华科公共管理学考博历年试题
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案
华科2021博士入学英语试题_及参考答案华科2021博士入学英语试题及参考答案Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks. Civilrights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselvesin business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontractsthat are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement,has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record theirefforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and,unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments innew plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The worldof corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons forjoint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups andminority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.11. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks. [C] propose a temporary solution to a problem. [D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm. [B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government. [D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned business es, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should[A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding. 【B】 concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation. [C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the2corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt changethe brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how eventhe thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made aboutirresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waitingfor a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter in front of her had been heapedwith food. The dish was described on the menu as \chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla,\and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She heldthe egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to hermouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And shewould probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percentto about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat. \is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside.\The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. \. People like smoky flavor ― it's the caveman in them.\\eating something healthy.\\off the chart.\3The hot peppers, he said, \He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar.\\yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rules out all that stuff you have to chew.\By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. \it,\mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants. (B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience. (D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much (C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society 3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today. (D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word \ (A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftiness4Passage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earthwith rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinkingcurrents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position ofthe continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate betweenthe Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convection currents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin， such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea，and perhaps the North5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
华中科技大学2010年招收博士研究生入学考试试题+答案
华中科技大学2010年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目： 英语适合专业：各专业Part I Cloze (0.5x20=10%)Directions: In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank inthe passage. Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the .United Nations? Howdid the critics like the new play? 1 en event takes place, newspapers are on the street 2 the details. 3 anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic 4 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source,from those who make it to those who want to 5 it.Radio, telegraph, television, and 6 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 7 , this competitionmerely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 8 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 9 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to 10 out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious 11 Newspapers influence readers' economic choices 12 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 13 Newspapers are sold at a price that 14 even a small fraction of the cost of production.The main 15 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 16 in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This 17 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends 18 on the work of the circulation department and on the servicesor entertainment 19 in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information 20 the community, city, county, state, nation and world……and even outer space.1. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D, Before2. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given3. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whichever4. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose5. A. make B. publish C. know D. write6. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other7. A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So8. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed9. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed10. A. provoke B. jump C. step D. branch11. A. matters B. affairs C. things D. events12. A. on B. through C. with D. of13. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose14. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in15. A. source B. origin C.course D. finance16. A. way B. means C. chance D. success17. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured18. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something19. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered20. A. by B. with C. at D. aboutPart II Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Passage OneEarly in the sixteenth century, Francis Bacon proposed that science consisted in the elevation of the authority of experiment and observation over that of reason, intuition, and convention. Bacon thought that as more and more reliable and precise particular facts, accumulate, they can be classified and generalized, resulting in an ever-expanding hierarchy of useful “ axioms”. This is what he meant by" induction".Although many people today continue to regard the collection of facts and their arrangement by induction into theories as the heart of scientific method, Bacon's conception of what facts and theories are and of the relationship between them was hopelessly unrealistic even in his own time. The most important early scientific discoveries …… such as those made by Galileo about the movement of the earth, by Keppler about the elliptical shape of planetary orbits, and later byNewton about the" force" of gravity …… could never have been made if Bacon's rules had prevailed.Determined to avoid all premature speculations, Bacon proposed that data gathering be carried out by illiterate assistants with no interest in whether an experiment turned out one way or another. Plain facts, properly arranged, would automatically lead to certain knowledge of the universe. Nothing could be more misrepresentative of the actual problem-solving techniques of the scientific method. That plain facts do not speak for themselves is evident from Bacon's own acceptance of the errors contained in what appeared to be the most "obvious" of facts. For Bacon, that the earth did not move was a fact because it could be seen not to move; and for Bacon it was a-fact that life was being spontaneously generated because maggots always developed in putrid flesh and frogs appeared after every rain.What is clear is that the great breakthroughs of Newton, Darwin, or Marx could never have been achieved solely on the basis of Baconian fact gathering. Facts are always unreliable without theories which guide their collection and which distinguish between superficial and significant appearances.21. According to Bacon, facts 。
华中科技大学2009年招收博士研究生入学考试试题(含答案)
Part II.Reading comprehension (20x2=40%)
Directions:There are four passages in this part. After each passage, there are five questions. You are to choose the best answer for each question. Write your answers on the answer sheet.
The Unesco report presents a world4of literacy. Too often we limit our thoughts to the5small proportion of illiterates in our own country and fail to see it in its international6.
Literacy progammes11indifferent countries have taken and are taking different12to the problem: for example the involvement of voluntary non-governmental organizations, which13the importance of seeing literacy not as a condition imposed on people but as a consequence of active participation14society. People can learn from the attempts of other countries to provide as15‘literacy environment’.
公共管理考博题目
公共管理考博题目全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：公共管理是一门综合性的学科，涉及政府管理、公共政策、行政管理等多个领域。
随着社会的发展，对公共管理人才的需求日益增加，考博成为进入公共管理领域的重要途径之一。
公共管理考博题目涉及面广泛，既包括理论研究，也包括实践案例，下面我们来看一些典型的公共管理考博题目。
一、政府治理1. 政府治理理论研究及实践探索2. 政府公共服务能力提升研究3. 公共部门绩效管理理论与实践研究4. 政府社会责任研究及实践探索二、公共政策1. 公共政策形成机制研究2. 政策评估与政策执行效果研究3. 政策协调与政策整合研究4. 公共政策与社会发展的关系研究三、行政管理1. 行政管理效率与效能研究2. 行政改革与创新研究3. 公共组织管理与领导能力建设4. 行政伦理与廉政建设研究四、社会治理1. 社会组织与社会治理研究2. 社会治理机制创新研究3. 公民参与与社会治理的关系研究4. 社会治理与社会稳定研究五、公共服务1. 公共服务品质与效能研究2. 公共服务供给与需求匹配研究3. 公共服务市场化与社会公平研究4. 公共服务创新与发展研究以上是一些常见的公共管理考博题目，当然在实践中还会有很多新颖的研究课题。
在准备考博之前，考生需要做好功课，充分了解公共管理领域的研究现状和热点问题，选择一个合适的研究方向，并深入研究相关理论和案例。
考生还需要具备扎实的理论基础和研究方法，熟悉学术领域的最新动态，积极参与学术交流和学术活动，不断提高研究水平和学术能力。
公共管理考博不仅是一个考验考生学术能力的过程，更是一个培养学术素养和科研能力的过程。
通过攻读博士学位，可以加深对公共管理领域的理解和认识，提高研究水平和学术能力，为今后的科研工作和学术发展奠定基础。
希望广大考生能够充分准备，积极备考，顺利通过考试，取得博士学位，并为公共管理领域的发展贡献自己的智慧和力量。
【文章2000字】第二篇示例：公共管理考博题目是考博士生的一项重要内容，通过考试来考察考生对公共管理学科的理解和掌握程度。
2003年春季华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。
公共管理考博题目
公共管理考博题目全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：一、政府管理1. 如何优化政府的组织结构和运作模式，提高政府管理效率？2. 政府改革对社会经济发展的影响和作用是什么？3. 政府对市场的监管和调控应该在哪些方面加强？二、公共政策1. 公共政策如何制定和实施，以促进社会公平和经济可持续发展？2. 在全球化背景下，政府应如何调整公共政策以适应国际环境？3. 如何评估和监督公共政策的效果和成效？三、公共领导1. 什么是有效的公共领导力，如何培养和提升公共领导者素质？2. 公共领导力与组织绩效之间的关系是怎样的？3. 公共领导者在应对危机和困难时应该如何行动？四、公共服务1. 如何保障公共服务的公平性和质量？2. 公共服务创新和改进的途径和方法有哪些？3. 公共服务的数字化转型对社会管理的影响是怎样的？五、公共治理1. 公共治理的核心原则和方法有哪些？2. 公共治理在应对全球性挑战和问题中有何作用？3. 公共治理的发展趋势和前景是怎样的？以上仅仅是一些公共管理考博题目的简要介绍，实际考试中可能还会涉及更多的具体内容和深度问题。
考生在备考过程中，应该关注当前的社会热点和政策议题，充分了解公共管理领域的前沿动态和理论研究，灵活运用知识和理论来解决实际问题，提出自己的见解和观点。
希望考生能够在考博中取得优异成绩，为将来的学术研究和实践工作打下坚实的基础。
第二篇示例：公共管理考博题目关于公共管理的考博题目是一个涵盖了政府管理、公共政策、社会组织以及公共服务等多个领域的综合性考试。
通过考博题目的设置，可以考查考生的理论功底、批判思维、问题解决能力以及实践能力等方面的能力。
下面就公共管理考博题目进行详细的分析和探讨。
一、政府管理领域政府管理是公共管理领域的一个核心内容，也是公共管理考博题目中的重要考查内容之一。
在政府管理领域，考生可能会遇到以下类型的题目：1.政府管理理论与实践的关系：如何理解政府管理理论与实践之间的关系？政府管理理论对实践的指导作用是什么？2.政府绩效评估：如何评价政府的绩效表现？政府绩效评估的指标体系应该如何设计？如何解决政府绩效评估中存在的问题？3.政府创新能力：政府如何提升创新能力？政府创新能力的核心要素是什么？4.政府治理模式：政府治理模式的演进过程及其影响因素是什么？如何评价各种不同类型的政府治理模式？二、公共政策领域1.公共政策制定过程：公共政策的制定过程包括哪些步骤？如何有效地进行公共政策评估？2.政策分析方法：政策分析的方法有哪些？各种政策分析方法的适用范围是什么？3.政府政策的责任落实：政府政策的最终目的是什么？政府如何实现政策的责任落实？4.政府决策与民主参与：政府决策过程中如何实现公众参与？民主参与对政府决策的影响是什么？三、社会组织领域1.社会组织的类型与功能：社会组织包括哪些类型？不同类型的社会组织在社会治理中扮演的角色是什么？2.社会组织的治理机制：社会组织的治理机制有哪些？如何提升社会组织的治理能力？3.社会组织与政府之间的关系：社会组织与政府之间的关系如何协调？政府应该如何支持社会组织的发展？4.社会组织的创新能力：社会组织如何提升创新能力？社会组织的创新能力对社会进步的影响是什么？1.公共服务质量评价：如何评价公共服务的质量？公共服务质量标准应该如何制定？2.公共服务的供给与需求：公共服务的供给与需求之间的平衡关系是什么？公共服务的提供者应该如何更好地满足需求？3.公共服务的管理机制：公共服务的管理机制有哪些？如何提升公共服务的管理效率？4.公共服务的创新与改进：公共服务如何实现创新与改进？如何利用科技手段提升公共服务的效益？第三篇示例：近年来，公共管理专业的热度逐渐上升，越来越多的人选择考取公共管理专业的博士学位。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理 1
同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。
2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。
3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。
4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。
5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。
2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。
请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。
简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。
并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。
注：名解是用英文出的。
3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。
(完整版)华科公共管理学考博历年试题
2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。
2016华中科技大学考博阅读真题答案1
Early models of the geography of the metropolis were unicellular: that is, they assumed that the entire urban district would normally be dominated by a single central district, around which the various economic functions of the community would be focused. This central business district (CBD) is the source of so-called high-order goods and services, which can most efficiently be provided from a central location rather than from numerous widely dispersed locations. Thus, retailers of infrequently and irregularly purchased goods, such as fur coats, jewelry, and antique furniture, and specialized service outlets, such as theaters, advertising agencies, law firms, and government agencies, will generally be found in the CBD. By contrast, less costly, more frequently demanded goods, such as groceries and housewares, andlow-order services, such as shoe repair and hairdressing, will be available at many small, widely scattered outlets throughout the metropolis.Both the concentric-ring model of the metropolis, first developed in Chicago in the late nineteenth century, and the sector model, closely associated with the work of Homer Hoyt in the 1930s, make the CBD the focal point of the metropolis. The concentric-ring model assumes that the varying degrees of need for accessibility to the CBD of various kinds of economic entities will be the main determinant of their location. Thus, wholesale and manufacturing firms, which need easy accessibility to the specialized legal, financial, and governmental services provided in the CBD, will normally be located just outside the CBD itself. Residential areas will occupy the outer rings of the model, with low-income groups residing in the relatively crowded older housing close to the business zone and high-income groups occupying the outermost ring, in the more spacious, newer residential areas built up through urban expansion.Homer Hoyt’s sector model is a modified version of the concentric-ring model. Recognizing the influence of early established patterns of geographic distribution on the later growth of the city, Hoyt developed the concept of directional inertia. According to Hoyt, custom and social pressures tend to perpetuate locational patterns within the city. Thus, if a particular part of the city (say, the east side) becomes a common residential area for higher-income families, perhaps because of a particular topographical advantage such as a lake or other desirable feature, future expansion of the high-income segment of the population is likely to proceed in the same direction. In our example, as the metropolis expands, a wedge-shaped sector would develop on the east side of the city in which the higher-income residence would be clustered. Lower-income residences, along with manufacturing facilities, would be confined, therefore, to the western margins of the CBD.Although Hoyt’s model undoubtedly represented an advance in sophistication over the simpler concentric-ring model, neither model fully accounts for the increasing importance of focal points other than the traditional CBD. Recent years have witnessed he establishment around older cities of secondary nuclei centered on suburban business districts. In other cases, particular kinds of goods, services, and manufacturing facilities have clustered in specialized centers away from the CBD, encouraging the development of particular housing patterns in the adjacent areas. A new multicellular model of metropolitan geography is needed to express these and other emerging trends of urban growth.1. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) explain the significance of Hoyt’s concept of directional inertia and its effecton patterns of urban growth(B) emphasize the inadequacy of past attempts to explain patterns of urbangeography(C) analyze two varying theories concerning the distribution of residential areaswithin and around the metropolis(D) describe two models of metropolitan geography and suggest their limitations(E) show the importance of the central business district as a focus for urbangrowth2. It can be inferred from the passage that according to a unicellular urban model,law firms are commonly located near the center of a city mainly because(A) law firms benefit from the proximity to financial and governmental servicesthat a center city location provides(B) the demand for legal services is too irregular to support many small law firmsin the outer districts of the city(C) law firms require accessibility to the wholesale and retail businesses thatprovide a major share of their clientele(D) the high-income groups that make up the primary users of legal servicesdemand easy access to the firms’ offices(E) the specialized service personnel required by a law firm are often interested inresiding as close as possible to the city center3. According to the concentric-ring model, in which of the following orders (fromthe center of the city outward) would the areas of the typical city be arranged?(A) central business district, low-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, high-income housing(B) central business district, wholesale and manufacturing businesses,low-income housing, high-income housing(C) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, central business district,low-income housing, high-income housing(D) central business district, high-income housing, wholesale and manufacturingbusinesses, low-income housing(E) wholesale and manufacturing businesses, low-income housing, centralbusiness district, high-income housing4. According to the passage, the sector model differs from the concentric-ring modelprimarily in that it(A) stresses the role of topographic features in determining patterns of urbandevelopment(B) emphasizes the continuing expansion of the city as an influence on urbandevelopment(C) recognizes the importance of focal points of urban growth other than thetraditional central business district(D) assumes that the need for access to the central business district is the maindeterminant of urban developmental patterns(E) takes into account the influence of certain social factors on urbangeographical patterns5. The passage states that both the concentric-ring model and the sector model(A) inadequately represent the forms of urban development emerging in today’scities(B) need to be considerably refined to be of real use to students of urban growth(C) have been superseded by more recently developed models of urban growth(D) represent older cities more accurately than they do newly foundedmetropolitan areas(E) fail to explain the rapid outward growth of cities that has occurred in recentyears6. According to the passage, an updated model of urban geography would indicatethe(A) phenomenal growth in population and area of suburban residential districtsbeyond the limits of the city itself(B) recent decline in the influence of business and industry over the geographicalpatterns of urban growth(C) growing importance of urban business and service centers located away fromthe central business district(D) clustering of business facilities in recently built areas, while older districts areturned into residential areas(E) gradual displacement of older urban centers by new, more highly specializedcities in geographically dispersed locations7. All of the following are examples of the emerging trends of urban growthdescribed in the last paragraph of the passage EXCEPT(A) the construction in a suburban community of a large shopping mall wheremany of the local residents do most of their buying(B) the opening of an industrial park on the outskirts of a declining older city(C) the construction of hospital-medical school complex near a highway fifteenmiles from a downtown business district(D) the building of a residential development near a suburban tool factory tohouse the factory workers and their families(E) the creation of a luxury housing development in a rural setting thirty milesfrom the center of a city8. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph ofthe passage?(A) It summarizes the information presented in the first three paragraphs anddraws some conclusions.(B) It outlines a new model, applies it to recent phenomena, and argues in favorof its adoption.(C) It introduces no evidence in support of an existing model.(D) It evaluates two models in the light of recent evidence and advocates thedevelopment of a third model.(E) It compares one model unfavorably with another and develops thecomparison by citing examples.。
华中科技大学计算机考博试题与答案 45
2010年华中科技大学计算机考博试题计算机网络（二）1. 专业术语解释DWDM（密集波分服用）：是一种光纤数据传输技术，这一技术利用激光的波长按照比特位并行传输或者字符串行传输方式在光纤内传送数据。
DWDM是光纤网络的重要组成部分，它可以让IP协议、ATM 和同步光纤网络/同步数字序列（SONET/SDH）协议下承载的电子邮件、视频、多媒体、数据和语音等数据都通过统一的光纤层传输。
URL（Uniform Resource Locator）：统一资源定位器，通俗的理解URL就是常说的网址。
每一个网页都有只属于自己的URL地址（我们俗称网址），它具有全球唯一性。
正确的URL应该是可以通过浏览器打开一个网页的。
FCFS：在计算机领域中，有时被用以描述数据结构中的队列性质，类似于FIFO（先进先出）。
在计算机并行任务处理中，被视为最简单的任务排序策略，即是无论任务大小和所需完成时间，对先到的任务先处理，后到的任务后处理。
按照作业进入系统的先后次序来挑选作业，先进入系统的作业优先被挑选。
SIP：（Session Initiation Protocol）会话初始协议的目的是用来帮助提供跨越因特网的高级电话业务，是在诸如SMTP（简单邮件传送协议）和HTTP(超文本传送协议）基础之上建立起来的。
它用来建立、改变和终止基于IP网络的用户间的呼叫。
ISP：是Internet Service Provider缩写，翻译为互联网服务提供商，即向广大用户综合提供互联网接入业务、信息业务、和增值业务的电信运营商。
ICP的英文是Internet Content Provider，翻译为互联网内容提供商，即向广大用户综合提供互联网信息业务和增值业务的电信运营商。
国内知名ICP有新浪、搜狐、163、21CN等。
ASP的英文是Application Service Provider，翻译为应用服务提供商，是为各种各样的商务客户和事务客户提供其所需的应用，并且这种应用通过托管或者租用的形式实现，而不是使用传统的购买方式或者用户定制开发的形式实现的，从而使客户的应用开发成本大幅度下降。
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.
华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。
(完整版)华科公共管理学考博历年试题
2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。
华科考博历年病理考题1990-2021
华科考博历年病理考题1990-2021华中科技大学同济医学院考博病理学试题（1990-2021年）华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（1） 1 凋落 2 血栓再通 3 化生 4 浓性卡他 5 非典型增生问答：1 修复过程中组织再生受哪些因素影响？2 试述肺动脉栓塞的原因及后果。
3 何谓吞噬作用？扼要说明吞噬过程。
4 试述肿瘤增生与非肿瘤增生的区别。
华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1990（2）一名词解释 1淤血 2渗出 3肿瘤 4葡萄胎5炎性息肉 6坏死7栓塞 8肿瘤的异型性 9单核吞噬细胞系统 10 动脉粥样硬化二简述细胞与组织常见损伤原因三试述良性高血压时心和肾的病理变化四试述脓肿的病因，病理变化和结局五原发肺结核与继发肺结核的病理变化有何不同？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（1）1 试述凝固性坏死、液化性坏死、干酪样坏死和脂肪坏死的形态学特点及其相互区别。
2 试述畸胎瘤和癌肉瘤的异同点。
3 何谓肉芽肿性炎？常见病因。
各举两例说明其形态结构和结局。
4 纤维素性炎发生与哪些器官？哪些疾病（至少两种以上）？形态学有何特点？华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1991（2）一名词解释1吞噬溶酶体 2蜂窝织炎 3液化性坏死 4血栓形成 5梗死6免疫缺陷病 7结核结节 8尘肺 9肿瘤的异型性 10慢性萎缩性肾炎二举例说明恶性肿瘤的扩散途径三试述血吸虫性肝硬变的病变特征和临床表现四试述细菌性肺炎的病变特征华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1992 一名词解释1细胞水变性 2微血栓 3蜂窝织炎 4缩窄性心包炎 5结核病 6原位癌 7浆液性炎症8粥瘤 9固缩坏死（凋落） 10交界性肿瘤二何谓坏疽？坏疽分哪几种类型？各型病变有何特征？三简述急性炎症和结局四试述急性（普通型）病理型肝炎的病理变化及临床联系五简述弥漫性新月体肾炎的病理变化及临床病理联系华中科技大学同济医学院病理考题1993 一名词解释1瘢痕组织 2风湿小节 3肠上皮化生 4混合血栓 5化脓性炎症6肿瘤的转移 7脑软化 8硅（矽）结节 9肝细胞碎片状坏死 10脓毒血症二试述肿瘤的生长方式及其临床意义三试述支气管炎的病理变化及其主要临床症状与病变的关系四简述结核病基本病变的转化规律五试述血栓对机体的影响，并各举一例加以说明同济医科大学一九九三年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题基础课：病理学一．解释常用病理学名词（每小题4分，共40分） 1、肿瘤的异型性 2、毛玻璃样肝细胞 3、干酪样坏死4、栓塞 5、化生心肌梗死 6、嗜神经细胞现象 7、脂肪变性 8、 organization 9、 tuberculoma 10、二．何谓癌前病变？列举各种类型癌前病变并简要说明之。
2017年华中科技大学学博士英语真题
Passage 4 (4/63)The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were—reptiles or birds—are among the questions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a wing-like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal’s body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs’ hind feet resembled a bat’s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats(C) fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight(D) pterosaurs were reptiles(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves as(A) revolutionary(B) unlikely(C) unassailable(D) probable(E) outdated3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the(A) size of its wingspan(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones(C) anatomic origin of its wing strut(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its body4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?(A) An animal’s brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.(B) An animal’s appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.(C) Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not reptiles.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?(A) New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented, and each is disputed by means of specific information.(C) Three hypotheses are outlined, and evidence supporting each is given.(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their implications for future study are projected.LSAT第27套 SECTION IMost office workers assume that the messages they send to each other via electronic mail are as private as a telephone call or a face-to-face meeting. That assumption is wrong. Although it is illegal in many areas for an employer to eavesdrop on private conversations or telephone calls—even if they take place on a company-owned telephone—there are no clear rules governing electronic mail. In fact, the question of how private electronic mail transmissions should be has emerged as one of the more complicated legal issues of the electronic age.People’s opinions about the degree of privacy that electronic mail should have vary depending on whose electronic mail system is being used and who is reading themessages. Does a government office, for example, have the right to destroy electronic messages created in the course of running the government, thereby denying public access to such documents? Some hold that government offices should issue guidelines that allow their staff to delete such electronic records, and defend this practice by claiming that the messages thus deleted already exist in paper versions whose destruction is forbidden. Opponents of such practices argue that the paper versions often omit such information as who received the messages and when they received them, information commonly carried on electronic mail systems. Government officials, opponents maintain, are civil servants; the public should thus have the right to review any documents created during the conducting of government business. Questions about electronic mail privacy have also arisen in the private sector. Recently, two employees of an automotive company were discovered to have been communicating disparaging information about their supervisor via electronic mail. The supervisor, who had been monitoring the communication, threatened to fire the employees. When the employees filed a grievance complaining that their privacy had been violated, they were let go. Later, their court case for unlawful termination was dismissed; the company’s lawyers successfully argued that because the company owned the computer system, its supervisors had the right to read anything created on it.In some areas, laws prohibit outside interception of electronic mail by a third party without proper authorization such as a search warrant. However, these laws do not cover “inside” interception such as occurred at the automotive company. In the past, courts have ruled that interoffice communications may be considered private only if employees have a “reasonable expectation” of privacy when they send the messages. The fact is that no absolute guarantee of privacy exists in any computer system. The only solution may be for users to scramble their own messages with encryption codes; unfortunately, such complex codes are likely to undermine the principal virtue of electronic mail: its convenience.1. Which one of the following statements most accurately summarizes the main point of the passage?(A) Until the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in both the public and private sectors have been resolved, office workers will need to scramble their electronic mail messages with encryption codes.(B) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the work place can best be resolved by treating such communications as if they were as private as telephone conversations or face-to-face meetings.(C) Any attempt to resolve the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace must take into account the essential difference between public-sector and private sector business.(D) At present, in both the public and private sectors, there seem to be no clear general answers to the legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace.(E) The legal questions surrounding the privacy of electronic mail in the workplace of electronic mail in the workplace can best be resolved by allowing supervisorsin public-sector but not private-sector offices to monitor their employees’communications.2. According to the passage, which one of the following best expresses the reason some people use to oppose the deletion of electronic mail records at government offices?(A) Such deletion reveals the extent of government’s unhealthy obsession with secrecy.(B) Such deletion runs counter to the notion of government’s accountability to its constituency.(C) Such deletion clearly violates the legal requirement that government offices keep duplicate copies of all their transactions.(D) Such deletion violates the government’s own guidelines against destruction of electronic records.(E) Such deletion harms relations between government employees and their supervisors.3. Which one of the following most accurately states the organization of the passage?(A) A problem is introduced, followed by specific examples illustrating the problem: a possible solution is suggested, followed by an acknowledgment of its shortcomings.(B) A problem is introduced, followed by explications of two possible solutions to the problem: the first solution is preferred to the second, and reasons are given for why it is the better alternative.(C) A problem is introduced, followed by analysis of the historical circumstances that helped bring the problem about a possible solution is offered and rejected as being only a partial remedy.(D) A problem is introduced, followed by enumeration of various questions that need to be answered before a solution can be found: one possible solution is proposed and argued for.(E) A problem is introduced, followed by descriptions of two contrasting approaches to thinking about the problem: the second approach is preferred to the first, and reasons are given for why it is more likely to yield a successful solution.4. Based on the passage, the author’s attitude towards interception of electronic mail can most accurately be described as:(A) outright disapproval of the practice(B) support for employers who engage in it(C) support for employees who lose their jobs because of it(D) intellectual interest in its legal issues(E) cynicism about the motives behind the practice5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely hold which one of the following opinions about an encryption system that could encodes and decode electronic mail messages with a single keystroke?(A) It would be an unreasonable burden on a company’s ability to monitor electronic mail created by its employees.(B) It would significantly reduce the difficulty of attempting to safeguard theprivacy of electronic mail.(C) It would create substantial legal complications for companies trying to prevent employees from revealing trade secrets to competitors.(D) It would guarantee only a minimal level of employee privacy, and so would not be worth the cost involved in installing such a system.(E) It would require a change in the legal definition of “reasonable expectation of privacy” as it applies to employer-employee relations.SECTION BSome recent historians have argued that life in the British colonies in America from approximately 1763 to 1789 was marked by internal conflicts among colonists. Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth-century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward arguments that deserve evaluation.The kind of conflict most emphasized by these historians is class conflict. Yet with the Revolutionary War dominating these years, how does one distinguish class conflict within that larger conflict? Certainly not by the side a person supported. Although many of these historians have accepted the earlier assumption that Loyalists represented an upper class, new evidence indicates that Loyalists, like rebels, were drawn from all socioeconomic classes. (It is nonetheless probably true that a larger percentage of the well-to-do joined the Loyalists than joined the rebels.) Looking at the rebel side, we find little evidence for the contention that lower-class rebels were in conflict with upper-class rebels. Indeed, the war effort against Britain tended to suppress class conflicts. Where it did not, the disputing rebels of one or another class usually became Loyalists. Loyalism thus operated as a safety valve to remove socioeconomic discontent that existed among the rebels. Disputes occurred, of course, among those who remained on the rebel side, but the extraordinary social mobility of eighteenth-century American society (with the obvious exception of slaves) usually prevented such disputes from hardening along class lines. Social structure was in fact so fluid—though recent statistics suggest a narrowing of economic opportunity as the latter half of the century progressed —that to talk about social classes at all requires the use of loose economic categories such as rich, poor, and middle class, or eighteenth-century designations like “the better sort.” Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed. Outside of New York, however, there were very few instances of openly expressed class antagonism.Having said this, however, one must add that there is much evidence to support the further claim of recent historians that sectional conflicts were common between 1763 and 1789. The “Paxton Boys” incident and the Regulator movement are representative examples of the widespread, and justified, discontent of western settlers against colonial or state governments dominated by eastern interests. Although undertones of class conflict existed beneath such hostility, the opposition was primarily geographical. Sectional conflict—which also existed between North and South—deserves further investigation.In summary, historians must be careful about the kind of conflict they emphasize in eighteenth-century America. Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.17. The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the passage to be(A) potentially verifiable(B) partially justified(C) logically contradictory(D) ingenious but flawed(E) capricious and unsupported19. According to the passage, Loyalism during the American Revolutionary War servedthe function of(A) eliminating the disputes that existed among those colonists who supportedthe rebel cause(B) drawing upper, as opposed to lower, socioeconomic classes away from the rebelcause(C) tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that were not allowed toexist on the rebel side(D) channeling conflict that existed within a socioeconomic class into the wareffort against the rebel cause(E) absorbing members of socioeconomic groups on the rebel side who feltthemselves in contention with members of other socioeconomic groups The passage suggests that the author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society?I. It allowed greater economic opportunity than it did social mobility.II. It permitted greater economic opportunity prior to 1750 than after 1750. III. It did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions.IV. It prevented economic disputes from arising among members of the society.(A) I and IV only(B) II and III only(C) III and IV only(D) I, II, and III only(E) I, II, III, and IV21. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?(A) Identifying a person’s socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining which side that person supported.(B) Identifying a person as a member of the rebel or of the Loyalist side does notnecessarily reveal that person’s particular socioeconomic class.(C) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although there were fewer disputes among socioeconomic classes on the Loyalist side.(D) Both the rebel and the Loyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes, although the Loyalist side was made up primarily of members of the upper classes.According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America between 1763 and 1789?(A) These conflicts were instigated by eastern interests against western settlers.(B) These conflicts were the most serious kind of conflict in America.(C) The conflicts eventually led to openly expressed class antagonism.(D) These conflicts contained an element of class hostility.(E) These conflicts were motivated by class conflicts.The recent, apparently successful, prediction by mathematical models of an appearance of El Nino—the warm ocean current that periodically develops along the Pacific coast of South America—has excited researchers. Jacob Bjerknes pointed out over 20 years ago how winds might create either abnormally warm or abnormally cold water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Nonetheless, until the development of the models no one could explain why conditions should regularly shift from one to the other, as happens in the periodic oscillations between appearances of the warm El Nino and the cold so-called anti-El Nino. The answer, at least if the current model that links the behavior of the ocean to that of the atmosphere is correct, is to be found in the ocean.It has long been known that during an El Nino, two conditions exist: (1) unusually warm water extends along the eastern Pacific, principally along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and (2) winds blow from the west into the warmer air rising over the warm water in the east. These winds tend to create a feedback mechanism by driving the warmer surface water into a “pile” that blocks the normal upwelling of deeper, cold water in the east and further warms the eastern water, thus strengthening the wind still more. The contribution of the model is to show that the winds of an El Nino, which raise sea level in the east, simultaneously send a signal to the west lowering sea level. According to the model, that signal is generated as a negative Rossby wave, a wave of depressed, or negative, sea level, that moves westward parallel to the equator at 25 to 85 kilometers per day. Taking months to traverse the Pacific, Rossby waves march to the western boundary of the Pacific basin, which is modeled as a smooth wall but in reality consists of quite irregular island chains, such as the Philippines and Indonesia.When the waves meet the western boundary, they are reflected, and the model predicts that Rossby waves will be broken into numerous coastal Kelvin waves carrying thesame negative sea-level signal. These eventually shoot toward the equator, and then head eastward along the equator propelled by the rotation of the Earth at a speed of about 250 kilometers per day. When enough Kelvin waves of sufficient amplitude arrive from the western Pacific, their negative sea-level signal overcomes the feedback mechanism tending to raise the sea level, and they begin to drive the system into the opposite cold mode. This produces a gradual shift in winds, one that will eventually send positive sea-level Rossby waves westward, waves that will eventually return as cold cycle-ending positive Kelvin waves, beginning another warming cycle.21. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to(A) introduce a new explanation of a physical phenomenon(B) explain the difference between two related physical phenomena(C) illustrate the limitations of applying mathematics to complicated physical phenomena(D) indicate the direction that research into a particular physical phenomenon should take(E) clarify the differences between an old explanation of a physical phenomenon anda new model of it22. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph?(A) A theory is presented and criticized.(B) A model is described and evaluated.(C) A result is reported and its importance explained.(D) A phenomenon is noted and its significance debated.(E) A hypothesis is introduced and contrary evidence presented.24. According to the model presented in the passage, which of the following normally signals the disappearance of an El Nino?(A) The arrival in the eastern Pacific of negative sea-level Kelvin waves.(B) A shift in the direction of the winds produced by the start of an anti-El Nino elsewhere in the Pacific.(C) The reflection of Kelvin waves after they reach the eastern boundary of the Pacific, along Ecuador and Peru.(D) An increase in the speed at which negative Rossby waves cross the Pacific.(E) The creation of a reservoir of colder, deep ocean water trapped under the pile of warmer, surface ocean water.25. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would result fairly immediately from the cessation of the winds of an El Nino?I. Negative Rossby waves would cease to be generated in the eastern Pacific. II. The sea level in the eastern Pacific would fall.III. The surface water in the eastern Pacific would again be cooled by being mixed with deep water.(A) I only(B) II only(C) I and II only(D) I and III only(E) I, II, and III26. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the validity of the model of El Nino that is presented in the passage?(A) During some years El Nino extends significantly farther along the coasts of Ecuador and Peru than during other years.(B) During periods of unusually cool temperatures along the eastern Pacific, an El Nino is much colder than normal.(C) The normal upwelling of cold water in the eastern Pacific depends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmospheric conditions.(D) The variations in the time it takes Rossby waves to cross the Pacific depend on the power of the winds that the waves encounter.(E) The western boundary of the Pacific basin is so irregular that it impedes most coastal Kelvin waves from heading eastward.汉译英：1有些人认为多次短时间充电，会对电池造成伤害。
公共管理学试题库及答案
公共管理学试题库及答案公共管理学第一章导论：公共管理（科学）的视野。
第一，填空1、公共选择学派的奠基者是。
2.1980年代末，世界银行被用来总结非洲国家在发展中面临的问题。
3.20世纪七八十年代，美国大学公共政策学院逐渐崛起。
4.B-美信发展，倡导将人力资源部的管理经验和模式引入公共部门。
5.1990年出版的《博泽曼与斯特拉斯曼》被认为是第一本综合性公共管理教科书。
6、公共管理学更多以为基础。
7.主要以公共管理为研究对象。
8、第二次世界大战后,凯恩斯主义为西方经济学的主流流派,给西方经济国家普遍采用了。
二、选择题1、我国学者往往以()的角度来区分管理和行政这两个概念.a组织实体b经济实体c 管理实体d政治实体2.传统的公共行政模式基于（）a科层制理论b政治---行政二分法c委托---代理d内部取向3、殴文.休斯在<>一书认为()都是对公共部门的研究a公共行政b公共政策c公共管理d公共组织4、下面是公共管理物品的是()A国防B外交C教育d社会保障5、经过20世纪七八十年代的孕育和进化,公共管理的()逐渐汇合形成公共管理新模式.ap―途径b治理cb―途径d善治6.当代政策分析中最具影响力的经济方法是（）a行为主义学派b公共选择理论c新制度学派d科学管理学派7、孟德斯鸠等人所提出的“三权分立”思想中“三权”是指（）a立法b行政c监督d司法三、解释概念1.公共行政2。
公共管理3。
公共物品4。
行政国家5。
纯公共物品4。
简短回答1、公共管理学的基本研究方法有那些？2.市场经济国家的政府公共管理模式是什么？3.计划经济条件下政府公共管理的弊端是什么？4、入世后，我国各级政府的行政管理面临哪些严峻的挑战？五、论述题1.公共管理的特点及其与传统公共行政的区别？2.公共管理和私人管理的区别是什么？参考答案：一一、填空1.布坎南2。
政治危机3。
公共管理方法4。
实证理论5。
公共管理战略6。
经济学7。
政府公共管理活动8。
2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解PartⅠCloze(0.5ｘ20＝10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup1994football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(1)_____en event takes place,newspapers are on the street (2)_____the details.(3)_____anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic(4)_____,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to(5)_____it.Radio,telegraph,television,and(6)_____inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.(7)_____,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(8)_____and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are(9)_____and read than ever petition also led newspapers to(10)_____out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious(11)_____.Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(12)_____advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(13)_____.Newspapers are sold at a price that(14)_____even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main(15)_____of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising.The(16)_____inselling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers.This(17)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(18)_____on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(19)_____in a newspaper’s pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(20)_____the community,city, county,state,nation and world—and even outer space.1.A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before2.A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other7.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadB.passedC.printedpleted10.A provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in15.A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered20.A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案与解析】1.A just在此为副词，意为“刚刚”，与when连接后接状语从句。
华中科技大学管院考博专业课《管理经济学》真题
华中科技大学2002年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：《管理经济学》适用专业：工商管理，管理科学与工程1.(20分）中国是世界上最大的烟草消费国，烟草行业也是中央和地方两级财政收入的重要来源之一。
据估计,2000年国内香烟总消费量大约为750亿包。
已知香烟的需求价格弹性为—0.25,供给价格弹性为0。
4，香烟的平均价格为5元/包。
A. 假定香烟的需求与供给曲线都是线性的，利用上述信息推出需求与供给方程；B。
如果政府对每包香烟加征0。
5元的消费税，需求量和供给量将会变化多少？政府增加的税收为多少？2。
(20分)两家公司生产相同的产品，但生产函数不同.两家公司的生产函数分别为：Q A=100K0.5L0.5Q R=100K0.6L0。
4式中:Q为产量,K为资本,L为劳动。
A。
如果两家公司的产量相同，哪家公司的劳动生产率更高？B。
是否可以认为劳动生产率高的那家公司其产品成本较低?3。
(20分）在某一市场中有两家企业，市场需求曲线为P=10—Q，两家企业的总成本函数分别为：TC1(Q1)=4+2Q1，TC2（Q2）=3+3Q2，其中Q=Q1+Q2A.如果两家企业勾结，它们将会把产品价格确定为多少?B。
如果两家企业相互竞争，产品价格将为多少?4.（20分）2001年诺贝尔经济学奖授予了两位在信息经济学方面作出贡献的经济学家。
按照这两位经济学家的观点，当市场交易活动中出现信息不对称时，将会导致市场失效（market failure），进而引起资源的低效配置.请说明信息不对称是如何导致市场失效的.纠正因信息不对称而产生的市场失效有哪些途径?5。
（20分）我国已经正式成为WTO成员国。
按照WTO的规则，在考虑各成员国经济发展的前提下，各国必须尽可能低降低关税壁垒。
请用博弈论(game theory) 模型讨论两国之间采取在开放或保护政策方面可能出现的选择:情形之一:开放对两国都是上策（dominant strategy）情形之二：存在着纳什均衡状态,即:(开放，开放），（保护，保护）华中科技大学2003年招收博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目:《管理经济学》适用专业: 工商管理，管理科学与工程1. (20分)解释规模经济与范围经济的涵义.这两个概念在管理上有何意义？请举例解释。
华科公共管理学院
公共管理学院华中科技大学是我国最早创办公共管理学科相关专业的高校之一，拥有公共管理一级学科博士和硕士学位授予权，可在行政管理、土地资源管理、社会保障、社会医学与卫生事业管理、教育经济与管理、电子政务、公共安全预警与应急管理等7个二级学科招收博士、硕士学位研究生。
在2006年国家教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心组织的公共管理一级学科评估中，华中科技大学与清华大学并列第四。
2008年，华中科技大学公共管理一级学科被评为湖北省重点一级学科。
华中科技大学公共管理学院始终以培养和造就未来的领导者为宗旨，以成为领导者的摇篮和政府的思想库为发展目标，努力把学院建设成为教学、科研、培训、咨询相并重的国内一流、国际知名的公共管理学院。
为此，学院采用国际化、信息化、工程化的培养模式，突出现代信息技术在公共管理教育中的重要地位，强化基础理论教育和能力素质教育，在课程设置和教学方式上参照国际知名大学的标准和经验，努力培养和塑造具有分析、处理和驾驭国际国内公共政策和公共事务能力的高级专门管理人才。
学院已与英国牛津大学、剑桥大学、爱丁堡大学、利物浦大学，美国哈佛大学、加州大学伯克利分校、加州大学洛杉矶分校、雪城大学、亚利桑那州立大学、宾夕法里亚州立大学，荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学，德国吉森大学，澳大利亚新南威尔斯大学、墨尔本大学，比利时鲁汶大学，以色列巴伊兰大学等国外著名大学开展广泛的合作与学术交流。
学院已经成为国内公共部门人才培养的重要基地之一，能提供公共管理领域最齐全的学士、硕士、博士学位和学历教育。
学院是全国首批公共管理硕士（MPA）专业学位试点单位。
学院已与比利时安特卫普大学管理学院联合培养电子政务硕士研究生，学院在澳门特别行政区开设的电子政务研究生班赢得了澳门特别行政区行政长官何厚铧先生和全国政协副主席马万祺先生的高度评价。
华中科技大学素以严谨务实的治学传统享誉海内外，公共管理学院秉承这一光荣的治学传统，并努力发挥华中科技大学的综合优势，把握社会经济和公共管理发展的大趋势，以电子政务、城市政府管理、公共安全预警与应急管理、土地资源管理作为人才培养和学科建设的特色和重点。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2008年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、善治的基本要素（10分）
2、行政权力的特点（10分）
3、责权利相一致的原则（10分）
4、撒切尔主义公共管理新思维的主要内容，分析这对大部门制改革的启示（35分）
5、服务型政府与传统政府的差异，并分析如何构建服务型政府？（35分）
2009年华中科技大学公共管理学院试题
公共管理学
1、公共选择学派的政府失败论的概述（10分）
2、政府职能的配置及实现方式（10分）
3、西方新公共管理理论及实践的概述（10分）
4、西方公共组织理论（10分）
5、电子政务对政府执行力的影响（30分）
6、在金融风暴下，列举一个国家，并评价应急管理的监管措施（30分）。