participle(分词)
英语中的过去分词是什么
英语中的过去分词是什么英语中的过去分词是什么过去分词(past participle)是分词的一种。
规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加-ed构成(规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
过去分词属于类动词：1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还强调已完成了。
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，同样强调动作的完成。
He is retired. 他已退休。
3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
拓展阅读：构成规则1.规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。
四点变化规则：(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“-ed ”。
(然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式)work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”。
live---lived---lived(3)以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“-ed”。
study―studied―studied,cry―cried―cried,try―tried―tried,fry―fri ed―fried.[1](4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母(r、y、x除外)，先双写该辅音字母，再加“-ed”。
stop―stopped―stopped,drop―dropped―dropped特例：有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”，但由于历史习惯，依旧要双写最后一个字母，再加“ed”。
以“元音字母+l”非重读结尾的规则动词变过去分词也要双写“l",再加“ed”。
例如cancel→cancelled，dial→dialled。
动名词(gerund)和现在分词(present-participle)的区别
动名词（gerund)和现在分词（present participle）的区别所谓动名词（gerund)就是名词，只是保有一些动词的功能。
所以它在句中可以作主语，宾语，表语,同位语，定语等那些名词可以充当的成分.而现在分词(present participle)相当于形容词，在句中作定语或者状语所以当—ing形式出现在句中作主语,宾语，同位语时，它肯定时gerund.当-ing形式出现在句中作状语时,它肯定是present participle.它们有可能被弄错的是作表语和定语时.其实也很好区分1. 作表语: 我们知道, 名词和形容词都可以作表语。
This is water（n。
）.It is transparent（adj).这时你肯定能明白，如果—ing作表语相当于n.它就是gerund. 反之相当于adj.时它就是present。
participle。
The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring。
One of the best exercises is swimming.2. 作定语时的区别我在回答中已经解释了. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作,和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
a sleeping bag。
（用途）=a bag for sleepinga sleeping child = a child is sleeping （child是sleep的主语，sleep是child 发出的动作）(呵呵下面再请你告诉我它们分别是什么吧！a swimming girla swimming pool3. 最后来解释修饰他们到底该用是adv, 还是adj.无论是Present participle。
还是gerund, 它们都叫做动词的-ing形式(所以若有人分不清它们时，多把它们混为一谈).也就是说它们都有动词的特点，故而都可用adv修饰。
participle词根
Participle是英语中一种常见的词性，它源自动词，具有形容词和动词两种性质。
有两种主要的分词形式：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle）。
现在分词的形式通常以"-ing"结尾，而过去分词则常常以"-ed"结尾。
分词可以作为形容词使用，用以描述或修饰名词，例如在句子"He's sleeping"中，"sleeping"作为现在分词起到形容词的作用，描述了主语的状态。
此外，分词还可以作为动名词使用，充当名词的角色，例如在句子"I have finished my homework"中，"finished"作为过去分词相当于一个名词，代表了完成的动作。
此外，分词还可以用来构成进行时态和完成时态的谓语动词，需要与辅助动词一起使用。
例如在句子"I am running"中，"running"作为现在分词与助动词"am"一起构成了进行时态的谓语动词。
在学习和应用中，了解分词的性质和用法对于理解英语句子的结构以及丰富词汇表达具有重要意义。
Participle
形容词性: 形容词性 可以用作定语,表语, 宾补
e.g. He is a modest, understanding man. She is very worried. I saw him crossing the street.
副词性: 副词性 作状语
e.g. Turning around, she saw a car driving up. He appeared, followed by six little dogs.
表示时间(相当于表示间的状语从句) e.g. Reading E. novels, he seldom looks up new words in a dictionary. Having worked for four hours, she stopped to have her meal. Turning around, she saw a car driving up. 如果强调分词短语和谓语动词的动作同时发生,分 词短语前可用when/while e.g. While working in the factory, I learnt a lot from the workers. When heated, the metal expands.
表语： 表语：
过去分词作表语含有被动的含义. 表示主语所处的 过去分词 状态;说明人的感觉(how we feel about sth.) 现在分词作表语有主动的意义. 表示主语的性质 现在分词 或特征；引起这种感觉的人或事。(the person or thing that make us feel interested, surprised etc.) e.g. The situation is discouraging. She felt discouraged at the words. The news was disappointing. He looked disappointed. After a tiring day, you may feel tired. 典型错误: 典型错误 The news proves disappointed.
现在分词现在分词
现在分词（present participle）（又称-ing形式，现在进行式) ，是分词的一种，分词又分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，现在分词在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语，状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。
一般式：doing；一般被动式：being done；完成式：having done；完成被动式：having been done。
所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not ，包括独立主格形式。
现在分词在英语这一科目中，也是比较重要的一部分，具有双重性，一面具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语；另一面具有形容词和副词的特征，可以充当表语，定语，状语，补足语，可以表示主动或正在进行的动作，是非谓语动词的一种。
中文名现在分词外文名present participle别称+ing形式现在进行式类别分词的一种构成形式情况方法事例1一般情况直接加-ingdo→doingsing→singingstudy--studyingcomfort→comforting2以不发音的e、ue结尾的动词去e, 加-ingdance→dancinglike→likingwrite→writingmake→ makingtake→taking3以重读闭音节结尾的动词，并且末尾只有一个辅音字母，最后一个字母不是x的动词双写最后一个字母，再加ingrun→runningcut→cuttingswim→swimming4以ie结尾的动词变ie为y，再加-ingdie→dying5以c结尾的动词变c为ck，再加-ingpic nic→picnickingtraffic→trafficking（例外：arc作弧形运动，arcing）6以l结尾的动词如果动词原形以非重读音节结尾，则末尾的字母l双写与不双写均可。
其中不双写的是美式拼写。
travel→travelling/traveling(U.S.)7部分以-p结尾的动词同样遵循第6条，这类词多由“前缀+名词”构成。
英语不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词
How to solve the problem is very important.
我的问题是什么时候开始。 (表语)
My question is when to start.
•关于省略
(1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词. e.g.: Would you like to go with me ? Yes,______. A. I’d like to B.I’d like to go (2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. e.g.: Would you like to be a teacher? Yes, _______. A.I’d like to be. B. I’d like to.
(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正d to have known it before.
(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)
巩固练习3 1.The boy pretended ____ when his mother entered. A. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read 2. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_____ everything. ( 01年高考) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told
常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有: fail, happen, mean, wish, hope, decide, + to do refuse, offer, learn, agree，etc.
非谓语动词之现在分词和过去分词
The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost hg been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.
由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。 （2）后置定语 The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 坐在John和Mary之间的那个年轻男人是校园新闻报的编辑。
(Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful. When the factory is seen from the top of the tower, the Factory looks beautiful.
2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. When they heard the bad news, they couldn’t help crying. 3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better.
A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in English .
_非谓语动词之分词作状语
分词作状语
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句 子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。
分词 作状语
让步
原因
条件
结果
时间
伴随 方式
分词作状语功能表
表示的范围
相当的状语从句
1.时间
时间状语从句
2.原因
原因 状 语从句
3.条件
条件 状 语从句
4.让步
让步状 语从句
5.方式பைடு நூலகம்伴随
没有合适的状语从句
一、分词做状语
Heated, water turns into steam
*When heated, water turns into steam. =When water is heated, water turns into steam.
5.The teacher stood there and he was surrounded by many students.
A.现在分词作状语学与练
把划线部分改写成分词短语
并说明其功能 1.When they saw their teacher, the students stood up.
Seeing their teacher, the students stood up. *现在分词短语作( 时间状语 )
*现在分词动作的发出者是( 句子主语)
完成式
2.Because he was ill, he couldn’t go to school.
Being ill, he couldn’t go to school. *现在分词短语 作原因状语
3.If you work harder at English, you will make greater progress.
participle的用法
participle的用法一、基本概念和用途分词（Participle）是英语中常用的一种动词形式，它可以作为定语、状语和补语等。
在句子中，分词通常由动词的-ing或-ed形式构成，被视为动词的一种时态。
利用分词的灵活性和多功能性，可以使句子更加简洁明了，并增强描述的具体性和生动性。
二、作为定语的用法1. -ing形式作定语：-ing形式的分词常用来修饰名词，表达该名词起到主动或被动的作用。
例如：- I saw a girl dancing on the stage.（我看到一个在舞台上跳舞的女孩。
）- He couldn't find his missing car keys.（他找不到丢失的车钥匙。
）2. -ed形式作定语：-ed 形式的分词通常表示对其所修饰名词感到某种情绪或状态。
例如：- The excited children played happily in the park.（激动的孩子们在公园里玩得很开心。
）- She read a book written by a famous author.（她读了一本著名作者写的书。
）三、作为状语的用法1. 表示时间：分词可用于表示一个行为发生或已经完成的时间。
例如：- I watched the movie, eating popcorn.（我一边吃爆米花一边看电影。
）- He cried, feeling sad about the news.（他哭了，对这个消息感到悲伤。
）2. 表示原因：分词可以表达行为发生的原因或理由。
例如：- She got a promotion, working hard for years.（她得到晋升是因为多年努力工作。
）- He couldn't concentrate on his homework, being tired from the long journey.（长途旅行后疲倦让他无法集中注意力做作业。
participle分词
• 二、作定语 • 分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修 饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰 的中心词后面。 • That must have been a terrifying experience. • After a night spent in excitement and sleepless ness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
• 四、作宾语补足语 • 分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词 或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。 • I see him passing my house every day. • I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
• 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child _____ such a book. • A. read B. to read • C. reading D. be reading • 9. He returned from abroad _____ that his mother had been badly ill. • A. heard B. having been heard • C. having phoned D. having been phoned
分词独立主格
• 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词 的主语保持一致，否则分词必须有自己的主 语，这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立 主格，其形式有： • 1. 名词+分词短语 • He sat in front of them , his dusty face masking his age. • All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off.
英语中的分词
英语中的分词在英语中，分词（Participles）是一种动词的非限定形式，通常以-ing（现在分词）或-ed、-en、-t、-n（过去分词）结尾。
分词可以用作形容词，也可以用在一些复杂的动词时态中。
以下是关于分词的主要用法：●现在分词(Present Participle)：1.以-ing结尾，如"playing," "reading," "walking"。
2.作为形容词使用，描述正在进行的动作或事物的特征。
例句：The playing children seemed happy.翻译：玩耍的孩子们似乎很开心。
3.用于进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）。
例句：She is reading a book.翻译：她正在读一本书。
●过去分词(Past Participle)：1.过去分词的形式有多种，通常以-ed结尾，如"played," "talked"；也可以是不规则的形式，如"broken," "written"。
2.作为形容词使用，描述已完成的动作或事物的状态。
例句：The broken window needs to be fixed.翻译：需要修理的破窗户。
3.用于完成时态（Present Perfect Tense, Past Perfect Tense）。
例句：They have eaten lunch already.翻译：他们已经吃过午餐了。
4.用于被动语态。
例句：The letter was written by Tom.翻译：这封信是汤姆写的。
分词在英语中也有其他一些用法，如独立分词、分词短语等。
分词的灵活运用可以使语言更富有表现力和变化。
Participles
Participles
I.Functions 1.I am excited to hear that good news. Predicative(表语） 2.The student speaking is our monitor. Attribute（定语） 3.Entering the room, I found my wallet. Adverbial（状语）
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
5.I You will find Wales included as well.
6.I caught him stealing in the shop.
7. She seems very disappointed.
8. Paid more attention to, the case will not happen.
a book which is written by Jack
4.Participles used as adverbial
分词作状语可以转换成相应的状语从句
Being poor, I hadn’t enough money to buy a TV set. Given better care, the plant will grow better. Entering the room, I found him eating. As I was poor, I hadn’t enough money to buy a TV set. If it is given better care, the plant will grow better. When I entered the room, I found him eating.
●see + 宾语o + doing\done\do 常见动词：see look at watch notice observe hear listen to feel
过去分词构成规则
过去分词过去分词（past participle）是分词的一种。
规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加-ed构成（规则见后），不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
过去分词属于类动词：1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还强调已完成了。
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子的主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，同样强调动作的完成。
He is retired. 他已退休。
3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
目录1. 1 构成规则2. 2 不规则动词3. ▪ AAA型4. ▪ ABB型5. ▪ ABC型1. ▪ AAB型2. ▪ ABA型3. ▪情态动词型4. ▪常用过去分词5. ▪其他情况6. 3 句法作用1. ▪作表语2. ▪作定语3. ▪作状语4. ▪作宾语补足语5. ▪其他构成规则编辑规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。
四点变化规则：(1)一般动词，在词尾直接加“-ed ”。
（然而要注意的是，过去分词并不是过去式）work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited(2)以不发音的“e”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“d ”。
live---lived---lived(3)以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“-ed”。
study—studied—studied,cry—cried—cried,try—tried—tried,fry—fried—fried. [1](4)重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母（r、y、x除外），先双写该辅音字母，再加“-ed”。
stop—stopped—stopped,drop—dropped—dropped•特例：有两类动词本身应该直接加“ed”，但由于历史习惯，依旧要双写最后一个字母，再加“ed”。
高考英语语法复习课分词作宾语补足语课件(共26张PPT)
see, watch, hear, Present participle
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
feel,
smell,
find,
notice,
present participle
catch, look at, listen to At last, I succeeded in making myself
1、表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如： Before the activity came to an end, I was interviewed by BTV, which meant I could make our message heard by a much larger crowd of people.
get down to sth.
表示动作的进行，非全过程 位于宾语后，对宾语做出说明，通常由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词或过去分词来充当。
使用被动语态时，原来作宾语补足语的过去分词变为主语的补语
Before the activity came to an end, I was interviewed by BTV, which meant I could make our message heard by a much larger crowd of people.
past participle（过去分词） verb-ed form
/doing sth.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
The teacher caught Mark
(talk) in class.
五种基本句型(谓语动词的种类大全)
五种基本句型（谓语动词的种类大全）1. S(主）+ Vi（不及物动词）（谓）Time flies.1) S + V + Adverbial（副词：做状语）Birds sing beautifully.2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）He went on holiday.3) S + Vi+ Infinitive（不定式）We stopped to have a rest.4) S + Vi+ Participle（分词）I'll go swimming.1) S + V + Adverbial Clause（状语从句）The boy will cry when his mother refuses him.I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.2. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词）（谓）+ O（宾）We like English.1) S + VT + N/PronI like her.Dad bought a car.2) S + VT + Infinitive（不定式）I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。
3) S + VT + Wh-Word + InfinitiveI don't know what to do.常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
participle分词
非谓语动词一、概念非谓语动词指不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词的某些特征的动词形式。
非谓语动词主要有不定式、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式三类。
它们没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。
二、真正领悟非谓语动词的用法要具备以下基础知识：1．具有句子结构的知识，要分得清简单句与复合句，陈述句与祈使句。
2．具有简单句最基本的五种句型的知识，要分得清双宾语和复合宾语。
3．具有扎实而丰富的动词知识，要分得清及物动词和不及物动词，双宾动词和复宾动词。
一些最基础最常用的动词的用法应当烂熟于胸。
4．具备各种复合句的知识，能够拆析30词左右长度的复合长、难句。
三、解题思路：1.、解析句子结构，确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）。
2.、找准相关动词的逻辑主语，确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系（主动还是被动）。
3.、搜索句子中相关的时间信息，确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。
4.、将该选项置入空中，看能否做到自从意顺，或传达有效信息、完成交际任务。
（二）动词的-ing形式动词的-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
具有名词、代词、形容词、副词的特征，同时还具有动词的某些特征，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、定语和状语。
一、语法功能1. 动词的-ing形式在句中作主语，往往表示事物化、抽象化的概念，而且谓语动词一律用单数。
有时用it 作形式主语，把-ing形式置于句尾。
这种用法在习惯句型中常用。
Reading is an art. Seeing is believing. Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.It was hard getting on the crowded bus.2. 作宾语。
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Correction:
4.Act as the adverbial:( 状语）
A.表示时间，相当于时间状语从句 (1) Wandering through the street, I caught sight of my teacher. (2)( When/While) reading the book, I noticed a few spelling mistakes. (3) Taken around the city, we were impressed by its new look. (4)(When) asked to answer the question,she was very nervous. B.表示原因，相当于原因状语从句 (1)Thinking he might be at home, I called him.
a developed country
a tiring speech a tired heart a disappointing boy a disappointed boy
I.Function:功能
1.Act as the predicative:(表语)
1) The result was surprising./They were surprised at
the boiled water the water that has boiled
the changing city the changed city
the city that is changing the city that has changed
a developing country
a country that is developing a country that has developed a speech that is tiring a heart that is tired a boy who is disappointing a boy who is disappointed
Being examined by the doctor, I felt nervous.
Having been built in the 17th century, the tower attracted them.
The hospital being built now will be a modern one.
The Participle
A.The Present Participle (现在分词) e.g.rising
B.The Past Participle (过去分词) e.g.fallen
现在分词和过去分词的区别：
1. 语态：现在分词表主动， 过去分词表被动
定 语 补 语 状 语 Do you know the man speaking at the meeting? English is a widely used language in many countries. I heard him opening the door. I heard the door opened. Seeing the baby, he laughed. Seen by the baby, he did not go.
He heard the song sung in English.
I kept him waiting for a long time./He kept his eyes closed. Can you get the clock going again?/I can’t get the car started.
The large building being built near our school will be a department store. The large building built in 1880 is near our school.
the boiling water the water that is boiling
(2)Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.
C.表示条件，让步，相当于条件让步状语从句 ( If ) playing all day,you will waste your valuable time. Given another chance,I would do it better. He will not come unless invited. (Though )warned of the danger, he still went skating on the ice. D.表示伴随，相当于and连接的并列句 She watched the sad film, weeping and sighing.
escaped 5. an ____________( escape ) prisoner 逃亡的囚犯
frozen 6. _____________( freeze ) meat 冻肉 interesting 7. an _____________( interest) book 一本有趣的书 interested 8. the _____________( interest ) people 感兴趣的人们 satisfying 9. an _____________( satisfy ) answer 令人满意的回答
2.Act as the attributive:(定语)
(1)He told us the exciting news. The excited pupils jumped with joy. (2)boiling water/boiled water, falling leaves/fallen leaves developing country/developed country…
The teacher walked into the classroom, followed by the students.
E.表示方式 He stood leaning against the wall.
He came here running all the way.
II.Tense and Voice:( 过去分词没有语态和时态的变化）
3.Act as the object complement:(宾补）
find / keep / get / leave + 宾语 + doing / done
hear / see / watch / feel / have + 宾语 + do / doing / done look at / listen to / notice / observe +宾语 + do / doing I saw her coming down the street. I saw him climb over the wall. He was glad to see his story printed. He heard the wind blowing. I often heard him sing this song.
2. 时间：现在分词表正在进行，过去分词表完成 前 置 定 语 后 置 定 语
China is a developing country. China is not a developed country. This is a falling ball. This is a fallen ball.
用分词填空
changing 1. the ______________( change ) world 变化万千的世界 faded 2. the ____________( fade ) flowers 凋谢了的花 retired 3. the ____________( retire ) teachers 退休教师 returned 4. the ____________( return ) students 归国留学生
Ⅳ. 分词的独立主格结构：
如果分词和分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时， 分词或分词短语可以拥有自己独立的逻辑上的主语。这种 “名词＋分词”的结构， 语法上称之为“分词的独立主格 结构”， 在句中用作状语，表时间、原因、 条件或伴随。
The hospital built last year is twenty storeys high. The hospital to be built next month will be 20 storeys high.
III.分词作状语的逻辑主语
Walking along the road, I saw an accident. Walking along the road, an accident happened (×) Written in haste, the article was full of mistakes. Written in haste, he made many mistakes. （×）
现 一般式(not) doing-----being done 分 完成式(not) having done---having been done e.g. Hearing the bell, the students entered the classroom. Having finished the lessons, they went out to play.
(3)the doctors sitting at the back/ the students invited
to the party
Note: a sleeping child
a flying bird
/ a sleeping car
（分词，进行）