A World In FluxManaging a Contingent Workforce
科技发展 英语作文
Technology has been a driving force in shaping the modern world.It has brought about significant changes in various aspects of life,including communication, transportation,healthcare,and education.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the impact of technological advancements in an English essay:munication:The advent of the internet and social media platforms has revolutionized the way we communicate.People can now connect with others across the globe instantly,sharing ideas and information at unprecedented speeds.2.Transportation:Technological innovations have transformed transportation systems. Highspeed trains,electric cars,and autonomous vehicles are becoming more common, reducing travel times and promoting energy efficiency.3.Healthcare:Medical technology has advanced rapidly,leading to better diagnostic tools,treatments,and surgical procedures.Telemedicine and AIpowered diagnostics are making healthcare more accessible and personalized.cation:Technology has transformed education by offering online learning platforms,virtual classrooms,and digital resources.This has made education more flexible and accessible to a wider audience.5.Work and Economy:Automation and AI are changing the job market,creating new opportunities while also posing challenges for traditional employment.The gig economy and remote work have become more prevalent.6.Environment:Technology plays a crucial role in addressing environmental issues. Renewable energy technologies,such as solar and wind power,are becoming more efficient and affordable,helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.7.Cultural Impact:The digital age has also influenced culture,with the creation of new art forms,such as digital art,and the preservation of cultural heritage through digital archives.8.Challenges:While technology offers many benefits,it also presents challenges,such as privacy concerns,the digital divide,and the potential for job displacement due to automation.9.Future Prospects:Looking ahead,technology is expected to continue its rapid pace of development,with advancements in areas such as quantum computing,biotechnology, and space exploration.10.Ethical Considerations:As technology progresses,ethical considerations become increasingly important.Issues such as data privacy,algorithmic bias,and the responsible use of AI must be addressed.When writing an essay on the topic of technological development,its important to provide examples and evidence to support your points,and to consider both the positive and negative aspects of technologys impact on society.Additionally,reflecting on the future implications of current trends can offer a comprehensive view of the subject.。
最新2000-考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)
ui2013年考研英语（一）真题.................................................................................................. 5Section I Use of English5 Section II Reading Comprehension. (7)Part A (7)Part B (16)Part C (19)Section III Writing (20)Part A (21)Part B (21)2013考研英语（一）答案 (22)Section I Use of English (22)Section II Reading Comprehension (25)Section III Writing (33)2012年考研英语（一）试题 (35)Section I Use of English (35)Section II Reading Comprehension (36)Part A (36)Part B (45)Part C (47)Section III Writing (48)Part A (48)Part B (48)2012考研英语（一）答案 (50)Section I (50)Section II Reading Comprehension (54)作文 (67)2011考研英语(一)试题 (71)Section I Use of English (71)Section II Reading Comprehension (72)Part A (72)Part B (81)Part C (83)Section ⅢWriting (84)Part A (84)Part B (84)2011考研英语（一）答案 (86)Section I Use of English (86)Section II Reading Comprehension (88)Section III Writing (95)2010年考研英语（一）试题 (97)Section I Use of English (97)Section II Reading Comprehension (98)Part A (98)Part B (105)Part C (106)Section ⅢWriting (107)Part A (107)Part B (107)2009年考研英语（一）试题 (109)Section I Use of English (109)Section I I Reading comprehension (110)Part A (110)Part B (117)Part C (118)Section ⅢWriting (119)Part A (119)Part B (119)2009年考研英语（一）答案 (121)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (121)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (121)Section III: Writing (30 points) (121)2008年考研英语（一）试题 (123)Section I Use of English (123)Section II Reading Comprehension (124)Part A (124)Part B (131)Part C (132)Section III Writing (133)Part A (133)Part B (133)2008年考研英语（一）答案 (135)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (135)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (135)Section III: Writing (30 points) (135)2007年考研英语（一）试题 (137)Section I Use of English (137)Section II Reading Comprehension (141)Part A (141)Part B (148)Part C (150)Section III Writing (151)Part A (151)Part B (151)2007年考研英语（一）答案 (153)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (153)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (153)Section III: Writing (30 points) (153)2006年考研英语（一）试题 (155)Section I Use of English (155)Section II Reading Comprehension (159)Part A (159)Part B (166)Section III Writing (169)Part A (169)Part B (169)2006年考研英语（一）答案 (171)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (171)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (171)Section III: Writing (30 points) (171)2005年考研英语（一）试题 (173)Section I Use of English (173)Section II Reading Comprehension (177)Part A (177)Part B (184)Part C (186)Section III Writing (187)Part A (187)Part B (187)2005年考研英语真题答案 (189)Section I: Use of English (10 points) (189)Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) (189)Section III: Writing (30 points) (189)2004年考研英语（一）试题 (191)Section II Use of English (191)Section III Reading Comprehension (195)Part A (195)Part B (202)Section IV Writing (203)2004年考研英语（一）答案 (205)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (205)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (205)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (205)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (206)2003年考研英语（一）试题 (207)Section II Use of English (207)Section III Reading Comprehension (211)Part A (211)Part B (218)Section IV Writing (219)2003年考研英语（一）答案 (221)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (221)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (221)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (221)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (222)2002年考研英语（一）试题 (223)Section I Listening Comprehension (223)Part B (224)Part C (224)Section II Use of English (227)Section III Reading Comprehension (231)Part A (231)Part B (239)Section IV Writing (240)2002年考研英语（一）答案 (242)Section I: Listening Comprehension (20 points) (242)Section II: Use of English (10 points) (242)Section III: Reading Comprehension (50 points) (242)Section IV: Writing (20 points) (243)2001年考研英语（一）试题 (244)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (244)Part A (244)Part B (247)Section II Cloze Test (252)Section III Reading Comprehension (256)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (264)Section V Writing (265)2001年考研英语（一）答案 (267)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points) (267)Section II: Cloze Text (10 points) (267)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (267)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (267)Section V: Writing (20 points) (268)2000年考研英语（一）试题 (269)Section I Structure and Vocabulary (269)Part A (269)Part B (271)Part C (273)Section II Cloze Test (278)Section III Reading Comprehension (280)Section IV English-Chinese Translation (288)Section V Writing (289)2000年考研英语（一）答案 (291)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points) (291)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points) (291)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points) (291)Section V: Writing (15 points) (292)2013年考研英语（一）真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that ___1___ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by ___2___ factors. But Dr Simonton speculated that an inability to consider the big ___3___ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. ___4___, he theorized that a judge ___5___ of appearing too soft ___6___crime might be more likely to send someone to prison ___7___he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To ___8___this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ___9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10___ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonton suspected the truth was___11___.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews ___12___ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had ___13___ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale ___14___ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were ___15___ used in conjunction w ith an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardized exam which is ___16___out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonton found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one ___17___ that, then the score for the next applicantwould___18___ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to___19___the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been ___20___.1. A grants B submits C transmits D delivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B. emphasize C. share D. promote9. A. decision B. quality C. status D. success10. A. found B. studied C. chosen D. identified11. A. otherwise B. defensible C. replaceable D. exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn`t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline`s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world`s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan`s. The Omnivore`s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; he r example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compani es can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking w ith Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioral”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading tolives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN`s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world`s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet`s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.In Arizona, United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That`s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued the Arizona`s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona`s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers` duty to withhold immigrants` information.[B] States` independence from federal immigration law.[C] States` legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress`s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states` interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] Outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states` support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional socialscientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today`s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers . Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today`s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system bechanged: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some。
2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：Managing In a Global Environment
2019职称英语综合类阅读精选：Managing In aGlobal EnvironmentManaging In a Global Environment 在世界环境中实行管理1.Assume for a moment that you're a manager going to work for a branch of a global organization in a foreign country. You know that your environment will differ from the one at home,but how? What should you be looking for?1、此刻假设你是一位美国经理，你准备到一家世界组织的国外分支机构工作.。
你知道你的环境将与国内的不同，但二者的差异会达到什么水准呢?你理应注意些什么?2.Any manager who finds himself or herself in a foreign country faces new challenges. In this section,we'll look at some of those challenges and offer guidelines for responding. Although our discussion is presented through the eyes of a U.S. manager,our analytical framework could be used by any manager who nas to manager in a foreignenvironment,regardless of national origin.2、任何一位发觉自己处于一个陌生国家的管理者都面临着新的挑战。
在这个节中，我们将考察这些挑战，并对如何做出反应提供一些指导。
建筑交流对话
世界建筑书店中国分店关于冯·戈尔坎教授对第一个问题的回答∶您最初当建筑师的时候是什么样的情形?您是怎样接触到建筑的?我在第二次世界大战结束后第十年通过了我的学校毕业考试。
我父亲在东部前线阵亡，我母亲在纳粹分子投降不久故去。
作为一个孤儿，我曾被许多家庭照顾，也上过十二所不同的学校。
最长一段时期是在汉堡的鲁道夫-斯坦纳学校，但我没有通过那里的学校毕业考试。
一年后，我成功地获得了上夜大的资格。
我没有任何成形的专业思想,仅仅有一些偏爱与技能。
这些偏爱与技能表现在自然科学、数学和物理方面，也表现在艺术和绘画方面。
最初，我学了两年物理,然后学了一学期法律,但是这些都没有吸引我。
在对建筑职业毫无清楚的概念的情况下,我决定在伯林开始读建筑大学。
起初，我对建筑的接触是很肤浅的。
我们当时都不得不把精力专注于基本科目。
建筑设计是绝对不可及的事。
在学业中期，我改换了大学，进入了不伦瑞克的工业大学，后来，大约十年后，我在那里被任命为教授。
我的建筑师生涯始于我完成学业的一年之前。
作为业务量不高的自由建筑师，我和佛尔克文·马尔格成功地搞了一些竞赛设计。
在拿到学位之后不久，我就和佛尔克文·马尔格以及克劳斯·尼克尔一起联合努力，争取在公众的建筑方案竞赛中碰碰运气。
在我们工作的第一年期间，虽然我们几乎没有收入,但是赢得了十项一等奖，其中有些还属于国际性的竞争。
那时最大的工程就是伯林-特格尔机场。
赢得比赛后不久我们就获准签约设计该建筑，尽管当时我们还从未建过一个花园。
几年后，我们的规模发展到了100名职员。
我们为伯林机场开设了一个分场，并与我们的同事们一起在德国、欧洲乃至世界各地连续取得了一系列设计方面的胜利。
对第2个问题的回答∶有没有哪些建筑师或建筑物影响过您或给您留下了持久的印象?许多建筑物和许多建筑师都曾深刻地影响过我。
具体而言，我只能以有限的方式说明它（他）们是如何影响我的工作与我自己的。
科学发现需要怀疑和坚持 作文
科学发现需要怀疑和坚持作文英文回答：Scientific discovery is a process of ongoing questioning, exploration, and refinement. It requires adeep-seated skepticism and a relentless pursuit of evidence. The scientific method is built upon the foundation of doubt, as it is through challenging existing knowledge and assumptions that new insights can be gained.The ability to question and challenge is essential for scientific progress. It forces scientists to examine their own beliefs and biases, and to consider alternative explanations for their observations. This critical thinking is vital for avoiding confirmation bias, the tendency to seek out evidence that supports one's existing beliefswhile ignoring evidence that contradicts them.Skepticism, however, must be balanced with a strong commitment to empirical evidence. Scientists must bewilling to abandon their cherished theories if the evidence no longer supports them. This requires a degree of intellectual humility and a willingness to admit when one is wrong.The history of science is replete with examples of discoveries that were made as a result of questioning and persistence. The heliocentric model of the solar system,for example, was initially met with great resistance, but eventually prevailed due to the overwhelming evidence inits favor. Similarly, the germ theory of disease wasinitially ridiculed, but eventually became accepted as the basis for modern medicine.These examples demonstrate the transformative power of scientific inquiry. By embracing doubt and relentlessly pursuing evidence, scientists have made countless discoveries that have revolutionized our understanding of the world and improved our lives.中文回答：科学发现是一个持续不断的质疑、探索和完善的过程。
2023年英语专四真题作文范文
2023年英语专四真题作文范文英文回答：In a world of rapid technological advancements and ever-evolving social norms, the role of education has come under scrutiny. Some argue that its primary purpose should be to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary for success in the workforce, while others believe that it should also foster personal growth and critical thinking.Undoubtedly, the workforce-oriented perspective has merit. In the competitive job market, it is essential for graduates to possess the technical proficiency and specialized expertise demanded by employers. Education should provide them with the foundational knowledge, analytical abilities, and problem-solving skills that will enable them to navigate the complexities of the modern workplace.However, limiting education solely to job preparation would be a gross disservice to students and society at large. Personal growth and critical thinking are equally vital aspects of a well-rounded education. By exposing students to diverse perspectives, encouraging them to question assumptions, and nurturing their curiosity, education can empower them to become informed and responsible citizens.A critical thinker is able to evaluate information objectively, identify biases, and draw well-reasoned conclusions. Such individuals are less susceptible to manipulation and can make sound decisions in both their personal and professional lives. They are also better equipped to contribute to meaningful discussions and foster a healthy exchange of ideas.Personal growth, on the other hand, encompasses the development of one's values, beliefs, and aspirations. Education should provide students with opportunities to reflect on their own experiences, explore different cultures, and engage in activities that promote self-awareness and emotional intelligence. By fostering personal growth, education can help students lead fulfilling and meaningful lives.Moreover, it is important to note that the workforce-oriented and personal growth perspectives are not mutually exclusive. A well-rounded education can strike a balance between both by equipping students with the skills they need for success in the workplace while also cultivating their critical thinking abilities and fostering their personal development.In conclusion, while education should certainly prepare students for the workforce, it should not be limited tothis sole purpose. By fostering both personal growth and critical thinking, education can empower individuals to become not only successful professionals but also informed and engaged citizens who contribute positively to society.中文回答：在技术飞速发展、社会规范不断演变的世界中，教育的作用受到了审视。
英语泛读练习题
英语泛读练习题### English Extensive Reading Practice QuestionsPassage 1: The Wonders of the InternetThe internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, learn, and access information. It has become an integral part of our daily lives, connecting people across the globe in seconds.Questions:1. What has the internet done to the way we communicate?2. How has the internet changed the process of learning?3. What is the significance of the internet in accessing information?Passage 2: The Impact of Social MediaSocial media platforms have transformed the way we interact with one another. They have become a significant tool for sharing personal experiences, opinions, and news. However,they also bring challenges such as privacy concerns and the spread of misinformation.Questions:1. How have social media platforms changed our interactions?2. What are some of the benefits of using social media?3. What challenges do social media platforms present?Passage 3: The Future of Renewable EnergyAs the world moves towards sustainability, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power are gaining prominence. These sources offer a cleaner alternative tofossil fuels and are expected to play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions.Questions:1. Why is the world focusing on renewable energy sources?2. What are some of the main types of renewable energy?3. How do renewable energy sources help in reducing carbon emissions?Passage 4: The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Itis vital for the health of our planet and supports thebalance of ecosystems, which in turn supports human life.Questions:1. What does the term 'biodiversity' encompass?2. Why is biodiversity important for the health of our planet?3. How does biodiversity support the balance of ecosystems?Passage 5: The Role of Technology in EducationTechnology has become a fundamental part of the educational landscape. It enhances learning experiences, facilitates access to a wealth of resources, and enables personalizedlearning. However, it also presents challenges such asdigital divide and screen time concerns.Questions:1. How does technology enhance learning experiences?2. What are some of the benefits of using technology in education?3. What challenges does the integration of technology in education present?Passage 6: The Effects of Climate ChangeClimate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time. It affects weather patterns, leads to the melting of polarice caps, and contributes to rising sea levels. Understanding its effects is crucial for developing strategies to mitigateits impacts.Questions:1. What are some of the effects of climate change on the environment?2. How does climate change impact weather patterns?3. What strategies can be employed to mitigate the impacts of climate change?Passage 7: The Benefits of Regular ExerciseRegular physical activity is essential for maintaining good health. It can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress, and boost mental well-being. Incorporating exercise intodaily routines can lead to a healthier and more activelifestyle.Questions:1. Why is regular exercise important for health?2. What are some of the health benefits of regular physical activity?3. How can exercise improve mental well-being?Passage 8: The Art of Effective CommunicationEffective communication is key in both personal and professional settings. It involves not only speaking but also listening and understanding. Developing these skills can lead to better relationships and more successful interactions.Questions:1. What are the components of effective communication?2. Why is effective communication important in personal and professional settings?3. How can one develop skills in effective communication?。
【工程学科英语(整合第二稿)】 参考答案
Unit OneTask 1⑩④⑧③⑥⑦②⑤①⑨Task 2① be consistent with他说，未来的改革必须符合自由贸易和开放投资的原则。
② specialize in启动成本较低，因为每个企业都可以只专门从事一个很窄的领域。
③ d erive from以上这些能力都源自一种叫机器学习的东西，它在许多现代人工智能应用中都处于核心地位。
④ A range of创业公司和成熟品牌推出的一系列穿戴式产品让人们欢欣鼓舞,跃跃欲试。
⑤ date back to置身硅谷的我们时常淹没在各种"新新"方式之中，我们常常忘记了，我们只是在重新发现一些可追溯至涉及商业根本的朴素教训。
Task 3T F F T FTask 4The most common viewThe principle task of engineering: To take into account the customers ‘ needs and to find the appropriate technical means to accommodate these needs.Commonly accepted claims:Technology tries to find appropriate means for given ends or desires;Technology is applied science;Technology is the aggregate of all technological artifacts;Technology is the total of all actions and institutions required to create artefacts or products and the total of all actions which make use of these artefacts or products.The author’s opinion: it is a viewpoint with flaws.Arguments: It must of course be taken for granted that the given simplified view of engineers with regard to technology has taken a turn within the last few decades. Observable changes: In many technical universities, the inter‐disciplinary courses arealready inherent parts of the curriculum.Task 5① 工程师对于自己的职业行为最常见的观点是：他们是通过应用科学结论来计划、开发、设计和推出技术产品的。
世界在不断发展的英语作文
The world is in a constant state of flux,evolving and developing in ways that can be both exciting and challenging.This dynamic nature of our global society is a central theme in many discussions,and it is important to consider the various aspects that contribute to this ongoing development.Technological Advancements:One of the most significant factors driving the worlds development is technology.The rapid pace of innovation has led to breakthroughs in fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy,and biotechnology.These advancements have the potential to transform industries,improve healthcare,and address environmental challenges.Economic Growth:Economic development is another key aspect of the worlds progress.Emerging economies are playing an increasingly important role in the global market,while established economies continue to innovate and adapt.The interconnectivity of the worlds financial systems means that economic growth in one region can have a ripple effect across the globe.Cultural Exchange:As people from different cultures interact more frequently,there is a growing exchange of ideas,values,and traditions.This cultural diversity enriches societies and fosters creativity,but it also presents challenges in terms of maintaining social cohesion and addressing cultural misunderstandings.Environmental Concerns:The worlds development is not without its challenges,and one of the most pressing issues is the impact on the environment.Climate change,deforestation,and pollution are just a few of the environmental concerns that are closely tied to the way the world is developing.Sustainable development is becoming a priority as societies strive to balance economic growth with environmental protection.Social Progress:Social issues such as poverty,inequality,and access to education are also critical components of the worlds development.As societies evolve,there is a growing emphasis on addressing these issues to ensure that progress is inclusive and benefits all members of society.Global Cooperation:In an increasingly interconnected world,cooperation between nations is essential for tackling global challenges.International organizations,treaties,and agreements play acrucial role in facilitating this cooperation and ensuring that the worlds development is not only sustainable but also equitable.The Role of Education:Education is a fundamental driver of development.It empowers individuals,fosters innovation,and is key to addressing many of the worlds most pressing issues.As the world continues to develop,the importance of access to quality education for all cannot be overstated.The Future Outlook:Looking ahead,the worlds development will likely be characterized by a blend of challenges and opportunities.As we navigate this complex landscape,it is essential to remain adaptable,innovative,and committed to sustainable and inclusive progress.In conclusion,the worlds ongoing development is a multifaceted process that encompasses technological innovation,economic growth,cultural exchange, environmental stewardship,social progress,global cooperation,and education.As we continue to evolve,it is crucial to approach these developments with a sense of responsibility and a commitment to creating a better future for all.。
革新奋进书写华章的英语作文
Innovation and progress are the driving forces behind the development of any society,and they are the keys to unlocking the potential for greatness within individuals and communities.Writing a composition on this theme involves exploring the multifaceted aspects of innovation and the relentless pursuit of advancement.Title:Innovating and Striving to Write a New ChapterIn the realm of human endeavor,the spirit of innovation and the drive to forge ahead are the twin pillars that support the edifice of progress.This essay delves into the essence of these concepts and how they have shaped the course of history and continue to influence the present.IntroductionThe world is in a constant state of flux,and it is the innovators and the diligent who navigate these changes with grace and foresight.The opening lines of this composition set the stage for a discussion on the importance of innovation and the relentless pursuit of advancement in both personal and societal contexts.The Power of InnovationInnovation is not merely about creating something new it is about reimagining the possible.It is the spark that ignites the flame of progress.This section of the essay explores the impact of innovation in various fields such as technology,medicine,and social systems.It highlights how groundbreaking ideas have transformed the way we live and work.The Role of PerseveranceWhile innovation is the catalyst for change,it is perseverance that sustains the momentum.This part of the essay emphasizes the importance of determination and hard work in the face of challenges.It discusses the stories of individuals who,through their unwavering commitment,have overcome obstacles and achieved remarkable feats.The Intersection of Innovation and ProgressThe composition then examines the synergy between innovation and progress.It argues that innovation is the fuel that propels progress,and progress,in turn,creates a fertile ground for further innovation.This cycle is essential for the evolution of societies and the betterment of human conditions.Case StudiesTo provide concrete examples,the essay presents case studies of innovative breakthroughs and the individuals behind them.From the invention of the internet to the development of renewable energy sources,these examples illustrate how innovation has led to significant advancements.The Future of Innovation and ProgressLooking ahead,the essay speculates on the future of innovation and the role it will play in shaping our world.It considers the potential of emerging technologies and the ethical considerations that come with them.The discussion also touches on the importance of fostering a culture of innovation and the need for education systems that encourage creativity and critical thinking.ConclusionIn conclusion,the essay reiterates the central thesis that innovation and progress are inextricably linked.It calls for a collective effort to embrace change,nurture creativity, and continuously strive for a better future.The closing lines inspire readers to consider their own role in this ongoing narrative of human advancement.ReflectionAs the essay comes to an end,it invites readers to reflect on their own contributions to innovation and progress.It encourages them to think about how they can apply the principles discussed in their own lives and communities.This composition serves as a tribute to the human spirit of exploration and the unyielding pursuit of excellence.It is a reminder that,with innovation and perseverance,we can write new and inspiring chapters in the ongoing story of humanity.。
科学引领新风尚的英语作文
Science has always been a driving force behind the evolution of human society,and in recent years,it has been increasingly recognized as a trendsetter in various aspects of life.From technological advancements to environmental conservation,the influence of science is profound and multifaceted.Firstly,the rapid development of technology has been one of the most significant impacts of science on modern society.Innovations such as smartphones,artificial intelligence, and the internet of things have transformed the way we live,work,and communicate. These technologies not only make our lives more convenient but also open up new possibilities for creativity and collaboration.Secondly,science has played a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world around us.Through research and exploration,scientists have uncovered the mysteries of the universe,the intricacies of the human body,and the complexities of ecosystems.This knowledge has not only expanded our horizons but also provided us with the tools to address global challenges such as climate change and disease.Moreover,science has become a source of inspiration for various forms of art and culture. From science fiction literature to films that explore futuristic concepts,the imagination of scientists and artists alike has been fueled by the wonders of science.This fusion of science and art has led to the creation of thoughtprovoking and visually stunning works that challenge our perceptions and spark our curiosity.In addition,the principles of science have been applied to various industries,leading to the development of sustainable practices and products.For instance,renewable energy sources,such as solar and wind power,have become more prevalent,reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating the impact of climate change.Similarly, advancements in biotechnology have led to the creation of ecofriendly materials and waste management solutions.Furthermore,science has also influenced the way we approach education and learning. With the rise of online platforms and digital resources,access to knowledge has become more democratized,allowing people from diverse backgrounds to acquire skills and pursue their interests.This has fostered a culture of lifelong learning and curiosity,which is essential for personal growth and societal progress.Lastly,the role of science in shaping public policy and decisionmaking cannot be overlooked.Evidencebased approaches and datadriven insights have become increasingly important in addressing social issues,such as health,education,and urban planning.This has led to more informed and effective policies that benefit society as a whole.In conclusion,the influence of science on contemporary society is both pervasive and transformative.By driving technological innovation,expanding our knowledge,inspiring creativity,promoting sustainability,shaping education,and informing policy,science has indeed become a trendsetter in the modern world.As we continue to navigate the complexities of the21st century,it is clear that science will remain at the forefront, guiding us towards a brighter and more enlightened future.。
23年四级英语作文仿写
23年四级英语作文仿写英文回答：In this dynamic and interconnected world, globalization has emerged as a transformative force that has profoundly shaped our societies, economies, and cultures. Its impact on education has been particularly multifaceted, prompting educators and policymakers to re-examine and adapt their approaches to meet the demands of the 21st century.One of the most significant effects of globalization has been the increasing interconnectedness of educational systems worldwide. The advent of technology, such as the internet and social media, has facilitated the sharing of ideas, resources, and best practices, enabling educators to learn from and collaborate with their counterparts in different countries. This has led to a greater awareness of diverse educational approaches and has stimulated the adoption of innovative teaching methods and curriculum designs.Furthermore, globalization has fueled a growing demand for international cooperation in education. As economies become increasingly interdependent, the need for a skilled workforce that can operate effectively in a global context has become paramount. This has resulted in the emergence of international agreements, such as the Bologna Process in Europe, which have sought to harmonize educational standards and facilitate the mobility of students and educators.In terms of the content of education, globalization has contributed to a shift towards a more internationalized curriculum. The recognition of the interconnectedness of global issues has led educators to incorporate more global perspectives into their teaching, equipping students with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the complexities of an increasingly diverse world.However, the impact of globalization on education has not been without its challenges. Concerns have been raised about the potential for increased inequality, as wealthiernations may have greater access to educational resources and opportunities. Additionally, the emphasis on international standardized testing has been criticized for potentially narrowing the curriculum and reducing the focus on critical thinking and creativity.Despite these challenges, globalization has undoubtedly played a transformative role in education. By fostering interconnectedness, encouraging international cooperation, and broadening the curriculum, it has helped to prepare students for the demands of a rapidly changing and globalized world.中文回答：全球化在教育方面的影响是多方面的，它促使教育工作者和政策制定者重新审视和调整他们的方法，以满足 21 世纪的需求。
韶关2024年小学三年级上册第十二次英语第3单元综合卷
韶关2024年小学三年级上册英语第3单元综合卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、What do we call a baby horse?A, CalfB, FoalC, KidD, Pup2、What is the name of the famous ancient city in Italy?A, PompeiiB, RomeC, HerculaneumD, All of the above3、What do we call the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole?A, EquatorB, Prime MeridianC, LatitudeD, Longitude4、What is the term for the gradual cooling of the universe after the Big Bang?A, Cosmic CoolingB, Universal ExpansionC, Dark AgesD, Cosmic Microwave Background5、What is the main ingredient in aBLT sandwich?A, ChickenB, BaconC, TurkeyD, Ham6、What do you call the process of water turning into vapor?A, CondensationB, EvaporationC, PrecipitationD, Filtration7、What do we call the study of the origin and history of humanity? A, AnthropologyB, SociologyC, PsychologyD, Archaeology8、What do we call the study of living things?A, BiologyB, ChemistryC, PhysicsD, Geography9、What is the process of making bread called?A, BakingB, FryingC, BoilingD, Grilling10、What is the opposite of happy?A, SadB, ExcitedC, AngryD, Joyful11、What do we call the place where we learn about history?A, MuseumB, RestaurantC, StoreD, Park12、What do we call the color of an apple?A, BlueB, RedC, GreenD, All of the above13、What do we call a young horse?A, CalfB, FoalC, KidD, Pup14、How many colors are there in a rainbow?A, FiveB, SixC, SevenD, Eight15、What is the capital of Russia?A, MoscowB, St. PetersburgC, KazanD, Novosibirsk16、What is the name of the fairy tale character who wears a red cape? A, CinderellaB, Snow WhiteC, Little Red Riding HoodD, Rapunzel17、What do we call the lines of latitude and longitude on a map? A, CoordinatesB, GridsC, AxesD, Meridians18、What is the color of a ripe cherry?A, YellowB, GreenC, RedD, Blue19、Which holiday involves dressing up in costumes?A, ThanksgivingB, HalloweenC, New YearD, Christmas20、What is the capital city of India?A, MumbaiB, New DelhiC, KolkataD, Bangalore二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)A pelican has a large ______ for catching fish.2、听力题：A _______ is a chemical process involving enzymes.3、听力题：The process of converting a gas into a solid is called _______.4、听力题：The process by which plants absorb carbon dioxide is called ______.5、听力题：The sky is ___ (blue/black) today.6、听力题：I like to ___ (write) in my journal.7、听力题：The symbol for phosphorus is _____.8、听力题：The process of extracting aluminum from ore is called _______.9、听力题：The dog is ________ in the yard.10、听力题：The girl sings very ________.11、听力题：We analyze ________ (data) for insights.12、听力题：They enjoy _____ (watching) movies.13、听力题：My cousin has a knack for ____ (acting) in plays.14、听力题：I have ________ apples in my bag.15、听力题：My grandma loves to cook ____ (soups).I see a _____ (水桶) by the door.17、听力题：A snake moves by __________ its body.18、听力题：A _______ is a combination of two or more substances that are physically combined.19、听力题：A solution with a pH of is more ______ than a solution with a pH of .20、听力题：A compound that can change color in different pH levels is called an ______.三、填空题(共计20题，共10分)1、填空题：This ________ (玩具) is made for outdoor fun.2、填空题：My toy ________ spins around.3、填空题：The __________ (历史的文化表现) offer insights.4、填空题：A raccoon is often seen at ________________ (夜晚).5、填空题：The pelican has a big _________. (喙)6、aring a ______ (漂亮的) dress. 填空题：She is w7、填空题：A _______ (小猫) enjoys playing with yarn.8、填空题：A plant's ______ (生长势头) can vary with seasons.9、填空题：I planted some ______ (花) in my garden. I water them every ______ (天).My dad likes to _______ (动词) on holidays. 他总是 _______ (动词).11、填空题：The _____ (生命) of a plant begins as a seed.12、填空题：The __________ (文艺复兴) began in Italy.13、填空题：My favorite movie is _______ (动画片).14、填空题：A ________ (植物分类) helps in identification.15、填空题：The __________ (全球视野) broadens perspectives.16、填空题：I like to collect _____ from the garden.17、填空题：The ancient Greeks established the concept of ________ (市民权).18、填空题：The __________ (历史的启蒙者) inspire change.19、填空题：I have fun playing with my ____.20、填空题：The country known for its mountains is ________ (以山脉闻名的国家是________).。
展望未来的英语作文
展望未来的英语作文Title: Envisioning the Future。
As we stand on the threshold of the future, it's imperative to gaze ahead with both curiosity and foresight. The canvas of tomorrow is painted with possibilities, shaped by our collective actions and aspirations. In this essay, we embark on a journey of exploration into the realms of what lies ahead.Firstly, technological advancements are poised to redefine our existence in profound ways. The convergence of artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and quantum computing promises to unlock new frontiers of human potential. From personalized medicine tailored to our genetic makeup to sustainable solutions for environmental challenges, innovation holds the key to addressing pressing global issues.Moreover, the landscape of work and education isundergoing a paradigm shift. Automation and digitization are reshaping industries, rendering some jobs obsolete while creating new opportunities. Lifelong learning will become the cornerstone of success, empowering individuals to adapt to rapidly evolving skill demands. The traditional boundaries of classrooms will blur as online platforms democratize access to knowledge, enabling learning anytime, anywhere.In tandem with technological progress, societal norms and values are evolving. The pursuit of inclusivity and diversity is reshaping cultural narratives, fostering greater empathy and understanding across communities. Movements advocating for social justice and environmental sustainability are gaining momentum, signaling a collective awakening to the interconnectedness of global challenges.Furthermore, the dynamics of governance and geopolitics are in flux. The rise of interconnectedness through digital networks is challenging traditional notions of sovereignty and governance. International cooperation and multilateralism are becoming increasingly vital inaddressing transnational threats such as pandemics, climate change, and cyber warfare.However, amid the optimism for the future, there arealso looming uncertainties and ethical dilemmas to navigate. The ethical implications of emerging technologies, such as AI ethics and genetic engineering, necessitate thoughtful deliberation and robust regulatory frameworks to safeguard against misuse and inequality. Additionally, concerns regarding privacy, data security, and the concentration of power in the hands of a few tech giants warrant vigilant scrutiny and accountability.In conclusion, the future holds both promise and peril, contingent upon the choices we make today. By fostering innovation, embracing diversity, and upholding ethical principles, we can steer towards a future that is equitable, sustainable, and prosperous for all. Let us embark on this journey with courage, compassion, and a steadfast commitment to shaping a better world for generations to come.。
19布尔
Chapter 3 Neo-Realism19. Bull赫德利·布尔（Hedley Bull, 1932-1985），国际关系理论大师，英国学派的重要代表。
1949年后相继受教于悉尼大学和牛津大学，后连续在牛津大学、伦敦经济学院和澳大利亚国立大学执教，同时参加皇家国际事务学会和伦敦战略研究所等著名机构的学术研究活动。
布尔的思想观点不仅来自于查尔斯·曼宁、赫伯特·巴特菲尔德和马丁·怀特等英国学派的理论家，而且受英国一些著名哲学家、政治学家和历史学家的影响。
布尔涉猎广泛，在国际体系、裁军与军备控制、国际伦理等方面都有建树。
1977年，布尔通过他的代表作《无政府社会——世界政治秩序研究》（The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics）一书，系统地提出了国际社会学说，明确而又集中地表达出英国学派的国际关系思想和方法。
布尔用历史—哲学思考方法，研究国际无政府状态下为何存在以及如何维持国际秩序。
他指出，国际社会是一个有着共同利益、共同价值观念、共同规则和共同运作机制的国家群体，而这共同利益、共同价值观念、共同规则和共同运作机制即是国际秩序的根本基石，因此，国际关系是一种无政府但有秩序的社会状态。
布尔的国际社会学说，确认国际关系处于无政府状态并以国际冲突为根本特征，但更突出国际共同利益、国际规范和国际机制及其效用。
同时，布尔在其广大而又精深的研究中，充分关注非西方国家的命运和国际关系中的伦理道德与正义问题，这在《国际关系中的正义》（Justice in International Relations, 1983）和《国际社会的扩展》（The Expansion of International Society, 1984）等著作中都有所体现。
本篇选自《无政府社会》一书，集中探讨了无政府状态下应如何维持国际社会的秩序。
大学英语四级写作押题-2024年6月
四级写作押题——2024 年6 月议论文——话题类（管理时间的重要性）As we all know, time is eternal while human is mortal. So being precious though, time is relentless to everyone. If you want to spend a meaningful life, you have to learn time management. Just as the saying goes.To choose time is to save time. Firstly, time management saves you much time via figuring out the priority or the most time-consuming task of a day, thus greatly boosting your work efficiency. Secondly, time management enables you to make full use of the fragments of time so that you can get hold of large amounts of information and knowledge. Reciting English words while waiting for a bus is a good example. Last but not least, you will gain self-assurance and elegance from your systematical schedule.In a word, compared with those who have no idea of time management, a person with good time arrangement will have higher work efficiency and an organized life.议论文——现象类（如何解决大学生心理疾病）Mental disease has recently arisen as one of the essential issues which may lead to some severe consequences such as depressive disorder and interpersonal conflicts. Strikingly, this is becoming increasingly common and eye-catching.This phenomenon could be attributed to three reasons. Firstly, facing a great amount of academic pressure, quite a few college students are not able to relieve the severe stress, which could gradually transform into mental disease. Secondly, due to a rapid shift in roles, most students have to take responsibility of taking care of themselves, so it is increasingly challenging for them to deal with all troublesome issues in daily life. Lastly, lacking of interpersonal skills, they may easily get involved in conflicts with others and the resulting chronic unhappiness will finally lead to mental disease.Urgent measures are needed to deal with this severe issue. Courses related to mental health should be well planned and offered on campus which may enable students to be more aware of their psychological states. Moreover, more sports and recreational activities should be launched so as to enrich students’ extracurricular life and provide more opportunities for them to build harmoniousinterpersonal relationship.议论文——谚语类（学习必须循序渐进）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Learning has to be acquired gradually.” You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of making minute and down-to-earth efforts. You should write at least 120 words, but no more than 180 words.“Learning has to be acquired gradually” is a nice old saying which has proved its meaning by hundred percent. Evidently, it is meant to tell us that we should try our best to seize every minute and study in a down-to-earth manner.Numerous instances can be given to illustrate this point. For one thing, as college students, apart from club activities, social practice and social activities, the time left for us to learn is limited, so we should seize every opportunity to do it well. In other words, we should listen to every lecture carefully and submit our assignments on time and with high quality. For another, only by earnestly completing each small learning task, can knowledge be slowly accumulated and our own learning system be formed.To conclude, step after step the ladder is ascended. If we can turn the proverb into actions, we are more likely to enjoy a more effective way to learn.议论文——话题类（虚拟现实）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on virtual reality. You can start your essay with the sentence “Virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular”. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Nowadays, the use of virtual reality is becoming increasingly popular, which has captured wide attention about its benefits and drawbacks. Every coin has two sides. I think that the advantages overweigh the disadvantages.To begin with, virtual reality technology is a computer simulation system that can create andlet us experience the virtual world, which has brought a lot of convenience to our life. For instance, virtual reality can take us to places we can’t reach in real life, such as any domestic and foreign tourist attractions, even outer space, or newly created illusory scenes. This will greatly enrich our imagination and broaden our horizons. Additionally, in fact, virtual reality has been applied in the fields of film and television, education, military and aerospace. The virtual scenes it provides save a lot of real money.All in all, the continuous development of virtual reality opens up a bright future for us. We can enjoy the fruits of this technological advance as long as we can use it reasonably and flexibly.议论文——现象类（学业与兼职的关系）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on how to best handle the relationship between studies and part-time jobs. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.There is no doubt that the relationship between studies and part-time jobs can exert a great influence on academic performance and personal growth of the students. And a healthy and positive relationship requires our untiring efforts.On the one hand, as college students, we should understand that the significance of study is above all else. That is to say, we should not allow any other activities to occupy our time in class, and we are also supposed to set aside enough time for self-study. On the other hand, part-time jobs are also very important for college students, which can enrich our resumes. As a result, we’d better find some part-time jobs that are related to our future work direction, preferably with flexible hours.In brief, the key to balancing the relationship between studies and part-time jobs is to strengthen our own time management skills. Only by doing so, can we maintain a healthy and positive study-work relationship, which is beneficial to college students.应用文——电子邮件（邀请外教当辩论赛评委）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an e-mail to invite a foreign teacher in your college to be a judge for the upcoming English debate competition. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Dear Mr. Smith,I am a sophomore student in the School of Foreign Languages. I am writing this email to invite you to be a judge for the upcoming English debate contest.The aims of the contest are twofold. First, students all over the university are offered an opportunity to demonstrate their ability to express their opinions in English. Second, the contest could serve as a forum for students from different background to share their insights and thoughts. The topic of the debate is “Whether people should pursue their dreams at all hazards”. All the contestants will draw lots to be divided into positive side and negative side. After the debate, the on-site audience can vote for their favorite contestants. Finally, the judges will announce the competition results and make comments. The contest would be an off-line event at the International Conference Hall on September 12 from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m.We would be honored if you could attend. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further question.Sincerely,Li Hua应用文——通知（跳蚤市场）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a notice to inform all the students in your college about the flea market on behalf of the student union. In the notice, you should include time, place and other relevant information about the activity. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.NOTICEThe Student Union is going to organize a flea market activity. The relevant information is as follows.This flea market is open to all students of the college. The goal is to help students who are about to graduate cut down on luggage while allowing lower grade students to buy what they need at below-market prices. For those who want to sell things in the flea market, please come to the Student Union to register before June 10th, and you will be informed of your booth number. For students who want to buy something, please come directly during the activity time. The activity will be held in the Central Plaza from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. on June 15 and 16.Please do not hesitate to consult the Student Union if you have any further question. In addition, all students participating in the activity should take away their own garbage. We look forward to your participation.The Student Union。
Inaworldwithlimi...
In a world with limited land, water andother natural resources阅读理解答案In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources (资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decades has seen more and more forests disappearing and globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable (可持续的) ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the earth healthy while using its supply of natural resources.Today, sustainable development is a proper trend in many countries. According to a recent study, the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decades. China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy revolution. It is now trying hard to make full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-speed trains. In addition, we are also seeing great growth in the global markets for sustainableproducts such as palm oil (棕榈油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown by more than 50%.Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions (排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, governments can avoid the public huge expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from traditional model to a sustainable one.The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of growing population within the limits if this single planet. That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.41. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that ______.A. It makes the world warmerB. it consumes natural resourcesC. it brings severe damage to forestsD. it makes growth hard to continue42. What can we infer from Paragraph 2?A. China lacks wind and solar energy.B. China is the leader of the low-carbon market.C. High-speed trains are a low-carbon development.D. Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests.43. To full develop the low-carbon markets, government can ______.A. cut public expensesB. forbid carbon emissionC. develop public resourcesD. encourage energy conservation44. We can learn from the last paragraph that businesses have many chances to ______.A. develop sustainable productsB. explore new natural resourcesC. make full use of natural resourcesD. deal with the major challenge45. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To introduce a new business model.B. To compare two business models.C. To predict a change of the global market.D. To advocate sustainable development.本文主要讲述鉴于全球变暖，许多资源面临枯竭，因此许多国家（尤其是中国）提倡走可持续发展和低碳生活的道路。
英语作文旱灾
Drought is a natural phenomenon characterized by a lack of precipitation over an extended period,leading to water scarcity and a significant impact on agriculture, ecosystems,and human activities.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay on drought:1.Definition of Drought:Begin by defining what drought is and how it differs from aridity,which is a permanent condition of low precipitation.2.Causes of Drought:Discuss the various factors that contribute to the onset of a drought. These can include decreased rainfall,increased evaporation rates,and poor water management practices.3.Types of Drought:Differentiate between the types of droughts,such as meteorological, agricultural,hydrological,and socioeconomic droughts,each affecting different aspects of the environment and society.4.Impact on Agriculture:Elaborate on how drought affects crop yields,leading to food shortages and economic challenges for farmers.Mention the importance of irrigation and water conservation in mitigating these effects.5.Environmental Consequences:Describe the impact of drought on ecosystems, including the loss of biodiversity,soil degradation,and the drying up of water bodies.6.Effects on Wildlife:Discuss how drought affects wildlife populations,leading to a scarcity of food and water,and forcing animals to migrate or perish.7.Human Impact:Address the direct and indirect effects of drought on human populations,including water scarcity,health issues,and social conflicts over water resources.8.Economic Implications:Explain how drought can lead to economic downturns, particularly in regions where agriculture is a significant part of the economy.9.Prevention and Mitigation Strategies:Suggest ways to prevent or mitigate the effects of drought,such as improving water infrastructure,adopting droughtresistant crops,and implementing watersaving technologies.10.Role of Technology:Highlight the role of technology in monitoring and predicting drought conditions,as well as in managing water resources more efficiently.11.Policy and Governance:Discuss the importance of government policies and international cooperation in addressing the challenges posed by drought.12.Conclusion:Conclude by summarizing the main points and emphasizing the need for proactive measures to combat the effects of drought and ensure sustainable water use.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide relevant examples,and cite credible sources to support your arguments.。
英语读写作业素材
英语读写作业素材### 英语读写作业素材Reading Comprehension Exercise 1: The Wonders of NaturePassage:In the vast expanse of the universe, Earth stands as a beacon of life and wonder. From the towering mountains that pierce the sky to the depths of the ocean that hide secrets beneath the waves, our planet is a tapestry of natural beauty. The Amazon rainforest, a lung of our world, breathes life into the atmosphere, while the Great Barrier Reef, a vibrant underwater city, teems with marine life. Each ecosystem, whether it be the Arctic tundra or the African savannah, plays a crucial role in maintaining the delicate balance of our planet.Questions:1. What does Earth represent in the universe according to the passage?2. Name two examples of natural wonders mentioned in the passage.3. What role does the Amazon rainforest play according to the text?4. How is the Great Barrier Reef described in the passage?5. What is the significance of each ecosystem on Earth?Vocabulary Exercise 2: Describing WeatherWord List:1. Sunny - Adjective: Characterized by bright sunlight.2. Gloomy - Adjective: Dark and depressing.3. Thunderstorm - Noun: A storm with thunder and lightning.4. Drizzle - Noun: Light rain.5. Blizzard - Noun: A severe snowstorm with strong sustained winds.6. Hail - Noun: Small balls or pieces of ice that fall from the sky during a thunderstorm.7. Breeze - Noun: A gentle wind.8. Gale - Noun: A strong wind.Exercise:Match the words with their definitions and use them in sentences to describe different types of weather.Grammar Focus 3: The Present Perfect TenseExplanation:The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that have occurred at an unspecified time before now or actions that started in the past and continue to the present.Structure:Subject + have/has + past participleExamples:- She has visited more than ten countries.- They have lived in this city for five years.- I have never tried sushi before.Exercise:Rewrite the following sentences in the present perfect tense:1. She went to Paris last year.2. They moved to this city in 2010.3. I saw a movie yesterday.Creative Writing Prompt 4: A Day in the LifePrompt:Imagine you are a student who has just moved to a new country. Write a short essay describing your first day at school inthe new country. Include details about the school, the students, and any cultural differences you noticed.Guidelines:- Use descriptive language to paint a vivid picture of your surroundings.- Reflect on your feelings and emotions throughout the day.- Mention any challenges you faced and how you overcame them. Discussion Topic 5: The Impact of Technology on CommunicationQuestion:How has technology changed the way we communicate with each other? Consider both the positive and negative aspects.Guidelines for Discussion:- Begin with a brief introduction to the topic.- Discuss the positive impacts, such as ease of communication and access to information.- Address the negative impacts, such as the potential for misunderstandings and the loss of face-to-face interaction.- Conclude with your personal opinion on the overall impactof technology on communication.These exercises are designed to enhance reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, grammar skills, creative writing, and critical thinking in English.。
modernity
ModernityIn the discourse on the nature of contemporary society the terms modernisation, modernity and modernism are often used promiscuously. There is clearly an overlap in meaning between the three concepts as they do share a common root in the idea of the modern which stretches back to antiquity as implying a break, or a discontinuity, with the past. The reality of the‘shock of the new’ is an integral part of contemporary culture and consciousness in a world where, as Marx put it, ‘All that is solid melts into air’.In an effort to unravel the complex process of turbulent change which has been a characteristic of all parts of the world to a greater or lesser degree for nearly two centuries it is useful to make an analytical distinction between three interrelated processes. Modernisation is a process of change driven by the idea of reason and the process of industrialisation. Modernity is a state in which people are exposed to the uncertainty and opportunity brought about by the destruction of traditional society. Modernism is a movement, mostinfluential in the cultural sphere, which has both responded to change and moulded its cultural forms.The emergence of modern science and secular thought under the philosophical banner of reason in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries separated the idea of reason from the theological realm and redefined it as a secular and human orientated force: a force without God. This form of reason, scientific and secular, is the motor of modernisation as a linear, historically driven process that unleashes impersonal and rule governed forces, subject to human control, and dissociated from the transcendental. Modernisation is the conquest and harnessing of nature through science and the disenchantment of the social world. This process did not begin at any fixed point, but attained critical mass with the onset of industrial capitalism. In retrospect it is possible to distinguish developments the consequences of which were not visible for centuries. The invention of double entry bookkeeping in the monastic demesnes of southern Europe in the late middle ages was one such development, allowing the principles of profit and loss to be applied to agriculture, as was Galileo's revolutionarycontention that the world could be understood through mathematics.In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in particular, the idea that humans had the innate capacity to apply reason and logical thought to achieve progress and perpetual peace took firm root and permeated the ideas of Hobbes, Rousseau, Kant, St Simon, Comte, Spencer and Marx. Where philosophy led, social thought was quick to follow. The founders of modern social theory, such as Weber, Durkheim, Tonnies and Simmel were steeped in the tradition of continental philosophical thought which tended to view the world as a totality in need of a grand theory. The influence of both Freud - in particular the theory of the unconscious which challenged the rational basis of human behaviour - and Marx's synthesis of English political economy, French socialism and German philosophy, was considerable. It was the crisis of reason, exposed in the contradictions of capitalist modernisation, which fuelled this first wave of sociological thinking. The depredations of capitalism, the wanton destruction of traditional life worlds and cultures forced a reassessment of the role of the irrational in human life and a focus on the need to create a meaningful worldamid the flux and change of modernity. Weber's pessimistic prognosis of the negative outcome of the rationalisation of the world is counterpoised with a repressed nostalgia for a world less disenchanted. Weber's bitter disillusionment with the hopes of the Enlightenment sprung from his belief that the ‘iron cage’ of bureaucratic rationality would stifle and suffocate the dream of universal freedom. Tonnies expresses a more overt nostalgia for the lost world of community solidarity and Durkheim uncovers the problems of creating meaning in a world that seems bent on its destruction. Within the German speaking world a form of romantic and conservative anti-capitalism emerged which had strong nationalist overtones.The crisis of modernity was seen in terms of an opposition between Kultur and Zivilisation where the latter embodied the values of the Anglo-French love affair with material and technical progress. Kultur is characterised by a life driven by aesthetic, ethical and spiritual values centred upon an organic spiritual universe capable of resisting the excesses of capitalist materialism.1Simmel comes closer to expressing the conflicting realities of modernity than any of his contemporaries. Simmel focused uponthe fluid and transitory nature of the experience of modernity and was convinced that modern life could not be understood in its totality, but only in a contingent and transitory fashion. Examining the fragments of modernity was the only way of making it accessible.Simmel sees Marx's theory of commodity fetishism as a particular case of the tragedy of culture as a whole. He viewed his own work as an ‘attempt to construct a new storey beneath historical materialism’ which would expose economic forms as a result of ‘metaphysical preconditions’. Despite his philosophical escapism Simmel had a profound influence on Marxist writers such as Georg Lukács. Simmel's focus upon the tragedy of a culture where the culture of things was to dominate totally the culture of persons, and his contention that contained in each of life's details was the ‘totality of its meaning’, led him to look at the transitory and the fleeting and use the essay form as the main vehicle of his writing.This connects Simmel, more than any of his academic contemporaries, to the current of modernism that emerged with such force in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the icon of fin de siècle Paris, the epicentre of themodernism movement, was the Flaneur, that observer of urban life , detached and cynical as he strolled the boulevards in search of transitory pleasures, appearing in the writings of Baudelaire and ever present in the paintings of the impressionist Manet. Simmel's famous pieces on urban life, The Stranger and The Metropolis and Modern Life deal with the same concerns of the nature of the individual in a society where uncertainty rules. Berman vividly describes the condition of modernity:There is a mode of vital experience - experience of space and time, of the self and others, of life's possibility and perils - that is shared by men and women all over the world today. I will call this body of experience ‘modernity’ … modernity can be said to unite all mankind. But it is a paradoxical unity, a unity of disunity; it pours us all into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration and renewal, of struggle and contradiction, of ambiguity and anguish. (Berman, 1983: 163)Modernism confronted this crisis of representation. The linear and chronological form of the nineteenth-century novel, the realist form of much visual art and the declamatory tone of poetry were the art forms of a dying age. New forms ofrepresentation were experimented with in the effort to grasp the contingent and fleeting nature of modern life. Cultural producers were faced with strategic choices about the representation of modern life and some retreated before the challenge, simply carrying on as before. Writers such as Joyce and Proust, poets like Yeats and Aragon, along with Picasso, Manet and Braque and many other artists tried to develop new cultural codes and languages to grasp the ephemeral and chaotic reality which surrounded them. Writing of the parochial experience of the war of independence in Ireland the poet William Butler Yeats expressed a deeper truth about western culture in general:Things fall apart; the centre cannot holdMere anarchy is loosed upon the world.The sense of disillusion with the idea of progress set in early among European intellectuals. As early as 1905 Weber wrote that the ‘rosy blush of the Enlightenm ent [is] irretrievably fading’ and the First World War led to terminal disillusionment with the project of modernisation and progress for many.Durkheim, Weber and Simmel died within a few years of the armistice in 1918.German social thought, in particular, adopted a profoundly pessimistic stance in the shape of the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt founded by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. For them, the dream of reason had become the nightmare of domination. Using a synthesis of the thought of Hegel, Marx and Freud, members of the Frankfurt School analysed how reason had become technological rationality, a means of domination that clothed itself in the rhetoric of freedom. Culture itself had become progressively industrialised and commodified as capital penetrated and colonised the everyday world of cultural practices. When the leading lights of the School fled from the horror of fascism to the USA in the 1930s they found their worst suspicions confirmed: here was a society where modernity meant the subjection of all aspects of life to the regime of capital accumulation.The USA after the Second World War was for some, such as Herbert Marcuse C. W. Mills and David Riesman, a profoundly undemocratic and repressive society ruled by power elites and kept under control by the blandishments of consumption. Forothers, and the vast majority of sociologists and political scientists, the triumph of the American way of life was the realisation of the project of the Enlightenment, which could, and should, be carried to all parts of the globe. This ambitious ideological and practical project was carried by modernisation theory which was to dominate social theory in the US - and wield a disproportionate influence in the rest of the world - for two decades after the Second World War.The highly influential sociologist, Talcott Parsons, disinterred the theoretical cadavers of Weber and Durkheim and made them palatable to the new theoretical order. The idea of a modern society was redefined to dovetail with the perceived characteristics of western societies - the USA in particular - and encompassed terms such as ‘secular’, ‘democratic’,‘individualistic’ and ‘capitalist’ to describe a society that was inherently stable both politically and socially. The breathtaking claims of modernisation theory to have uncovered the secret of progress became a template for research in the social sciences. The influential cross-cultural study carried out by Murdock, Social Structure, concluded that the nuclear family was the basic building block of all societies, therefore the essentialsocial basis for the transition from traditional to modern society was a universal presence. Modernisation theory was the key to understanding the world, it explained the logic of the transition from backwardness to modernity in a rational way and presented an interpretation of the world which linked being modern with economic growth and the culture of mass consumption. The theory seeped down from academia to all forms of popular culture, from the Hollywood movie to popular music, instructing people across the globe on the proper way to live. Parsons' objective, to use modernisation theory as the basis of a scientific theory of development that would apply to any and every country and culture, seemed achievable in the heady years of the Cold War.In the field of aesthetics and artistic production, modernism was also losing its cutting edge and revolutionary aspirations. Modern architecture, once seen as embodying a fundamental break with the past and offering technocratic and aesthetic solutions to social problems (form follows function) descended into the bland International Style demanded by corporations to both hide and celebrate their anonymous power. The world of modernist literature and art, both in the US and Europe, wasinfiltrated by American political interests and directed towards the objectives of cold war politics.If both the arts and the social sciences were concerned with the complex reality of modernity, their starting points were, and remain, fundamentally different. The arts articulated with society in terms of the place of humans in society and in the twentieth century and, in broad terms, dealt with the universal problems faced by Baudelaire's Flâneur'… you're not at home but you feel at home everywhere; you see everyone, you're at the centre of everything, yet you remain hidden from everybody.’ The social sciences, on the other hand, produce the concepts, the theoretical structures, which attempt to explain how the human world works. While it may well be that, for instance, American abstract expressionism was promoted by the CIA and other state agencies as a celebration of the values of US society, there is no evidence that the movement itself, centred around the artists de Koonig and Jackson Pollock, produced a particular type of art under political direction.The social sciences, however, stand in a different relationship to political and economic power structures, a relationship that contains and circumscribes their autonomy. The development ofa Fordist type society where the growth of capitalist production depended upon the habituation of whole populations to the new creed of consumption and the extension of this new confluence of production and consumption across the world was one side of the equation. The other was the emergence of what President Eisenhower described as the military industrial complex. Both processes had an omnivorous appetite for research clothed in the mantle of science. The grand narrative of modernisation directed social science research in a direction that dovetailed with both the ideological and economic interests of the burgeoning American Imperium.The state became seriously involved in the funding of academic research, and the code word for access to the new realm of academic privilege and preferment was ‘science’. As many had feared, reason was harnessed for dubious scientific and political ends. The idea that the social sciences could, and should, provide the state with ‘neutral’ research results to be used as the basis for policy decisions, took hold. Parsons called this the ethos of cognitive rationality. In the social sciences, the production of theories of the middle range, limited in scope and subject to empirical verification, dominated research. Butthis golden age of theoretical complacency and professional monopoly was not to last.Criticism of the failures of the modern project first began to appear in critical appraisals of the built environment. As early as 1961 Jane Jacobs in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities sought to redefine the nature of urban life by pointing to the terrible social costs of modernist inspired urban planning. The architectural critic Charles Jencks went so far as to locate the symbolic end of modernism to a precise time and date: 3.32 p.m. on July 15 1972, when a prize festooned housing project in St Louis, lauded as a ‘machine for living’ for its low income tenants, was blown up and levelled as being a disastrous failure.There is probably no such defining moment in the fragmentation of the social sciences under the postmodern onslaught, but by the middle of the 1960s, modernisation theory, and the logic of instrumentalist rationality which underpinned it, was under attack from a number of directions. The process of capitalist modernisation had led to both an increasingly sterile and subservient aesthetic modernism as well as the exclusion and marginalisation of substantial social groups. Women, ethnic,nationalist and gay liberation groups were becoming vocal in their condemnation of the exclusionary nature of Fordist society. The first cracks in the hegemonic structure began to appear in the academic study of English literature where the emphasis on a canon of great books was derided as ethnocentric, patriarchal and elitist. Postmodernism emerged as a new set of literary and artistic practices, critical of modernism and directed at the erosion of the distinction between ‘high art’ and ‘popular’ culture.The very motor of modernisation theory, the expansionist dynamic of industrial production, was gradually giving way to a new information-led global economy. As the term postmodern began to gain currency in the 1970s two broad positions began to emerge.Fredric Jameson viewed postmodernism as a radically new experience of space and time as well as an erosion of the difference between ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture.Applying a Marxist analysis to the changes taking place in the economic sphere, Jameson concluded that postmodernism, while a significant cultural phenomenon, was not the harbinger of anew historical epoch, but instead the intensification and restructuring of late capitalism.The French philosopher Jean Francois Lyotard, in his book The Postmodern Condition, located the problem in the form of‘grand narratives’ which were no longer credible or adequate. Both the Enlightenment narrative of a progressive instrumental reason and the Marxist narrative of human and social emancipation were fatally and tragically flawed.For sociology the advent of postmodernism was a particular challenge. If capitalism had permeated the very pores of society obliterating the old distinctions between culture and economy and between public and private, then the very nature of the subject was in question. Sociology had traditionally been preoccupied with the problem of order and integration whereas the central tenet of postmodernism was the idea of difference. The idea of difference was used in France to deconstruct the genesis and legacy of French colonialism and to demolish the master narrative of modernisation. Other social movements, the feminist, postcolonial, ethnic and civil rights movements made the idea of difference central to their attempts to deconstruct the legacy of the Enlightenment.The effects of these broad social and cultural changes on the academy were not long in coming. Across the range of carefully constructed and jealously guarded academic disciplines siege was laid to the idea of a particular canon and subservience to the ideas of (mostly dead) white European males. The theoretical charge was led by theorists (mostly French) whose work defied easy classification. Was the work of Foucault, Baudrillard, Bourdieu or even Habermas to be defined as philosophy, social theory, political science or sociology? No one seemed to know. In the 1970s, however, the work of Giddens, Runciman and Mann attempted, from different perspectives, to reconstruct a theoretical basis for the understanding of contemporary society. It can be argued now that this project has run out of steam, and that the fragmentation of the social sciences is a fait accompli given the reality of the informational revolution and the global commodification of culture in the twenty-first century. Perhaps the poet Paul Valéry was correct when he wrote: ‘Le moderne se contende de peu’ (the modern contends with very little).See also StructuralismSuggested further readingexperience of modernity. Verso London.London.Press Cambridge.rvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodemity. Basil Blackwell Oxford.JIM SMYTH1 This line of thought was to inform the support of many German intellectuals for plunging Europe into the Great War.© Robert L. Miller and John D. Brewer 2003ModernityModernity can be understood as a post-traditional historical period marked by industrialism, capitalism, the nation-state and increasingly sophisticated forms of social surveillance. Theinstitutions of modernity are said by Giddens to consist of capitalism, industrialism, military power (of the nation-state) and surveillance. The institutions of modernity are inherently dynamic and expansionist.Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution from a pre-industrial society with low productivity and zero growth rates into a society with high productivity and increased growth. Between 1780 and 1840 there were significant changes to British economy and society, including a shift from domestic production for immediate use to mass consumer goods production for exchange, and from simple family-centred production to a strict impersonal division of labour deploying capital equipment. The population trebled and the value of economic activity quadrupled. Changes also occurred in personal, social and political life, including alterations in working habits, time organization, family life, leisure activity, housing and the shift from rural to urban living.The industrial organizations of modernity have been organized along capitalist lines, a mode of production premised on the private ownership of property and the pursuit of profit. In the Communist Manifesto, first published in 1848, Marx characterized the processes of inquiry and innovation thatmarked capitalist modernity as involving the subjection of nature to the forces of man and machine. Subsequently, the productive dynamism of capitalism has spawned not just coal but nuclear power, not just trains but rockets, not just filing cabinets but computers and e-mail. Capitalism is restless in its search for new markets, new raw materials and new sources of profit and capital accumulation.The emergence of an industrial labour process included an increase in the size and division of labour, mechanization and the intensification of work. The workshop and factory were utilized as a means of exerting discipline and the creation of new work habits. That is, they marked new forms of surveillance, a concept that refers to the collection, storage and retrieval of information, the direct supervision of activities and the use of information to monitor subject populations. Though surveillance is not the invention of modernity per se, it did introduce new, more complex and extensive forms including a shift from personal to impersonal control so that bureaucratization, rationalization and professionalization become core institutional configurations of modernity.Today we understand the world as divided into discrete nation-states. However, the nation-state is a relatively recentmodern contrivance which most of the human species has not participated nor identified with. The modern nation-state is a political apparatus recognized to have sovereign rights within the borders of a demarcated territorial area and possessing the ability to back these claims with military power within the context of a world-wide nation-state system. The state specializes in the maintenance of order through the rule of law and the monopoly of legitimate violence. The combination of state military power, political ambition and the emotional investments of national identity have underpinned modern twentieth-century warfare that is now fought with industrialized modern armies. Thus soldiers are trained, disciplined and bureaucratized and arms are produced in factories owned by capitalist corporations engaging in international arms trading.Links Capitalism, globalization, modernism, nation-state, postmodernity, surveillance© Chris Barker 2004。
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Orientation and Integration
HR Dept. vs Managerial and Staff Roles Teamwork
Managing A Contingent Workforce … Operational HR Issues (2) …
Multiple-category contingent workforce
Seasonal / Periodic fluctuations or demands Filling of temporary vacancies Specific tasks of limited duration Flexibility needs (worker and organisational) Perceived cost savings Reduction in obligations
Competition Response times
The need to be nimble and agile Rapid access to specific skills for limited time periods Minimising long-term structural and financial commitments
Issues of (perceived) Equity or Inequity Impact on workforce
Management Techniques
Standards, Performance Evaluation and Appraisal Contractual or Developmental?
Standards, Quality and Consistency
Cost vs Benefit
Managing A Contingent Workforce … Strategic HR Issues (3) …
Ownership of the Process
HR or “shared” Organisational Politics
Legal HR Organisation Finance Planning Sourcing Agency Dialogue
Improve planning for temporary needs
Our HR Management Mandate (2)
Explore alternative ways to achieve flexibility
Legal Issues / Litigation / Liability
Workers’ Rights and Representation Compensation and Benefits
Company Culture, Values and Brand
Organisational Integrity and Reputation Attracting quality Human Resources
Let Us Be The Difference!!
Sector and Industry shrinkage or expansion
Tourism, Energy, Agriculture
Pandemics
HIV/AIDS
Socio-Political developments
CSME, PetroCaribe, FTAA
Shifts in career expectations, relationships and options
Sourcing
Who is responsible? Procurement? HR? Agency? Does this vary according to the category? Access to and Cost of labour resources
Placement
Organisational conversations / collaboration
Costs
Loyalty and Commitment Turnover Training
Intellectual Property and Security
“On The Ground” Issues!!
Managing A Contingent Workforce … Operational HR Issues (1) …
Social Responsibility
Regional, National and Sector Development Gender and Minority Issues Education Inputs
Managing A Contingent Workforce … Strategic HR Issues (2) …
Responding to “flux” !!
The “Contingent Workforce” Response
“Hidden Workforce” of temporary workers, independent contractors, consultants, leased executives, project-based resources … Temporary worker arrangements driven by:
National Development “surges”
Housing projects / electrification
Alternative Energy Sources
Meeting new skill demands
Managing A Contingent Workforce … Strategic HR Issues (1) …
A World In Flux
… issues and implications …
The psychological contract
The death of “womb to tomb” and “cradle to grave” Relationships of convenience? Personal responsibility for “benefits”
Retaining knowledge capital of contingent workforce
What We Can Do!!
Our HR Management Mandate (1)
Get involved in the Corporate Strategic Thinking and Planning process Develop / Influence Contingent Worker Policy consistent with the Vision, Core Values and Strategy Promote Cross-Functional Dialogue
A World In Flux
Managing a Contingent Workforce
L. Anthony Watkins CEO / Principal Consultant
CARILEC Human Resources Conference San Juan, Puerto Rico October 13-14 2005
Centralised / Disaggregated production Access to multiple, diverse HR Pools
A World In Flux
… issues and implications …
Economic and Social Trends / Shifts
Clarity on Company Purpose and Policy
Appropriate use of “contingent workforce” Optimal Mix of Contingent to Permanent Variability / Equity in treatment
Flexibility and “loyalty”
To self? To organisations? To principles and professional standards?
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
A World In Flux
… issues and implications …
Pervasiveness and Speed of Change
...Beyond Business...
A World In Flux
… issues and implications …
Technological Development
Manufacturing Transportation Communication
Mobility
Of production Of labour
Our HR Management Mandate (3)
Promote the notion and practice of Compensation Equity Engage in rigourous ongoing Evaluation
Cost Benefit Management
Consistently test and develop your capacity to deliver on the evolving demands placed on the Human Resource Professional Stand Up! Step Up!! Speak Up!!!
Key Drivers for Electrical Utilities
Periodic Political Agendas