2012年12月1日雅思阅读考试回忆
2018年12月1日雅思阅读考情回顾
2018年12月1日雅思阅读考情回顾
一、考试时间：2018年12月1日（周六）
二、考试概述：
第一篇Homeopathy，替代治疗法。
主要讲述了替代医学中的治疗方法，可参考剑四第二套第二篇Alternative medicine in Australia和剑六第三套第三篇The search for the anti-aging pill。
第二篇The history of motor car，汽车发展史。
发明发展史文章可参考剑八第一套第一篇A chronicle of timekeeping和剑六第三套第一篇The power of the big screen。
第三篇Tuatara，新西兰物种入侵。
可参考剑八第四套第二篇Biological control of pests。
三、文章简介
第一篇Homeopathy，替代治疗法
第二篇The history of motor car，汽车发展史
第三篇Tuatara，新西兰物种入侵
四、篇章分析：。
雅思历年真题集2012.docx
2012年1月7日Some people think that developing countries should invite large foreign companies to set up offices and factories to help economic growth. Others believe that developing countries should keep these large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年1月12日Some people think that the government should establish free libraries in each town. Others, however, believe that it is a waste of money since the public can use the Internet at home to obtain information. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年2月9日The spread of multinational companies and globalization produce positive effects on everyone. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月18日Technology makes our life too rich and some people say that we should live a simple life without technology. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年2月25日Full-time university students spend much of their time on study. Some people think that it is essential for them to take some other activities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年3月8日Many people fail to achieve a balance between work and other parts of life.What causes the situation? How to overcome this problem?2012年3月31日In some cultures old people are more valued, while in other cultures the youth is more valued. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年4月12日Ambition is an important character for people who want to be successful in life. Is it a positive or negative character?2012年4月14日There is a tendency that news reports in the media focus on problems and emergencies rather than positive developments. It is harmful to the individual and to the society. Do you agree or disagree?2012年5月10日Today consumers are facing an increasing amount of advertising from competing companies. To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures can be taken to protect them?2012年5月19日Food has become cheaper and food production has increased thanks to enlarged manufacturing capacity, the use of fertilizers and better machinery. However, some people believe that this will do harm to the health of humans and the local community as a whole. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年5月26日Some people argue that the government should support the funds for arts, while others suggest that the money should be used for public health and education. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.2012年6月9日Some people think news has no connection to people's lives, so it is a waste of time to read news in the newspaper and watch news programs in television. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年6月14日Many people believe that scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the government rather than private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年6月16日An increasing number of people do not know their neighbors, and there is no longer a sense of community. What do you think are the causes of this situation? Can you suggest some solutions?2012年6月30日Some visitors are interested in other countries' cultures and traditions. How they learn other cultures and traditions? Why this is interesting to some visitors but not to others?2012年7月7日Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than promoting in quality. Do you agree or disagree?2012年7月12日It is better for students to live away from home when they are at university than to live with parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年7月21日In most cities and towns, the high volumes of road traffic become a problem. What are the causes of that and what actions could be taken to solve the problem?2012年7月28日Many people think that arts (painting and music) do not directly improve people's life, so the government should spend money on other important areas. Do you agree or disagree?2012年8月4日In many countries, 24-hour TV programmes are now transmitted throughout day and night. Some people think this is a positive development, but others do not think so. Discuss both views and give your opinion.2012年8月9日Mobile phones and the internet play an important part in the way which people relate to one another socially. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?2012年8月11日A large number of young people cannot find a job when they leave university. What problems will youth unemployment cause for individuals and for society?Give some measures to help reduce unemployment.2012年8月25日An increasing number of museums tend to charge admission fees from tourists rather than providing service free of charge. Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?2012年9月1日Many countries spend a huge amount of money on supporting their competitors to take part in some worldwide sports competitions. Others argue that it would be better if these countries can spend money on children to take part in sports. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion.2012年9月6日Some people believe everyone has the right to get university education. To what extent do you agree government should make it free to all people no matter of their financial background?2012年9月15日Money for postgraduate research is limited, so financial support from government should only be used for scientific research, not the less useful research .To what extent do you agree or disagree?2012年9月22日In some countries, young people are not only richer but also safer and healthier than ever before. However, they are less happy. What are the main causes of this phenomenon? Give some suggestions to them.Some people think personal happiness is closely related to economic success, while others believe that this depends on other factors. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2012年10月13日There is a mixture of people from different cultures and ethnic groups in a country. Why? Is this a positive or negative development?2012年10月20日Nowadays it is more convenient and easier for people to travel to other countries. Do you think the positive effects exceed the negative effects?2012年10月27日Advertising discourages people from being different individuals by making us all want to do the same and look the same. Do you agree or disagree?2012年11月3日Many people are afraid to leave their homes because of their fear of crime. Some believe that more actions should be taken to prevent crime, but others feel that little can be done. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.2012年11月8日We have three important parts of education reading, writing and mathematics. Some people think every child will benefit from the fourth skill added to the list: computer skills. Do you agree or disagree?In the past, people used to travel abroad to look many differences. Nowadays, places all over the world are more and more similar. What are the causes of the similarity? Do you think the advantages of this problem outweigh the disadvantages?2012年11月24日With the increasing use of mobile phones and computers, fewer people are writing letters. Some people think that the traditional skill of writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree? How important do you think is letter-writing?2012年12月1日More and more companies are allowing employees to work at home. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?2012年12月6日People throw things away and buy new ones instead of repairing them and using again. What do you think may be the reasons for this? What problems might this cause in society?2012年12月18日In some countries around the world men and women tend to have their children late in life. What are the reasons for this development? What are the effects on society and family life?2012年12月25日We live in cities or towns which have museums displaying historical and cultural importance, but people do not visit them. How do you think people do not visit museums in their local areas? What is the importance of museums to society?。
雅思考试真题：2012年12月1日雅思阅读A类回顾与点评
雅思考试真题：2012年12月1日雅思阅读A类回顾与点评achievement and achievement-related aspirations. Parental educational level is an important predictor of children’s education al and behavioral outcomes (Davis-Kean, 2005; Dearing, McCartney, & Taylor, 2002; Duncan, Brooks-Gunn, & Klebanov, 1994; Haveman & Wolfe, 1995; Nagin & Tremblay, 2001; Smith, Brooks-Gunn, & Klebanov, 1997). The majority of research on the ways in which parental education shapes child outcomes has been conducted through cross-sectional correlational analyses or short-term longitudinal designs in which parents and children are tracked through the child’s adolescent years. Our main goals in the current study were to examine long-term effects on children’s educational and occupational success of their parents’ educational level while controlling for other indices of family socioeconomic status and the children’s own intelligence, and to examine possible mediator s of the effects of parents’ education on children’s educational and occupational outcomes. Following theory and research on family process models (e.g., Conger et al., 2002; McLoyd, 1989), we expected that indices of family socioeconomic status, including parent education, would predict the quality of family interactions and child behavior. Next, based on social-cognitive-ecological models (e.g., Guerra & Huesmann, 2004; Huesmann, 1998; Huesmann, Eron, & Yarmel, 1987), we expected parental education, the quality of family interactions, and child behavior would shape, by late adolescence, educational achievement and aspirations for future educational and occupational success. Finally, following Eccles’ expectancy-value model (Eccles, 1993; Frome & Eccles, 1998), we predicted that late adolescent aspirations for future success would affect actual educational and occupational success in adulthood. We use data from the Columbia County Longitudinal Study, a 40-year developmental study initiated in 1960 with data collected most recently in 2000 (Eron, Walder, & Lefkowitz, 1971; Lefkowitz, Eron, Walder, & Huesmann, 1977; Huesmann, Dubow, Eron, Boxer, Slegers, & Miller, 2002; Huesmann, Eron, Lefkowitz, & Walder, 1984).Go to:Family Contextual Influences during Middle ChildhoodIn terms of socioeconomic status (SES) factors, the positive link between SES and children’s achievement is well-established (Sirin, 2005; White, 1982). McLoyd’s (1989; 1998) seminal literature reviews also have documented well the relation of poverty and low socioeconomic status to a range of negative child outcomes, including low IQ, educational attainment and achievement, and social-emotional problems. Parental education is an important index of socioeconomic status, and as noted, it predicts children’s educational and behavioral outcomes. However, McLoyd has pointed out the value of distinguishing among various indices of family socioeconomic status, including parental education, persistent versus transitory poverty, income, and parental occupational status, because studies have found that income level and poverty might be stronger predictors of children’s cognitive outcomes compared to other SES indices (e.g., Duncan et al., 1994; Stipek, 1998). Thus, in the present study, we control for other indices of socioeconomic status when considering the effects of parental education.In fact, research suggests that parental education is indeed an important and significant unique predictor of child achievement. For example, in an analysis of data from several large-scale developmental studies, Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (1997) concluded that maternal education was linked significantly to children’s intellectual outcomes even after controlling for a variety of other SES indicators such as household income. Davis-Kean (2005) found direct effects of parental education, but not income, on European American children’s standardized achievement scores; both parental education and income exerted indirect effects on parents’ achievement-fostering behaviors, and subse quently children’s achievement, through their effects on parents’ educational expectations. Thus far, we have focused on the literature on family SES correlates of children’s academic and behavioral adjustment. However, along with those contemporaneous lin ks between SES and children’s outcomes, longitudinal research dating back to groundbreaking status attainment models (e.g, Blau & Duncan, 1967; Duncan, Featherman, & Duncan, 1972) indicates clearlythat family of origin SES accounts meaningfully for educational and occupational attainment during late adolescence and into adulthood (e.g., Caspi, Wright, Moffitt, & Silva, 1998; Johnson et al., 1983; Sobolewski & Amato, 2005; for a review, see Whitson & Keller, 2004). For example, Caspi et al. reported that lower parental occupational status of children ages 3–5 and 7–9 predicted a higher risk of the child having periods of unemployment when making the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Johnson et al. (1983) found that mothers’ and fathers’ educational l evel and fathers’ occupational status were related positively to their children’s adulthood occupational status. Few studies, however, are prospective in nature spanning such a long period of time (i.e., a 40-year period from childhood to middle adulthood). Also, few studies include a wide range of contextual and personal predictor variables from childhood and potential mediators of the effects of those variables from adolescence.Go to:Potential Mediators of the Effects of Family Contextual Influences during Childhood on Adolescent and Adult OutcomesFamily process models (e.g., Conger et al., 2002; McLoyd, 1989; Mistry, Vanderwater, Huston, & McLoyd, 2002) have proposed that the effects of socioeconomic stress (e.g., financial strain, unstable employment) on child outcomes are mediated through parenting stress and family interaction patterns (e.g., parental depressed mood; lower levels of warmth, nurturance, and monitoring of children). That is, family structural variables such as parental education and income affect the level of actual interactions within the family, and concomitantly, the child’s behavior. It is well established within broader social learning models (e.g., Huesmann, 1998) that parents exert substantial influence on their children’s behavi or. For example, children exposed to more rejecting and aggressive parenting contexts, as well as interparental conflict, display greater aggression (Cummings & Davies, 1994; Eron et al., 1971; Huesmann et al., 1984; Lefkowitz et al., 1977) and the effects between negative parenting and child aggression arebi-directional (Patterson, 1982). Presumably, children learn aggressive problem-solving styles as a result of repeated exposure to such models, and in turn parents use more power assertive techniques to manage the child’s behavior.Researchers also have shown that behavioral problems such as early aggression impair children’s academic and intellectual development over time (e.g., Hinshaw, 1992; Huesmann, Eron, & Yarmel, 1987). Stipek (1998) has argued that behavioral problems affect young children’s opportunities to learn because these youth often are punished for their behavior and might develop conflictual relationships with teachers, thus leading to negative attitudes about school and lowered academic success. Thus, it is possible that low socioeconomic status (including low parental educational levels) could affect negative family interaction patterns, which can influence child behavior problems (measured in our study by aggression), and in turn affect lowered academic and achievement-oriented attitudes over time.Parent education and family interaction patterns during childhood also might be linked more directly to the child’s developing academic success and achievement-oriented attitudes. In the general social learning and social-cognitive framework (Bandura, 1986), behavior is shaped in part through observational and direct learning experiences. Those experiences lead to the formation of internalized cognitive scripts, values, and beliefs that guide and maintain behavior over time (Anderson & Huesmann, 2003; Huesmann, 1998). According to Eccles (e.g., Eccles, 1993; Eccles, Vida, & Barber, 2004; Eccles, Wigfield, & Schiefele, 1998), this cognitive process accounts for the emergence and persistence of achievement-related behaviors and ultimately to successful achievement. Eccles’ framework emphasizes in particular the importance of children’s expectations for success, with parents assuming the role of “expectancy socializers” (Frome & Eccles, 1998, p. 437).Thus, for example, a child exposed to parents who model achievement-oriented behavior (e.g., obtaining advanced degrees; reading frequently; encouraging astrong work ethic) and provide achievement-oriented opportunities (e.g., library and museum trips; after-school enrichment programs; educational books and videos) should develop the guiding belief that achievement is to be valued, pursued, and anticipated. This belief should then in turn promote successful outcomes across development, including high school graduation, the pursuit of higher learning, and the acquisition of high-prestige occupations. Not surprisingly, there are positive relations between parents’ levels of education and parents’ expectations for their children’s success (Davis-Kean, 2005), suggesting that more highly educated parents actively encourage their children to develop high expectations of their own. Importantly, on the other hand, McLoyd’s (1989) review found that parents who experience difficult economic times have children who are more pessimistic about their educational and vocational futures.In the current study, we assume a broad social-cognitive-ecological (Guerra & Huesmann, 2004; Metropolitan Area Child Study Research Group, 2002; also “developmental-ecological,” Dodge & Pettit, 2003) perspective on behavior development. This view proposes that it is the cumulative influence both of childhood environmental-contextual factors (e.g., parental education, family interactions, school climate, neighborhood efficacy) and individual-personal factors (e.g., IQ and aggression) that shapes enduring cognitive styles (e.g., achievement orientation, hostile worldview) in adolescence. Once formed, those styles allow for the prediction of functioning into adulthood above and beyond the effects of the earlier influences. In this view, then, cognitive factors such as beliefs and expectations present during adolescence serve as internal links between early contextual and personal factors and later outcomes.题型难度分析此文不难，是旧文。
雅思真题 2012年10月13日IELTS机经回忆(网友版)
雅思真题2012年10月13日IELTS机经回忆（网友版）雅思全真试题2012年10月13日IELTS口语阅读机经回忆2012年10月13日雅思口语阅读第一时间回忆回忆1阅读一篇农村地区旅游一篇语言发音的影响因素中间那篇忘了回忆2阅读第一篇美国的两个节日的. 第二篇是生物钟. 第三篇英语的发声变化. 小作文两个线图. 关于东京和悉尼的平均温度的.回忆3阅读matching多。
填空每篇一个。
判断题一个第三片。
求听力8阅读7.5好嘛!!回忆4阅读secrion 1两个美国的乡村节日picnic and cheese s2生物钟s3英语的发音变化回忆5阅读一，没过乡村节，阅读二生物钟，阅读三英语发音，回忆6阅读第三篇是讲语言发音的变化，好像在阅读真经4或是九分达人上做过的2012年10月13日雅思听力第一时间回忆回忆1听力是一个女的想参加drama club了解情况第二个是几个旅游景点有恐龙博物馆冰川好像有个山啥的可以骑马和坐船去第三个是两个学建筑的讨论recycled material的应用第四个是广告我印象中机经上貌似有回忆2section1:好像类似俱乐部还是什么的1.childen不能参加，因为for adults.2.october4-7.matching。
每个月份是什么活动。
选择8是什么剧:comedy9最开始为什么而创作:theater10什么样的人会喜欢，说背景是1960，音乐很好回忆3才考完. 听力S1是机经V100206. S2关于加拿大英属哥伦比亚省的恐龙博物馆的. S3是两个人讨论水泥的. S4是关于广告的.回忆4听力s1 children october college. theater trip(E) drama workshop, outdoor party planning meeting(原文是什么for next...)选择comedy, radio,60s. s2.bones footprint night tour ,这个空没听到。
2012年12月1日雅思阅读考试真题回忆 中国雅思网
北京中国雅思
咨询电话：400-666-5126 地址：北京市海淀区苏州街18号长远天地大厦A1座17层 2012年12月1日雅思阅读考试回忆
1201雅思考试 儿童教育 有狼孩儿卢梭幼儿园？中秋版大机经又可以去掉一篇了。
回忆1
阅读S1education philosophy'S2 有关animal 阅读S3难爆了，讲的一个人的艺术定义
回忆2
阅读第一篇记得是教育问题吧什么孩子死得多不受家长重视然后颁布了新的政策开办了幼儿园什么的阅读第二篇好像是动物自己找那些有药用价值的植物正积极医治自己身上的问题如肠胃里的寄生虫吧第三篇没看懂……
回忆3
阅读第一篇是education philosophy 小孩子的教育问题，第二篇是the wellanimal 九分达人里的，第三篇是讲一个什么人的艺术标准
回忆4
阅读第一篇是关于孩子教育的，有个叫R 什么的人认为孩子能通过教育来改变他，最后说的是幼儿园的建立；第二篇说动物可以通过吃某些植物来缓解病痛；最后一篇是一个T 什么的人对艺术的定义，还有其他人的反对他的
回忆5
阅读，一个是动物的，还有一个艺术的，第一个啥不记得了。
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案(一)Published online：Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology，set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that，if a certain product is seen to be popular，shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag，a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work，and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank，but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed，the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts，also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home，you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon，a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high，othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model，shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd，and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题4(含答案)
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)The Triumph of UnreasonA.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humansare rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interestsand strive to extract maximum benefit(or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the processof decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subvertedthe decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.D.In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned theirbrains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, asan indication of its activity.E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain.Excessively high prices increased activity inthe insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations ofpain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.G.Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer’s reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often precededa decision to buy.H.People’s shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation ofthe assessment of the product (which seems to be associated withthe nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether peoplewith distinctly different spending behaviour, suchas miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of painin response to prices. They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a longand malign aftertaste.Questions 1-6Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomesor extract maximum utility from any situation.3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.4. The more active the nucleus accumens was, the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense ofa good bargain, people tended to purchase coffee.Questions 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.8. The word “miserliness” in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.A. people’s behavior of buying luxurious goodsB. people’s behavior of buying very special itemsC. people’s behavior of being very mean in shoppingD. people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which testA. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.Questions 10-13Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is deciding things to buy, George Loewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. They found that different parts of the brain wereinvloved in the process. The activity in …10… was greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found inthe insular cortex when …11…and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the medial prefrontal cortex seemed to associate withboth …12…informaiton. What interested Dr Loewenstein was the …13… ofthe assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the brain.Part IINotes to Reading Passage 11. the nucleus accumbens, the insular cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex:大脑的不同部位(皮层，皮质等)e.g. cerebellar cortex 小脑皮层cerebral cortex 大脑皮层2. hone:珩磨，磨快，磨练，训练使。
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题7(含答案)
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)Felicity LawrenceThursday December 28, 2006The Guardian1. Consumers are to be presented with two rival new year advertising campaigns as the Food Standards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.2. The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain’s obesity epidemic.3. The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers and retailers, including Kellogg’s and Tesco, to derail the system. The industry fears that traffic lights would demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those that arefatty, salty or high in sugar.4. The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth ￡1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in saltand/or sugar.5. The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of "guideline daily amounts" (GDAs) of fat, salt andsugar contained in their products.6. The battle for the nation’s diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar advertsfor unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children. Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industry and have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as "the most ferocious we’ve ever experienced".7. Ofcom’s chief executive, Ed Richards, said: "We are prepared to face up to any legal action from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary." The FSA said it was expecting an onslaught from the industry in January. Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers’ efforts to undermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency’s credibility.8. Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were not based on science. "We have some of themost respected scientists in Europe, both within the FSA and inour independent advisory committees. It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA’s scientific reputation and to tryto undermine its credibility."9. The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency, United, before Christmas, and will aim to air ads that are"non-confrontational, humorous and factual" as a counterweight to industry’s efforts about the same time. The agen cy, however, will have atiny fraction of the budget available to the industry.10. Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on its food.11. Alastair Sykes, chief executive of Nestlé UK, said that under the FSA proposals all his comp any’s confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red. "Are we saying people shouldn’t eat confectionery? We’re driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what we do has been to make our products healthier," he said.12. Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg’s, said:"In principle we could never accept traffic light labelling."13. The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg’s, Danone, Unilever, Nestlé, Kraft and Tesco and now favoured by 21 manufacturers, uses an industry-devised system based on identifying GDAs of key nutrients. Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores and that the latter increased sales of healthier foods.14. But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was "not scientific" or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.(626 words)2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)Felicity LawrenceThursday December 28, 2006The Guardian1. Consumers are to be presented with two rival new year advertising campaigns as the Food Standards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.2. The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain’s obesity epidemic.3. The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers and retailers, including Kellogg’s and Tesco, to derail the system. The industry fears that traffic lights would demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those that arefatty, salty or high in sugar.4. The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth ￡1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in saltand/or sugar.5. The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of "guideline daily amounts" (GDAs) of fat, salt andsugar contained in their products.6. The battle for the nation’s diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar advertsfor unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children. Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industry and have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as "the most ferocious we’ve ever experienced".7. Ofcom’s chief executive, Ed Richards, said: "We are prepared to face up to any legal action from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary." The FSA said it was expecting an onslaught from the industry in January. Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers’ efforts to undermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency’s credibility.8. Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were not based on science. "We have some of themost respected scientists in Europe, both within the FSA and inour independent advisory committees. It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA’s scientific reputation and to tryto undermine its credibility."9. The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency, United, before Christmas, and will aim to air ads that are"non-confrontational, humorous and factual" as a counterweight to industry’s efforts about the same time. The agency, however, will have atiny fraction of the budget available to the industry.10. Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on its food.11. Alastair Sykes, chief executive of Nestlé UK, said that under the FSA proposals all his company’s confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red. "Are we saying people shouldn’t eat confectionery? We’re driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what we do has been to make our products healthier," he said.12. Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg’s, said:"In principle we could never accept traffic light labelling."13. The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg’s, Danone, Unilever, Nestlé, Kraft and Tesco and now favoured by 21 manufacturers, uses an industry-devised system based on identifying GDAs of key nutrients. Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores and that the latter increased sales of healthier foods.14. But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was "not scientific" or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.(626 words)Questions 1-6Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. When will instructions be given on reading the color-coded labels?2. Where can customers find the red light labels?3. What problem is the FSA trying to handle with the labeling system?4. Which product sells well but may not be healthy?5. What information, according to the manufacturers, can be labeled on products?6. What can not be advertised during children’s program mes?Questions 7-13Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 7-13) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) for questions 1-7.NB You may use any letter more than once.A Ed RichardB Terrence CollisC Gavin NeathD Alastair SykesE Chris Wermann7. Generally we will not agree to use the red light labels.8. It is unreasonable to doubt if FSA is trustworthy.9. We are trying to meet our consumers’ needs.10. The food industry has been improving greatly.11. The color-coded labeling system is scientific.12. Our products will be labeled unhealthy by the FSA.13. We are ready to confront the manufacturers.Answer keys:1. 答案：(in) January (见第2段：The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain’s obesity epidemic.)2. 答案：food packs/packaging (见第2段：The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs,which is designed to tackle Britain’s obesityepidemic. 或者在第4段中也提到另一个答案：The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth ￡1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt and/or sugar.)3. 答案：(Britain’s)obesity epidemic (见第2段：The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designedto tackle Britain’s obesity epidemic.)4. 答案：(breakfast) cereals (见第4段：The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth ￡1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact thatthe majority are high in salt and/or sugar.)5. 答案：guieline daily amounts/GDAs (见第5段：The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of "guideline daily amounts" (GDAs) of fat, salt and sugar contained in their products.)6. 答案：unhealthy foods (见第6段第1句：The battle for the nation’s diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar adverts for unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children.)7. 答案：E (见第12段：Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg’s, said: "In principle we could never accept traffic light labelling." )8. 答案：B (见第8段最后一句：It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA’s scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.)9. 答案：D (见第11段最后1句：We’re driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what we do has been to make our products healthier.)10. 答案：C (见第10段:Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on its food.)11. 答案：B (见第8段：Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were not based on science. "We have some of themost respected scientists in Europe, both within the FSA and in。
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案(一)Published online：Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology，set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that，if a certain product is seen to be popular，shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag，a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is，the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work，and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank，but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed，the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category，and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge，Massachusetts，also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home，you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon，a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high，othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model，shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd，and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。
2012考研英语阅读真题带解析
2012考研英语一阅读题考研英语一阅读题Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Come on –Everybody ’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is is what what what most most most of of of us us us think think think of of of when when when we we we hear hear hear the the the words words words peer peer peer pressure. pressure. pressure. It It It usually usually leads leads to to to no no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that that peer peer peer pressure can pressure can also also be be be a a a positive positive positive force force force through through through what what what she she she calls calls calls the social the social cure, cure, in which in which organizations organizations and and and officials officials officials use use use the the the power power power of of of group group group dynamics dynamics dynamics to to to help help help individuals individuals individuals improve improve improve their their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, Rosenberg, the the the recipient recipient recipient of of of a a a Pulitzer Pulitzer Pulitzer Prize, Prize, Prize, offers offers offers a a a host host host of of of example example example of of of the social the social cure cure in in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Rage Against the Haze Against the Haze sets sets out out out to to to make make make cigarettes cigarettes cigarettes uncool. uncool. uncool. In In In South South South Africa, Africa, Africa, an an an HIV-prevention HIV-prevention initiative initiative known known known as as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The The idea idea idea seems seems seems promising promising ，and and Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg is is is a a a perceptive perceptive perceptive observer. observer. observer. Her Her Her critique critique critique of of of the the lameness lameness of of of many many many pubic-health pubic-health pubic-health campaigns campaigns campaigns is is is spot-on: spot-on: spot-on: they they they fail fail fail to to to mobilize mobilize mobilize peer peer peer pressure pressure pressure for for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psycho logy.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But But on on on the the the general general general effectiveness effectiveness effectiveness of of of the the the social social social cure, cure, cure, Rosenberg Rosenberg Rosenberg is is is less less less persuasive. Join persuasive. Join the Club Club is is is filled filled filled with with with too too too much much much irrelevant irrelevant irrelevant detail detail detail and and and not not not enough enough enough exploration exploration exploration of of of the the the social social social and and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once once state state state funding funding funding was was was cut. cut. cut. Evidence Evidence Evidence that that that the the the LoveLife LoveLife LoveLife program program program produces produces produces lasting lasting lasting changes changes changes is is limited and mixed. There ’s s no no no doubt doubt doubt that that that our our our peer peer peer groups groups groups exert exert exert enormous enormous enormous influence influence influence on on on our our our behavior. behavior. behavior. An An emerging emerging body body body of of of research research research shows shows shows that that that positive positive positive health health health habits-as habits-as habits-as well well well as as as negative negative negative ones-spread ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far Far less certain, less certain, however, however, is is is how how how successfully successfully successfully experts experts experts and and and bureaucrats can bureaucrats can select select our our our peer peer groups groups and steer and steer their their activities activities activities in in in virtuous virtuous virtuous directions. It directions. It ’s s like like like the the the teacher teacher teacher who who who breaks breaks breaks up up up the the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends. 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as 根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现：[A] a supplement to the social cure 对于社会治疗的补充对于社会治疗的补充[B] a stimulus to group dynamics 对于团队活力的刺激对于团队活力的刺激[C] an obstacle to school progress 学校进步的阻碍学校进步的阻碍[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors 一些不良行为的原因一些不良行为的原因 解析：这是一个细节题：对应文中It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.题干中的often 对应原文中的usually;选项中undesirable behaviors 对应no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. lead 对于对于cause.完美替换，四级难度，出题人很仁慈。
2012年研究生英语一真题 阅读详解part A test1
―Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!‖ pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers——teenagers who desire nothing more than fitting in.
Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题8(含答案)
2012年雅思考试阅读模拟试题(含答案)1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant bythe opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston,calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, some reinforce one another and becomelong-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequencies allow thesun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However,a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly whenwe observe them to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation."10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation in brightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that causethe temperature fluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gábor ágostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. ...claims there抯 a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fieldscould produce instabilities in the solar plasma.3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea iceto eliminate the greenhouse effect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, butthe slight changes in the earth's ...11...alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12...can induce the temperature oscillations in the sun’s interior. Thesun's core temperature oscillates around its average temperaturein ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:1. ESee the sentences in paragraph 1(There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years—exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2 (Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)2. A BSee para.3: ?i style=’normal’>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gáborágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma.3. CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para.11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. He describes Ehrlich’s clai ms as "utterly implausible".5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea whythe frequency should change from one to another," ... Nor isthe transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn抰mention anything about locking Co2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current theory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards, 卙e says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are inthe temperature oscillation.") and para.10 (Ehrlich concedes this. "If there isa way to test this theory on the sun, I can’t think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of thesun's core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the resultof subtle changes in Earth’s orbit, 匛arth's orbit gradually changes shape froma circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: ?i style=’magnetic fields in thesun's core could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.13. cyclesSee para.4: ...allow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.14. randomSee para.4: Ehrlich says that random interactions within thesun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.。
雅思阅读真题：2012年8月11日阅读考试
雅思阅读真题：2012年8月11日阅读考试
考生1回忆：
P1 厄尔尼诺
P2 汽车的发展
P3 amusia失乐症的介绍
考生2回忆：
第一篇是将厄尔尼诺现象，简单;
第二篇将汽车发展史，居然有很多问答题，奇迹;
第三篇将一种对音乐有先天疾病的人群 amusia , 注意的是最后有个matching 要到文章前面去找，因为上一题已经到了文章尾部，所以我开始纠结在后面，导致浪费时间
考生3回忆：
第一篇：厄尔尼诺现象Y/N/NG题和summary
第二篇：汽车发展matching和选择题
第三篇：音乐盲，选择题，Y/N/NG。
考生4回忆：
r1:厄尔尼诺现象,
r2eaf to music,
r3:the motor car。
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2012年12月1日雅思阅读考试回忆
乐静老师点评：
1201雅思考试 儿童教育 有狼孩儿卢梭幼儿园?中秋版大机经又可以去掉一篇了。
回忆1
阅读S1education philosophy'S2 有关animal 阅读S3难爆了，讲的一个人的艺术定义
回忆2
阅读第一篇记得是教育问题吧什么孩子死得多不受家长重视然后颁布了新的政策开办了幼儿园什么的阅读第二篇好像是动物自己找那些有药用价值的植物正积极医治自己身上的问题如肠胃里的寄生虫吧第三篇没看懂...
回忆3
阅读第一篇是education philosophy 小孩子的教育问题，第二篇是the wellanimal 九分达人里的，第三篇是讲一个什么人的艺术标准
回忆4
阅读第一篇是关于孩子教育的，有个叫R 什么的人认为孩子能通过教育来改变他，最后说的是幼儿园的建立;第二篇说动物可以通过吃某些植物来缓解病痛;最后一篇是一个T 什么的人对艺术的定义，还有其他人的反对他的 回忆5
阅读，一个是动物的，还有一个艺术的。