市政园林施工与探讨(英文)
市政园林工程施工论文
市政园林工程施工论文【摘要】市政园林工程施工是城市建设中一项综合的系统工程，具有长期性，周期性和复杂性。
只有做好施工技术的前期优化与策略管理工作，制定合理的优化管理策略，从经济实际出发，与先进技术结合，还必须结合不同城市的特征特性，才能规划得到最符合区域特性的市政园林工程施工管理方案。
好的市政园林工程施工管理策略会对后期园林工程质量产生良性循环影响。
一、引言园林工程包括的工程范围很广，主要有土木工程，山体工程，水利工程，喷泉工程以及相关工程的附加工程。
市政园林工程与其他市政工程不同点在于工程的不以实际使用为最终目标，而旨在利用相关的工程施工手段，达到改善城市环境，营造良好绿化氛围，打造舒适的生活工作环境的最终目的。
其中，市政园林工程的核心思想是在项目实施过程中考虑园林为城市带来的相关生态影响，如降低污染，改善空气质量等，同时与经济发展与社会效益相结合。
市政原理工程的主要管理矛盾是如何将园林工程的必要建设设施与园林的艺术观赏性相结合，市政园林工程的施工管理决定了城市整体的对外面貌，代表了城市的精神，文化，艺术形象。
因此，园林施工管理在整体工程实施中至关重要，需要相关建设部分，监管部门以及工程承包企业和相关安全监督企业的协调与配合。
各部门评估需要达成一致才能启动园林工程施工。
二、市政园林工程施工与管理存在的问题（1）园林工程施工前的整体统筹规划标准。
市政园林工程包括项目种类庞大，有各规模各种类树木种植工程，花草树木移栽工程，绿地绿化工程。
其中，使用材料各不相同，有树木移植，种子栽培等等，且植被移植生长受环境影响较大，受当时当地气候限制。
我国对于复杂度和灵活度都相对较高的园林工程并没有下发统一施工标准，施工进度与条件由各地区自由掌控，因此产生很多标准。
对后期市政园林工程的验收与质量监管检测带来很大不便。
由于没有绝对标准，施工承包商很难确定园林工程要求，施工管理人员没有相关知识储备，导致工程实施中树木花草存活率低，后期大规模重新栽培现象严重。
中国国家标准中英文对照翻译(城镇建设工程标准)
中国国家标准中英文对照翻译（城镇建设工程标准）中国国家标准——城镇建设工程标准GB〖CJJ1-90〗市政道路工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality test and estimation of municipal road engineering〖CJJ2-2008〗城市桥梁工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of bridge works in city〖CJJ6-85〗排水管道维护安全技术规程Technical specification for safety maintenance of sewerage pipes〖CJJ7-2007〗城市工程地球物理探测规范Code for engineering geophysical prospecting and testing in city〖CJJ8-99〗城市测量规范Code for urban survey〖CJJ11-93〗城市桥梁设计准则The Criteria of Municipal Bridge Design〖CJJ12-99〗家用燃气燃烧器具安装及验收规程Specification for installation and acceptance of domestic gas burning appliances 〖CJJ13-87〗供水水文地质钻探与凿井操作规程Specification for operation of hydrographic geological drilling and digging for water-supply〖CJJ14-2005〗城市公共厕所设计标准Standard for design of public toilets in city〖CJJ15-87〗城市公共交通站、场、厂设计规范Code for design of urban public transportation station, ground and house〖CJJ17-2004〗生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill〖CJJ18-88〗市政工程施工、养护及污水处理工人技术等级标准Technical level standard for workers of construction maintenance and sewerage treatment of municipal engineering〖CJJ27-2005〗城镇环境卫生设施设置标准Standard for setting of town environmental sanitation facilities〖CJJ28-2004〗城镇供热管网工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city heating pipelines〖CJJ/T29-98〗建筑排水硬聚氯乙烯管道工程技术规程Technical specification of PVC-U pipe work for building drainage〖CJJ30-2009〗城市粪便处理厂运行维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of night soil treatment plants〖CJJ32-89〗含藻水给水处理设计规范Code for design of water supply treatment for water with algae〖CJJ33-2005〗城镇燃气输配工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city and town gas distribution works〖CJJ34-2002〗城市热力网设计规范Design code of district heating network〖CJJ36-2006〗城镇道路养护技术规范Technical code of urban road maintenance〖CJJ37-90〗城市道路设计规范Code for design of municipal road〖CJJ39-91〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准（北方地区）Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in northern area)〖CJJ40-91〗高浊度水给水设计规范Code for design of water-supply for muddy water〖CJJ43-91〗热拌再生沥青混合料路面施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of hot-mixed and regenerated asphalt mixture road face〖CJJ45-2006〗城市道路照明设计标准Standard for lighting design of urban road〖CJJ47-2006〗生活垃圾转运站技术规范Technical code for transfer station of municipal solid waste〖CJJ48-92〗公园设计规范Code for design of parks〖CJJ50-92〗城市防洪工程设计规范Code for design of flood control engineering in city〖CJJ51-2006〗城镇燃气设施运行、维护和抢修安全技术规程Safety technical specification for operation, maintenance and rush-repair of city gas facilities〖CJJ/T52-93〗城市生活垃圾好氧静态堆肥处理技术规程Technical specification for static aerobic composting of municipal solid waste〖CJJ/T53-93〗民用房屋修缮工程施工规程Code for repairing construction of civil buildings〖CJJ/T54-93〗污水稳定塘设计规范Code for design of wastewater stabilization ponds〖CJJ55-93〗供热术语标准Standard for terminology of heat-supply〖CJJ56-94〗市政工程勘察规范Code for investigation and surveying of municipal engineering〖CJJ57-94〗城市规划工程地质勘察规范Code for geotechnical investigation and surveying of urban planning engineering〖CJJ58-2009〗城镇供水厂运行、维护及安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of city and town waterworks〖CJJ60-94〗城市污水处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of municipal wastewater treatment plants〖CJJ61-2003〗城市地下管线探测技术规程Technical specification for detecting and surveying of under-ground pipelines and cables in city〖CJJ62-95〗房屋渗漏修缮技术规程Technical specification for repairing water creep of houses〖CJJ63-2008〗聚乙烯燃气管道工程技术规程Technical specification for polyethylene (PE) gas pipeline engineering〖CJJ64-2009〗城市粪便处理厂设计规范Code for design of night soil treatment plant〖CJJ/T65-2004〗市容环境卫生术语标准Standard for terminology of environmental sanitation〖CJJ66-95〗路面稀浆封层施工规程Slurry sealing specification〖CJJ67-95〗风景园林图例图示标准Standard for graphic of landscape architecture〖CJJ68-2007〗城镇排水管渠与泵站维护技术规程Technical specification for maintenance of sewers ＆ channels and pumping station in city〖CJJ69-95〗城市人行天桥与人行地道技术规范Technical specification of urban pedestrian overcrossing and underpass〖CJJ70-96〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准(南方地区)Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in southern area)〖CJJ71-2000〗机动车清洗站工程技术规程Technical specification for automotive rinsing station engineering〖CJJ72-97〗无轨电车供电线网工程施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of trolley bus network〖CJJ73-97〗全球定位系统城市测量技术规程Technical specification for urban surveying using global positioning system〖CJJ74-99〗城镇地道桥顶进施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of underpass bridges in town by jacking method〖CJJ75-97〗城市道路绿化规划与设计规范Code for planting planning and design on urban roads〖CJJ/T76-98〗城市地下水动态观测规程Specification for dynamic observation of ground water in urban area〖CJJ/T78-97〗供热工程制图标准Drawing standard of heat-supply engineering〖CJJ/T81-98〗城镇直埋供热管道工程技术规程Technical specification for directly buried heating pipeline engineering in city〖CJJ/T82-99〗城市绿化工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of plant engineering in city and town〖CJJ83-99〗城市用地竖向规划规范Code for vertical planning on urban field〖CJJ/T85-2002〗城市绿地分类标准Standard for classification of urban green space〖CJJ/T86-2000〗城市生活垃圾堆肥处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste composting plant〖CJJ/T87-2000〗乡镇集贸市场规划设计标准Standard for market planning of town and township〖CJJ/T88-2000〗城镇供热系统安全运行技术规程Technical specification for safe operation of heating system in city〖CJJ89-2001〗城市道路照明工程施工及验收规程Specification for construction and inspection of urban road lighting engineering〖CJJ90-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧处理工程技术规范Technical code for projects of municipal solid waste incineration〖CJJ/T91-2002〗园林基本术语标准Standard for basic terminology of landscape architecture〖CJJ92-2002〗城市供水管网漏损控制及评定标准Standard for leakage control and assessment of urban water supply distribution system〖CJJ93-2003〗城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal domestic refuse sanitary landfill〖CJJ94-2009〗城镇燃气室内工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of city indoor gas engineering〖CJJ95-2003〗城镇燃气埋地钢质管道腐蚀控制技术规程Technical specification for control of external corrosion on underground gas pipeline of steel in area of cities and towns〖CJJ96-2003〗地铁限界标准Standard of metro gauges〖CJJ/T97-2003〗城市规划制图标准Standard for drawing in urban planning〖CJJ/T98-2003〗建筑给水聚苯乙烯类管道工程技术规程Technical specification of polyethylene (PE), cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) pipeline engineering for water supply in building〖CJJ99-2003〗城市桥梁养护技术规范Technical code maintenance for city bridge〖CJJ100-2004〗城市基础地理信息系统技术规范Technical specification for urban fundamental geographic information system〖CJJ101-2004〗埋地聚乙烯给水管道工程技术规程Technical specification for buried polyethylene pipeline of water supply engineering〖CJJ/T102-2004〗城市生活垃圾分类及其评价标准Classification and evaluation standard of municipal solid waste〖CJJ103-2004〗城市地理空间框架数据标准Standard for urban geospatial framework data〖CJJ104-2005〗城镇供热直埋蒸汽管道技术规程Technical specification for directly buried steam heating pipeline in city〖CJJ105-2005〗城镇供热管网结构设计规范Code for structural design of heating pipelines in city and town〖CJJ/T106-2005〗城市市政综合监管信息系统技术规范Technical code for urban municipal supervision and management information system〖CJJ/T107-2005〗生活垃圾填埋场无害化评价标准Standard of assessment on municipal solid waste and fill〖CJJ/T108-2006〗城市道路除雪作业技术规程Technical specification of snow removal operation for city road〖CJJ109-2006〗生活垃圾转运站运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal solid waste transfer station〖CJJ110-2006〗管道直饮水系统技术规程Technical specification of pipe system for fine drinking water〖CJJ/T111-2006〗预应力混凝土桥梁预制节段逐跨拼装施工技术规程Technical specification for construction of span by span method of precast segment in prestressed concrete bridge〖CJJ112-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场封场技术规程Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill closure〖CJJ113-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场防渗系统工程技术规范Technical code for liner system of municipal solid waste landfill〖CJJ/T114-2007〗城市公共交通分类标准Standard for classification of urban public transportation〖CJJ/T115-2007〗房地产市场信息系统技术规范Technical code for real estate market information system〖CJJ／T116-2008〗建设领域应用软件测评通用规范General code for measure and evaluation of application software in the field of construction〖CJJ/T117-2007〗建设电子文件与电子档案管理规范Code for management of electronic construction records and archives〖CJJ/T119-2008〗城市公共交通工程术语标准Terminology standard for urban public transport engineering〖CJJ120-2008〗城镇排水系统电气与自动化工程技术规程Technical specification of electrical & automation engineering for city drainage system〖CJJ124-2008〗镇（乡）村排水工程技术规程Technical specification of wastewater engineering for town and village〖CJJ/T126-2008〗城市道路清扫保洁质量与评价标准Standard for quality and assessment of city road sweeping and cleaning〖CJJ/T125-2008〗环境卫生图形符号标准Standard for figure symbols of environmental sanitation〖CJJ122-2008〗游泳池给水排水工程技术规程Technical specification for water supply and drainage engineering of swimming pool〖CJJ123-2008〗镇（乡）村给水工程技术规程Technical specification of water supply engineering for town and village〖CJJ128-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧厂运行维护与安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste incineration plant〖CJJ127-2009〗建筑排水金属管道工程技术规程Technical specification of metal pipe work for building drainage。
园林专业英语词汇大全
1 总论2.0001 园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 2.0002 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing2.0003 环境园艺学environmental horticulture2.0004 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture2.0005 园林艺术garden art2.0006 园林美学garden aesthetics2.0007 园林建筑学garden architecture2.0008 园林建筑garden building2.0009 园林工程garden engineering2.0010 园林植物landscape plant2.0011 观赏植物ornamental plant2.0012 盆景miniature landscape, penjing2.0013 园林garden and park2.0014 园林学史history of garden architecture2.0015 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 2.0016 园林设计garden design2.0017 园林机具设备gardening machine2.0018 园林管理garden management2.0019 园林生态landscape ecology2.0020 绿化greening, planting2.0021 环境绿化environmental greening2.0022 绿地面积green area2.0023 绿地率ratio of green space2.0024 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage2.0025 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing2.0026 街道绿化street greening, street planting2.0027 车行道绿化driveway greening2.0028 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening2.0029 人行道绿化sidewalk greening2.0030 群众绿化mass planting movement2.0031 郊区绿化suburban greening2.0032 公路绿化highway greening2.0033 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting2.0034 堤岸种植bank planting2.0035 阳台绿化balcony greening2.0036 窗台绿化window-sill greening2.0037 屋顶绿化roof greening2.0038 垂直绿化vertical greening2.0039 攀缘绿化climber greening2.0040 桥头绿化bridgehead greening2.0041 花园garden2.0042 专类花园specified flower garden2.0043 花园村garden village2.0044 园林城市landscape garden city2.0045 蔷薇园rose garden2.0046 松柏园conifer garden2.0047 球根园bulb garden2.0048 宿根园perennial garden2.0049 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery2.0050 狩猎场hunting ground2.0051 街心花园street crossing center garden2.0052 小游园petty street garden2.0053 水景园water garden2.0054 铺地园paved garden2.0055 野趣园wild plants botanical garden2.0056 野生植物园wild plants garden2.0057 乡趣园rustic garden2.0058 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 2.0059 动物园zoo, zoological garden2.0060 墓园cemetery garden2.0061 沼泽园bog and marsh garden2.0062 水生植物园aquatic plants garden2.0063 学校园school garden2.0064 室内花园indoor garden2.0065 芳香花园fragrant garden2.0066 盲人花园garden for the blind2.0067 公园park, public park2.0068 城市公园city park, urban park2.0069 区公园regional park2.0070 儿童公园children park2.0071 体育公园sports park2.0072 森林公园forest park2.0073 纪念公园memorial park2.0074 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park2.0075 综合公园comprehensive park2.0076 文化公园cultural park2.0077 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park2.0078 中央公园central park2.0079 天然公园natural park2.0080 海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park2.0081 古迹公园historic site park2.0082 河滨公园riverside park2.0083 湖滨公园lakeside park2.0084 路边公园roadside park, street park2.0085 娱乐公园amusement park2.0086 雕塑公园sculpture park2.0087 休憩公园recreation park2.0088 疗养公园sanatorium park2.0089 国家公园national park2.0090 邻里公园neighborhood park2.0091 特种公园special park2.0092 植物园botanical garden2.0093 植物公园abeled plants park2.0094 高山植物园alpine garden2.0095 热带植物园tropical plants garden2.0096 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 2.0097 绿地green space2.0098 公共绿地public green space2.0099 单位绿地unit green area2.0100 城市绿地urban green space2.0101 街道广场绿地street and square green area2.0102 居住区绿地residential quarter green area2.0103 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 2.0104 郊区绿地suburban green space2.0105 街坊绿地residential block green belt2.0106 附属绿地attached green space2.0107 生产绿地productive plantation area2.0108 苗圃nursery2.0109 风景landscape, scenery2.0110 自然景观natural landscape2.0111 人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 2.0112 草原景观prairie landscape2.0113 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 2.0114 地理景观geographical landscape2.0115 湖泊景观lake view2.0116 郊区景观suburban landscape2.0117 地质景观geological landscape2.0118 喀斯特景观karst landscape2.0119 植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape2 园林史2.1 中国园林史2.0120 中国古典园林classical Chinese garden2.0121 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden2.0122 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden2.0123 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden 2.0124 帝王宫苑imperial palace garden2.0125 皇家园林royal garden2.0126 私家园林private garden2.0127 江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta2.2 西方园林史2.0128 西方古典园林western classical garden2.0129 英国式园林English style garden2.0130 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden2.0131 意大利式园林Italian style garden2.0132 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden2.0133 法兰西式园林French style garden2.0134 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre's style garden2.0135 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa2.0136 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden2.0137 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden2.0138 庄园manor, villa garden2.0139 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio2.0141 迷阵maze, labyrinth2.3 典型中西园林2.0142 灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden2.0143 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden2.0144 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden2.0145 阿房宫E-Pang Palace2.0146 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan2.0147 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace2.0148 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace2.0149 华清官Hua-Qing Palace2.0150 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden2.0151 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden2.0152 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 2.0153 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort2.0154 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden2.0155 悬园Hanging Garden2.0156 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 2.0157 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park2.0158 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden3 园林艺术2.0159 景view, scenery, feature2.0160 远景distant view2.0161 近景nearby view2.0162 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view2.0163 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing2.0164 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place2.0165 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery2.0166 漏景leaking through scenery2.0167 框景enframed scenery2.0168 尾景terminal feature2.0169 主景main feature2.0170 副景secondary feature2.0171 配景objective view2.0172 夹景vista line, vista2.0173 前景front view2.0174 背景background2.0175 景序order of sceneries2.0176 景点feature spot, view spot2.0177 仰视景观upward landscape2.0178 俯视景观downward landscape2.0179 季相景观seasonal phenomena2.0180 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 2.0181 视野visual field2.0182 秋色fall color, autumn color2.0183 园林空间garden space2.0184 开敞空间wide open space, wide space 2.0185 封闭空间enclosure space2.0186 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 2.0187 苍古antiquity2.0188 空灵spaciousness, airiness2.0189 动观in-motion viewing2.0190 静观in-position viewing2.0191 视错觉visual illusion2.0192 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden2.0193 对称平衡symmetrical balance2.0194 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance2.0195 左右对称bilateral symmetry2.0196 辐射对称radial symmetry2.0197 透景线perspective line2.0198 轴线axis, axial line2.0199 主轴main axis2.0200 副轴auxiliary axis2.0201 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis2.0202 树冠线skyline2.0203 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors2.0204 单色谐调monochromatic harmony2.0205 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony2.0206 对比色突出contrast colors accent2.0207 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony2.0208 暖色warm color2.0209 冷色cool color2.0210 色感color sense4 城市绿地2.0211 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning2.0212 绿地系统green space system2.0213 公共绿地定额public green space quota2.0214 公共绿地指标public green space norm2.0215 绿地布局green space layout2.0216 吸引圈attractive circle2.0217 吸引距离attractive distance2.0218 有效半径effective radius2.0219 绿地资源green space resource2.0220 绿地效果green space effect2.0221 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 2.0222 空间规划space planning2.0223 形象规划image plan2.0224 实施规划implementary plan2.0225 必要生活空间necessary living space2.0226 余暇生活空间leisure time living space2.0227 利用频度usage frequency2.0228 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs2.0229 绿地类型type of green space2.0230 环状绿型annular green space2.0231 块状绿地green plot2.0232 点状绿地green spot2.0233 放射状绿地radiate green space2.0234 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space2.0235 缓冲绿地buffer green space2.0236 防音绿地noise proof green space2.0237 科学景观论scientific landscape theory2.0238 园林保留地reserve garden2.0239 公园规划park planning2.0240 园林总体规划garden master planning2.0241 总平面规划site planning2.0242 园林分区garden zoning2.0243 安静休息区tranquil rest area2.0244 儿童活动区children playing space2.0245 儿童游戏场children playground, play lot 2.0246 体育运动区sports activities area2.0247 野餐区picnic place2.0248 散步区pedestrian space2.0249 群众集会区mass meeting square2.0250 观赏植物区ornamental plants area2.0251 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area2.0252 草坪区lawn space2.0253 绿荫区shade tree section2.0254 历史古迹区historical relics area2.0255 青少年活动区youngsters activities area 2.0256 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area2.0257 钓鱼区fishing center2.0258 野营区camp site2.0259 游人中心visitors center2.0260 服务中心service center2.0261 探险游乐场adventure ground2.0262 文化活动区cultural activities area2.0263 道路系统approach system, road system 2.0264 环形道路系统circular road system2.0265 方格形道路系统latticed road system2.0266 放射形道路系统radiate road system2.0267 自然式道路系统informal road system2.0268 规整式道路系统formal road system2.0269 混合式道路系统mixed style road system 2.0270 园林规划图garden planning map2.0271 园林规划说明书garden planning direction 2.0272 城市公园系统urban park system2.0273 公园分布distribution of parks2.0274 公园类型park type, park category2.0275 公园间距distance between parks2.0276 公园形式park styles2.0277 游览区excursion area, open-to-public area 2.0278 非游览区no-admittance area2.0279 办公区administrative area2.0280 服务区service center2.0281 动休息区dynamic rest space2.0282 静休息区static rest space2.0283 娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 2.0284 主要入口main entrance2.0285 次要入口secondary entrance2.0286 人流量visitors flow－rate2.0287 车流量vehicle flow－rate2.0288 公园道路park road2.0289 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio2.0290 游人容纳量visitors capacity2.0291 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation 2.0292 风景学scenicology2.0293 风景规划landscape plan2.0294 风景设计landscape design2.0295 游览路线touring route2.0296 旅游资源tourism resource2.0297 旅游地理tourism geography2.0298 旅游地质tourism geology2.0299 历史名城famous historical city2.0300 文化名城famous cultural city2.0301 文化遗址ancient cultural relic2.0302 天然博物馆natural open museum2.0303 风景地貌natural geomorphology2.0304 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration2.0305 风景区scenic spot, scenic area2.0306 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site2.0307 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area2.0308 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs2.0309 高山风景区alpine scenic spot2.0310 海滨风景区sea－beach scenic spot2.0311 森林风景区forest scenic spot2.0312 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot2.0313 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot2.0314 江河风景区river landscape district2.0315 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot2.0316 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot2.0317 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot2.0318 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 2.0319 封山育林区region closed for afforestation2.0320 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot2.0321 自然保护区nature protection area2.0322 科学保护区protection area for scientific research2.0323 天然纪念物natural monument2.0324 生物圈保护区biosphere protection area5 园林设计2.0325 园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer2.0326 园址测量图garden site survey map2.0327 地形图topographic map, contour map2.0328 种植设计planting design2.0329 地形改造设计topographical reform design2.0330 种植大样图detail planting design2.0331 造价分析cost analysis2.0332 园林形式garden style2.0333 规整式园林formal garden style2.0334 非规整园林informal garden style2.0335 几何式园林geometric garden style2.0336 自然式园林natural garden style2.0337 混合式园林mixed garden style2.0338 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style2.0339 马克斯抽象园林R.B. Marx abstract garden 2.0340 园林区划garden area division2.0341 园林分区规划garden block planning2.0342 庭院花园courtyard garden2.0343 前庭front yard, forecourt2.0344 后庭back yard, rear yard2.0345 中庭patio2.0346 厨园kitchen yard2.0347 沉[床]园sunken garden2.0348 窗园window garden2.0349 墙园wall garden2.0350 宅园home garden2.0351 台地园terrace garden2.0352 冬园winter garden2.0353 切花园cut flower garden2.0354 屋顶花园roof garden2.0355 后花园back yard garden2.0356 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden 2.0357 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound2.0358 假山rockery, artificial rock－work2.0359 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modeled stone 2.0360 黄石yellowish brown stone2.0361 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 2.0362 孤赏石monolith, standing stone2.0363 掇山piled stone hill, hill making2.0364 叠石stones laying2.0365 板石flag stone2.0366 散点石scattered stone2.0367 抱角石corner stone2.0368 屋基石foundation stone2.0369 排衙石guard stone2.0370 屏石screen stone2.0371 石岸rock bank2.0372 石阶stone steps2.0373 汀步stepping stone on water surface 2.0374 附壁石stone appended to wall2.0375 石花台stone flower bed2.0376 石凳stone bench2.0377 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall2.0378 干砌石dry stone wall2.0379 假山石楼梯rock stairway2.0380 石亭stone pavilion2.0381 石洞stone cavern2.0382 石窟grotto2.0383 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 2.0384 拱石arch stone2.0385 拱顶石key stone2.0386 园林水景water scenes of garden2.0387 水体water body2.0388 水面water surface2.0389 水池pool2.0390 水塘pond2.0391 喷泉fountain2.0392 喷水池fountain pool2.0393 涉水池wading pool2.0394 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool2.0395 睡莲池water-lily pool2.0396 喷水管布置piping schema2.0397 钓鱼塘fishing pond2.0398 高水位池塘high water table pond2.0399 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool2.0400 隐头喷泉secret fountain2.0401 岛园Island garden2.0402 半岛园peninsula garden2.0403 小岛isle2.0404 瀑布waterfall2.0405 小瀑布cascade2.0406 湖lake2.0407 矶rock projecting over water2.0408 水帘洞water curtain cave2.0409 园桥garden bridge2.0410 拱桥arch bridge2.0411 石板桥stone slab bridge2.0412 木板桥plank bridge2.0413 圆木桥log bridge2.0414 亭桥pavilion bridge2.0415 曲桥zigzag bridge2.0416 壁泉wall fountain2.0417 饮水喷头drinking fountain2.0418 植物配植plant arrangement2.0419 树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 2.0420 群植group planting, mass planting2.0421 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 2.0422 丛植clump planting2.0423 组植group planting2.0424 林植forest planting2.0425 列植linear planting2.0426 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 2.0427 环植circular planting2.0428 带植belt planting2.0429 散植scattered planting, loose planting 2.0430 边缘种植edge planting2.0431 边界种植boundary planting2.0432 整形种植architectural planting2.0433 基础种植foundation planting2.0434 角隅种植corner planting2.0435 景框种植planting as en－frament2.0436 门卫种植guard planting2.0437 篱恒种植fence planting2.0438 障景种植screen planting2.0439 背景种植background planting2.0440 林下种植underwood planting2.0441 路边种植roadside planting2.0442 绿篱hedge2.0443 树墙espalier2.0444 庭荫树shade tree2.0445 园景树specimen tree2.0446 风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest 2.0447 行道树avenue tree, street tree2.0448 纪念林memorial forest2.0449 整型树topiary tree2.0450 花篱flower hedge'2.0451 刺篱thorny plants hedge2.0452 常绿绿篱evergreen hedge2.0453 落叶绿篱deciduous hedge2.0454 高篱high hedge2.0455 沟中边篱hah-hah fence2.0456 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge2.0457 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge2.0458 整剪绿篱clipped hedge2.0459 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge2.0460 边篱boundary fence2.0461 园篱garden fence, garden hedge2.0462 纯林pure forest2.0463 混交林mixed forest2.0464 林间隙地open space in woodland2.0465 杂木林spinney2.0466 树冠覆盖面tree canopy2.0467 草坪lawn2.0468 整形草坪formal lawn2.0469 开花草坪flowering lawn2.0470 牧场草坪meadowy land2.0471 花坛flower bed2.0472 路边花坛roadside flower bed2.0473 带状花坛ribbon flower bed2.0474 时钟花坛flower clock2.0475 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed2.0476 高设花台raised flower bed2.0477 毛毡花坛carpet bed2.0478 镶嵌花坛mosaic bed2.0479 铺石花坛paved bed2.0480 灌木花坛shrub bed2.0481 图案花坛群parterre2.0482 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed2.0483 花结花坛knot bed2.0484 整形花坛formal flower bed2.0485 花境flower border2.0486 花桶flower tub2.0487 植树箱planting box2.0488 活动花坛movable flower bed2.0489 瓶饰garden vase2.0490 灌木花境shrub border2.0491 混合花境mixed border2.0492 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 2.0493 漫步路trail, footway2.0494 小径alley, path2.0495 川草坪岛lawn island2.0496 安全岛traffic island, refuge island2.0497 转弯曲度turning curvature2.0498 转弯半径turning radius2.0499 踏面landing pitch2.0500 步石stepping stone2.0501 涉水踏步wading step2.0502 错铺路crazy paving path2.0503 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 2.0504 花纹路pattern path2.0505 林荫路mall2.0506 林荫大道boulevard2.0507 花园路parkway2.0508 林间小道path in woodland2.0509 种植池planting bed2.0510 树池保护格栅tree grate2.0511 树干保护套栏tree guard2.0512 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting2.0513 路面线纹score line2.0514 传统园林建筑traditional garden building2.0515 凉亭summer shelter2.0516 活树亭arbor, tent arbor2.0517 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion2.0518 茅亭thatched pavilion2.0519 竹亭bamboo pavilion2.0520茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk2.0521回廊cloister2.0522 水廊corridor on water2.0523 曲廊zigzag veranda2.0524 扒山廊sloping gallery2.0525 楼廊two-storied gallery2.0526 画舫painted pleasure boat2.0527 石舫stone boat2.0528 不击舟immovable pleasure boat2.0529 诗条石poem-engraved stone slab2.0530 月洞门moon gate2.0531 扶手栏杆handrail2.0532 坐凳栏杆seat rail2.0533 石碑stone tablet, stele2.0534 园林露天剧场open garden theater2.0535 园林露天舞池open garden dancing place2.0536 露天音乐台outdoor music stand2.0537 眺望台prospect deck2.0538 繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse2.0539 展览温室public conservatory2.0540 月池new-moon pool2.0541 园林小品small garden ornaments2.0542 磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet2.0543 园椅garden chair, garden seat2.0544 园凳garden bench2.0545 园桌garden table2.0546 园灯garden lamp2.0547 日规sundial2.0548 鸟浴bird bath2.0549 鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box2.0550 鸟笼bird cage, bird coop2.0551 悬篮hanging basket2.0552 野鸟喂食器bird feeder2.0553 额匾horizontal inscribed board2.0554 楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar 2.0555 引露天烤炉open barbecue2.0556 树棚living-tree pergola2.0557 花架pergola2.0558 花格架trellis, treillage2.0559 点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway 2.0560 园林施工garden layout, garden construction 2.0561 种植工程planting engineering2.0562 大树移植big tree transplanting2.0563 裸根移植bare root transplanting2.0564 土球移植ball transplanting2.0565 沟植trench planting2.0566 假植heeling in, temporary planting2.0567 播种草坪seeding lawn2.0568 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn2.0569 假山工程rockery engineering2.0570 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling2.0571 等分平衡法method of making the rock equational and balanced2.0572 前轻后重法method of making the front part ofrock lighter than the back part2.0573 上轻下重法method of lowering the center of gravity of rocks2.0574 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veins2.0575 石料统一法method of unifying the rock materials6 园林植物2.0576 观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub2.0577 观叶植物foliage plant2.0578 观果植物fruit-effect plant2.0579 观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches 2.0580 指示植物indicating plant2.0581 主景植物accent plant2.0582 耐湿植物damp tolerant plant2.0583 抗风植物wind-resistant plant2.0584 耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant2.0585 市花city flower2.0586 市树city tree2.0587 国花national flower2.0588 国树national tree2.0589 芳香植物fragrant plant2.0590 抗污染植物pollution resistant plant2.0591 环保植物environment protecting plant2.0592 高山植物alpine plant2.0593 岩生植物rock plant2.0594 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber2.0595 地被植物ground cover plant2.0596 阴生植物shade plant2.0597 装饰植物decorative plant2.0598 装缘植物edging plant2.0599 绿蓠植物hedge plant2.0600 草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass2.0601 花坛植物bedding plant2.0602 球根植物bulbous plant2.0603 宿根植物perennial plant, perennial2.0604 水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte2.0605 旱生植物xerophyte2.0606 沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant2.0607 室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 2.0608 切花cut flower2.0609 垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant2.0610 缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant2.0611 针叶植物needle-leaved plant2.0612 阔叶植物broad-leaved plant2.0613 斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant2.0614 松柏植物conifer2.0615 常绿植物evergreen plant2.0616 半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant2.0617 不耐寒植物tender plant2.0618 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant2.0619 耐寒植物hardy plant2.0620 耐旱植物drought enduring plant2.0621 山石材料stone material2.0622 昆山石Kunshan stone2.0623 钟乳石stalactite2.0624 灵壁石Lingbi stone2.0625 英德石Yingde stone2.0626青石Qing stone2.0627 宣石Xuan stone2.0628 房山石Fangshan stone2.0629 观赏动物ornamental animal2.0630 观赏鸟类ornamental bird2.0631 观赏兽类ornamental beast2.0632 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect7 园林机具设备2.0633 园林机械garden machine2.0634 园林工具garden instrument, garden implement2.0635 园林设备garden equipment2.0636 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider2.0637 种植容器planting container2.0638 圆木桩log peg2.0639 喷射装置jet bubbler2.0640 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator2.0641 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler2.0642 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler2.0643 自控器automatic controller2.0644 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler2.0645 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler2.0646 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler2.0647 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage2.0648 草坪加肥器lawn feeder2.0649 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler2.0650 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixerproportioner2.0651 滴水喷头emitter, dripper2.0652 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net2.0653苗木包装材料nursery stock package material2.0654 麻布袋burlap bag2.0655 铁丝篮wire basket2.0656 篮状种植器basket container2.0657 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican2.0658 播种盘seed tray2.0659 网孔盆mesh pot2.0660 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot2.0661 盆栽机potting machine2.0662 换盆机repotting machine2.0663 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container2.0664 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower2.0665 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter 2.0666 松土除草机cultivator2.0667 旋转锄rotary hoe2.0668 切叶机foliage cutter2.0669 翻地犁uncovering plough2.0670 盖土机mounted spreader2.0671 前悬装土机front mounted loader2.0672 后缀装土机rear mounted loader2.0673 旋轴剪草机spindle mower2.0674 栽植机planting machine2.0675 植物覆盖plant mulching2.0676 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader2.0677 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder2.0678 修枝剪pruning shear2.0679 播种器garden seeder2.0680 球根种植器bulb planter2.0681 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer2.0682 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer2.0683 嫁接刀grafting knife2.0684 温室设备greenhouse equipment2.0685 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system2.0686 温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller 2.0687 温室覆盖greenhouse covering2.0688 喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 2.0689 二氧化碳发生器C02 generator2.0690 温度报警钟temperature alarm2.0691 游览车park sightseeing bus2.0692 引剪草机lawn mower2.0693 动力剪草机power lawnmower2.0694 畜力剪草机horse lawnmower2.0695 手推剪草机hand lawnmower2.0696 游人调查visitors investigation2.0697 游人统计visitors statistics2.0698 游人分析garden visitors analysis2.0699 游人管理visitors management2.0700 导游图tourist map2.0701 导游解说tour description and direction2.0702 劳动管理labour management2.0703 物资管理material handling, goods handling2.0704 设备管理equipment management, facility management 2.0705 财务管理financial management2.0706 安全管理safety management2.0707 环境监测environmental monitor2.0708 植物养护管理plant maintenance and management 2.0709 园林技术管理garden technical management2.0710 质量管理quality management2.0711 园貌维修garden feature maintenance2.0712 植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning2.0713 植物病虫防治disease and insect control2.0714 园林管理规划management plan2.0715 游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions2.0716 游人规则visitors regulation2.0717 园内交通管理traffic control in park2.0718 园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance2.0719 汽车停车规则parking rules2.0720 自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules2.0721 开放时间opening time2.0722 日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management2.0723 人类生态环境human ecological environment2.0724 自然系统natural system2.0725 自然资源natural resource2.0726 自然保护conservation of nature2.0727 自然保存natural preservation2.0728 环境保护environmental protection2.0729 环境容量environment capacity2.0730 环境适宜性environment fitness2.0731 环境空气质量标准ambient air quality2.0732 共生symbiosis2.0733 互惠共生mutualism2.0734 公害public nuisance2.0735 生态绝灭ecological extinction2.0736 生态系统ecosystem2.0737 生态圈ecosphere2.0738 生态灾难ecological disaster2.0739 环境质量environmental quality2.0740 环境压力environment stress2.0741 生命维持系统life-support system2.0742 反馈系统feedback system2.0743 自养生物autotroph2.0744 异养生物heterotroph2.0745 食物链foodchain2.0746 生物圈biosphere2.0747 濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant 2.0748 主体群落major community2.0749 人工群落artificial community2.0750 绿色革命green revolution2.0751 户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource2.0752 原始环境系统wilderness environment system 2.0753 近代环境系统modern environment system 2.0754 乡村生活模式country life-pattern2.0755 烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution2.0756 雾害fog pollution2.0757 霜害frost injury2.0758 水污染water pollution2.0759 土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination2.0760 园林小气候garden microclimate2.0761 环境保护植物environmental conservation plant 2.0762 引气候调节climatic regulation2.0763 自动调节机能homeostasis2.0764 生态平衡ecological homeostasis2.0765 森林生态系统forest ecosystem2.0766 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem2.0767 滞尘植物dust holding plant。
园林专业英语词汇
园林学landscape architecture, garden architecture 园林garden and park 绿化greening, planting 城市绿化urban green, urban planting城市绿地urban green space公园绿地public park公园park 儿童公园children park动物园zoo 植物园botanical garden 墓园cemetery garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature landscape 盲人公园park for the blind 花园garden 历史名园historical garden and park 风景名胜公园famous scenic park 纪念公园memorial park 街旁绿地roadside green space 带状公园linear park 专类公园theme park 岩石园rock garden 社区公园community park生产绿地productive plantation area防护绿地green buffer, green area for environmental protection 附属绿地attached green space居住绿地green space attach e d to housing estate, residential green space 道路绿地green space attached to urban road and square 屋顶花园roof garden 立体绿化vertical planting 风景林地scenic forest land 城市绿地系统urban green space system 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿地覆盖面积green coverage 绿地覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage 绿地率greening rate, ratio of green space 绿带green belt楔形绿地green wedge城市绿地boundary line of urban green space园林史landscape history, garden history 古典园林classical garden 囿hunting park 苑imperial park 皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden寺庙园林monastery garden园林艺术garden art 相地site investigation 造景landscaping 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing 园林意境poetic imagery of garden 透景线perspective line 插花flower arrangement 季相seasonal appearance of plant 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 园林布局garden layout 园林设计garden design 公园最大游人量maximum visitors capacity in park地形设计topographical design 园路设计garden path design 种植设计planning design 孤植specimen planning 对植opposite planning, coupled planting 列植linear planting 群植group planting, mass planting 园林植物landscape plant 观赏植物ornamental plant 古树名木historical tree and famous wood species 地被植物ground cover plant 攀缘植物climbing plant, climber 温室植物greenhouse plant 花卉flowering plant 行道树avenue tree, street tree 草坪lawn 绿篱hedge 花篱flower hedge 花境flower border 人工植物群落man-made planting habitat 园林建筑garden building 园林小品small garden ornaments园廊veranda, gallery, colonnade水榭waterside pavilion舫boat house园亭garden pavilion, pavilion圆台platform月洞门moon gate花架pergola, trellis园林楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar 园林匾额bian ' e in garden园林工程garden engineering绿化工程plant engineering大树移植big tree transplanting 假植heeling in, temporary planting 基础种植foundation planting 种植成活率ratio of living tree 适地适树planting according to the environment 造型修剪topiary 园艺horticulture 假山rockwork, artificial hill 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 掇山piled stone hill, hill making 塑山man-made rockwork 园林理水water system layout in garden 驳岸revetment in garden 喷泉fountain 风景名胜区landscape and famous scenery 国家重点风景名胜区national park of China风景名胜区规划landscape and famous scenery planning 风景名胜famous scenery,famous scenic site 风景资源scenery resource 景物view, feature 景点feature spot, view spot 景区scenic zone 景观landscape, scenery 游览线touring route 环境容量environmental capacity 国家公园national park 造园术Garden Craft 造园Garden Making 园林设计Garden Design 造园艺术Garden Art 果园fruit Garden 厨园Kitchen Garden 药草园Herb Garden 绿色雕塑园Topiary Garden 迷园Maze 、Labyrinth 结纹园Knot Garden 花坛园Parterre 毛毡花坛Carpet bed 阶地露坛式园林Terrace Garden 平地几何式园林Flate Geometric Garden 英国自然风景式园林(The English Landscape School)园林学标准英语大全园林学总论园林学landscape architecture, garden ar-chitecture 造园学garden making, landscape garden-ing 环境园艺学environmental horticulture 观赏园艺学ornamental horticulture 园林艺术garden art 园林美学garden aesthetics 园林建筑学garden architecture 园林建筑garden building 园林工程garden engineering 园林植物landscape plant 观赏植物ornamental plant 盆景miniature landscape, penjing 园林garden and park 园林学史history of garden architecture 园林规划garden planning, landscaping planning 园林设计garden design 园林机具设备gardening machine 园林管理garden management 园林生态landscape ecology 绿化greening, planting 环境绿化environmental greening 绿地面积green area 绿地率ratio of green space 城市绿化覆盖率urban green coverage 工厂绿化factory greening, factory garden-ing 街道绿化street greening, street planting 车行道绿化driveway greening 分车带绿化dividing stripe greening 人行道绿化sidewalk greening 群众绿化mass planting movement 郊区绿化suburban greening 公路绿化highway greening 铁路绿化railway greening, railway planting 堤岸种植bank planting 阳台绿化balcony greening 窗台绿化window-sill greening 屋顶绿化roof greening 垂直绿化vertical greening 攀缘绿化climber greening桥头绿化bridgehead greening 花园garden专类花园specified flower garden 花园村garden village 园林城市landscape garden city 蔷薇园rose garden 松柏园conifer garden 球根园bulb garden 宿根园perennial garden 假山园rock garden, Chinese rockery 狩猎场hunting ground 街心花园street crossing center garden 小游园petty street garden 水景园water garden 铺地园paved garden 野趣园wild plants botanical garden 野生植物园wild plants garden 乡趣园rustic garden 盆景园penjing garden, miniature land-scape 动物园zoo, zoological garden 墓园cemetery garden 沼泽园bog and marsh garden 水生植物园aquatic plants garden 学校园school garden 室内花园indoor garden 芳香花园fragrant garden 盲人花园garden for the blind 公园park, public park 城市公园city park, urban park 社区公园regional park 儿童公园children park 体育公园sports park 森林公园forest park 纪念公园memorial park 烈士纪念公园martyr memorial park 综合公园comprehensive park 文化公园cultural park 文化休憩公园cultural and recreation park 中央公园central park 天然公园natural park海滨公园seaside park, seabeach park 古迹公园historic site park 河滨公园riverside park 湖滨公园lakeside park 路边公园roadside park, street park 娱乐公园amusement park 雕塑公园sculpture park 休憩公园recreation park 疗养公园sanatorium park 国家公园national park 邻里公园neighborhood park 特种公园special park 植物园botanical garden 植物公园abeled plants park 高山植物园alpine garden 热带植物园tropical plants garden 药用植物园medical plants garden, herb garden 绿地green space 公共绿地public green space 单位绿地unit green area 城市绿地urban green space 街道广场绿地street and square green area 居住区绿地residential quarter green area 防护绿地green area for environmental protection 郊区绿地suburban green space 街坊绿地residential block green belt 附属绿地attached green space 生产绿地productive plantation area 苗圃nursery 风景landscape, scenery 自然景观natural landscape人文景观human landscape, scenery of humanities 草原景观prairie landscape 山岳景观mountain landscape, alpine landscape 地理景观geographical landscape 湖泊景观lake view 郊区景观suburban landscape 地质景观geological landscape 喀斯特景观karst landscape植物景观plants landscape, flora landscape 园林史中国园林史中国古典园林classical Chinese garden 中国传统园林traditional Chinese garden 中国古代园林ancient Chinese garden 中国山水园Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑imperial palace garden皇家园林royal garden私家园林private garden江南园林garden on the Yangtze Delta西方园林史西方古典园林western classical garden 英国式园林English style garden 中英混合式园林Anglo-Chinese style garden 意大利式园林Italian style garden 西班牙式园林Spanish style garden 法兰西式园林French style garden 勒诺特尔式园林Le Notre ' s style garden 文艺复兴庄园Renaissance style villa 洛可可式园林Rococo style garden 巴洛克式园林Baroque style garden 庄园manor, villa garden 廊柱园peristyle garden, patio 绿廊xystus 迷阵maze, labyrinth 典型中西园林灵囿Ling You Hunting Garden 灵沼Ling Zhao Water Garden 灵台Ling Tai Platform Garden 阿房宫E-Pang Palace 上林苑Shang-Lin Yuan 未央宫Wei-Yang Palace 洛阳宫Luoyang Palace 华清官Hua-Qing Palace 艮岳Gen Yue Imperial Garden 圆明园Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden 颐和园Yi-He Yuan Imperial Garden,Summer Palace 承德避暑山庄Chengde Imperial Summer Resort 苏州园林Suzhou traditional garden 悬园Hanging Garden 英国皇家植物园Royal Botanical Garden, Kew garden 凡尔赛宫苑Versailles Palace Park 枫丹白露宫园Fontainebleau Palace Garden园林艺术景view, scenery, feature远景distant view 近景nearby view 障景obstructive scenery, blocking view 借景borrowed scenery, view borrowing 对景opposite scenery, view in opposite place 缩景miniature scenery, abbreviated scenery 漏景leaking through scenery 框景enframed scenery 尾景terminal feature 主景main feature 副景secondary feature 配景objective view 夹景vista line, vista 前景front view 背景background 景序order of sceneries 景点feature spot, view spot 仰视景观upward landscape 俯视景观downward landscape 季相景观seasonal phenomena 气象景观meteorological diversity scenery 视野visual field 秋色fall color, autumn color 园林空间garden space 开敞空间wide open space, wide space 封闭空间enclosure space 意境artistic conception, poetic imagery 苍古antiquity 空灵spaciousness, airiness 动观in-motion viewing 静观in-position viewing 视错觉visual illusion 园林艺术布局artistic layout of garden 对称平衡symmetrical balance 不对称平衡asymmetrical balance 左右对称bilateral symmetry 辐射对称radial symmetry 透景线perspective line 轴线axis, axial line主轴main axis 副轴auxiliary axis 暗轴hidden axis, invisible axis 树冠线skyline 园林色彩艺术art of garden colors 单色谐调monochromatic harmony 复色谐调compound chromatic harmony 对比色突出contrast colors accent 近似色谐调approximate colors harmony 暖色warm color 冷色cool color 色感color sense 城市绿地系统规划urban green space system planning 绿地系统green space system 公共绿地定额public green space quota 公共绿地指标public green space norm 绿地布局green space layout 吸引圈attractive circle 吸引距离attractive distance 有效半径effective radius 绿地资源green space resource 绿地效果green space effect 绿地规划程序planning procedure of the green space 空间规划space planning 形象规划image plan 实施规划implementary plan 必要生活空间necessary living space 余暇生活空间leisure time living space 利用频度usage frequency 树种规划planning of trees and shrubs 绿地类型type of green space 环状绿型annular green space 块状绿地green plot 点状绿地green spot 放射状绿地radiate green space 楔状绿地wedge-shaped green space 缓冲绿地buffer green space 防音绿地noiseproof green space 科学景观论scientific landscape theory 园林保留地reserve garden 公园规划park planning 园林总体规划garden master planning 总平面规划site planning 园林分区garden zoning安静休息区tranquil rest area 儿童活动区children playing space 儿童游戏场children playground, playlot 体育运动区sports activities area 野餐区picnic place 散步区pedestrian space 群众集会区mass meeting square 观赏植物区ornamental plants area 观赏温室区display greenhouse area, display conservatory area 草坪区lawn space 绿荫区shade tree section 历史古迹区historical relics area 青少年活动区youngsters activities area 诱鸟区bird sanctuary area 钓鱼区fishing center 野营区camp site 游人中心visitors center 服务中心service center探险游乐场adventure ground 文化活动区cultural activities area 道路系统approach system, road system 环形道路系统circular road system方格形道路系统latticed road system放射形道路系统radiate road system自然式道路系统informal road system规整式道路系统formal road system混合式道路系统mixed style road system园林规划图garden planning map园林规划说明书garden planning direction城市公园系统urban park system 公园分布distribution of parks 公园类型park type, park category 公园间距distance between parks 公园形式park styles 游览区excursion area, open-to-public area 非游览区no-admittance area 办公区administrative area服务区service center动休息区dynamic rest space静休息区static rest space娱乐演出区entertaining performance place 主要入口main entrance次要入口secondary entrance人流量visitors flowrate 车流量vehicle flowrate 公园道路park road 公园水陆面积比率land-water ratio 游人容纳量visitors capacity 风景资源调查landscape resource evaluation 风景学scenicology 风景规划landscape plan 风景设计landscape design 游览路线touring route 旅游资源tourism resource 旅游地理tourism geography 旅游地质tourism geology 历史名城famous historical city 文化名城famous cultural city 文化遗址ancient cultural relic 天然博物馆natural open museum 风景地貌natural geomorphology 造型地貌imaginative geomorphologic figuration 风景区scenic spot, scenic area 风景名胜famous scenery, famous scenic site 特异景观风景区specific natural scenes area 民族风俗风景区scenic spot of minority customs 高山风景区alpine scenic spot 海滨风景区seabeach scenic spot 森林风景区forest scenic spot 高山草甸风景区alpine tundra landscape spot 峡谷风景区valley scenic spot 江河风景区river landscape district 湖泊风景区lake round scenic spot 温泉风景区hot spring scenic spot 瀑布风景区waterfall scenic spot 禁伐禁猎区region forbidden to tree cutting and hunting 封山育林区region closed for afforestation 天池风景区crater lake scenic spot 自然保护区nature protection area 科学保护区protection area for scientific research 天然纪念物natural monument生物圈保护区biosphere protection area园林设计园林设计师landscape architect, garden designer 园址测量图garden site survey map 地形图topographic map, contour map 种植设计plantingdesign 地形改造设计topographical reform design 种植大样图detail planting design 造价分析cost analysis 园林形式garden style 规整式园林formal garden style 非规整园林informal garden style 几何式园林geometric garden style 自然式园林natural garden style 混合式园林mixed garden style 近代巴洛克式园林modern Baroque style 马克斯抽象园林RB Marx abstract garden 园林区划garden area division 园林分区规划garden block planning 庭院花园courtyard garden 前庭front yard, forecourt 后庭back yard, rear yard 中庭patio 厨园kitchen yard 沉［床］园sunken garden 窗园window garden 墙园wall garden 宅园home garden 台地园terrace garden 冬园winter garden 切花园cut flower garden 屋顶花园roof garden 后花园back yard garden 园林地形改造topographical reform of garden 土山earth piled hill, artificial mound 假山rockery, artificial rockwork 太湖石Taihu Lake stone, water modelled stone 黄石yellowish brown stone 人造假山石artificial stone, man-made stone 孤赏石monolith, standing stone 掇山piled stone hill, hill making 叠石stones laying板石flag stone散点石scattered stone 抱角石corner stone 屋基石foundation stone 排衙石guard stone 屏石screen stone 石岸rock bank 石阶stone steps 汀步stepping stone on water surface 附壁石stone appended to wall 石花台stone flower bed 石凳stone bench 假山石挡土墙rock retaining wall 干砌石dry stone wall 假山石楼梯rock stairway 石亭stone pavilion 石洞stone cavern 石窟grotto 置石stone arrangement, stone layout 拱石arch stone 拱顶石key stone 园林水景water scenes of garden 水体water body 水面water surface 水池pool 水塘pond 喷泉fountain 喷水池fountain pool 涉水池wading pool 倒影池mirror pool, reflecting pool 睡莲池water-lily pool 喷水管布置piping schema 钓鱼塘fishing pond 高水位池塘high water table pond 池边坐人矮墙seat wall surrounded pool 隐头喷泉secret fountain 岛园island garden 半岛园peninsula garden 小岛isle 瀑布waterfall 小瀑布cascade 湖lake矶rock projecting over water 水帘洞water curtain cave 园桥garden bridge 拱桥arch bridge 石板桥stone slab bridge 木板桥plank bridge 圆木桥log bridge 亭桥pavilion bridge 曲桥zigzag bridge 壁泉wall fountain 饮水喷头drinking fountain 植物配植plant arrangement 树木配植arrangement of trees and shrubs 群植group planting, mass planting 孤植specimen planting, isolated planting 丛植clump planting 组植group planting 林植forest planting 列植linear planting 对植opposite planting, coupled planting 环植circular planting 带植belt planting 散植scattered planting, loose planting 边缘种植edge planting 边界种植boundary planting 整形种植architectural planting 基础种植foundation planting 角隅种植corner planting 景框种植planting as enframent 门卫种植guard planting 篱恒种植fence planting 障景种植screen planting 背景种植background planting 林下种植underwood planting 路边种植roadside planting 绿篱hedge 树墙espalier 庭荫树shade tree 园景树specimen tree 风景林amenity forest, ornamental forest 行道树avenue tree, street tree 纪念林memorial forest 整型树topiary tree 花篱flower hedge ' 刺篱thorny plants hedge 常绿绿篱evergreen hedge 落叶绿篱deciduous hedge 高篱high hedge 沟中边篱hah-hah fence 图案矮篱pattern dwarf hedge 迷宫绿篱labyrinth hedge 整剪绿篱clipped hedge 自然式花篱natural flowering hedge 边篱boundary fence 园篱garden fence, garden hedge 纯林pure forest 混交林mixed forest 林间隙地open space in woodland 杂木林spinney 树冠覆盖面tree canopy 草坪lawn 整形草坪formal lawn 开花草坪flowering lawn 牧场草坪meadowy land 花坛flower bed 路边花坛roadside flower bed 带状花坛ribbon flower bed 时钟花坛flower clock 盆栽花坛potted flower bed, basined flower bed 高设花台raised flower bed 毛毡花坛carpet bed 镶嵌花坛mosaic bed 铺石花坛paved bed 灌木花坛shrub bed 图案花坛群parterre 草药花坛herbaceous flower bed 花结花坛knot bed 整形花坛formal flower bed 花境flower border 花桶flower tub 植树箱planting box 活动花坛movable flower bed 瓶饰garden vase 灌木花境shrub border混合花境mixed border 园林道路设计garden road design, garden path design 漫步路trail, footway 小径alley, path 川草坪岛lawn island 安全岛traffic island, refuge island 转弯曲度turning curvature 转弯半径turning radius 踏面landing pitch 步石stepping stone 涉水踏步wading step 错铺路crazy paving path 随意组合方石板路flag stone path paved at random 花纹路pattern path 林荫路mall 林荫大道boulevard 花园路parkway 林间小道path in woodland 种植池planting bed 树池保护格栅tree grate 树干保护套栏tree guard 树池坐凳矮墙seatwall-surrounded planting 路面线纹score line 传统园林建筑traditional garden building 凉亭summer shelter 活树亭arbor, tent arbor 蘑菇亭mushroom pavilion 茅亭thatched pavilion 竹亭bamboo pavilion 茶亭tea booth, tea kiosk 回廊cloister 水廊corridor on water 曲廊zigzag veranda 扒山廊sloping gallery 楼廊two-storied gallery 画舫painted pleasure boat 石舫stone boat 不击舟immovable pleasure boat 诗条石poem-engraved stone slab 月洞门moon gate 扶手栏杆handrail 坐凳栏杆seat rail石碑stone tablet, stele 园林露天剧场open garden theater 园林露天舞池open garden dancing place 露天音乐台outdoor music stand 眺望台prospect deck 繁殖温室plant propagation greenhouse 展览温室public conservatory 月池new-moon pool 园林小品small garden ornaments 磁砖壁画painted tile mural tablet 园椅garden chair, garden seat 园凳garden bench 园桌garden table 园灯garden lamp 日规sundial 鸟浴bird bath 鸟舍bird cottage, nestle box 鸟笼bird cage, bird coop 悬篮hanging basket 野鸟喂食器bird feeder 额匾horizontal inscribed board 楹联couplet written on scroll, couplet on pillar 引露天烤炉open barbecue 树棚living-tree pergola 花架pergola 花格架trellis, treillage 点景牌楼naming pailou, decorated archway 园林施工garden layout, garden construction 种植工程planting engineering 大树移植big tree transplanting 裸根移植bare root transplanting 土球移植ball transplanting 沟植trench planting 假植heeling in, temporary planting 播种草坪seeding lawn 铺草皮块草坪sodding lawn 假山工程rockery engineering 掇山五法five methods" of rock piling 等分平衡法method of making the rock equa-tional and balanced 前轻后重法method of making the front part of rock lighter than the back part 上轻下重法method of lowering the center ofgravity of rocks 纹理统一法method of unifying the rock veinsmethod of unifying the rock mate-rials石料统一法观赏树木ornamental tree and shrub观叶植物foliage plant观果植物fruit-effect plant观枝干植物plants with ornamental trunks and branches指示植物indicating plant主景植物accent plant耐湿植物damp tolerant plant抗风植物wind-resistant plant耐盐碱植物saline-alkali tolerant plant 市花city flower市树city tree国花national flower国树national tree芳香植物fragrant plant抗污染植物pollution resistant plant环保植物environment protecting plant高山植物alpine plant岩生植物rock plant攀缘植物climbing plant, climber地被植物ground cover plant阴生植物shade plant装饰植物decorative plant装缘植物edging plant绿蓠植物hedge plant草坪植物lawn plant, lawn grass花坛植物bedding plant球根植物bulbous plant宿根植物perennial plant, perennial水生植物aquatic plant, hydrophyte旱生植物xerophyte沼泽植物bog plant, swamp plant室内装饰植物indoor decorative plant, house plant 切花cut flower垂枝植物pendulous plant, weeping plant缠绕植物twiner, twinning plant针叶植物needle-leaved plant阔叶植物broad-leaved plant斑叶植物variegate-leaved plant松柏植物conifer常绿植物evergreen plant半常绿植物semi-evergreen plant 不耐寒植物tender plant 半耐寒植物half-hardy plant 耐寒植物hardy plant 耐旱植物drought enduring plant 山石材料stone material 昆山石Kunshan stone 钟乳石stalactite 灵壁石Lingbi stone 英德石Yingde stone 青石Qing stone 宣石Xuan stone 房山石Fangshan stone 观赏动物ornamental animal 观赏鸟类ornamental bird 观赏兽类ornamental beast 观赏昆虫类ornamental insect 园林机具设备园林机械garden machine园林工具garden instrument, garden implement 园林设备garden equipment 花坛分界隔板plastic bed divider 种植容器planting container 圆木桩log peg 喷射装置jet bubbler 滴灌trickle irrigator, drip irrigator 环动喷灌器circle sprinkler 圆筒喷灌器rotor sprinkler 自控器automatic controller 管端喷灌器hose end sprinkler 固定喷灌器stationary sprinkler 喷雾喷灌器mist sprinkler, spray head sprinkler 喷灌覆盖面sprinkler coverage 草坪加肥器lawn feeder 施肥喷灌器combined feeder and sprinkler 液肥混合调配器liquid fertilizer mixer-proportioner 滴水喷头emitter, dripper 水土保持塑料网erosion control plastic net 苗木包装材料nursery stock package material 麻布袋burlap bag铁丝篮wire basket 篮状种植器basket container 塑料苗木桶plastic nurserican 播种盘seed tray 网孔盆mesh pot 含肥泥炭盆fertile peat pot 盆栽机potting machine 换盆机repotting machine 再生纸种植器reclaimed paper container 纤维育苗器wood fiber plant grower 泥炭压制播种饼peat seeding pellet, peat seeding starter 松土除草机cultivator 旋转锄rotary hoe 切叶机foliage cutter 翻地犁uncovering plough 盖土机mounted spreader 前悬装土机front mounted loader 后缀装土机rear mounted loader 旋轴剪草机spindle mower 栽植机planting machine 植物覆盖plant mulching 覆盖物分散机mulch spreader 种子液肥喷洒机hydro seeder 修枝剪pruning shear 播种器garden seeder 球根种植器bulb planter 土壤酸度探测器pH-value computer 巴效分析器fertilizer analyzer 嫁接刀grafting knife 温室设备greenhouse equipment 盆栽灌水系统pot watering system 温室气候控制器greenhouse climate controller 温室覆盖greenhouse covering 喷雾自控系统automatic mist control system 二氧化碳发生器C generator 温度报警钟temperature alarm 游览车park sightseeing bus 引剪草机lawn mower 动力剪草机power lawnmower 畜力剪草机horse lawnmower 手推剪草机hand lawnmower游人调查visitors investigation 游人统计visitors statistics游人分析garden visitors analysis游人管理visitors management导游图tourist map导游解说tour descri ption and direction劳动管理labour management物资管理material handling, goods handling设备管理equipment management, facility management财务管理financial management安全管理safety management环境监测environmental monitor植物养护管理plant maintenance and management 园林技术管理garden technical management 质量管理quality management 园貌维修garden feature maintenance植物整形修剪plant trimming and pruning植物病虫防治disease and insect control园林管理规划management plan游人意见处理treatment of visitors opinions游人规则visitors regulation园内交通管理traffic control in park园外交通管理traffic control out of park entrance汽车停车规则parking rules自行车停放规则bicycle parking rules开放时间opening time 日常清洁卫生管理daily sanitation and hygiene management人类生态环境human ecological environment自然系统natural system自然资源natural resource 自然保护conservation of nature 自然保存natural preservation 环境保护environmental protection 环境容量environment capacity 环境适宜性environment fitness环境空气质量标准ambient air quality 共生symbiosis互惠共生mutualism公害public nuisance 生态绝灭ecological extinction 生态系统ecosystem 生态圈ecosphere 生态灾难ecological disaster 环境质量environmental quality 环境压力environment stress 生命维持系统life-support system 反馈系统feedback system 自养生物autotroph 异养生物heterotroph 食物链foodchain 生物圈biosphere 濒危植物endangered plant, threatened plant 主体群落major community 人工群落artificial community 绿色革命green revolution 户外娱乐资源outdoor recreation resource 原始环境系统wilderness environment system 近代环境系统modern environment system 乡村生活模式country life-pattern 烟害smoke pollution, fume pollution 雾害fog pollution 霜害frost injury 水污染water pollution 土壤污染soil pollution, soil contamination 园林小气候garden microclimate 环境保护植物environmental conservation plant 引气候调节climatic regulation 自动调节机能homeostasis 生态平衡ecological homeostasis 森林生态系统forest ecosystem 草原生态系统prairie ecosystem 滞尘植物dust holding plant。
城市化进程中的城市绿化与景观设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)
城市化进程中的城市绿化与景观设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）With the continuous acceleration of the urbanization process, the impact of urbanization on the urban ecological environment is becoming more and more obvious. Urban greening and landscape design have become a vital part of urban ecological environment construction. This article will discuss urban greening and landscape design in the process of urbanization and make relevant recommendations.1. The meaning and function of urban greeningUrban greening refers to the construction and management of green land, vegetation, flower beds, green belts and other green landscapes in the city. Urban greening has the following meanings and functions:1. Regulating the urban climateUrban greening can absorb solar radiation, reduce the temperature of the city, improve the thermal environment of the city, and alleviate the "heat island effect" of the city.2. Purify city airUrban greening can absorb harmful substances in urban air, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, etc., purify urban air, and improve urban air quality.3. Protect the urban ecological environmentUrban greening can protect the ecological environment of the city and increase the stability and biodiversity of the urban ecosystem.4. Improve the quality of the cityUrban greening can beautify the urban environment, improve the quality and image of the city, and provide residents with good visual enjoyment.2. Development status and problems of urban greeningIn recent years, urban greening construction has made some achievements, but there are still some problems.1. The proportion of green space is lowThe proportion of urban green space in my country is relatively low, especially in large cities. Some cities even have the problem of "lack of green space", which affects the ecological environment of the city and the quality of life of residents.2. The quality of green space is not highThere are problems such as low quality and untimely maintenance in the construction of urban green space, which affects the effect and quality of urban greening.3. Uneven distribution of green spaceThe distribution of urban green space is uneven. Some areas have less green space, while some areas have the problem of "green space waste".4. Imperfect greening planningThere are imperfect and unscientific problems in urban greening planning, which leads to the lack of integrity and systematization in the construction and management of green spaces.3. Suggestions for the development of urban greeningIn order to promote urban greening construction and improve the quality of urban ecological environment, the following are some suggestions:1. Increase the proportion of green spaceIncrease investment in urban green space construction, increase the proportion of urban green space, especially in the construction of large cities and urban new districts, we should pay more attention to green space construction, and avoid the phenomenon of "green space deficiency".2. Strengthen the construction and management of green spaceStrengthen the supervision of green space construction and management, improve the quality and maintenance level of green space, and make urban green space more beautiful, environmentally friendly and comfortable.3. Optimize the distribution of green spaceIn urban planning, the distribution balance of green space should be considered, the distribution of green space should be rationalized, and the phenomenon of "wasting green space" in some areas should be avoided.4. Scientifically formulate urban greening plansScientifically formulate urban greening plans, including the location, type, and quantity of greening areas, as well as the planning and construction of greening facilities, so as to make urban greening construction more holistic and systematic, and improve the quality of urban ecological environment.2. The meaning and function of landscape designLandscape design refers to the artistic creation in urban greening construction to beautify the urban environment and improve the quality of the city. Landscape design has the following meanings and functions:1. Beautify the urban environmentLandscape design can create a beautiful, comfortable and pleasant environment for the city, and improve the quality of the urban environment and the quality of life of residents.2. Enhance the cultural connotation of the cityLandscape design can show the cultural connotation of the city, enrich the cultural heritage of the city, and improve the cultural taste and value of the city.3. Promote urban economic developmentLandscape design can create a more distinctive and attractive urban image for the city, improve the city's popularity and attractiveness, and promote the development of the urban economy.4. Enhance urban competitivenessLandscape design can endow a city with a unique urban image and cultural connotation, enhance the competitiveness of the city, and improve the international influence of the city.3. Development status and problems of landscape designAt present, my country's urban landscape design has made some achievements, but there are still some problems.1. Lack of integrity and systemmy country's urban landscape design lacks integrity and systematization, and many urban landscape designs still remain in the design of a single scenic spot, lacking integrity and systematization, and it is difficult to form a landscape image with urban characteristics.2. Emphasis on surface effectsSome landscape designs focus on superficial effects, ignoring the coordination and consistency of landscape design, urban planning, and environmental protection. As a result, some landscape designs become "decorations" for the city, which is not conducive to the improvement of the city's image.3. Lack of innovation and cultural connotationPart of the landscape design lacks innovation and cultural connotation, pursues superficial gorgeous effects too much, ignores the uniqueness and characteristics of urban culture, and is difficult to meet people's pursuit and expectation of urban cultural connotation.4. Inadequate maintenance and managementSome urban landscape designs have problems in implementation and maintenance, and lack of effective management and maintenance mechanisms, resulting in damage and destruction of landscape facilities and reducing the quality of urban landscapes.To sum up, it is necessary to strengthen the integrity, system and innovation of urban landscape design, pay attention to the coordination of landscape design, urban planning, and environmental protection, improve the cultural connotation and value of landscape design, and establish an effective landscape maintenance and management mechanism , making urban landscape design truly an important part of urban construction and development.随着城市化进程的不断加快，城市化对城市生态环境的影响也越来越明显。
园林专业英语术语
园林术语园garden园丁gardener园廊veranda园林park and garden园林驳岸revetment in garden园林布局garden layout园林陈设garden furniture园林底图garden base map园林地形garden topography园林地形改造topographic treatment of garden园林雕塑garden sculpture园林工程garden engineering园林构图composition of garden园林管理landscape management园林规划park and garden planning园林化gardenization园林建设park and garden construction园林建筑garden structure园林空间garden room园林理水water treatment of garden园林绿地garden green area园林绿地布局garden green area layout园林绿化landscaping园林美学garden aesthetics园林苗圃garden nursery园林铺路garden pavement园林色彩garden color园林色彩构图garden color composition园林色彩调和garden color harmony园林色彩效果garden color effect园林色彩学garden color chromatics园林设计park and garden design园林设计师landscape architect园林树木landscape woody plant, landscape tree and shrub 园林四季色彩seasonal colors in gardening园林小气候garden microclimate园林学landscape architecture园林养护park maintenance园林艺术garden art园林艺境poetic imagery of garden园林栅栏garden fence园林植物garden plant园林植物配置planting arrangement园林植物育种landscape plant breeding园林种植设计garden planting design园林总平面图garden general layout园林总体规划garden overall plan园路pave园路工程garden pavement engineering园门garden entrance园墙garden wall园桥garden bridge园亭garden pavilion园屋garden house园艺horticulture园用筛garden sieve古代园林ancient garden, historical garden 古典建筑classic architecture古典式classic style古典党派classical school古树age-old tree古树名木old tree and famous wood现代园林modern garden花卉flowers and plants花卉布置flowers arrangement花卉干旱处理floral draught treatment花卉冷藏处理floral cold treatment花卉品种分类系统systematic floricattase花卉色谱flower color chart花卉业florist industry花卉园艺系floriculture花卉展览flower show花卉装饰flower decoration花架flower trellis, pagoda花镜flower border花? splice花篮flower basket花候flowercence, flowering season 花卉布置flower arrangement花被卷造式aestivations花部退化状态antholysis花色flower color花束bouquet花坛flower bed花坛植物bedding plant花萼scape花心eye of flower花形成Flower formation花型flower form花型同性homogeny花型异性heterogamy花序inflorescence花序轴rhachic花芽flower bud花芽分化flower bud differentiation花芽接fruit bud grafting花芽始？状态ripeness of flower花芽形成flower bud formation花样pattern花药anther花药培养anther culture花冠裂片corolla lobe花寇筒corolla tube花萼calix (pl. calices), calyx (pl. calyces) 花萼瓣化性calycantheng花萼裂片calyx-lobe花萼筒calyx tube花而不实no seed after blossom花粉pollen花粉败育pollen abortion花粉不育性pollen sexility花粉培养pollen culture花梗pedicel花冠corolla花灌木flowering shrub花喉gorqe花环floral hoop, garden花药？化anther ophylly花药异常anther omania花颖floriglume花园garden花原端floral apex花原？Flower primordium花运动flower movement花枝flower branch花柱style露地花卉outdoor flower宿根花卉perennial flowers球根花卉bulb flowers岩生花卉rock flowers水生花卉aquatic flowers草坪植物lawn plant地被植物grand cover plant温室花卉greenhouse flower亚灌木花卉sufruticosa flower木本花卉woody flowers兰科花卉orchid flower花格子架trellis花格墙lattice wall花篱flower hedge花轮flower whorl花轮减少oligotaxy花轮增多pleiotaxy花木flowering trees and shrubs花泥flower foam花盘clisc, disk花盆flower pot花棚架pergola花瓶vase花圃flower nursery花期antheris (单花); blooming date; blooming period; blossom;efflorescence; flowering period花期不遇flowering a synchronism花期隔离anthesis isolation花期控制anthesis control花器flower organ花器发育flower organ development花被perianth花被瓣perianth lobe, perianth segment蕨类植物fern, pteridophyte仙人掌植物cactus plants多桨植物fleshy plants盆花potted flower盆景bonsai, miniarcape, miniature landscape, penjing 盆栽pot culture盆栽苗potted seedling盆栽植物potted plant树桩盆景potted miniature tree, miniature potted-tree山水盆景potted miniature landscape观赏sightseeing观赏动物fancy animal观赏花卉ornamental flower观赏价值aesthetic value, ornamental value观赏树木ornamental trees and shrubs观赏树种ornamental tree’s species观赏园艺ornamental horticulture装饰植物decorative plants观赏植物ornamental plant观叶树foliage tree观叶植物foliage plant, leaf plant观赏竹类ornamental bamboos植物公园botanical park植物景观vegetative landscape植物空间vegetation space植物园botanical garden植穴plant hole, plant pit植株plant individual装饰decoration, ornament饰面板，装饰板decorative board, decorative panel装饰材料decorative material装饰漆decorative coating装饰图案ornamental design装饰艺术decorative paper装饰纸decorative paper饰面facing室内花园indoor garden, house garden室内花卉indoor flower室内气候indoor weather室内植物indoor plant, house plant室内装饰interior decoration室内装饰板interior finish board室内嫁接indoor grafting室外嫁接field grafting室温room temperature暗明暗图案olo-pattern暗明图案ol-pattern沉园sunken garden沉堰ground-weis沉积景观sedimentary landscape沉床花坛sunken flower bed背景栽植background planting背景适应background adaptation本底谱background spectrum避署胜地summer resort边界栽植boundary planting裱mount补植rein forerment planting补植树enriched tree, gap-cover不规则式informal style, irregular style 不规则式园林irregular garden草被rod cover草皮turf草皮犁turfing plow草皮地水道grass waterway草皮栽植turf planting草坪lawn草坪更新lawn renovation草坪洒水器lawn sprinkler草坪修剪机lawn pruning machine草坪栽培turf-culture草坪植物lawn plant草图rough draft, sketch城市大气urban atmosphere城市分区city zoning城市风urban wind城市风景civic landscape城市公园urban park城市规划city planning城市规划区city planning area城市花园city garden城市化urbanization城市环境urban environment城市建设urban construction城市空地urban open space城市林业city forestry, urban forestry城市绿地定额urban green norm城市绿地定额指标urban green norm indication城市绿地系统urban green system城市绿地系统规划urban green system planning城市绿化urban afforesting and green城市绿化覆盖率percentage of greenery coverage城市热岛效应urban heat-island effect城市森林urban forestry城市生态学urban ecology城市园林布局city garden distribution城市园林绿地规划planning of open space城市园林绿地系统system of open space池pond, pool池塘园pool garden重瓣polyphyll重瓣花double flower, multiplication flower 重瓣品种double variety重被花dichlamydeous flower重新配置reallocation, reallotment初花期initial-flowering period窗洞（口）window opening窗格状fenertriform, windowlike窗台windowsill窗扇casement窗框，窗樘frame, sash窗？slille垂直绿化vertical greening垂直投影vertical projection导游圈tourist map树池tree basal pond树丝grove树冠投影图crown mapping树冠投影crown projection树形sharp of tree, tree form树冠形crown form树木修补tree surgery树木养护tree maintenance树木移植tree transplant树木园arboretum树木造型topiary树木造型艺术topiary art树木支柱tree-prop树相树姿tree feature树种选择choice of tree species树桩盆景potted miniature tree, miniature potted-tree 专类花园specified flower garden专用绿地exclusive green space原产地provenance, seed source风障windscreen, windbreak冷床cold frame冷床播种seeding in cold frame冷床催芽cold frame forced germination冷床育苗seeding in cold frame温床frame, hotbed温床播种frame seeding温床催根forced rooting in frame温床育苗growing seedling in hotbed插花flower arrangement花相floral aspect(form)列植line-planting荫棚花卉shed flower食用花卉food flower, edible flower香料花卉drug flower, medical flower药用花卉fragrance flower, perfume flower热带花卉tropical flower温带花卉temperate flower寒带花卉arctic flower, frigid flower, boreal flower 高山花卉alpine flower促成栽培forcing culture促成温室forcing house抑制栽培inhibitory culture无土栽培soilless culture观赏价值aesthetic value, ornamental value观赏树木ornamental trees and shrubs观赏树种ornamental tree species观赏温室ornamental greenhouse观赏园艺ornamental horticulture观赏植物ornamental plant观赏植物采后处理postharvest processing of ornamental plants 观赏竹类ornamental bamboo观叶树foliage tree观叶植物foliage plant, leaf plant？花卉花卉bedding flower盆栽花卉potted flower花卉种质flower germ plasm种植密度planting density种植配置planting composition种植设计planting design切花cut flower切花保鲜keeping freshness of cutting flower切花保鲜剂floral preservation切花贮藏cut flower storage切接cut grafting切枝杂交cutting cross食虫植物insectivorous plant观赏动物fancy animal观赏花卉ornamental flower轴测axial measurement透视perspective透视图perspective drawing透视轴perspective axis投影projection投影图projection drawing投影面积projection area阴影shadow阴影法shadow method阴影线hachure line, hachures平面图plan立面图elevation平面plane剖面profile, section剖面图section, sectional drawing剖视图cutaway view, sectional view立体花坛three-dimensional flower bed对植，对称种植oppositi-planting, symmetrical planting三角形种植triangle-planting孤植，独植，单植isolated planting丛植，丛栽bunch planting聚植，集植，组植crowd planting群植，群状栽植block planting, group planting树群tree group林植patch planting散点植scattered planting修剪cutting back, pruning整形dressing, shaping整形修剪pruning, shearing体憩区recreation area整地ground preparation, site preparation, soil preparation 总体布置general arrangement总体规划general plan, master plant总体（规划）设计overall design总投资gross investment总图general drawing总控制点total inhibition point(T.I.P)纵断面longitudinal profile, longitudinal section纵断面测量profile survey纵断面设计profile design纵断面图，纵剖面图profile纵视图longitudinal view通廊altey园林建筑，庭园建筑garden architecture庭园绿化grounds greening庭园绿化树种grounds greening species庭园(house)garden, flower garden别墅villa文化公园cultural park文化景观cultural landscape体育公园sports park纪念公园memorial park纪念林memorial forest儿童公园children park儿童游戏场children’s playground游乐场（园）amusement ground, pleasure ground游憩地点recreation site游憩地区recreation area游憩设施recreation facility游园take part in a garden party, gala party 游人sight-seer游客traveler, sight-seer游览tour, go sight-seeing游记account of o ne’s travels游船pleasure-boat, yacht油画oil painting户外游憩outdoor recreation户外游憩资源outdoor recreation resource户外游戏场amusement park户外空间outdoor space国家公园national park森林公园forest park造园设计landscape design天然公园landscape park景观单元landscape unit田园城市，花园城市garden city园林郊区garden suburb节奏rhythm街道绿地street green area街道绿化street planting街坊花园neighborhood garden制图charting, map-making, drafting制表tabulating景观保护区landscape reservation景观变化aspect ion, scenery variation景观分析landscape analysis景观价值amenity value景观开发landscape development景观控制点landscape control point景观型landscape type景色landscape, scene, view景深depth of field景深方向depth direction构思work out the composition of a picture 构图composition(of a picture)台terrace台地园terrace garden台榭terraced building楼阁loft假门blank door假山artificial hill, decorative hill 叠石overlapped rocks玲珑剔透small and exquisite水景剧场water theatre视景线vista视景园vista garden丘园Kew garden花园广场garden square中央公园central park左右对称bilateral symmetry辐射对称radical symmetry风景landscape, scenery风景保护林scenic beauty protection forest 风景保护区landscape reservation风景步道scenic trails风景管理带landscape-management zone 风景规划landscape planning风景控制点landscape control point风景林amenity forest风景名胜区规划planning of scenic resort风景评价appreciation of scenery风景区scenic area风景设计landscape design风景型landscape type避暑胜地summer resort便门access door便道pilot track, pioneer road滨河园riverside garden涂白whitewash涂抹painting涂伤剂wound paint土方工程earth work底漆primer, priming paint面漆top coatCommon Prefixes of Forestry Termsa- 非，无，异常；allo-异；auto-自动，自行;bi-二;bio-生物;centi-一百;co-协同；con-同，相同，共；di- 二的，二倍;dis- 相反，分离;extra-额外的；hydr-, hydro-水，氢的；in-在内，进入，非;inter-……间的；intra-在……内的；kilo-千;meta-变异的，异质的；macro-大的；mega(lo)-大，强，兆，百万; micro-小的，微；mono-单一的；multi-多的；neo-新的；over- 在上面，超过，额外; para-同，并；pent(a)-五个;phyto-植物的；poly-多的；pre-前；proto-先，原，初；quadr-四个;quasi-准；re-再，返，回，重，共；self-自行；sub-亚，半，下，近；semi-半；stereo-立体super-超，超级，上;syn-, sym-一道，共同，同时；tetra-四个；tri-三;ultra-超级，外；uni-单一Basic Words of Forestry Terms乡土native本底（背景）background界面boundary种质germplasm分布distribution系数、指数factor，index（indices）参数parameter，parametric平均mean最大maximum最小minimum最佳optimal最优optimum期望expected, expectation 人为man-made人工artificial模拟analog区域area复合complex，combined，integrated 等效、等价equivalent，equivalence 侵蚀erosion估计estimated粗放extensive集约intensive大田、野外field固定fixed一般的，广义generalized，general阔叶hardwood，broadleaf识别，判读，指示identification信息information干扰interference反馈feedback中间intermediate中等medium山间intermont, intermontance内在的，内禀intrinsic内部internal外部external，exterior外推extrapolation;调查inventory，investigation，survey 不规则irregular异常illegitimate专一，专化，特定specific线性linear随机random，stochastic范围range率rate比率ratio系数coefficient类型type，form密度density成熟maturity采伐cutting度degree退化degradation种species流失loss增长increment层layer厚度thickness景观landscape平衡balance速生rapidly growing回归regression区域region相对relative 可靠reliability样本sample样地plot样点point地形relief残存、残遗relict残余、残存、剩余residual断面刨面sectional主要primary次要、次生secondary立地site林分stand空间spatial连续、继承、演替succession对称symmetry同生synchronous合成synthesized系统的systematic目标、靶target过渡transitional局部localized，partial混交mixed模型model，pattern，type，form正常、正交、正态、标本、正规normal(ized)顶极climax原始original拟合best fit定期、周期periodic永久、持续、固定、稳定permanent 主principal，major，main优先priority潜在、位势、可能potential每木per-tree单位per unit定性qualitative定量quantitative预测predict原始primitive耐性tolerance生物量biomass生长growth群落community梯度gradient纯（收入）net标准standard收入income面积area支出output长度length体积volume宽度width生产力capacity次生secondary价值、评价value评价、估价assessment 演替、序列succession库pool关联的associated相关作用correlation表table循环、周期cycle曲线curve循环circulate，circulation覆盖率coverage纯pure有效的available边缘、边际edge，margin效益、效能effect模拟simulation预测、预报prediction模型、建模、标准model，modeling 模式mode林业科学通用词汇management经营、管理、经理ratio比率index指数index(指标)factor因子constant常数type、form类型density密度degradation退化site立地loss流失stand林分layer 层sample样本(sampling) 抽样maturity 成熟rotation周期thickness厚度landscape 景观inventory 测量、调查、清查balance 平衡cutting 采伐increment 增长、增量primitive，origin 原始range 范围、地域resistance 抗性tolerance 耐性net网period 期classification ，separates，divide 分类、分离background本底The Plant Body: An OverviewThere are more than 275,000 species of plants, and no one species can be used as a "typical example" of their body plans. Plants live in fresh water, in seawater, on land, even high above a forest floor (attached to other plants), and their features are correspondingly diverse. In size alone, plants range from microscopic algae to giant redwoods. Which plants, then, should be our focus? Botanists divide the plant kingdom into two broad categories:Vascular plants: with well-developed conducting tissues through which water andsolutes are transported to different body regions.Nonvascular plants: no internal transport systems (very simple ones).Because fewer than 30,000 species (the red, brown, and green algae and the bryophytes) are nonvascular, it is clear that the vascular pattern is more typical. The most familiar vascular plants are the seed-producing plants, so called spermatophyte and generally divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms:Gymnosperms: chiefly conifers, such as pines, spruces, firs, hemlocks, larches, cypress, junipers, maidenhair trees, and redwoods.Angiosperms: flowering plant s, such as poplars, willows,birches, walnuts, elms,mulberries, oaks, roses, apple trees, cherry trees, lilacs, lilies, tulips,orchids, and bamboos.The overwhelming majority of vascular plants (235,000 species) are flowering, and they will be our focus here. All vascular plants have primary tissues originating at roots and shoot tips, and as these tissues grow and develop, the roots, stems, and leaves increase in length. Collectively, these tissues are called primary growth. Many species also show secondary growth, which results in increases in diameter(girth,周长,围长) at older root and stem regions. For example,secondary growth adds to the woody parts of a maple tree; primary growth gives rise to its new shoots each spring.There are two classes of flowering plants, referred to informally as monocots and dicots. They both have a shoot system, consisting of stems and leaves, and a root system. Both produce flowers, which serve as the reproductive system. However, one of the main differences between the two classes is that monocot seeds have one cotyledon, and dicot seeds have two. Other differences between monocots and dicots are shown as follows:Monocots Dicotsone cotyledon in seed two cotyledons in seedfloral parts usually occur in threes floral parts usually occur in fivesleaf veins usually are parallel leaf veins usually are netlikemost monocots show little or many dicots show secondary growthno secondary growthpollen grains basically have one pore pollen grains basically have three pore or furrows or furrowsAn Overview of Common Plants种子植物Spermatophyte 裸子植物Gymnosperms 被子植物Angiosperms 双子叶植物Dicotyledons 单子叶植物monocotyledons松属pine 冷杉属fir云杉属spruce 落叶松属larch铁杉属hemlock 银杏maidenhair tree, Ginkgo 雪松cedar金松golden larch 杉木Chinese fir 北美红杉sequoia, R edwood巨杉Giant sequoia, giant redwood, Big-Tree 水杉metasequoia, fossil tree红豆杉yew 三尖杉属plum-yew 榧树属torreya扁柏属cedar 刺柏属juniper 柏木属cypress侧柏属Chinese thuja, Oriental Arbor-Vitae 圆柏属juniper柳属willow, osier, salon-tree 杨属poplar, cotton wood, aspen山毛榉，水青冈beech 锥栗属，栗属chestnut 栎属oak桤木，赤杨alder 桦木属birch 鹅耳枥属hornbeam铁木属hop-hornbeam 榛属hazel (tree) 榆属elm朴树属hack-berry, nettle-tree 桑属mulberry 构树paper-mulberry榕树属fig-tree 无花果fig 胡桃属walnut山核桃hickory 枫杨wing-nut 榛属nut-tree芍药属peony（牡丹tree peony）小檗属berbery 木兰属magnolia鹅掌楸tulip-tree 悬铃木plane（tree）漆树属sumac (h )槭树属maple 蔷薇属rose 树莓（悬钩子）属，dewberry 苹果apple tree 李子plum 梨pear樱桃cherry 杏apricot 桃peach山楂haw, hawthorn 梅plum 花楸属sorb, service-tree, scorb 绣线菊属meadow sweet 金合欢wattle刺槐locust 皂荚属honey-locust 胡枝子属bush-clover臭椿tree of heaven 楝树China-tree 卫矛属spindle tree南蛇藤staff-tree 冬青属holly 黄杨属box黄栌smoke-tree 茉莉属jasmine 桉树gum椴树属basswood, lime, linden 七叶树属horse chestnut 柿树属persimmon, ebony鼠李属buckthorn 枣树common jujube 葡萄grape柽柳属tamarisk 茶树tea 石榴pomegranate珙桐dove-tree 梾木dogwood 常春藤ivy杜鹃花属azalea 丁香属lilac, clove 白蜡属ash连翘golden-bell 桂花fragrant flower 楸树catalpa, bean-tree柚pomelo, pum [m]elo 柠檬树，橙lemon tree 柑桔（橘）orange忍冬属honeysuckle 枸杞boxthorn 竹类bamboo亚麻flax 草莓strawberry 郁金香tulip百合lily 兰orchid 人参ginseng。
市政工程专业英语文章
Coagulation and FlocculationProduction of potable water from a water supply contaminated by naturally introduced or man-made pollutants involves a series of unit processes , An important process is that of coagulation and flocculation, which is discussed in this chapter. Several broad aspects have been considered , such as history, the nature and physical chemistry of particles, the theories of coagulants currently available. Of course, the discussion could have been written in greater detail, but this would be impractical, since this chapter would necessarily expand into many volumes. For those desiring further elaboration, an extensive bibliography has been appended.IntroductionAncient literature and archaeological evidence record man’s relentless search for “pure” water. In the earliest days of man’s existence, water was taken as found. It might be pure and abundant, plentiful but muddy, scarce but good, or both scarce and bad’ To get more or better water, ancient man either found other sources 0r, because of necessity, devised methods to improve the quality of the available water. Man’s earliest standards of quality were few: freedom from gross turbidity, taste, and odor. While his criteria of purity have become more complex and certainly more quantitative, the principles, methods, and materials for purifying water have remained remarkably similar from the earliest recorded date of about 2000 B.C. down to the present time. But except fo r the developments of the last few decades, the history of “treatment” of water is largely a record of empiricism and a description of an art rather than of a science.When, after many centuries, watertight household vessels became available, man observed that water could be more or less clarified by storage in containers or by filtration through porous receptacles or sand layers, leaving the objectionable sediment behind. After a lapse of many more centuries, he discovered that sedimentation could be aided by adding a precipitant or coagulant. This recognition that coagulation aided both sedimentation and filtration and the use of a great variety of organic and inorganic materials mark the beginning of the treatment of water. Moreover, for the first time, man was not constrained to accept the quality of water that nature provided but rather was able to modify it to meet his demands for increasingly higher standards of water quality.History of CoagulationSanskrit medical lore and Egyptian inscription afford the earliest re-corded knowledge of water treatment, dating back perhaps to 2000 B.C. In addition to heating or boiling and filtration other methods of purifying water included the use of a variety of mineral and vegetable substance principally the seed of Strychnos pototorum.With time other substances were found to be effective coagulants. The list includes an amazing variety of materials among which were certain nuts (e. g. , almonds) , beans , macerated laurel, pounded barley, and many others.Alum, the coagulant most widely used today , also has an ancient background and was known to the early Egyptians of 2000 B.C. Its use, however, as a coagulant for water conditioning was first mentioned by Pliny (ca. 77 A.D.), who described the use of both lime (chalk of Rhodes) and alum (argilla of Italy) as useful for rendering bitter water potable. It is interesting to note that alum was in important item of trade in the world of the ancient Egyptians, well before its usefulness for water treatment was known. By the fifteenth century , the preparation of purified alum had reached manufacturing dimensions. In 1461 Pope Pius Ⅱattempted to create a monopoly on the production of alum, and within 2 or 3 years the papal manufacture of alum required the services of no fewer than 8,000 workmen.During the Dark Ages, the art of water treatment, as with much other technology, seems not to have advanced but was revived during the 1600s by Sir Francis Bacon and others. By 1767, the common people of England were successfully treating muddy water by adding 2 to 8 grains of alum to a quart and allowing it to flocculate, after which the supernatant was filtered. While coagulation as an aid to sedimentation and filtration of individual household and small industrial water supplies had been practiced from ancient times, its use in large industrial plants seems to have begun in the early part of the nineteenth century. The earliest use of coagulation for the treatment of municipal water supplies occurred at Bolton, England, in 1881. Alum at the rate of 1-1/2 grains per imperial gallon was added at the intake. Form 1885onward, coagulation was widely used to precede rapid-sand filtration. Thus, coagulation and filtration, each used in a small way through the ages, were finally wedded.Coagulation for the improvement of public water supplies might have been utilized earlier had it not been for the influence of ill-informed or prejudiced people whose word was respected, notably Arago of France in 1837 and the Massachusetts Board of Health in the 1880s, as well as medical men who frantically protested against both coagulation and rapid filtration during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The investigations on the use of alum for water treatment reported by D ’Arce tin 1838 and by Jeunet in 1865 were influential in dispelling doubts about the effectiveness of coagulation.In 1884 the first patent on coagulation was granted to Isaiah Smith Hyatt, who, following a suggestion of Col. L.H. Gardner, Superintendent of the New Orleans Water Company, described the use of perchloride of iron as a coagulant with his system of rapid-sand filtration in the treatment of a turbid water. When a year later the Sommerville & Raritan Water Company of New jersey adopted Hyatt’s coagulation-filtration system, the use of coagulation as an adjunct of rapid filtration had its inception as a full-scale method of treatment.In 1885, Austin and Willber of Rutgers University published the results of the first scientifically conducted American investigation of alum as a coagulant. After testing a large number of salts, the authors concluded that none offered the advantages of alum. In the years 1895 to 1897 at Louisville, Kentucky, George Warren Fuller and his associates conducted a series of important experiments on turbid Ohio River water in which a series of coagulants were tried: alum or basic sulfate of alumina, potash alum, and lime. Of these, alum was found most suitable. These experiments established coagulation as an adjunct to rapid-sand filtration. Its use rapidly became more Common, so that by the turn of the century coagulation combined with rapid-sand filtration was in full swing in this country.Notwithstanding the use of perchloride of iron by Isaiah Hyatt in his first use of coagulation, it was aluminum sulfate that dominated the field of coagulants in the early days. Nevertheless, iron, either as metal or as part of a salt, was widely employed as a coagulant at several water-treatment plants in the latter part of the nineteenth century. William B. Bull in 1898 first introduced the use of a combination of ferrous sulfate and lime, preparing his ferrous sulfate by burning sulfur and reacting the sulfurous acid with iron scrap in a procedure devised by William Jewell. In 1912, E. V. Bull reported the first use of chlorinated copperas (ferrous sulfate reacted with chlorine) and, though this material was not tried again until 1928 , it was then found useful by Hedgepeth and Olsen in the coagulation of a highly colored water. This latter application served to focus attention on iron salts, several of which are in use today. While such iron salts as ferric chloride, chlorinated copperas, and ferric sulfate are used, the sulfate of alumina (alum) still is the most widely used coagulant.Other metals capable of producing a hydrous oxide floc have been suggested as coagulants. Both sodium zincate and titanium salts have been studied but have proved to possess no advantage over alum and have remained laboratory curiosities with no practical use in water treatment.Need for CoagulationWith relatively few exceptions, surface waters require some kind of treatment before distribution to the consumer. Contaminants resulting from land erosion, dissolution of minerals, and the decay of organic vegetation have always been present in widely varying proportions in streams and have required removal to make the water potable. The need for such treatment is ever increasing because of the additional pollution contributed by an expanding industrial complex and a burgeoning human population.Natural waters, polluted either by man or by nature, are likely to contain dissolved inorganic and organic substances, biological forms such as bacteria and plankton and suspended inorganic material. To remove these substances, the usual unit processes include plain sedimentation, removal by coagulation generally followed by filtration and chemical precipitation used generally to remove dissolved minerals like hardness components and iron and manganese. Other processes such as adsorption, aeration, ion exchange, oxidation, and distillation are also important for the removal of dissolved substances. Coagulation, generally followed by filtration, is by far the most widely used process to remove the substances producing turbidity in water. These substances normally producing turbidity consist largely of clay minerals and microscopic organisms and occur in widely Varying Sizes, ranging from those large enough to settle readily to those small enough to remain suspended for very long times.Coarser components, such as sand and silt, can be removed from water by simple sedimentation. Finer particles, however, will not settle in any reasonable time and must be flocculated to produce the larger particles that are settleable. The long-term ability to remain suspended in water is bas1cally a function of both size and specific gravity. The importance of size is illustrated in Table 3-1, which shows the relative settling times of spheres of different sizes. It can be seen that the settling rates of the colloidal and finely divided (approximately 0.001 to 1 micron) suspended matter are so slow that removing them from water by plain sedimentation in tanks having ordinary dimensions is impossible. The enormous increase of surface area for a given weight of solids as the particles become smaller and more numerous is an important property of colloids which is discussed later.Substances producing color, as distinct from turbidity, consist either of colloidal metallic hydroxides, iron for example, or of organic compounds having a much smaller particle size. These substances, too, can be removed by coagulation, which servesto agglomerate the very small particles into sizes which are settleable or can be removed by filters.The process of coagulation many also find use, although not always, in the softening of hard water with lime or lime and soda ash, Softening is more properly a precipitation of hard water with lime or lime and soda ash. Softening is more rapid and complete settling of the precipitated hardness components.A turbidity limit of 0.1 unit and a color limit of 3 units have been recommended by the American Water Works Association Task Group 925M on water quality criteria for high-quality finished water’ These limits are readily obtainable by properly performed coagulation and filtration.It should be pointed out here that even a high-quality treated water that meets the recommendation of residual turbidity of 0.1 unit still contains enormous numbers of particles. These either represent uncoagulated primary clay panicles or fragments of coagulant floc which have passed through the filters. For example, simple calculation will show that each liter of insoluble alum coagulant, assuming a suspended solids content of 0,1 mg/L and spheres 1 μin diameter with specific gravity of 1.01.。
园林工程常用英文单词
园林英语简明词典园林英语简明字典AAccessibility 可达性Accessible route 易达的路线advance notice 事先通知aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerobic digesters 需氧消化池aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏aesthetic controls 审美控制aggregate base 混合基础AIA 美国建筑师协会Anaerobic digesters 厌氧分解池APA 美国规划师协会arterial streets 主干道as-built records 施工记录ASLA 美国景观设计师协会athletic facility 运动设施average walking distance 平均步行距离axioms 原理Bbackfill 回填backhoe 挖沟机bar charts 横道图barrier design 障碍设计beams 大梁bearing capacity 承载力benchmarks 水准点billing 帐簿biodiversity 生物多样性bioengineering 生物工程biomass 生物量bioretention ponds 生物滞留池boardwalks 栈桥bonding company 担保公司bonuses 奖金boundary definition 边界确定boundary survey 边界测量brownfields 褐色土地bulldozers 推土机business development 商业开发business parks 商业园区Ccadastral survey 地籍测量camping 野营candlepower 烛光度cantilevered wall 悬臂墙cascading waterfalls瀑布叠水certificates of payment 付款证明书certifications of compliance 应允证明书cesspools 化粪池，污水坑，污水渗井，粪坑change orders 变更单changes, unauthorized 未经同意的变更channels, stormwater 雨水沟渠，槽，渠道circulation control 循环控制circulation patterns 环流模式clay lenses 粘土防渗层clay soil 粘土clean-up 清扫，清理，清除，提纯，净化clearing and grubbing 清理和除根client 业主climate zones 气候带closeout 竣工cluster treatment systems 集中式污水处理系统co-ordinates 坐标cold 寒带collected rainwater 收集起来的雨水collector streets 次干道colloidal soil 胶质土壤commercial center design 商业中心设计communication 电信community commercial 社区商业community facility standards 社区设施标准community parks and recreation planning data 社区公园和文娱体育规划资料community scale 社区尺度community standards 社区标准compaction 压实competition pools 竞赛用游泳池composting toilets 堆肥厕所conceptualization 概念化concrete crib wall 混凝土格笼墙cones of vision 视锥connected imperviousness 连续的非渗透地面conservation standards 保护标准constructed wetlands 人工湿地construction 施工brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏construction document 施工文件construction layout 施工布局construction observation 施工监理construction permits 施工许可construction sequence 施工顺序construction survey 施工测量contingencies 临时费contingency allowance 临时津贴contract 合同responsibilities 责任types of 类型unauthorized changes 未经同意的变更contract documents 合同文件control points 控制点conveyance techniques, stormwater 雨水的输送技术corrective observation 校正性（补救性，修正性）检查（监理）corridors 廊道cost data 造价数据cost estimate components 造价估算内容equipment costs 设备费equipment crew costs 设备人工费general requirements costs 一般要求的费用labor cost 人工费location 位置，地点material 材料overtime 加班费productivity 生产率project scale 项目规模quantity take-off methods 起点数量法cost estimating 造价估算cost plus 造价累计court games 场地运动court surface 运动场地地面CPM 关键路径法Critical Path Method. See CPM 关键路径法，见CPMCSI 施工规范原理culverts 涵洞，暗沟，管道cut operations 挖方工程Ddatum 数据decking平台面，铺板decks平台，甲板basic components 基本内容design requirements 设计要求estimating design load 估算设计荷载framing method 结构方法plank-and-beam framing 厚木板梁框架platform framing 平台框架material 材料hardware 五金件wood 木料，木材site analysis 场地分析span tables 跨度表structural design 结构设计decks, function of 平台的功能deferred maintenance 延期维修（维护）demolition, general 整体破坏demolition ,selective 选择性破坏density 密度design development 设计扩初，设计深化design framework 设计框架design impacts 设计影响design quality 设计质量design speed 设计速度detail scale 细部尺度detention ponds 滞留池development 开发industrial. See industrial development 工业，见工业开发residential. See residential development 居住，见居住开发development programming 开发计划development types, industrial and business 开发类型，工业和商业dimensional Criteria 标注标准dimensions 标注dimension of human figures 人体尺度direct labor 直接人工费disconnected imperviousness 不连续的非渗透地面disposal 处理，处置，排除，清除DL. See direct labor DL.见直接人工费drainage 排水，流域面积，排洪，排水系统drinking water 饮用水dry detention ponds 干滞池durability 耐久性EEames, Charles and Ray 查理·埃姆斯和雷earthwork 土方ecological impact 生态影响economic impact 经济影响edge habitat 边缘栖息地edge restraint 边缘限制electrical lines 电力线embodied energy 蕴藏能量endwalls 尾墙energy 能量embodied. See embodied energy 具体化的，见蕴藏能量，具体能量energy costs 能量造价environmental impact analysis 环境影响分析environmental impact statement (EIS) 环境影响报告书（EIS）scoping process 确定范围程序environmental modification 环境修复equipment costs 设备费equipment crew costs 设备人工费equivalents 相等物，等同物estimating 估算stormwater runoff 雨水径流[量]estimating water flows 估算水流量evaluation 评价evapotranspiration rate 土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量速率exotic plant species 外来植物物种eye levels 视平线Ffabric reinforcement 纤维加固，织物加强件facilities planning data 设施规划数据feasibility planning 可行性规划federal regulations 联邦规范flood protection 防洪historic preservation 历史保留National Environmental Policy Act（NEPA）国家环境政策法案(NEPA) NPDES general permits NPDES一般性许可Section 10 permit 第10条许可Section 404 permit 第404条许可fee 费用cost plus fixed 固定费用之和lump sum 总数，总合retainer 律师费fences and walls 栅栏和围墙fences, wood and metal 栅栏，木栅栏和金属栅栏aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑components 组分，内容construction 施工structural considerations 结构方面的考虑field orders 现场通知单field sports 田径运动field surfaces 田径运动场地面field surveys 现场测量fill operations 填方工程fill, general 一般性填方filter strips 滤器，滤池，过滤，滤水filtration 过滤filtration systems 过滤系统finish grading 设计标高flexible pavement 柔性地面铺装flood protection 防洪follow ups 连续footage 尺长footcandle 英尺烛光footing drains 基座处排水，立足点排水footings 立足点forward spatial bubblesfoundations 基础fragmentation 破碎Freeway or Distributor Systems 高速路或分配者系统French drains 法式排水friction coefficient 摩擦系数frost depth 结冻深度，冰冻深度frost-thaw cycle 结冻-融化周期functional requirement 功能要求Ggarden pool 花园游泳池general conditions 一般情况general contractor 总承包商general demolition 整体破坏general fill 总填方general requirements 一般要求general requirements costs 一般要求的费用general roadway standards 一般道路标准geodetic survey 测地学测量GIS 地理信息系统golf and driving ranges 高尔夫和高尔夫练习场grading 场地平整granular soil粒状土壤gravity wall 重力墙graywater 灰水greenfields 绿色用地，绿色土地ground covers 地被植物groundwater protection 地下水保护groundwater recharge 地下水补给groundwater resources 地下水资源，地下水储量growing season 生长期guarantees 抵押物Hhand level 手动水平仪handrailings 扶手hazardous plants 有毒植物headwalls 头墙heavy duty 重型的，责任重大的herbaceous plants 草本植物highway 高速公路historic preservation 历史保留horizontal alignment 平面设计hot arid 炎热干燥hot humid 炎热潮湿hydrographic survey 水文测量hydrologic cycle 水文周期Iilluminance 亮度impervious surface ratio 不渗透地面比例industrial development 工业开发industrial parks 工业园区infiltration beds 渗透床infiltration ponds 渗透池infiltration wells 渗透井infiltration, stormwater 雨水渗透inspection 检查installation 安装Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) 保险赔偿比例地图interpretation 注释，解释invasive species 入侵物种irrigation 灌溉irrigation ponds 灌溉池塘irrigation systems 灌溉系统irrigation water, sources of 灌溉水水源Jjob meetings 工作会议joists 托梁Llabor costs 人工费lagoons 塘lamp characteristics 灯具的特点landscape assessment 景观评价Landscape Coefficient(KL) 景观系数（KL）landscape planning 景观规划landscape planning strategies 景观规划对策landscape plantings, calculating water景观种植用水量的计算large-scale sites 大型场地layout and surveying 布局和测量layout methods 布局方法layout plans 平面图，布局平面layout requirements 布局要求layout survey 布局测量leaching fields 沥滤场light depreciation 不强烈的抗议light duty 轻型的lighting 照明atmosphere and character 气氛和特征orientation and identification 方位和识别safety and security 安全和治安limit-of-work line 工作期限local or minor streets 当地的或小街道local regulations 当地规范（规定）aesthetic controls 审美控制construction permits 施工许可planned unit development regulation 有规划的单元开发规范（规定）subdivision regulations （土地）再细分规范（规定）zoning regulations分区规划规范（规定）rezoning 再分区规划variances 变动lumen 流明luminance 亮度lump sum fee 总费用lux 勒克司（国际单位制的照明单位，即米烛光）Lyle, John Tillman 约翰·蒂尔曼·莱尔Mmagnetic declination 磁力偏差maintenance and disposal 维修和处理maintenance period 维修期maneuvering patterns 运行方式map projections 地图投影map scale 制图比例markup 涨价master planning 总体规划MASTERFORMAT 雇主表格material costs 材料费material lifecycle cost estimates 材料生命周期造价估算material samples 材料样品material selection 材料选择measures of intensity 强度衡量residential development 居住开发retail commercial development 零售商业开发mechanics lien 机械扣押权release 让度证书medium duty 中型medium-scale sites 中型场地metes and bounds 界石和边界线metric ratio 公制比例mitigation strategies, stormwater 缓解措施，暴雨mobilization cost 流通费moisture content 湿度，含水量，水汽含量monolithic pavement 整体路面，整体铺装moonlighting 月光式照明movement criteria 移动标准multi-family housing 多户住宅municipal sewer systems 市政排水系统NNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 国家环境政策法案，简称(NEPA) natural drainageways 自然排水道natural resources 自然资源needs assessment 需求评估negotiation 协议，商议，协商neighborhood commercial 邻里商业neighborhood scale 邻里尺度net positive suction head 净吸真空高度noxious plants 有毒植物NEPA general permits 国家环境政策法案的一般许可Ooffice parks 办公园区OH. See overhead OH. 见经常性开支on-site treatment systems 分散式污水处理系统open space ratio 开敞空间比例orientation 超向，方位ornamental ponds 观赏性水池ornamental pools 观赏性水池overhead 经常性开支annual rate 年度比率overhead and profit 经常性开支和利润overruns, time 时间延误overtime 加班费overturning 翻腾，水的竖直循环现象owner 所有者Ppackage plants 丛生植物parking 停车场parking dimensions 停车场尺寸parking lot 停车场parking lots 停车场parking requirements 停车场要求patches 斑块path lighting 小径照明pathways 小径pavement铺装，路面pavement, flexible 柔性铺装，柔性路面pavement, rigid 刚性铺装，刚性路面pavements 道路paver 铺路材料，铺路机，铺石人paving 铺装，铺路payment 报酬；支付non-payment 无报酬的requests 申请pedestrian standards 步行标准penalties 罚金，罚款percentage of construction 施工的百分比permitting processes 申请程序personnel allocation 人员配备photometric charts 光度表physical characteristics 物理特征picnicking 野餐piers 支墩，支柱，防洪堤pipes 管道place scale 场地尺度plan discrepancies 平面的不符之处plane survey 平面测量planned multiuse developments 有计划的综合开发planned unit development regulations 有计划的单元开发规范planning 规划development feasibility planning 开发的可行性规划landscape planning 景观规划master planning 总体规划plant hardiness 植物的抗寒性plant mortality 植物的死亡率planting 种植clean-up and final inspection清理和检查ground covers 地被植物seeding and sodding 种草和铺草皮shrubs 灌木trees 乔木planting conditions 种植现状planting design 种植设计planting requirements 种植要求plants, hazardous 有害的植物plants, herbaceous草本的植物plants, noxious有毒的植物plants, salt tolerant 耐盐碱的植物，play surfaces 游戏场地地面playgrounds 游戏场地point of beginning 起始点pond systems 池塘系统clay lenses 粘土防渗层depth 深度synthetic liners 合成材料垫层，合成材料衬里（衬底）pools 游泳池competition 竞赛用游泳池recreational 娱乐用游泳池pools structure 游泳池结构depth 深度freeboard 干舷posts 柱potable water 饮用水Powers of Ten 十的力量precipitation 降雨，降水量precision 精确性；准确性prepared subgrade 素土夯实preventative observation 预防性监理pricing 报价material lifecycle cost estimates 材料生命周期造价估算overhead and profit 经常性开支和利润square meter cost estimates 平方米造价估算systems estimates 系统估算法unit price cost calculation 单位标价造价计算privacy 私密性private garden 私家花园product distribution 产品销售product packaging 产品包装productivity 生产率project budget 项目预算project closeout 项目竣工project meetings 项目会议project observation 项目检查project records 项目登记project scale 项目规模proprietary surfaces 地上有房产public garden 公共花园public plaza 公共广场pumps 水泵punch list 打孔登记表punch lists 打孔登记表Qquantity take-off methods 数量估算法Rramp slopes 坡道坡度ramps 坡道rates, standard billing 标准记帐率Rational Method 推理计算方法raw material 原材料re-use 再利用recharge trenches （地下水）补给沟渠recreation standards 文娱体育标准recreational pools 娱乐用游泳池recyclable materials 可循环使用的材料recycled water 循环水recycling 再循环使用（的）regional commercial 地区性商业regional considerations 地区性居住regional scale 区域尺度regulations, federal联邦的规范（规定）regulations, local地方的规范（规定）regulations, state州的规范（规定）reimbursable expenses 可补偿费用reinforced embankments 加固的土堤，加固筑堤rejections 排斥，阻止，抑制replacements 替代reservoir structures 水库构筑物，蓄水池，贮器residential development 居住开发residential standards 居住标准retail commercial development 零售商业开发appropriateness of a given site for 某个特定场地的适宜性retainer 律师费retaining structures 护土结构，阻挡构筑物types of 类型retaining walls 挡土墙retention ponds See wet detention ponds 滞留池，见调节池，贮水池rigid pavement 刚性路面rigid retaining walls 刚性挡土墙risk 风险roads 道路roadway design elements 道路设计要素roadway dimensions 道路尺寸rock removal 去除岩石roof garden 屋顶花园rough grading 粗略的场地平整Route Survey A survey of existing or alignment of route survey 现状测量的线路测量或道路定线测量runoff coefficients, stormwater雨水径流系数Ssafety and security 安全和保安salt tolerant plants 耐盐植物saltwater intrusion 咸水（海水）侵入sand filters 砂滤池，砂滤层scheduling 制定日程表schematic studies 方案研究Schueler’s Shortcut Method 许勒尔捷径法，斯库勒快捷方式scope of services 服务范围scope of work 工作范围screening and circulation 屏障和组织交通SCS Runoff Curve Number Method土地保护局水土保持局的径流曲线数值法seatwalls 坐椅式矮墙Section 10 Permit 第10条许可Section 404 Permit 第404条许可seeding 种草segmental and stack wall retaining systems 护土段墙和垒墙系统seismic conditions 地震状况selective demolition 选择性破坏sensory stimuli 感官刺激septic systems 净化系统settlement at the toe 在坡底建房sewer systems municipal 市政排水系统shadow calculations 投影计算sheet flow地表水膜，水膜浅流，层流，片流shop drawing 产品安装图shrubs 灌木shut-downs 暂时停工signage 标志silhouette lighting 轮廓照明single-family attached homes 独户式联排住宅single-family detached home 独户式独立住宅site clearing 场地清理site furnishings 场地美化site selection 场地选择sites, large-scale大型的场地sliding 滑动，移动small scale sites 小型场地Small Storm Hydrology Method 小型暴雨水文法social impact 社会影响sodding 铺草皮soil characteristics 土壤特征soil pressure forces 土壤压力soil, colloidal 胶质土壤soil, granular 粒状土壤soil, weight of 土壤质量，土壤重量span tables 跨度表spatial scale 空间尺度Spatial Standards 空间标准specifications 说明书，具体要求spotlighting 射灯照明spouting fountains 喷射喷泉spray displays 喷射装置spread lighting泛光灯照明sprinkler systems, conventional 传统的喷水系统drip system, low-volume 耗水量低的滴灌系统container plants 盆栽植物head selection and layout喷头选择和布置precipitation rate 沉淀率，喷水速率square meter cost estimate 平方米造价估算square unit 平方单位stability testes 稳定性检测stage-storage curvestairway楼梯staking 定桩standard billing rates 标准记帐率state regulations 州规范state environmental policy acts (SEPAs) 州环境政策法案，简称(SEPAs) station offsets 源点偏移stockpiling 储备storage, stormwater 雨水蓄积，暴雨蓄积storm sewers 雨水排水管stormwater management 雨水管理，暴雨管理stormwater peak discharge 雨水高峰排放量stormwater runoff estimating 雨水径流估算stormwater storage 雨水蓄积structural considerations 结构方面的考虑brick and concrete block walls 砖和混凝土砌块墙stone walls 石头墙wood and metal fences 木头和金属栅栏subbase 基础，路基subdivision regulations （土地）再细分规范subdrain 地下排水subgrade 地基subgrade conditions 地基现状substitutions 代用superelevation 超高surface 地面surface water 地表水surface water supplies 地表水供应surface 地面court 运动场地field 运动场play 游戏场track 跑道surfacing 地面处理surfacing requirements 地面处理要求swales 洼地swimming 游泳swimming pools 游泳池systems estimates 系统估算Ttelecommunication lines 电信线路temperate 温和的，适度的tests 检测time delays 时间延误time of concentration 浓缩时间time over-runs 加班时间topographic survey地形测量topsoil stripping 表土剥离tot lots儿童游戏场，幼儿游戏场townscape 城市景观toxicity 毒性track and field 跑道和运动场track surface 跑道地面traverse 导线tread-riser ratios 踏步宽和踏步高的比值tree protection 树木保护tree-planting, techniques 植树技术trenching 挖沟UU.S. Customary Scale 美国惯用比例unauthorized changes 未经同意的变更uniformity 均匀，一律，一致性unit costs 单位造价unit pavement 单体铺装，单位路面unit price cost calculation 单位标价造价计算updating 最新式的uplighting 向上照明urban streams 城市河流urban street 城市街道Vvegetation, existing 现状植被vehicular circulation systems 机动车交通系统vehicular standards 机动车标准verification 证实vertical alignment 纵断面Visual Criteria 视觉标准Wwalks 步行道路walls, brick and concrete block砖和混凝土砌块墙aesthetic considerations 审美方面的考虑components 组成，内容construction 施工structural considerations 结构方面的考虑walls, stone 石头墙aesthetic considerations 审美的考虑components 组成，内容construction施工structural considerations 审美方面的考虑waste resources 垃圾资源wastes 垃圾wastewater treatment 污水处理water demand 用水需求water feature 水景，水体特征considerations in use of 用途方面的考虑display pumps 喷灌泵evaporation 蒸发lighting 照明piping 管道pressure 水压recycled water 循环使用的水system requirements 系统要求water effects 水景效果Water Quality 水质water quality volume 水质容积water resource protection 水源保护water resource, demand on 水源需要water resource 水源water supply 给水watershed 流域wearing course 面层，磨损过程wearing surface 正在磨损的表面weep hole 泄水孔wet detention ponds 湿滞留池wheel load 车轮轮压wildlife migration 野生生物迁徙wood deck 木质甲板（平台）working documents. See construction documents 工作文件，见施工文件WQV. See water quality volume WQV.见水质体积Zzoning regulations 分区规划规定rezoning 再分区规划variances 变动。
城市园林建设与施工问题的讨论
城市园林建设与施工问题的讨论发表时间：2016-04-07T09:42:12.467Z 来源：《基层建设》2015年21期供稿作者：刘林清[导读] 江西南昌城市园林绿化对于促进城市经济的发展，改善城市的生态面貌，建设现代化生态城市都有着非常重要的意义。
江西南昌 330003摘要：随着城市化建设的加快，园林绿化开始发挥其在美化城市生态环境，提高城市人民生存质量方面的作用，与此同时，城市绿化作为城市建设的一项重要内容而受到广泛的重视。
城市园林绿化对于促进城市经济的发展，改善城市的生态面貌，建设现代化生态城市都有着非常重要的意义。
对此，我们应充分准备，创新管理，加强施工，确保园林建设的健康发展。
关键词：园林建设；施工；配套建设一、城市园林建设存在的问题1、行业发展不规范，配套建设措施欠缺，城市园林绿化建设发展不规范，呈现粗放式发展的局面，配套建设措施不齐全。
在过去的城市发展中，城市规定的绿化面积比例设计不科学，导致城市落地面积加大，污染区域也不断扩散，绿地空间建设赶不上城市发展的步伐。
2、大多老城区园林绿化率偏低，屋顶绿化与垂直绿化偏少，纵观我国特大城市发展状况，城市绿地建设不容乐观，城市园林建设发展步伐十分缓慢，许多老城区还存在几乎没有园林绿化带的状况。
3、缺少绿化养护资金，绿化管理制度不完善，管理体制难以明确。
城市绿化建设后，需要不断养护，但是养护资金短缺，不利于城市绿化的科学养护，造成绿化后难以实现美化环境的效果，反而造成城市局部地区市容混乱、绿化不力的悲惨结局。
这种局面的出现主要是管理体制和相关管理制度以及国家相关政策方面的不科学发展而导致。
二、施工现场管理准备施工现场管理是施工管理的重要组成部分，也是整个施工管理工作的基础。
因此，施工现场管理水平的高低，直接影响园林工程的质量和企业的经济效益。
长期以来，园林企业被戏称为“城市农民”，忽视经营管理，更不重视施工现场管理，因而企业管理较为落后，在一些工程项目施工中存在消耗高、浪费大、质量差、技术不求进步等问题。
市政园林景观工程项目的建筑施工探讨
市政园林景观工程项目的建筑施工探讨发表时间：2020-07-24T07:12:50.035Z 来源：《防护工程》2020年10期作者：万小峰[导读] 推动市政园林景观工程建设的有序开展，进而有效增加园林景观工程的经济和社会效益。
身份证号码：42052619880903****摘要：在城市化建设的过程中，市政园林景观工程是重要的组成部分，在城市化建设中扮演着重要的角色，市政园林景观工程的好坏直接的影响着城市化的效果，城市环境质量的改善效果，但是市政园林景观工程的施工因为各种因素的影响，还无法达到理想的效果。
为此我们从市政园林景观工程项目的建设施工的实际情况进行分析，针对其存在的问题，给出相应的解决对策，促进市政园林景观工程施工的进行，进而更好的实施城市化建设。
关键词：市政园林景观工程；施工项目管理；进度管理随着国家对城市绿化问题重视程度的提升，市政园林景观工程项目建设的规模与数量也在不断增加。
工程施工项目管理工作的开展有利于提高市政园林景观工程建设的效率和质量。
本文主要从七个方面阐述了市政园林景观工程施工项目管理的基本方法与措施，有效保障人力资源与物力资源的合理分配，发挥项目管理的优势作用，推动市政园林景观工程建设的有序开展，进而有效增加园林景观工程的经济和社会效益。
1市政园林景观工程的施工特点从市政园林景观工程的整体施工进行分析可以将其特点概括为以下几点：第一，施工对象为活体植物。
在市政园林景观工程建筑施工中，实施对象大多为植物、花草、草坪，不同的植物有不同的生态特点，不同的特征，起到的环境绿化作用也是不同的，所以在建筑施工时，需要根据施工对象在不同的季节、不同的时间进行适时移栽。
第二，整体协调性。
市政园林景观工程建筑施工不是随性而为，它需要满足整体的协调性，在市政园林景观工程建筑施工中，每一块石头、每一种植物、每一处风景都需要在吸引眼球的同时，还需要达到整体的协调，植物的品种也需要达到配置，所以市政园林景观工程建筑施工需要满足整体协调性。
关于市政园林绿化工程施工技术的探讨
关于市政园林绿化工程施工技术的探讨摘要：市政园林绿化工程就是利用各种相关手段，对某一地区的地形进行必要的改造，同时，合理种植花草树木，做好园路布置工作。
市政园林绿化工程不仅能够美化环境，而且还有助于减小污染、净化空气等，具有较高的生态价值，因此，必须保证市政园林绿化工程的施工质量，做好相应的养护工作，这样才能充分发挥其在城市建设中的积极作用。
对于此，本文分析了市政园林绿化工程的建设意义，探讨了市政园林绿化工程施工关键技术及养护技术，以供参考。
关键词：市政园林绿化工程；施工技术；养护技术1市政园林绿化工程的建设意义市政发展与绿化发展二者相互协调，从而实现共同发展。
园林绿化的发展可以促进市政的进步，而市政的发展又可以反过来促进园林的发展。
市政园林绿化发展，不仅可以促进城市的绿色安全可持续，还可以提高人们对于生活居住环境的满意程度，为人们提供了一个安全环保，可以得到良好休息的室外环境。
市政园林工作的顺利开展，不仅切合实际，而且园林工作的规划，对植物的相关种植活动，都极大地促进了整个城市的绿化面积，增加了人们的舒适度，提高了人们的满意程度。
园林绿化工程任重而道远，可以从根本上促进整个城市的绿化发展和可持续发展，还能够增进居住人们与大自然之间的关系。
2市政园林绿化工程施工关键技术2.1施工前准备结合市政园林工程施工协议书的要求制定完善的施工方案，完成工程设计审核后，设计单位还需做好施工交底，结合施工技术和环境要求调整工程环境。
工程施工前，施工单位应参照施工总体规划编制施工进度表，合理配置施工人员和机械设备，提高施工预算的准确性。
市政园林工程的规模较大，施工人员要注重施工组织设计的科学性与合理性，以当地的气候、自然条件等明确种植植物的种类以及植物花卉的搭配方式。
2.2合理选择植物（1）花卉。
花卉的观赏性较强，施工中要结合工程实际选择花卉的类型。
五彩缤纷的花卉能够丰富市政园林的色彩，营造良好的视觉效果。
施工人员要以应季花卉为首选，且该花卉需在生存时间、繁育能力上具有显著优势，以加强工程建设的效果，降低工程的施工成本。
市政园林景观绿化工程的施工技术探讨
市政园林景观绿化工程的施工技术探讨摘要：园林绿化工程代表城市形象，是城市居民积极向上的生活态度体现，更代表城市清新和谐精神面貌，相关部门一定要严格落实相关责任，全面做好设计与施工，不断创新技术能力，有效推动园林绿化工程持续、健康、稳步发展，建设和谐小康社会，为我国社会经济良性发展贡献力量。
关键词：市政园林景观；绿化工程；施工技术一、绿化工程概述城市是人们聚焦的区域，当前，随着我国城镇化全面发展，越来越多的村民进入到城镇中生活，在物质生活得到极大满足的同时，人们更渴望身边的环境舒适。
园林是城市发展的重要“门面”，人们到一个城市中，对城市的园林印象非常深刻，园林也是城市的名片，是城市的形象，市政园林绿化工程能够全面彰显城市居民文化与生活理念，随着人们环保意识和人文素养的提高，对生活的环境提出了更高的要求。
园林工程涵盖的内容非常丰富和广泛，要想全面建成一个好的园林工程，就涉及到绿化项目、水体景观、园林给排水工程和土方工程等多项技术，任何一个方向都会影响到园林的质量，所以说，需要全面综合评估各种影响因素，合理安排好各项建设内容，才能确保园林的品质，提高园林建设品味。
园林当中的任何一个关联项，均关系到园林的质量，每项内容间都有紧密联系，要在施工过程中，全面落实好各项技术条件，保证施工要素，严格标准、精心施工，才能建设出让群众满意的园林作品。
二、园林景观绿化施工技术重要性（一）缓解城市噪音，营造绿色环境城市施工建设与人们的生活，会产生大量噪音，特别是晚上的城市，灯红酒绿和喧嚣让人无法安眠，大量的环境问题影响着人们的生活，对于一些白天忙累了的人们，安静睡眠才是最大的享受，那么，就需要通过绿化对噪音进行隔离，噪音污染、空气污染等等均能够得到有效控制。
对于种植大面积绿色植被的小区环境，能够全面隔离小区外的噪音，对城市中各种噪音起到缓解，特别是汽车、工业等噪音，给人们提供良好的休息环境，在绿色健康生活环境中，全面提高人民生活幸福指数。
关于市政园林绿化工程施工技术的探讨
关于市政园林绿化工程施工技术的探讨摘要：现阶段，随着我国经济的快速发展，市政园林建设越来越完善。
市政园林绿化是城市建设中一项不可或缺的工作，市政园林绿化工程对城市的建设及发展有着举足轻重的作用。
新时期，我国多数城市的市政园林绿化工作在发展中取得突出性进步，但是同时也暴露出一定的问题，需要相关部门加大重视力度，提升市政园林绿化工程施工技术及管理水平，以此推动市政园林绿化工程的发展。
关键词：市政园林；绿化工程；施工技术引言园林绿化工程是现代化城市的文明标志，是一个城市的外在表现，首先是对本市人们日常生活的视觉影响，让他们有更加愉悦的心情面对生活；另外是对外地人的视觉冲击，让人产生想来居住的意愿，可以促进城市经济的发展。
现在居民的环保意识也有所提高，城市建设要与生态建设挂钩，所以园林绿化的地位更加重要。
园林绿化工作者要不断创新探索，建设更美好的家园。
1市政园林绿化工程概述城市的市政园林建设主要包括排水建设、水景、园路建设等，这些建设项目的好坏不仅对城市环境建设造成非常大的影响，要想提高城市建设的水平，我们就必须要不断提高城市绿化工程的质量和施工技术水平，只有这样城市的生态环境才能够得到改善。
因此在进行城市建设的过程中，必须要不断对城市的环境起到有效的作用，作为城市环境的重点代表，市政园林建设对城市的美观度以及相应质量造成的影响是非常重要的，因此在进行城市建设的过程中必须要保证人们生活状态的熟知度，只有这样城市的发展速度才能够变得越来越快。
市政园林绿化工程包括苗木的栽植和管理。
现阶段我国提出了可持续发展的战略目标，市政园林绿化工程首先具有生态型的建设目标，市政园林绿化工程在城市建设中具有举足轻重的地位。
另外，市政园林绿化工程要结合城市的特色、发展和传统以及现代园林的表现形式，以艺术设计和配置为指导思想，在起到绿化效果的同时保证工程的审美价值。
除此之外，在整个园林中，不仅有动植物，还有其它排水、铺装等工程设计，属于一个小型的生态系统，因此每一个施工工序都严格按照标准进行，保证市政园林绿化工程的作用，满足人们对良好自然环境的需求。
市政园林景观工程项目的建筑施工探讨
市政园林景观工程项目的建筑施工探讨摘要：随着国家建设工作的不断发展，必须从长远角度来分析，任何方面的疏忽和不足，都容易导致社会生产、生活的极大不便。
对于市政园林景观工程建筑施工而言，标准化的理念落实，已经成为必然的发展要求，需要结合不同区域的工作特点以及建设问题来部署，对于短期目标和长期目标有效的衔接，由此能够在将来的市政园林景观工程建筑施工方面，获得更加完善的体系。
基于此，本文对市政园林景观工程项目的建筑施工管理进行了探讨。
关键词：政园林景观工程项目；建筑施工；管理前言：在我国的园林景观建筑施工中，其施工技术重点有项目部建设、图纸会审、工程管理、群策群力以及质量控制。
其中项目部建设是整个园林景观建筑施工的控制总系统，其掌控是否得当，管理是否到位，直接关系着整个工程项目能否圆满完成。
工程管理不仅与园林景观建筑施工中的物、工期进度、建筑质量以及施工技术紧密相关，而且与参与施工建设工作的人及其人际关系密切相连。
工程管理强调的是人、物以及技术三者的协调配合，按照工程实际情况和图纸会审的相关要求进行建筑施工，以最大限度把控好园林景观建筑工程质量。
群策群力指的是在进行园林景观建筑施工时，要发挥集体智慧的力量，群体决策等决策管理方法要在决策过程中得到具体体现。
质量控制是整个园林景观建筑施工的关键，质量控制工作高于一切，在景观园林建筑施工的所有环节都要科学、合理的对质量问题进行把控。
1施工技术及其应用要点1.1施工构建造技术现代园林景观建筑的施工技术要点主要有骨架结构建造技术、表土回填技术、定点放线技术、植物栽植技术以及园林养护技术等。
其中，园林景观骨架结构建造技术的重点在于做好园林建筑的相关防水工作，这是正常推进工期进程、保证园林景观建筑质量的关键。
在现代园林景观建筑施工过程中，为了有效强化骨架结构建造技术，强化其防水性能，可以采用钢骨架、砖骨架以及混合型骨架。
在进行结构建造时要根据设计要求做好土基施工、下基层施工、C15混凝土水泥稳定层、道牙施工、面层铺装、质量保证措施以及安全保证措施等方面的工作。
市政园林工程施工技术探讨
市政园林工程施工技术探讨发表时间：2020-12-03T12:05:52.150Z 来源：《城镇建设》2020年第24期作者：孟艳海[导读] 风景园林的施工管理工作对于风景园林建设工程是极为重要的一部分，他能够影响到风景园林工程最后的质量与水平，所以需要制定严格的施工管理以及监管制度，孟艳海身份证号：13252119790511****摘要：风景园林的施工管理工作对于风景园林建设工程是极为重要的一部分，他能够影响到风景园林工程最后的质量与水平，所以需要制定严格的施工管理以及监管制度，并且还应该聘任资历较高的管理人员作为现场的指挥管理者，提高各个施工环节的技能水平。
只有保证了分景园林施工管理的有效性，才可以保证风景园林施工有序的进行，最大限度的发挥出分景园林在城市建设过程中的功能，所以本文将分析在分景园林施工的管理过程中所出现的问题，与解决措施。
关键字：市政园林；园林工程；施工技术一、风景园林施工管理概述（一）施工原则和标准在实现多层次与丰富性、艺术性结合的过程当中，对于风景园林施工建设的主要原则，便是以生态保护与以人为本为主，并且还要在满足园林建设的基础生态要求之上，打造出具有相对应的文化内涵与底蕴的风景园林观赏区域。
除此之外，对于风景园林内部所种植的植物种类，也需要根据不同的环境来进行选择，因为不同的植物对于环境的适应力以及生存要求各不相同，故在实际的施工过程当中应该进行适当的分配，只有做好对植被的分配工作，才可以提高风景园林内绿植的成活率，增加风景园林的观赏效果与时效。
除了对植物种类的选择，还应该将园林技术设计与艺术内涵相结合，形成新兴的风景园林施工管理设计体系，将施工过程当中的各个环节细化，做到逐步确认，从根本上保证了风景园林的实用性与美观性。
（二）确立系统化的管理机构在实际的风景园林施工过程当中，需要确立系统化的管理机构，将责任与任务进行有效的分配。
因为建设风景园林工程的工程量非常大，在实际的施工过程中，相对应的对施工人员的技术要求也较高。
市政园林景观绿化工程的施工技术探讨
市政园林景观绿化工程的施工技术探讨发表时间：2021-01-07T02:14:09.563Z 来源：《防护工程》2020年28期作者：於少尉[导读] 为城市快速发展美化做出了巨大的贡献，为全面建设和谐社会，提供了环境基础。
萧山经济技术开发区市北综合服务中心浙江杭州 311200摘要：园林工程是城市基础设施建设，在市政建设中占据重要的地位，通过良好的园林绿化工程，全面提高人们的生活质量，有效促进城市环境建设，为人们日常生活与娱乐提供公共场所，使城市发展更加健康积极，通过城市园林建设，带动城市发展，提高城市对外形象，有力的改善了城市环境和生态，为城市快速发展美化做出了巨大的贡献，为全面建设和谐社会，提供了环境基础。
关键词：园林绿化；市政建设；绿化工作引言近些年来，我国经济飞速发展，经济的快速发展使人们对居住环境的要求也越来越高，小区绿化、市政道路以及公园的绿化情况也越来越成为政府工作的重心。
目前，虽然政府加大了对于园林绿化工程项目的资金和技术投入，但相比发达国家，我国的园林景观发展仍然处于初步阶段。
现在园林绿化工程施工过程中面临很多的问题，比如绿化工程对于环境有着较高的要求，而且绿化工程本身具有规模较大、变化速度较快的特点，这些问题对于园林绿化工程的进度有一定的限制，对园林行业的发展也有一定的阻碍，因此，需要在园林绿化施工过程中，借鉴相类似工程项目的管理经验，进一步明确施工的难点。
如果想实现园林绿化工程的发展，必须对工程项目进行统一规划，在满足成本要求和进度目标的同时保证施工质量，本文将园林绿化的施工技术及其管理两方面进行结合，介绍园林绿化工程施工所存在的问题，并进一步分析园林绿化施工技术管理需要改进的地方，通过提出相应改进措施及注意点，为园林绿化工程施工的发展提供创新型技术支持和管理建议，从而促进园林绿化工程的发展。
1园林绿化工程施工技术要点分析1.1前期准备工作在园林绿化工程施工建设前，必须做好充分的准备工作，这不仅是保证园林绿化施工建设顺利发展的重要条件，也是保证园林绿化施工质量的重要前提，更是影响园林绿化工程施工技术水平的关键要点之一。
对市政园林绿化工程施工技术探讨
对市政园林绿化工程施工技术探讨摘要：园林绿化施工总体来说是利用工程施工来表现的，园林艺术的表现手法属于一项公共性事业，在原有的园林绿化基础上进行有效提升，以此来保证园林绿化工程的各项施工进度。
园林绿化是一项工程，那么就必须有其特有的工程规划和技术实施方案，配合后期的施工技术，才能做好整体的园林绿化设计。
关键词：市政园林；绿化工程；施工技术1导言园林绿化工程主要是利用专业的生态环境理论并结合美学专业知识，将人工植物群落构筑成城市绿色空间系统，进而改善城市的生态环境质量。
近年来，我国的园林绿化工程进入了蓬勃发展的阶段，但是在施工过程中仍然存在许多问题。
由于没有一套完整系统的技术体系，导致园林绿化施工技术并不成熟，很多工程也达不到园林绿化的要求，既浪费了资源，又没有改善生态环境。
2园林绿化工程概述2.1园林绿化工程含义园林绿化工程又叫园林城市绿地建设包含园林建筑工程、土方工程、园林筑山工程、园林理水工程、园林铺地工程、绿化工程等，它是应用工程技术来表现园林艺术，是艺术作品与现代工程施工技术的结合。
2.2园林绿化工程的特点园林绿化工程是园林景观与建筑工程的结合体，因此园林绿化工程具有园林艺术性和工程性的特点。
从园林绿化工程的建设目标角度看，绿化工程具有生态性，注重的是人与自然环境的和谐相处，改善城市公民的生活环境，是园林绿化工程施工的基本点，也是实现可持续发展的重点；从园林绿化工程的指导思想角度看，绿化工程具有艺术性，绿化工程是景观艺术，讲求的是“顺其自然”，也就是绿化设计理念要与自然环境相融合，实现最佳的园林艺术效果，例如：假山造型和堆叠设计、微地形的处理、绿色植物种类的搭配等。
3有效控制园林绿化施工工序3.1苗木种植前在园林种植前，要确保施工质量满足合同中规定的标准，一定要对施工过程进行控制，确保各分项分部工程都满足质量标准。
因此，一定要重视修剪苗木，定点放线，挖穴等工序，从而提升苗木成活率。
3.2苗木种植种植时，如果气候不稳定，要提前做好相关准备工作。
绿化工程施工组织设计中英文版参考
一、施工组织设计Construction Organization Plan1、主要施工方法及技术方案The main job practice and the technical plan一、施工准备工作1th, the construction preparatory work1、技术准备The technology prepares组织项目部骨干成员熟悉和审查施工图纸：在施工前应研究熟悉设计图纸的详细内容，以便掌握设计意图。
特别要注意的是施工说明、施工方法和施工界限。
To organize the project department backbone member to be familiar with with the examination construction blueprint: Should study the familiar design paper before the construction the detailed content, in order to grasps the design intention. Specially must pay attention is constructs the explanation, the job practice and the construction boundary.2、物资准备Commodity preparation植物材料准备、机械设备准备、生活物资准备等。
各材料均应及时进场。
Plant material preparation, mechanical device preparation, life commodity preparation and so on. Various materials should promptly enter the arena.3、劳动组织准备The labor organization prepares组织专业施工队伍进场，各成员的职责如下：To organize the specialized construction troop to enter the arena, various members' responsibility as follows:项目经理全面负责本工程的各项事务。