Key to Unit 11秘书英语(高职高专 王毅主编)

Key to Unit 11 How Does a Secretary Becomes an Efficient Guide?
Section 1 Visiting the Great Wall
I.
1.wonders
2. started
3. Period
4. first
5. built
6. west
7. dynasties
8. remnants
9. took 10. than 11. eastern 12. poorly 13. Resort 14.peaceful 15. rocks 16.carry 17.moved 18. manpower 19.ancient 20. wolves’21. smoke 22. columns
III.
4..
1) f 2) g 3) i 4) c 5) d 6) b 7)a 8) e 9) j 10) h
5.
1)清朝的统治者们没有继续修建长城。

他们采取了一种新的策略。

他们
在承德营造了避暑山庄来款待蒙古和西藏王公们，以此保证边境和平。

2)用来造城的砖头，岩石和石灰都必须以极大的劳苦弄到山上去。

山羊
和驴子也用来驮载装在筐子里的土和砖头。

因为有的岩石特别重，也许重达一吨，所以人们就用圆木和棍子把它们滚或吊上山坡。

建造长城所耗用的人力是难以计算的。

Section 2 Being a Learned Guide
I.
1. task
2. guide
3. history
4. visiting
5. emperors
6. 1924
7. shape
8.central
9. Behind 10. Nearly 11. wood 12. exclusively 13. special 14. general 15. covers 16. beauty 17. have 18. rapidly 19. among 20. from 21. collect 22. daily
III.
2.
1) a, the 2) the 3) the , the 4) the 5) an , the
3.
1)When you are touring Beijing with your friends, the first place you
should visit is the Forbidden City.
2)Huangshai is famous for its unique scenery.
3) A secretary should have rich knowledge in history, geography, politics,
economy, social culture and so on.
4)Seemingly easy, to be a guide is a hard job.
5)The more you know about China the more you will love it.
5. Dictation.
The terra-cotta soldiers in Xi’an were sculptured to protect the tomb of Qin Shihuang. While the soldiers and horses are made of clay, the weapons are real. Some of the weapons were never discovered before and demonstrated more advanced craftsmanship than expected. For instance, an unearthed bronze sword still shines after having been buried underground for more than 2,000 years. It has been found to contain many rare minerals. The ancient craftsmen also used special treatment to prevent the sword from getting rusty.
Section 3 Learning How to Make an Agenda
I．
1. written
2. document
3. meeting
4. attendees
5. prepare
6. discussed
7. purpose
8. agenda
9. date 10. place 11. Formats 12. incomplete
III．
2．
销售部例会
12月20号，星期五，3507室
会议议程
1．召集会议--- 陶乐斯·怀特
2．审议通过12月12日会议的会议记录。

3．关于秋季广告战的提案
4.休会
主席
大卫·赫胥黎
分发名单：(略)
Section 4 Getting to Know Buddhism
I.
1. means
2. suffer.
3. creator
4. nothing
5. founder
6. happiness
7.
rest 8. actions 9. escapes 10. beyond 11. path 12. point
13. desire 14. right .15 traditions. 16. emphasize 17. different 18 centers 19. raft 20. involved
III
3.
1)“佛”的意思是“觉悟之人”。

2）教徒认为没有任何事物是固定不变或永恒持久的---变化总是可能的。

3）生命的最高境界就是达到觉悟，即一种超越苦难的存在。

4）佛教现在有小乘佛教和大乘佛教两个佛教传承。

5）根据佛教，痛苦的根源是欲望。

Tapescripts
Section 1 Visiting the Great Wall
A: I saw in a TV program that The Great Wall is the first of the ten great wonders in the world. But I don’t know when and why the Great Wall was built?
C: The construction of the Great Wall started from 7th century BC; therefore, it had a history of more than 2,500 years. During the Period of the Warring States, many kingdoms built walls in Central China to protect themselves from each other and from the ―barbarians‖ in the north. When Qin Shihuang, the first emperor in Chinese history, unified China, he ordered that the northern section of the Walls built by different kingdoms be linked up and put together into one defensive bulwark. This was the Qin Great Wall---From Lintao in Gansu Province in the west to Liaodong in the east.
B: After Qin collapsed, did the following dynasties continue to build the Great Wall?
C: Yes. In the following dynasties, the Great Wall was under constant construction and repair The Great Wall we see today are mainly the remnants of the Ming Great Wall. The Ming Dynasty was the last dynasty in Chinese history when large-scaled construction of the Great Wall took place. The Ming Great Wall stretched from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, covering a total length of more than 5,000 km.
B: Isn’t Shanghaiguan the eastern end of the Great Wall?
C: Today, Shanhaiguan Pass is generally considered as the eastern end of the Great Wall because the section from Shanhaiguan Pass to the Yalu River was poorly built and maintained.
A: Did the Qing government build the Great Wall?
C: The Qing rulers did not continue to build the Great Wall. They adopted a new policy by building a Summer Resort in Chengde to entertain the Mongolian and Tibetan nobles to ensure a peaceful boundary.
B: Building the Great Wall must have been an unbelievably hard job.
A: Yes, exactly. The bricks, rocks and lime used to build the Wall had to be carried up the mountains at the cost of back-breaking labour. Goats and donkeys were also used to carry earth and bricks in baskets. Since some of the rocks were very heavy, maybe as heavy as one ton, they were moved up slopes by means of rolling rods and hoisting bars. It is hard to calculate the amount of manpower used in the construction of the Great Wall.
A: How useful was the Great Wall in the defence of the barbarians from the north?
C: In ancient China, beacon towers were built along the wall to relay military information from place to place. When the enemy invaded in the day-time, wolves’ dung was burned for strong smoke, while at night, beacon fire was lit on the towers to give a warning message. The number of the smoke signals could reveal the number of invading enemies. One column of smoke used to represent 100 enemies, two columns, 500, and three columns, 1,000, and the amount of smoke also showed the degree of emergency.
Section 2 Being a Good Guide
When a secretary is assigned the task of leading guests to visit some places of interest or some scenic spots, the secretary’s role has changed into a guide temporarily. When accompanying the guests to visit a famous and historical place or a very beautiful place of nature, the secretary should tell them its long
history and unique characteristics to let them know and share the wisdom of Chinese people and enjoy the treasures of Chinese civilization. For example, when visiting Beijing, the Forbidden City is a better place to visit.
The Forbidden City contains the imperial palaces of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Twenty-four emperors, 14 in Ming and 10 in the Qing dynasties, ruled the country from here. The last emperor Puyi lived here until 1924. After that, the palace was opened to the public as the Palace Museum. The Forbidden City covers an area of 72 hectares. It is rectangular in shape . It is said there are 9999.5 rooms in the whole complex.
The buildings in the Forbidden City are arranged symmetrically. Along the central axis are three big halls. They make up the main part of the front area known as the Outer Court where the emperors attended state affairs. Behind the three big halls lay the living quarters of the imperial family.
Yellow is the predominant color of the Forbidden City. Nearly every house within the Forbidden City is roofed with yellow glazed tiles. Chinese ancestors believed that the universe was made up of five elements, namely, gold, wood , water, fire and earth. Because the earth was the most basic of them all, yellow, the color of earth, was almost exclusively used for the emperors.
When visiting Huangshan, a secretary should let his or her guests know where Huangshan is located, and what makes Huangshan special among all the mountains in China.
Huangshan Mountain, is one of China’s most spectacular mountains. It is the general name of a famous range of granite mountains found in the south of Anhui Province. The sightseeing area of Huangshan Mountain covers 154 sq. km, so it is known as ―five-hundred-li Huangshan‖.
Huangshai is famous for its beautiful scenery. There is an old saying to acclaim its beauty: Coming back form Huangshai, you would not like to view other mountains. Over the centuries, Chinese men of letters have immortalized ―four ultimate beauties‖ of Huangshan Mountain: ancient pine trees clinging to the rock face; peaks in strange shapes; bubbling hot springs and rapidly changing clouds.
Huangshan Mountain is wonderful for its varied scenes and changeable views. The clouds flow to and fro among the pine trees and the brooks flow murmuring around the rocks. It is ―change‖ that makes Huangshan Mountain distinguished from other mountains.
To function as an efficient guide, a secretary needs to make good preparation and collect some information about the place to visit. A secretary
should also take care to accumulate such information in the daily life in case it would be useful some day. What a secretary should always remember is that his or her knowledge will decide the success of his or her work as a guide.
Dictation.
The terra-cotta soldiers in Xi’an were sculptured to protect the tomb of Qin Shihuang. While the soldiers and horses are made of clay, the weapons are real. Some of the weapons were never discovered before and demonstrated more advanced craftsmanship than expected. For instance, an unearthed bronze sword still shines after having been buried underground for more than 2,000 years. It has been found to contain many rare minerals. The ancient craftsmen also used special treatment to prevent the sword from getting rusty.
Section 3 Learning How to Make an Agenda
An agenda is a written document that lists the topics to be discussed during meeting The secretary should get it ready and distribute it to the attendees before the meeting so as to help them prepare specifically for the topics to be discussed and to get to know the purpose of a meeting. The effective running of meeting can only be made possible by the preparation of an informative, purposeful agenda.
An agenda should list
●the attendees (i.e. the names of the people invited)
●the meeting date and place
●the topics planed to discuss and times
●the purpose of the meeting
Formats for agendas are well-defined; noun phrases, participle phrase and incomplete sentences are preferred. Here is an example of a meeting agenda in the form of a memo.
Section 4Getting to Know Buddhism
Buddhism is a vast and complex religious and philosophical tradition which stretches back over 2,500 years. It has about 500 million adherents around the world. ―Buddha‖ means ―one who has woken up‖. Most people live asleep, never knowing or seeing life as it really is. As a consequence they suffer.
A buddha is someone who awakens to the knowledge of the world as it truly is
and so finds release from suffering. Buddhists do not believe in a creator God nor a personal God, but Buddhists are tolerant of those whose beliefs are different from theirs. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent —change is always possible. Buddhism teaches that all life is interconnected, so compassion is natural and important.
The founder of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama, was born into a royal family in Lumbini, now located in Nepal, in 563BC. At the age of 29, Gautama realized that wealth and luxury did not guarantee happiness. After six years of severe austerity, he finally understood the true nature of suffering. From this point on he is known as the Buddha, literally ―the awakened one‖. For the rest of his life, he taught his disciples until he died at the age of 80.
The teachings of Buddha can be summarized as the following:
1. Actions have consequences; so our lives are conditioned by our past
actions.
2. Consciousness continues after death, and finds expression in a future
life.
3. By following the Buddha's path one escapes the cycle of craving and
suffering.
4. The highest goal of life is to reach Enlightenment; a state of being that
goes beyond suffering.
5. At the heart of the Buddha's teaching lie the Four Noble Truths and the
Eightfold Path which lead the Buddhist towards the path of ―nirvana‖ or Enlightenment. Those who have followed the Eight-fold Path and arrived at the point of achieving nirvana are called ―saints.‖
―The Four Noble Truths‖ are:
1, sorrow is the universal experience of mankind;
2, the cause of sorrow is desire;
3, the removal of sorrow can only come from the removal of desire;
4, desire can be systematically abandoned by following the Noble Eight-fold Path, which are right understanding, right thinking, right speaking, right acting, right lifestyle, right endeavouring, right mindfulness, and right contemplation.
Now there are two traditions of Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada and Mahayana are both rooted in the basic teachings of the historical Buddha, and both emphasize the individual search
for liberation from the cycle birth, death and rebirth The methods or practices for doing that, however, can be very different.
.Theravada Buddhism, som etimes called ―Southern Buddhism‖, seeks to be faithful to the original teachings of Gautama Buddha. It centers on the role of monk and his individual search for nirvana. T heravada Buddhism, is strongest in Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Burma (Myanmar).
Mahayana means ―Great Vehicle;‖and Mahayana Buddhism teaches that as a large raft crosses a river, so too, multitudes may be carried to nirvana. It declares that Buddhism is a religion for lay people as well as for monks and explains that each person is involved with other believers, helping one another. Mahayana Buddhism is strongest in China, Japan, Korea, and Mongolia.
第十一单元秘书如何成为出色的导游
第一部分参观长城
（张一正在陪同两位外国客人游览长城。

他正在向他们介绍长城。

请听他们的对话）
（A和B是两位外国客人。

C是张一）
A：我在一个电视节目中看到长城居世界十大奇迹之首。

但我不知道长城是什么时候为什么建造的，为什么要建造。

C：长城的建造始于公元前七世纪，因此它已有2,500年的历史了。

那时正是战国时期，许多王国都在中原地区造墙来保卫自己不受他国和北方“野蛮人”的入侵。

当中国历史上第一位皇帝秦始皇统一中国后，他下命令把不同王国建造的北部的墙连接起来形成一个防御工事。

这就是秦代的长城。

它西起甘肃临洮东至辽东。

B: 秦朝崩溃以后，后代的王朝继续建造长城了吗?
C: 是的。

在以后的王朝中，长城被不断建造和修缮。

我们今天看到的长城主要是明代长城的残存部分。

明王朝是历史上大规模修建长城的最后一个王朝。

明长城从东部的鸭绿江一直延伸到西部的嘉玉关，总长度为5,000公里。

B：可是，难道山海关不是长城的东端吗？
C：今天，山海关通常被看成是长城的东端，因为从山海关到鸭绿江这一段的长城建造和保存得都很差。

A：清王朝修建长城了吗？
C：清五朝的统治者们没有继续修建长城。

他们采取了一种新的策略。

他们在承德营造了避暑山庄来款待蒙古和西藏王公们，以此保证边境和平。

B：修建长城一定是一项难以置信的艰苦劳动。

C：的确如此。

必须以极大的劳苦把造城的砖头，岩石和石灰弄到山上去。

山羊和驴子也被用来驮载装在筐子里的土和砖头。

因为有的岩石特别重，也许重达一吨，所以人们就用圆木和棍子把它们滚或吊上山坡。

建造长城所耗用的人力是难以计算的。

A：长城是如何用来抵御北方的野蛮人的？
C：在古代中国，人们沿长城建造了烽火台来从一个地方向另一个地方传递军事情报。

当敌人在白天入侵时，人们就燃起狼烟以释放出浓烈的烟雾。

而在夜晚，人们就在台上点起烽火来发放警报信号。

信号烟柱的数量可以显示入侵敌军的人数。

过去一柱烟表示100敌军，两柱，500，三柱，1,000。

烟柱的浓烈程度也反映军情的紧急程度。

A和B：哦，中国人民真是一个智慧和伟大的民族啊。

第二部分成为称职的导游
当秘书被分配到带领客人参观名胜地或风景区的任务时，秘书的角色就暂时转变成了导游。

当陪同客人参观著名的古迹或非常美丽的自然景区时，秘书应当告诉他们该地的悠久历史和特色，以便使他们了解和分享中国人民的智慧并欣赏中华文明的财富。

当游览北京时，紫禁城是较好的参观地点。

紫禁城含有明代和清代的皇家宫殿。

24位帝王，其中明代14 位，清代10位，在这里统治天下。

末代皇帝溥仪一直在这里生活到1924年。

从那以后，宫殿就作为故宫博物馆向公众开放。

紫禁城占地72公顷，呈长方形。

据说整个建筑有9999间半房屋。

紫禁城的房屋都对称排列。

沿着中轴线是三座大殿。

它们构成了被称作外宫的前区的主要部分。

皇帝在此处理国家事务。

皇家的生活区坐落在三座大殿的后部。

黄色是紫禁城的主导颜色。

紫禁城内几乎每间房屋都以黄色釉瓦为顶。

中国人的祖先认为宇宙是由金，木，水，火、土这五种元素构成。

因为土是最基本的元素，所以黄色，土地的颜色，就几乎被帝王们单独使用。

当游览黄山时，秘书应当让客人知道黄山位于何处，是什么使得黄山在中国所有的山川中如此特别。

黄山，是中国最壮观的山脉之一。

它是安徽省南部一列花岗山脉的通称。

黄山的景区占地154平方公里，所以它也被称为“五百里黄山”。

黄山以其美丽的景色著称。

有一句胜赞黄山美丽的话：黄山归来不看山。

几百年来，中国的文人使黄山的四大绝美之处：岩石表面攀悬的古松，奇异的山峰，潺潺的温泉和急变的云雾名垂千古。

黄山因它那多样的景色和变幻的风光而令人称奇。

云雾在松间来回飘荡，小溪在岩石间潺潺流淌。

是“变幻”使黄山与众不同。

要成为一名称职的导游，秘书应当作好充分的准备并收集游览地的信息资料。

秘书也应当在日常生活中留心收集这类资料，以便有朝一日可以一用。

秘书应当谨记：你的知识决定你导游工作的成功与否。

第三部分学习制定会议议程
会议议程是一种罗列会上所要讨论主题的书面文件。

秘书应该在会前准备好并把它分发给与会者，以帮助他们具体准备所要讨论的主题和了解会议的目的。

会议是否顺利进行可能由是否有一个信息量大、目标明确的会议议程决定。

会议议程应包括
●与会者（即所邀请人的名字）
●会议日期和地点
●所要讨论的主体和时间
●会议的目的
会议议程的格式是固定的，常用的结构有名词短语、分词短语和不完整句。

以下是一份以备忘录形式所做的会议议程
第四部分了解佛教
佛教是一种可以追溯到两千五百多年前的、博大而复杂的宗教和哲学信仰。

它在全世界有五亿信徒。

“佛”的意思是“觉悟之人”。

大多数人麻木地活着，从来不知道也看不到生命的真相。

因而他们就遭受苦难。

佛是觉悟了世界的真相，发现了如何从苦难中解脱的人。

佛教徒不相信创造者上帝，也不信神。

但他们能宽容那些与他们持不同信仰的人们。

佛教徒认为没有任何事物是固定不变或永恒持久的---变化总是可能的。

佛教教导所有的生命都是互相关联的，因此怜悯是自然而重要的。

佛教的创使人乔达摩·悉达多于公元前563年诞生于皇家，出生于位于今尼泊尔境内的蓝毗尼。

在二十九岁时，乔达摩意识到财富和奢华并不能保证幸福。

在经过六年的苦行修炼后，他最终明白了苦难的真谛。

从这时起，他就被称作佛祖，从字面上理解就是“觉悟之人”。

余生中，他一直都在教导弟子，80岁时逝世。

佛祖的教训可以被概括如下：
1.行为都产生后果；因而我们的生命受制于我们过去的行为。

2.意识在死后继续存在，并在来生找到表达方式。

3.通过遵循佛祖之路，人们可以逃脱欲望和苦难的循环。

4.生命的最高境界就是达到觉悟，即一种超越苦难的存在。

5.佛祖的教训的中心是四谛和使佛祖达到“涅槃”即觉悟的八
正道。

那些遵循了八正道并达到涅槃之境的人们被称为“佛”。

“四谛”是：
1.痛苦是人类的普遍经历；
2.痛苦的根源是欲望；
3.痛苦的消除只能来自于欲望的消除;
4.欲望可以通过遵从八正道而被彻底放弃。

八正道为正见，正思，
正语，正业，正命，正精进，正念，正定。

佛教现在有小乘佛教和大乘佛教两个佛教传承。

小乘佛教和大乘佛教都根植于历史上佛祖的基本教训，并都强调从生、死及再生的循环中解脱出来的个人寻求。

而这样做的方法和实践在这两个传承中却非常不同。

小乘佛教，有时也被称作“南方佛教”，寻求忠实于乔达摩佛祖的原始教训。

它以僧侣的责任及他对于涅槃的个人寻求为中心。

小乘佛教在斯里兰卡、柬埔寨、泰国、老挝和缅甸最为盛行。

“大乘”的意思是“大舟”。

大乘佛教教导说就象一只舟渡过河流一样，众生也可以被带到涅槃之境。

它宣称佛教既是针对俗人也是针对僧人的佛教，并解释说每一个人都以互助的方式和他人结联在一起。

大乘佛教在中国、日本、韩国和蒙古最为盛行。