Silicone FR for Polyolefins
siliconerubber
siliconerubberSilicone Rubber: An OverviewIntroductionSilicone rubber is a synthetic polymer that is known for its versatile properties and wide range of applications. It is made by polymerizing siloxane monomers, which consist of silicon and oxygen atoms along with other organic groups. Silicone rubber is valued for its excellent heat resistance, electrical insulation, and flexibility, making it suitable for use in various industries, including automotive, healthcare, electronics, and construction. This document provides an overview of silicone rubber, discussing its properties, manufacturing process, uses, and future prospects.Properties of Silicone RubberOne of the key properties of silicone rubber is its ability to withstand extreme temperatures. It can withstand both high and low temperatures without losing its elasticity or becoming brittle. This heat resistance makes silicone rubberideal for applications such as gaskets, seals, and hoses in automotive engines and industrial equipment.Silicone rubber also has excellent electrical insulation properties, making it widely used in electronic devices and electrical systems. Its ability to resist electrical currents and withstand high voltages ensures the safety and reliability of various electronic products.Another notable property of silicone rubber is its resistance to aging and weathering. It does not degrade or deteriorate when exposed to harsh environmental conditions such as sunlight, moisture, and ozone. This durability makes silicone rubber suitable for outdoor applications, such as weather seals, outdoor electrical connectors, and solar panels.Manufacturing ProcessThe manufacturing process of silicone rubber involves the polymerization of siloxane monomers. There are several methods used to produce silicone rubber, including the room temperature vulcanization (RTV) and high temperature vulcanization (HTV) processes.In the RTV process, a curing agent is added to the silicone rubber base, which initiates the chemical reaction that forms the polymer chains. This process can be performed at room temperature, making it suitable for producing silicone rubber molds, coatings, and adhesives.The HTV process involves heating the silicone rubber mixture at a high temperature to accelerate the curing process. This method is commonly used to produce solid silicone rubber products, such as medical devices, automotive parts, and kitchen utensils.Applications of Silicone RubberSilicone rubber finds application in a wide range of industries due to its unique properties. Some of the major applications of silicone rubber include:1. Automotive: Silicone rubber is used in various automotive components, including gaskets, seals, hoses, and spark plug boots. Its heat resistance and flexibility improve the performance and durability of these parts.2. Healthcare: Silicone rubber is extensively used in medical devices, such as implants, catheters, and respiratory masks. Its biocompatibility, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals make it an ideal material for these applications.3. Electronics: Silicone rubber is widely used in the electronics industry for encapsulating sensitive electronic components and creating protective insulation. Its electrical insulation properties help prevent short circuits and ensure the longevity of electronic devices.4. Construction: Silicone rubber is used in construction as sealants, adhesives, and coatings. It provides water and weather resistance, helping to prevent leaks and protect structures from damage.Future ProspectsThe demand for silicone rubber is expected to grow in the coming years, driven by various factors, including the increasing demand for electric vehicles, advancements in healthcare technology, and the growing construction industry. The development of new manufacturing techniques, such as additive manufacturing, may also open up new opportunities for silicone rubber applications.Additionally, research and development efforts are ongoing to enhance the properties of silicone rubber, such as improving its mechanical strength, increasing its thermal conductivity, and adding self-healing properties. These advancements will further expand the potential applications of silicone rubber in various industries.ConclusionSilicone rubber is a highly versatile material with unique properties that make it suitable for numerous applications. Its heat resistance, electrical insulation, and flexibility have made it indispensable in industries ranging from automotive to healthcare. With ongoing research and development, silicone rubber is expected to continue to play a significant role in technological advancements and meet the evolving needs of various industries in the future.。
聚硅硫酸铁的英文译句
聚硅硫酸铁译句1.Based on the PFS by oneself, PPFS will be made by introducedPO_4~(3-) and PFSS be made by semi-manufactured goods of PSi undercertain condition.在自制PFS的基础上,引入PO_4~(3-)制取改性絮凝剂聚磷硫酸铁(PPFS)以及引入PSi的半成品,一定条件下制取改性絮凝剂聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)。
收藏指正2.(2) Production experiment: make sure of the dates acquired from lab experiment and jar test to run the typical water plant. By contrasting the effect of polyaluminum chloride and polymeric ferric silicate-sulfate, it can be concluded that polymeric ferric silicate-sulfate is suitable for lowtemplate and low turbidity water.(2)中试试验：将小试试验所获得的试验参数运用到中试试验，通过对聚合氯化铝和聚硅硫酸铁处理低温低浊度水进行对比研究，全面考察聚硅硫酸铁对低温低浊度湘江源水的处理效果，进一步确定聚硅硫酸铁在不同浊度和温度下的投加量。
收藏指正3.A new polysilicate ferro-aluminum sulfate (PSFA) was prepared by using sodium silicate, ferro sulfate and aluminum sulfate as raw materials. The conditions of preparing PSFA were optimized: themolar ?ratio? of Fe??2+? to Al??3+? was 1∶3; the molar ratio of Fe??2+? and Al??3+? to SiO?2 was 1∶1;本文研究了用硅酸钠、硫酸亚铁和硫酸铝制取聚硅硫酸铁铝絮凝剂(PSFA)的制备条件及应用性能,确定了制备PSFA絮凝剂的优化条件:Fe2+/Al3+=1∶3(mol/mol)、(Fe2++Al3+)/SiO2=1∶1(mol/mol)、聚合时间1.5h、聚合温度70℃.收藏指正4.By comparison, poly-ferric sulfate(PFS) is determined as a better kind of coagulant than poly- aluminum chloride(PAC) and poly-ferricsulfate-silicate. When the COD, P and SS value in the supernatant reach the forgoing stadard, the optimal conditions are that velocity gradient Gis 60 s-1, flocculation time is 10 minutes, the dosage of poly-ferric sulfate(PFS) is 49.5mgFe/L.经比较，聚合硫酸铁PFS相对于聚合氯化铝PAC、聚硅硫酸铁PFSS而言是一种较优的混凝剂，出水COD、P、SS达一级排放标准要求时的最优运行条件为：絮凝速度梯度G=60 s-1,絮凝时间t=10min，PFS投量为3mL/L(49.5mgFe/L)。
高分子材料纳米二氧化硅外文文献翻译
纳米二氧化硅对成核、结晶和热塑性能的影响外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Laoutid F, Estrada E, Michell R M, et al. The influence of nanosilica on the nucleation, crystallization andtensile properties of PP–PC and PP–PA blends[J]. Polymer, 2013, 54(15):3982-3993.英文原文The influence of nanosilica on the nucleation, crystallization andtensileproperties of PP–PC and PP–PA blendsLaoutid F, Estrada E, Michell R M, et alAbstractImmiscible blends of 80 wt% polypropylene (PP) with 20 wt% polyamide (PA) or polycarbonate (PC) were prepared by melt mixing with or without the addition of 5% nanosilica. The nanosilica produced a strong reduction of the disperse phase droplet size, because of its preferential placement at the interface, as demonstrated by TEM. Polarized Light Optical microscopy (PLOM) showed that adding PA, PC or combinations of PA-SiO2 or PC-SiO2 affected the nucleation density of PP. PA droplets can nucleate PP under isothermal conditions producing a higher nucleation density than the addition of PC or PC-SiO2. PLOM was found to be more sensitive to determine differences in nucleation than non-isothermal DSC. PP developed spherulites, whose growth was unaffected by blending, while its overall isothermal crystallizationkinetics was strongly influenced by nucleation effects caused by blending. Addition of nanosilica resulted in an enhancement of the strain at break of PP-PC blends whereas it was observed to weaken PP-PA blends. Keywords：Nanosilica，Nucleation，PP blends1 OverviewImmiscible polymer blends have attracted attention for decades because of their potential application as a simple route to tailor polymer properties. The tension is in two immiscible polymerization stages. This effect usually produces a transfer phase between the pressures that may allow the size of the dispersed phase to be allowed, leading to improved mixing performance.Block copolymers and graft copolymers, as well as some functional polymers. For example, maleic anhydride grafted polyolefins act as compatibilizers in both chemical affinities. They can reduce the droplet volume at the interface by preventing the two polymers from coalescing. In recent years, various studies have emphasized that nanofillers, such as clay carbon nanotubes and silica, can be used as a substitute for organic solubilizers for incompatible polymer morphology-stabilized blends. In addition, in some cases, nanoparticles in combination with other solubilizers promote nanoparticle interface position.The use of solid particle-stabilized emulsions was first discovered in 1907 by Pickering in the case of oil/emulsion containing colloidalparticles. In the production of so-called "Pickling emulsions", solid nanoparticles can be trapped in the interfacial tension between the two immiscible liquids.Some studies have attempted to infer the results of blending with colloidal emulsion polymer blends. Wellman et al. showed that nanosilica particles can be used to inhibit coalescence in poly(dimethylsiloxane)/polyisobutylene polymers. mix. Elias et al. reported that high-temperature silicon nanoparticles can migrate under certain conditions. The polypropylene/polystyrene and PP/polyvinyl acetate blend interfaces form a mechanical barrier to prevent coalescence and reduce the size of the disperse phase.In contrast to the above copolymers and functionalized polymers, the nanoparticles are stable at the interface due to their dual chemical nature. For example, silica can affect nanoparticle-polymer affinities locally, minimizing the total free energy that develops toward the system.The nanofiller is preferentially placed in equilibrium and the wetting parameters can be predicted and calculated. The difference in the interfacial tension between the polymer and the nanoparticles depends on the situation. The free-diffusion of the nanoparticle, which induces the nanoparticles and the dispersed polymer, occurs during the high shear process and shows that the limitation of the viscosity of the polymer hardly affects the Brownian motion.As a result, nanoparticles will exhibit strong affinity at the local interface due to viscosity and diffusion issues. Block copolymers need to chemically target a particular polymer to the nanoparticle may provide a "more generic" way to stabilize the two-phase system.Incorporation of nanosilica may also affect the performance of other blends. To improve the distribution and dispersion of the second stage, mixing can produce rheological and material mechanical properties. Silica particles can also act as nucleating agents to influence the crystallization behavior. One studies the effect of crystalline silica on crystalline polystyrene filled with polybutylene terephthalate (polybutylene terephthalate) fibers. They found a stable fibril crystallization rate by increasing the content of polybutylene terephthalate and silica. On the other hand, no significant change in the melt crystallization temperature of the PA was found in the PA/ABS/SiO2 nanocomposites.The blending of PP with engineering plastics, such as polyesters, polyamides, and polycarbonates, may be a useful way to improve PP properties. That is, improving thermal stability, increasing stiffness, improving processability, surface finish, and dyeability. The surface-integrated nano-silica heat-generating morphologies require hybrid compatibilization for the 80/20 weight ratio of the thermal and tensile properties of the blended polyamide and polypropylene (increasedperformance). Before this work, some studies [22] that is, PA is the main component). This indicates that the interfacially constrained hydrophobic silica nanoparticles obstruct the dispersed phase; from the polymer and allowing a refinement of morphology, reducing the mixing scale can improve the tensile properties of the mixture.The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nanosilica alone on the morphological, crystalline, and tensile properties of mixtures of nanosilica alone (for mixed phases with polypropylene as a matrix and ester as a filler. In particular, PA/PC or PA/nano The effect of SiO 2 and PC/nanosilica on the nucleation and crystallization effects of PP as the main component.We were able to study the determination of the nucleation kinetics of PP and the growth kinetics of the particles by means of polarization optical microscopy. DSC measures the overall crystallization kinetics.Therefore, a more detailed assessment of the nucleation and spherulite growth of PP was performed, however, the effect of nanosilica added in the second stage was not determined. The result was Akemi and Hoffman. And Huffman's crystal theory is reasonable.2 test phase2.1 Raw materialsThe polymer used in this study was a commercial product: isotactic polypropylene came from a homopolymer of polypropylene. The Frenchformula (B10FB melt flow index 2.16Kg = 15.6g / 10min at 240 °C) nylon 6 from DSM engineering plastics, Netherlands (Agulon Fahrenheit temperature 136 °C, melt flow index 240 °C 2.16kg = 5.75g / 10min ) Polycarbonate used the production waste of automotive headlamps, its melt flow index = 5g / 10min at 240 °C and 2.16kg.The silica powder TS530 is from Cabot, Belgium (about 225 m/g average particle (bone grain) about 200-300 nm in length, later called silica is a hydrophobic silica synthesis of hexamethyldisilane by gas phase synthesis. Reacts with silanols on the surface of the particles.2.2 ProcessingPP_PA and PP-PC blends and nanocomposites were hot melt mixed in a rotating twin screw extruder. Extrusion temperatures range from 180 to 240 °C. The surfaces of PP, PA, and PC were vacuumized at 80°C and the polymer powder was mixed into the silica particles. The formed particles were injected into a standard tensile specimen forming machine at 240C (3 mm thickness of D638 in the American Society for Testing Materials). Prior to injection molding, all the spherulites were in a dehumidified vacuum furnace (at a temperature of 80°C overnight). The molding temperature was 30°C. The mold was cooled by water circulation. The mixture of this combination is shown in the table.2.3 Feature Description2.31 Temperature Performance TestA PerkineElmer DSC diamond volume thermal analysis of nanocomposites. The weight of the sample is approximately 5 mg and the scanning speed is 20 °C/min during cooling and heating. The heating history was eliminated, keeping the sample at high temperature (20°C above the melting point) for three minutes. Study the sample's ultra-high purity nitrogen and calibrate the instrument with indium and tin standards.For high temperature crystallization experiments, the sample cooling rate is 60°C/min from the melt directly to the crystal reaching the temperature. The sample is still three times longer than the half-crystallization time of Tc. The procedure was deduced by Lorenzo et al. [24] afterwards.2.3.2 Structural CharacterizationScanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed at 10 kV using a JEOL JSM 6100 device. Samples were prepared by gold plating after fracture at low temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs with a Philips cm100 device using 100 kV accelerating voltage. Ultra-low cut resection of the sample was prepared for cutting (Leica Orma).Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Analysis The single-line, Fourier-type, line-type, refinement analysis data were collected using a BRUKER D8 diffractometer with copper Kα radiation (λ = 1.5405A).Scatter angles range from 10o to 25°. With a rotary step sweep 0.01° 2θ and the step time is 0.07s. Measurements are performed on the injection molded disc.This superstructure morphology and observation of spherulite growth was observed using a Leica DM2500P polarized light optical microscope (PLOM) equipped with a Linkam, TP91 thermal stage sample melted in order to eliminate thermal history after; temperature reduction of TC allowed isothermal crystallization to occur from the melt. The form is recorded with a Leica DFC280 digital camera. A sensitive red plate can also be used to enhance contrast and determine the birefringence of the symbol.2.3.3 Mechanical AnalysisTensile tests were carried out to measure the stretch rate at 10 mm/min through a Lloyd LR 10 K stretch bench press. All specimens were subjected to mechanical tests for 20 ± 2 °C and 50 ± 3% relative humidity for at least 48 hours before use. Measurements are averaged over six times.3 results3.1 Characterization by Electron MicroscopyIt is expected that PP will not be mixed with PC, PA because of their different chemical properties (polar PP and polar PC, PA) blends with 80 wt% of PP, and the droplets and matrix of PA and PC are expectedmorphologies [ 1-4] The mixture actually observed through the SEM (see Figures 1 a and b).In fact, because the two components have different polar mixtures that result in the formation of an unstable morphology, it tends to macroscopic phase separation, which allows the system to reduce its total free energy. During shearing during melting, PA or PP is slightly mixed, deformed and elongated to produce unstable slender structures that decompose into smaller spherical nodules and coalesce to form larger droplets (droplets are neat in total The size of the blend is 1 ~ 4mm.) Scanning electron microscopy pictures and PP-PC hybrid PP-PA neat and clean display left through the particle removal at cryogenic temperatures showing typical lack of interfacial adhesion of the immiscible polymer blend.The addition of 5% by weight of hydrophobic silica to the LED is a powerful blend of reduced size of the disperse phase, as can be observed in Figures 1c and D. It is worth noting that most of the dispersed phase droplets are within the submicron range of internal size. The addition of nano-SiO 2 to PA or PC produces finer dispersion in the PP matrix.From the positional morphology results, we can see this dramatic change and the preferential accumulation at the interface of silica nanoparticles, which can be clearly seen in FIG. 2 . PP, PA part of the silicon is also dispersed in the PP matrix. It can be speculated that thisformation of interphase nanoparticles accumulates around the barrier of the secondary phase of the LED, thus mainly forming smaller particles [13, 14, 19, 22]. According to fenouillot et al. [19] Nanoparticles are mixed in a polymer like an emulsifier; in the end they will stably mix. In addition, the preferential location in the interval is due to two dynamic and thermodynamic factors. Nanoparticles are transferred to the preferential phase, and then they will accumulate in the interphase and the final migration process will be completed. Another option is that there isn't a single phase of optimization and the nanoparticles will be set permanently in phase. In the current situation, according to Figure 2, the page is a preferential phase and is expected to have polar properties in it.3.2 Wide-angle x-ray diffractionThe polymer and silica incorporate a small amount of nanoparticles to modify some of the macroscopic properties of the material and the triggered crystal structure of PP. The WAXD experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of silica on the crystalline structure of the mixed PP.Isotactic polypropylene (PP) has three crystalline forms: monoclinic, hexagonal, and orthorhombic [25], and the nature of the mechanical polymer depends on the presence of these crystalline forms. The metastable B form is attractive because of its unusual performance characteristics, including improved impact strength and elongation atbreak.The figure shows a common form of injection molding of the original PP crystal, reflecting the appearance at 2θ = 14.0, 16.6, 18.3, 21.0 and 21.7 corresponding to (110), (040), (130), (111) and (131) The face is an α-ipp.20% of the PA incorporation into PP affects the recrystallization of the crystal structure appearing at 2θ = 15.9 °. The corresponding (300) surface of the β-iPP crystal appears a certain number of β-phases that can be triggered by the nucleation activity of the PA phase in PP (see evidence The following nucleation) is the first in the crystalline blend of PA6 due to its higher crystallization temperature. In fact, Garbarczyk et al. [26] The proposed surface solidification caused by local shear melts the surface of PA6 and PP and forms during the injection process, promoting the formation of β_iPP. According to quantitative parameters, KX (Equation (1)), which is commonly used to evaluate the amount of B-crystallites in PP including one and B, the crystal structure of β-PP has 20% PP_PA (110), H(040) and Blends of H (130) heights (110), (040) and (130). The height at H (300) (300) for type A peaks.However, the B characteristic of 5 wt% silica nanoparticles incorporated into the same hybrid LED eliminates reflection and reflection a-ipp retention characteristics. As will be seen below, the combination of PA and nanosilica induces the most effective nucleatingeffect of PP, and according to towaxd, this crystal formation corresponds to one PP structure completely.The strong reductive fracture strain observations when incorporated into polypropylene and silica nanoparticles (see below) cannot be correlated to the PP crystal structure. In fact, the two original PP and PP_PA_SiO2 hybrids contain α_PP but the original PP has a very high form of failure when the strain value.On the other hand, PP-PC and PP-PC-Sio 2 blends, through their WAXD model, can be proven to contain only one -PP form, which is a ductile material.3.3 Polarized Optical Microscopy (PLOM)To further investigate the effect of the addition of two PAs, the crystallization behavior of PC and silica nanoparticles on PP, the X-ray diffraction analysis of its crystalline structure of PP supplements the study of quantitative blends by using isothermal kinetic conditions under a polarizing microscope. The effect of the composition on the nucleation activity of PP spherulite growth._Polypropylene nucleation activityThe nucleation activity of a polymer sample depends on the heterogeneity in the number and nature of the samples. The second stage is usually a factor in the increase in nucleation density.Figure 4 shows two isothermal crystallization temperatures for thePP nucleation kinetics data. This assumes that each PP spherulite nucleates in a central heterogeneity. Therefore, the number of nascent spherulites is equal to the number of active isomerous nuclear pages, only the nucleus, PP-generated spherulites can be counted, and PP spherulites are easily detected. To, while the PA or PC phases are easily identifiable because they are secondary phases that are dispersed into droplets.At higher temperatures (Fig. 4a), only the PP blend inside is crystallized, although the crystals are still neat PP amorphous at the observed time. This fact indicates that the second stage of the increase has been able to produce PP 144 °C. It is impossible to repeat the porous experiment in the time of some non-homogeneous nucleation events and neat PP exploration.The mixed PP-PC and PP-PC-SiO 2 exhibited relatively low core densities at 144 °C, (3 105 and 3 106 nuc/cm 3) suggesting that either PC nanosilica can also be considered as good shape Nuclear agent is used here for PP.On the other hand, PA, himself, has produced a sporadic increase in the number of nucleating events in PP compared to pure PP, especially in the longer crystallization time (>1000 seconds). In the case of the PP-PA _Sio 2 blend, the heterogeneous nucleation of PP is by far the largest of all sample inspections. All the two stages of the nucleating agent combined with PA and silica are best employed in this work.In order to observe the nucleation of pure PP, a lower crystallization temperature was used. In this case, observations at higher temperatures found a trend that was roughly similar. The neat PP and PP-PC blends have small nucleation densities in the PP-PC-SiO 2 nanocomposite and the increase also adds further PP-PA blends. The very large number of PP isoforms was rapidly activated at 135°C in the PP-PA nanoparticle nanometer SiO 2 composites to make any quantification of their numbers impossible, so this mixed data does not exist from Figure 4b.The nucleation activity of the PC phase of PP is small. The nucleation of any PC in PP can be attributed to impurities that affect the more complex nature of the PA from the PC phase. It is able to crystallize at higher temperatures than PP, fractional crystallization may occur and the T temperature is shifted to much lower values (see References [29-39]. However, as DSC experiments show that in the current case The phase of the PA is capable of crystallizing (fashion before fractionation) the PP matrix, and the nucleation of PP may have epitaxy origin.The material shown in the figure represents a PLOAM micrograph. Pure PP has typical α-phase negative spherulites (Fig. 5A) in the case of PP-PA blends (Fig. 5B), and the PA phase is dispersed with droplets of size greater than one micron (see SEM micrograph, Fig. 1) . We could not observe the spherulites of the B-phase type in PP-PA blends. Even according to WAXD, 20% of them can be formed in injection moldedspecimens. It must be borne in mind that the samples taken using the PLOAM test were cut off from the injection molded specimens but their thermal history (direction) was removed by melting prior to melting for isothermal crystallization nucleation experiments.The PA droplets are markedly enhanced by the nucleation of polypropylene and the number of spherulites is greatly increased (see Figures 4 and 5). Simultaneously with the PP-PA blend of silica nanoparticles, the sharp increase in nucleation density and Fig. 5C indicate that the size of the spherulites is very small and difficult to identify.The PP-PC blends showed signs of sample formation during the PC phase, which was judged by large, irregularly shaped graphs. Significant effects: (a) No coalesced PC phase, now occurring finely dispersed small droplets and (B) increased nucleation density. As shown in the figure above, nano-SiO 2 tends to accumulate at the interface between the two components and prevent coalescence while promoting small disperse phase sizes.From the nucleation point of view, it is interesting to note that it is combined with nanosilica and as a better nucleating agent for PP. Combining PCs with nanosilica does not produce the same increase in nucleation density.Independent experiments (not shown here) PP _ SiO 2 samplesindicate that the number of active cores at 135 °C is almost the same as that of PP-PC-SiO2 intermixing. Therefore, silica cannot be regarded as a PP nucleating agent. Therefore, the most likely explanation for the results obtained is that PA is the most important reason for all the materials used between polypropylene nucleating agents. The increase in nucleation activity to a large extent may be due to the fact that these nanoparticles reduce the size of the PA droplets and improve its dispersion in the PP matrix, improving the PP and PA in the interfacial blend system. Between the regions. DSC results show that nano-SiO 2 is added here without a nuclear PA phase.4 Conclusion5% weight of polypropylene/hydrophobic nanosilica blended polyamide and polypropylene/polycarbonate (80E20 wt/wt) blends form a powerful LED to reduce the size of dispersed droplets. This small fraction of reduced droplet size is due to the preferential migration of silica nanoparticles between the phases PP and PA and PC, resulting in an anti-aggregation and blocking the formation of droplets of the dispersed phase.The use of optical microscopy shows that the addition of PA, the influence of PC's PA-Sio 2 or PC-Sio 2 combination on nucleation, the nucleation density of PP polypropylene under isothermal conditions is in the following approximate order: PP <PP-PC <PP -PC-SiO 2<<PP-PA<<< PP-PA-SiO 2. PA Drip Nucleation PP Production of nucleation densities at isothermal temperatures is higher than with PC or PC Sio 2D. When nanosilica is also added to the PP-PA blend, the dispersion-enhanced mixing of the enhanced nanocomposites yields an intrinsic factor PP-PA-Sio2 blend that represents a PA that is identified as having a high nucleation rate, due to nanoseconds Silicon oxide did not produce any significant nucleation PP. PLOAM was found to be a more sensitive tool than traditional cooling DSC scans to determine differences in nucleation behavior. The isothermal DSC crystallization kinetics measurements also revealed how the differences in nucleation kinetics were compared to the growth kinetic measurements.Blends (and nanocomposites of immiscible blends) and matrix PP spherulite assemblies can grow and their growth kinetics are independent. The presence of a secondary phase of density causes differences in the (PA or PC) and nanosilica nuclei. On the other hand, the overall isothermal crystallization kinetics, including nucleation and growth, strongly influence the nucleation kinetics by PLOAM. Both the spherulite growth kinetics and the overall crystallization kinetics were successfully modeled by Laurie and Huffman theory.Although various similarities in the morphological structure of these two filled and unfilled blends were observed, their mechanical properties are different, and the reason for this effect is currently being investigated.The addition of 5% by weight of hydrophobic nano-SiO 2 resulted in breaking the strain-enhancement of the PP-PC blend and further weakening the PP-PA blend.中文译文纳米二氧化硅对PP-PC和PP-PA共混物的成核，结晶和热塑性能的影响Laoutid F, Estrada E, Michell R M, et al摘要80(wt%)聚丙烯与20(wt %)聚酰胺和聚碳酸酯有或没有添加5%纳米二氧化硅通过熔融混合制备不混溶的共聚物。
匀胶托盘几何参数对硅片形变的影响研究
匀胶托盘几何参数对硅片形变的影响研究魏存露1，花国然1，王强2（1.南通大学机械工程学院，江苏南通226019；2.南通大学电子信息学院，江苏南通226019）来稿日期：2017-10-15基金项目：江苏省科技成果转化专项资金项目（BA2013099）；南通市重大科技创新专项项目（XA2013001）；江苏省研究生培养创新工程项目（KYLX15_1315）；南通大学研究生科技创新计划（KYC15004）作者简介：魏存露，（1989-），男，江苏徐州人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：半导体设备的优化与设计；花国然，（1964-），男，江苏南通人，博士研究生，教授，硕士生导师，主要研究方向：激光应用及海洋重型装备1引言在半导体集成电路的制造过程中，旋涂匀胶技术作为影响其产品性能、成品率以及可靠性的关键技术之一，受到了科研工作者的广泛关注[1]。
目前典型的旋涂匀胶包括滴胶、旋转铺开、高速旋转甩去多余的胶以及溶剂挥发等步骤[2]，其中滴胶通常有两种方法，即动态滴胶和静态滴胶[3]。
对于旋涂工艺来说，光刻胶厚度的均匀性是其重要的性能指标，要求其必须达到±1%的水平[4]；而随着信息化技术的快速发展，集成电路芯片向着大尺寸、细线宽、高精度的趋势发展，这对旋涂光刻胶的均匀性提出了更高的性能要求[5]。
旋涂匀胶的工艺特点要求硅片在托盘真空吸力的作用下随主轴一起高速旋转，因此匀胶托盘的几何参数将对被吸附的硅片形变产生一定的影响，而过大的硅片形变将影响其表面形貌和平面度，从而影响光刻胶的均匀性。
文献[6]通过数值解和解析解，指出随着匀胶膜厚的变薄，其受表面形貌的影响将增大；而文献[7-8]通过数学模型和计算机模拟分析了离心转数等参数对旋涂性能的影响规律，并通过实验分析指出基底不平将直接导致涂胶均匀性变差，从而使集成电路芯片显影后线条黑白比改变。
随着大量学者的深入研究，旋涂工艺理论不断优化与完善，然而此前的研究主要是针对硅片因素对光刻胶均匀性带来的影响，针对旋涂工艺过程中如何通过优化旋涂托盘几何参数来减小硅片形变的研究文献却罕见报道。
翻译
纳米二氧化硅和聚磷腈弹性体对液晶聚合物（LCP）和热机械性能的聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）/ LCP共混体系原位纤维性颤动的影响。
Goutam Hatui ,Sumanta Sahoo ,Chapal Kumar Das ,A.K. Saxena ,Tanya Basu ,C.Y. Yue 摘要聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）和液晶聚合物（LCP）的纳米复合材料，无论是聚磷腈或纳米二氧化硅，或在两者的组合，均是通过熔融共混制备。
通过观察纳米聚磷腈的增加量可看出聚合物（PBT及PET LCP）相之间的相容性，同时二氧化硅促进LCP的变形域从球形到椭圆形的形状的变形增加。
由于二氧化硅通过氢键的黏连而产生的架桥作用和聚丙烯腈的增容作用LCP纤维生产中存在聚磷腈和通过氢键的纳米二氧化硅。
所有这些上述的结构变化，通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）证实。
透射电子显微镜（TEM）图像，聚磷腈中的二氧化硅表现出比单独纳米二氧化硅的存在下更好的分散性。
在纳米二氧化硅增加的情况下与聚磷腈单独或结合储能模量均有显着增加。
有关的纳米复合材料的结晶的比例通过X-射线衍射（XRD）研究分别计算得到。
拉伸强度和杨氏模量的增加与另外的纳米二氧化硅和聚磷腈，但断裂伸长率的百分比是较高的聚磷腈附加的纳米复合材料。
这是由于灵活的相容效果聚磷腈，其中的液晶聚合物（LCP）的聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯（PBT）的矩阵的域从延迟脱离和因此延缓了断裂。
亮点两个互不兼容的混合热塑性塑料聚磷腈和纳米二氧化硅的影响。
聚磷腈组织提高了共混物的热稳定性，但百分结晶度降低了。
二氧化硅和聚磷腈的增加增加了热 - 机械和结晶度。
简介最近聚合物纳米复合材料浮现出作为一个最有前途的用于工业目的[1]发展。
纳米复合材料比散装组分材料的强度高，改进的热和机械性能 [2]的特性。
纳米复合材料具有更高的光学应用和阻隔性能[3][4]。
除了增强作用的纳米填料[5]，系统包含两种聚合物，纳米尺寸的填充物，如纳米二氧化硅[6]，纳米粘土[7]，和被报道在不可共混共混物的形态具有独特的影响的碳黑[8]。
溶胶凝胶法的英文
Sol-Gel Method: A Versatile Techniquefor Materials ScienceThe sol-gel method, a versatile and widely used technique in materials science, has gained significant attention due to its unique capabilities in synthesizing a diverse range of materials with precise control over their microstructure and properties. Originating from the early 19th century, the sol-gel process has evolved over time, becoming a key method for the preparation of ceramics, glasses, and more recently, nanocomposite materials.The sol-gel method involves the chemical transformation of a liquid precursor, known as the sol, into a solid material through a series of controlled reactions. This transformation occurs through the hydrolysis and condensation of the precursor molecules, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional network that eventually gels and solidifies. The key advantages of this technique include its ability to produce materials with high purity, fine control over particle size and morphology, and the potential for scalability and cost-effectiveness.The success of the sol-gel process depends criticallyon several parameters, including the selection of the appropriate precursor, the choice of solvents and catalysts, and the control of reaction conditions such as temperature and pH. These factors determine the rate and mechanism of the hydrolysis and condensation reactions, thereby influencing the structure and properties of the final material.One of the most significant applications of the sol-gel method is in the preparation of oxide-based materials, such as ceramic coatings and thin films. The precision withwhich the method allows for the control of themicrostructure of these materials has led to their widespread use in various industries, including electronics, energy, and aerospace. Additionally, the sol-gel technique has been extended to the preparation of composite materials, nanocomposites, and even biomaterials, further expandingits scope and impact.In recent years, the sol-gel method has also gained popularity in the field of nanotechnology, where it is used to synthesize nanoparticles and nanofibers with uniqueoptical, electrical, and mechanical properties. These materials have the potential to revolutionize various fields, including medicine, energy storage, and environmental remediation.In conclusion, the sol-gel method represents a powerful tool in materials science, offering precise control over the microstructure and properties of a wide range of materials. Its versatility, scalability, and cost-effectivenesss have made it a favorite among researchers and industries alike, and its potential for further development and innovation remains exciting.**溶胶凝胶法：材料科学中的多功能技术**溶胶凝胶法作为材料科学中的一种多功能且广泛应用的技术，因其对合成材料的微观结构和性质的精确控制而备受关注。
四氟化硅silicon tetrafluoride
四氟化硅silicon tetrafluoride 【中文名称】四氟化硅【英文名称】silicon tetrafluoride【结构或分子式】SiF4【密度】4.67【熔点（℃）】-90.2【沸点（℃）】-86【性状】无色气体，有窒息气味。
【溶解情况】溶于硝酸和乙醇。
【用途】用于制氟硅酸和化学分析。
【制备或来源】可由浓硫酸分解含氟磷矿石或由浓硫酸与氟化钙、二氧化硅强热而制得。
【其他】在潮湿空气中水解而生成硅酸和氟化氢，同时形成浓烟。
《四氟化硅市场调研报告》是在四氟化硅的行业背景下结合整个四氟化硅产业链的研究来揭示四氟化硅发展并判断其未来前景的研究报告。
《四氟化硅市场调研报告》数据来源于国家统计局、海关总署、国内外大型数据库、以及最新外刊的直接翻译和实地考察。
《四氟化硅市场调研报告》将通过对四氟化硅国家产业政策环境、技术发展情况，消费前景、供给状况以及世界供需状况等几大部分的数据研究来探求四氟化硅行业未来的发展前景。
通过研究力图回答如下几个业内人士非常关注的几个问题：1、四氟化硅的技术发展趋势如何？2、四氟化硅的需求现状如何？2-羟基丙氨增长潜力有多大？3、四氟化硅生产现状如何？增长潜力如何？4、四氟化硅的进出口如何？5、四氟化硅的销售渠道如何？通过阅读《四氟化硅市场调研报告》，可以使得业内相关人士对整个产业的发展有全面的把握，从而能够更加准确地做出相应的投资决策。
附：《四氟化硅市场调研报告》目录第一章四氟化硅概述第一节定义及介绍第二节概述及用途第二章四氟化硅技术发展趋势第三章四氟化硅国内市场综述第一节市场状况分析及预测第二节产量及产能情况分析及预测第三节需求量情况分析及预测第四节产供需状况分析及预测第五节价格变动趋势分析及预测第六节进出口情况分析第四章国内四氟化硅生产厂家介绍第五章国内四氟化硅拟建及在建项目第六章四氟化硅经销商第七章国外四氟化硅市场分析第一节国外市场概述第二节亚洲市场分析第三节欧盟市场分析第四节北美自由贸易区市场分析第八章国外四氟化硅生产商进口商概述1, 现在购买,赠送价值680元的该产品的«科技、经济专题资料汇编»«科技、经济专题资料汇编»即时跟踪报道国内外最新的科技、经济信息，汇集1993年以来有关科技及经济方面的各类详尽中文全文资料。
球形聚甲基倍半硅氧烷粉末
球形聚甲基倍半硅氧烷粉末英文回答：Silicone powders are widely used in various industries due to their unique properties. One specific type of silicone powder is polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) powder, also known as spherical PMMA-coated silica powder. PMSQ powder is a spherical particle made of a core of silica and a shell of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). It has a wide range of applications, including cosmetics, coatings, and personal care products.In the cosmetics industry, PMSQ powder is often used as a filler or texturizer in makeup products such as foundations, powders, and blushes. Its spherical shape and small particle size provide a smooth and silky texture to the products, making them easier to apply and blend on the skin. The PMMA shell also helps to control the release of active ingredients, improving the longevity and performance of the cosmetics.In the coatings industry, PMSQ powder is used as a matting agent to reduce the gloss and shine of coatings. It can be added to various types of coatings, such as paints, varnishes, and lacquers, to create a matte or satin finish. The spherical shape of the powder particles ensures even distribution and avoids clumping, resulting in a uniform and consistent appearance of the coated surface.In personal care products, PMSQ powder is added to formulations such as lotions, creams, and sunscreens to enhance their texture and sensory properties. The small particle size of the powder allows it to be easily incorporated into the formulations, providing a smooth and velvety feel to the skin. It also helps to absorb excessoil and reduce shine, making it suitable for products targeting oily or combination skin types.Overall, PMSQ powder offers a range of benefits in various applications. Its spherical shape, small particle size, and PMMA shell contribute to improved texture, performance, and appearance of the final products. Whetherit's a silky smooth foundation, a matte finish coating, or a luxurious lotion, PMSQ powder plays a crucial role in enhancing the overall user experience.中文回答：聚甲基倍半硅氧烷粉末是一种广泛应用于各个行业的硅氧烷粉末，具有独特的性能。
生物医用材料简介
生物医用材料市场
按国际约定和惯例，生物医用材料归类于医疗器械范畴. 生物医用材料和制品产业特点：技术附加值高，研究开发周期 长，多学科交叉，产品更新换代周期短，引导性的市场开发， 企业规模小。 1996年我国注册生产的生物医用材料及制品仅 49种，产品质量大多居中低档。共有医疗器械生产企业2800家。 1995年世界医疗器械市场已达1200亿美元，其中美国占510亿 美元，年增长率一直保持在20%左右。 我国生物材料和制品所占世界市场份额不足1.5%。 1998年美国仅骨缺损病例即达123万，其中80%需使用生物医用 材料治疗，花费在骨骼-肌肉系统损伤和疾患修复及治疗方面 的费用达1280亿美元，植入6以下动脉假肢的患者达10万例。
羟基磷灰石Ca(PO)(OH), hydroxyapatite(HAP,HA)和TCP都是生物相容性良好的骨 修复材料。
羟基磷灰石(HAP)是人体和动物骨骼、牙齿的主要无机成分，具有良好的生物活性 和生物相容性，被认为是一种最具潜力的人体硬组织替换材料。但其易碎、强度低、 韧性差，降解较慢，限制了它的临床应用。人体内天然HAP为65—80nm的针状结 晶体，且均匀地分布在胶原基质中，形成自然的无机／有机纳米复合材料。由于纳 米级的HAP与人体硬组织的无机成分相似，因此是骨和牙齿种植中很具潜力的生物 材料。由于纯羟基磷灰石脆性较大，强度较低，所以人们都在通过各种途径对它进 行改性制成复合材料 。
注：生物材料 不是药物，其治疗途 径是以生物机体直接 结合和相互作用为基 本特征的。
人造关节
人造心脏
人造关节 人工心脏瓣膜
人工肾脏
对生物医用材料的要求
生物医用材料除了基本的物理性能和生物相容性要求外，还有其它更重 要、更关键的要求： （1）要求材料无毒、不致癌、不致畸、不引起人体细胞的突变和组织反应； （2）对人体呈惰性，不会引起急性中毒、溶血、凝血、发热和过敏等现象； （3）化学性质稳定，抗体液、血液及酶的体内生物老化作用； （4）具有与天然组织相适应的物理机械性能； （5）针对不同的使用目的而具有特定的功能。
道康宁硅烷偶联剂的选用
Thermoplastics
Electronic Materials
Thermosets
Fiberglass Protection
Filler Dispersion Coupling Crosslinking Surface Modification Flame Retardant Polymer Modification Processing Aid Printed Circuit Board (glass) Epoxy Molded Compounds General Fiberglass Reinforcement Water Repellent Glass surface modification for insulation
Dow Corning® brand Product
Z-6940 EG SILANE
Description
Electronic grade bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)sulfide
Functionality
Sulfide/ Bis-alkoxysilane
Z-6883 SILANE Phenylaminopropyl trimethoxysi- Phenyl amino/
Good aqueous stability. Adhesion promoter; coupling agent; resin additive; improves chemical bonding of resins to inorganic fillers and reinforcing materials. Used for epoxies, phenolics, melamines, nylons, PVC, acrylics, polyolefins, polyurethanes and nitrile rubbers.
聚氨酯胶反应型阻燃剂
聚氨酯胶反应型阻燃剂英文回答：Polyurethane adhesive is a versatile and widely used adhesive in various industries. It is known for its excellent bonding strength, flexibility, and resistance to heat and chemicals. However, one of the major concerns with polyurethane adhesive is its flammability. When exposed to fire, it can release toxic gases and contribute to the spread of flames, posing a serious safety risk.To address this issue, reactive flame retardants are commonly used in polyurethane adhesive formulations. These flame retardants are designed to chemically react with the polyurethane matrix during the curing process, forming a protective char layer that acts as a barrier against heat and flame. This char layer slows down the release of flammable gases and reduces the spread of flames.There are several types of reactive flame retardantsthat can be used in polyurethane adhesives, including phosphorus-based compounds, nitrogen-based compounds, and halogen-based compounds. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on the specific requirements of the application.For example, phosphorus-based flame retardants, such as ammonium polyphosphate, are widely used in polyurethane adhesives due to their high thermal stability and effectiveness in reducing the flammability of the adhesive. These flame retardants release phosphoric acid during the combustion process, which forms a protective layer of phosphorus pentoxide on the surface of the adhesive, preventing further combustion.Another example is nitrogen-based flame retardants, such as melamine polyphosphate. These flame retardants release ammonia and nitrogen gas when exposed to heat, which dilutes the flammable gases and inhibits the combustion process. They are particularly effective in reducing the smoke generation and toxicity of polyurethane adhesives during a fire.Halogen-based flame retardants, such as brominated compounds, are also commonly used in polyurethane adhesives. These flame retardants release bromine gas when exposed to heat, which forms a dense layer of bromine radicals on the surface of the adhesive, inhibiting the combustion process. However, there are concerns about the environmental impactof halogen-based flame retardants, as they can releasetoxic gases when burned.In conclusion, reactive flame retardants play a crucial role in improving the fire safety of polyurethane adhesives. They chemically react with the adhesive matrix to form a protective char layer, reducing the flammability andslowing down the spread of flames. The choice of flame retardant depends on the specific requirements of the application, considering factors such as thermal stability, effectiveness, smoke generation, and environmental impact.中文回答：聚氨酯胶是一种多功能且广泛应用于各个行业的胶粘剂。
三甲基硅烷氧基封端的聚硅酸酯
三甲基硅烷氧基封端的聚硅酸酯英文回答：Trimethyl siloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a type of silicone-based elastomer that has a wide range of applications, including as a sealant, adhesive, and coating. It is composed of a chain of repeating dimethylsiloxane units, with trimethyl siloxy groups ateach end. This unique structure gives PDMS itscharacteristic properties, such as high thermal stability, flexibility, and hydrophobicity.PDMS is typically synthesized by the hydrolysis and condensation of dimethyldichlorosilane. This process can be controlled to produce PDMS with a variety of molecular weights and end groups. Trimethyl siloxy terminated PDMS is produced by using a trimethylchlorosilane end-capping agent.The properties of PDMS can be further modified by the addition of various additives, such as fillers,plasticizers, and crosslinking agents. These additives can improve the performance of PDMS in specific applications. For example, the addition of fillers can increase the strength and stiffness of PDMS, while the addition of plasticizers can make it more flexible.PDMS is a versatile material with a wide range of applications. It is commonly used as a sealant in construction and automotive applications, as an adhesive in electronics and medical devices, and as a coating in textiles and paper. PDMS is also used in a variety of other applications, such as in the manufacture of cosmetics, personal care products, and food additives.中文回答：三甲基硅烷氧基封端的聚硅氧烷 (PDMS) 是一种硅基弹性体，具有广泛的应用，包括作为密封剂、粘合剂和涂层。
异佛尔酮二胺
异佛尔酮二胺（IPDA）的改性和应用更新时间：2009-05-18异佛尔酮二胺（IPDA）的改性和应用环氧树脂是含有两个或两个以上环氧基的热固性树脂，由于环氧树脂具有良好的化学稳定性，电器绝缘性，耐腐蚀性，粘接性及较高的机械强度，并与固化剂，改性剂以及各种添加剂等通过科学的配合，能组成的配方变化多样，所以它能够解决各种实际应用课题，在涂料、化工防腐、胶粘剂、电子电器绝缘材料等领域获得了广泛的应用，随着现代工业的发展，对清洁生产的要求越来越高，各领域装饰性要求也得到越来越多的关注，一些具有使用方便，性能优，装饰功能强、绝缘性好的胺类固化剂也得到了越来越多的开发和使用。
常用的胺类固化剂包括直链脂肪胺，聚酰胺，脂环胺，芳香胺等，而其中脂环胺由于具有低色泽、低粘度、高强度、耐候性、耐化学性能好等特点，得到广泛应用，特别在电子灌封、环氧树脂地坪，饰品等领域。
随着脂环胺异佛尔酮二胺（IPDA）原料的相对容易取得，价格的下调，使得国内该领域用量不断增加，对脂环胺类固化剂的需求越来越大，对其改性脂环胺类固化剂的进口量也越来越大，如：美国气体化学的ANC1618，日本三和I-544，台湾ACR产H-3895等。
根据市场的发展和需要，我们无锡树脂厂研究所自2000年起展开了对脂环胺异佛尔酮二胺的改性研发工作。
现已向市场推出如下产品见表1。
表1 无锡树脂厂改性脂环胺类固化剂一览表1.异佛尔酮二胺（IPDA）的物化性能和生产厂家1.1 IPDA的物化性能［1］分子式：C10H22N2比重：0.92-0.95胺当量：85.1活泼氢当量：42.5粘度（20℃）：18cp.s沸点℃（760mm）：247IPDA是一种低色泽（＜1号，加德纳法=低粘度、比直链脂肪族多胺具有更好的耐热性、耐候性的脂环胺二胺，一个胺基通过甲基连接在脂环上，另一个直接接在脂环上，降低了胺基的反应活性，常温下与环氧反应迟缓，一般通过改性获得良好的耐水渍性、耐油面性和耐化学性的，低黏度，常温下固化的无溶剂高光泽固化剂［2］。
有机硅英文词汇
1.有机硅organosilicon2.有机硅材料silicone material3. 有机硅单体organosilicon monomer4. 有机硅树脂 silicone resin5. 硅烷silane, 常规硅烷conventional silane, 特种硅烷specialty silane6. 硅油Silicone oil 二甲基硅油，dimethicone7. 填料filler8. 增粘剂adhesion promoter9. 中间体Intermediate10.硅橡胶silicone rubber11.金属硅silicone metal12.多晶硅polysilicon13.催化剂catalyst, 铂催化剂 PT ( PLATINUM) CA TAL YST14.捏合机Kneader15.硅烷偶联剂silane coupling agent16.硅粉silica powder17.氯甲烷chloromethane18.甲醇methanol19.气相白碳黑fumed silica20.室（高）温硫化硅橡胶Room(High) temperature vulcanized silicone rubber21. 一甲Mono22. 单体Monmer23. 氯甲烷Methylchloride24. 共沸物DPLB25. 密封胶sealant26. 水解hydrolysit27. 太阳能板solar array28.：聚硅氧烷polysiloxane29：硅氢（加成）反应hydrosilation reaction30：嵌段聚合物block copolymer31：沉淀白炭黑precipitated silica32：含氢硅油（中文太笼统） polymethylhydrosiloxane33：环体cyclosiloxane34：二甲基硅油类比较确切的说法Polydimethylsiloxane35：聚醚硅油Polyoxyalkylene-modified polydimethylsiloxane（比较确切，但足够罗嗦）也可以是Polyethers and polysiloxane copolymers 或者Siloxane-polyether copolymers 简单的是这个silicone polyethers 或者polyethersiloxane---还可以再组合，这么看来还是中文简洁36：加成固化 addition-crosslinking37：107胶的确切说法hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane 端氢硅油。
用于封装用途的依从性硅有机化合物_英文_
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