂乱无章的感觉。 另外，文章中的有关词、句、段可通过相应的转折语 把全段的意思连贯起来。这些转折语可以是句子连词、并 列连词或主从连词。 为便于理解，下面按十类给出： A. 表示举例（example） for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, namely, that is, for one thing, a case in point
2021
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2. 种类（forms） 文章大致可以分成以下四类（当然这些种类有时是 不能截然区分开来的）。 （1）描写文（description） （2）记叙文（narration） （3）论述文（argument） （4）说明文（exposition） 3. 文章的表述顺序（order或sequence） 1）时间顺序（chronological order） 按事情发生时间的先后为顺序进行文章组织的一种 表达方法。可以用于对某一科学过程、某一实验步骤、 某一工程程序、某台机器的操作方法、科技发展史等的 叙述、说明。
2021
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（2）空间顺序（spatial order） 按事物在空间所处位置的排列情况所进行的一种描述 方法，比如通常是由前到后、由内而外、从左至右、从顶 部到底部、从近处到远处等。这对仪器设备的描述是很有 用的。 表示位置的常用语有以下一些： A. 名词 front, back, side, center, middle, top, bottom, end, edge, interior, inside, exterior, outside, border, perimeter B. 形容词 front, back, rear, central, superior, upper, inferior, lower, inner, interior, outer, exterior, near, far, distant, parallel, perpendicular, vertical, horizontal
英语学术论文写作引言课件
Technical vocabulary
Specialized vocabulary and jargon are often used to discuss academic concepts, ensuring clarity and precision in communication
Complex presence structure
Course content
The course covers the essential elements of academic writing, including the structure, language, and formatting of academic papers
Course delivery The course is delivered through a combination of lectures, workshops, and online resources to ensure a comprehensive learning experience
Research Design
Data Collection
Determine the most appropriate research design for your topic, considering its exploration, descriptive, or explanatory nature
Writing • Epilogue
01
Introduction
Course Introduction
Course objectives
This course aims to provide students with the knowledge and skills required to write high quality academic papers in English
英语论文写作格式ppt课件
9 附注 (Appendix)
有助于读者理解、评价、或重复该研究。包括： ① 特别针对研究设计的、独特的、新的计算机程 序；② 尚未发表的测验；③ 复杂的数学证明； ④ 列出刺激材料；⑤复杂仪器的详细说明。
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10 作者注 (Author Note) ① 每个作者的单位部门，② 支持经费 来源，③ 致谢，④ 通信作者
③ 实验方法，包括仪器、数据收集过程、完成测试名目、 药物剂量和管理途径
The effects of cue size on short-latency (P1 and N1) ERP components, and the time course of these effects with variation in cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), were examined. Reaction time (RT) to discriminate a target was prolonged as cue size increased.
Who Uses APA Style
The Publication Manual is the style
manual of choice for many disciplines where effective communication in words and data is fundamental
4
2 摘要(Abstract)
• 简短、概括、全面，以便读者一窥而知全貌。好的摘 要应该是：
• 准确(accurate)：确保摘要正确反映研究的目的与内容； • 独 立 (self-contained) ： 定 义 所 有 的 缩 写 （ 除 测 量 单
有助于读者理解、评价、或重复该研究。包括： ① 特别针对研究设计的、独特的、新的计算机程 序；② 尚未发表的测验；③ 复杂的数学证明； ④ 列出刺激材料；⑤复杂仪器的详细说明。
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10 作者注 (Author Note) ① 每个作者的单位部门，② 支持经费 来源，③ 致谢，④ 通信作者
③ 实验方法，包括仪器、数据收集过程、完成测试名目、 药物剂量和管理途径
The effects of cue size on short-latency (P1 and N1) ERP components, and the time course of these effects with variation in cue-target stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), were examined. Reaction time (RT) to discriminate a target was prolonged as cue size increased.
Who Uses APA Style
The Publication Manual is the style
manual of choice for many disciplines where effective communication in words and data is fundamental
4
2 摘要(Abstract)
• 简短、概括、全面，以便读者一窥而知全貌。好的摘 要应该是：
• 准确(accurate)：确保摘要正确反映研究的目的与内容； • 独 立 (self-contained) ： 定 义 所 有 的 缩 写 （ 除 测 量 单
英语学术论文写作引言ppt
The third layer Specifying the purpose of your research
The fourth layer 4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of your paper
One Template
The function of Introduction
To answer the basic questions
What
Why
How
What is the subject about ?
Why I (we) carried out the experiment, that is to say, what is the problem?
Logical and Thinking
Sentence pattern Use some common sentence patterns in the introduction.
Vocabulary & Abbreviation:
Make sure that your expression is clear, precise and concise.
importance, and present level of development 1.2 Reviewing previous research in this area The second layer
Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question
Future Tense
The fourth layer 4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of your paper
One Template
The function of Introduction
To answer the basic questions
What
Why
How
What is the subject about ?
Why I (we) carried out the experiment, that is to say, what is the problem?
Logical and Thinking
Sentence pattern Use some common sentence patterns in the introduction.
Vocabulary & Abbreviation:
Make sure that your expression is clear, precise and concise.
importance, and present level of development 1.2 Reviewing previous research in this area The second layer
Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question
Future Tense
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How do we solve the problem?
When do we write the introduction?
Many books recommend writing your
introduction last, after you finish your project. This is
How to Write the Introduction
Group Members:
目录
1、引言及其作用 2、如何写引言
3、引言部分的语言特征
4、总结
1.引言及其作用
1.1 什么是引言 1.2 为什么要写引言
1.3 引言的作用
1.4 何时写引言
What is Introduction?
e.g.1：
This paper is organized as follows.
e.g.2：
In this paper, we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission……
Present Perfect Tense
When describing recent advances in a certain research field, or aiming to emphasize the impact of something happening recently on the present, you are suggested to use present perfect tense.
1、建立议题中心及概括议题内容的常用句型有： ... is a central issue in …
his development of … is a typical/common problem
in … For a long time ,it has been the case that... Most accounts/reports/publications claim/maintain that …
One Template
a) 题X是重要的。
b) 前人的工作A、B曾经研究过这个问题。 c) A、B有一些缺陷。
d) 我们提出了方法D。 e) D的基本特征，和A、B进行比较。 f) 实验证明D比A、B优越。 g) 研究前景。
Research The background The author’s method information article research
1.2 Reviewing previous research in this area The second layer Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question The third layer Specifying the purpose of your research The fourth layer 4.1 Announcing your major findings 4.2 Outlining the contents of your paper
exercise
1、Brown (1998) ____ the importance of time management both when preparing for and actually sitting examinations. A. conclude B.concludes C.stress D.stresses 2 、 For some years there has been an awarenrss of the dangers of Salmon farming in Scottish Lochs, and several studies(see e.g., Brown [2000], Maclnnes[2002]) ____ potential risks. A.indicate B.have indicate C.claim D.have claimed
Introduction is the first section of a scientific paper, including the background information of the research, the nature and scope of the problem investigated.
Voice
在学术论文中,我们可能经常会被是否可以使用we（我们）或I（我）的问
题困扰。关于这点，一点要区分we在这里指代什么。一般来说，作者使用we 提及作者的研究团队而不是泛指人类群体。 e.g.1： In this paper, we adopt an IA scheme for SISO transmission, and we
is know/though that…“，而不是用“We know/think that…”。引言部分
中，多使用被动语态，而不是主动语态we，尤其是中心的“报告”部分（ was conducted，was designed等）。 e.g.1 This scheme has been designed to achieve the asymptotic capacity in the IC……（被动语态） e.g.2 This new approach of interference management has been named IA.（被动语态）
Conciseness
Sentence pattern
Use some common sentence patterns in the introduction.
Vocabulary & Abbreviation: Mak clear, precise and concise.
Example
e.g.1: However, According to studies,all mobile communication standards still include a SISO transmission mode .（建立议题中心） e.g.2: In our contributions, we firstly introduce a way to optimize the precoding subspaces at all transmitters, exploiting the fact that channel matrices in the IA model are diagonal. Two solutions are derived; the first is achieved iteratively using projected gradient descent method, the second is a closed-form solution that avoids the numerical computation, thus, resulting in a very low computational complexity. Secondly, we propose to optimize the precoding vectors at each transmitter within its precoding subspace. To this end, we combine each IA precoder with a new combination precoder.（概括议题内容）
to make sure that you introduce what you are
actually going to say.
2.如何写引言
2.1 引言的组成 2.2 引言的特点
2.3 引言的结构与布局
2.4 引言实例
The content of an Introduction
The function of Introduction
To answer the basic questions
What
Why
How
What is the subject about ?
Why I (we) carried out the experiment, that is to say, what is the problem?
answer: 1.D 2.B 3.C
sentence pattern in Introduction
Sentence pattern in Introduction
The primary rule is to keep in scientific style Preciseness Clarity Logical and Thinking
Introduction
Attraction
Brevity
Clarity
Structural Layout of Introduction
The first layer
1.1 Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development
e.g.1: This approach has been exploited by Cadambe and Jafar in……. e.g.2: The authors have shown that the maximum achievable DoF（degrees of freedom自由度）in the K-user timevarying single-input single-output (SISO,单输入单输出)