2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章及译文【A级】
2011年职称英语真题卫生类A级完形填空原文及译文
Pandemic（大面积流行的）H1N12009The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe.Focal（集中的）increases in rates during recent week were reported(51)in at least two eastern European countries.A high intensity of respiratory（呼吸的）disease activity with concurrent（同时存在的）circulation of pandemic influenza still exists(52)in parts of southern and eastern Europe,particularly(53)in Greece,Poland,and Ukraine.In Western Europe,influenza transmission remains active (54)and widespread,but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N12009, however(55),very small numbers of seasonal influenza viruses, covering less than1%of all influenza viruses found,were reported in Russia.In addition(56),limited available data indicate that active,high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries along(57)the Mediterranean coast.In Central Asia,limited data suggest(58)that influenzavirus circulation remains active,but transmission may have recently peaked in some places.In West Asia,Israel,Iran,and Iraq also appear to have passed their peak(59)period of transmission within the past month,though both areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned(60)to baseline levels. In East Asia,influenza transmission remains active but appears to be declining(61)overall.Slight increases in ILI were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over(62)one month age.In North America,influenza transmission remains(63) widespread but has declined quickly in all countries.In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity(64)has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts except(65)for focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.译文：2009年甲型H1N1流感大流行近日，欧洲中部及东部成为流感传染最为活跃的地区。
2011年职称英语卫生类阅读理解及完形填空新增文章
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ 虐待儿童是一个全球问题， 它会严重影响儿童的一生。 由于缺乏很多国家虐待儿童的数
据，尤其是中低收入国家的数据，目前对于儿童虐待在全球蔓延的程度，我们还未能获得可 靠的数据。 虐待儿童的研究很复杂，很困难。当前，各个国家大概的相关数据差别很大，而且使用 的研究方法不同也会得出不同的估值。但是，国际研究显示，大约有 20％的女性和 5％一 l0％的男性称自己在童年遭到性虐待，而所有儿童的 25％一 50％都称自己曾受肉体上的虐 待。除此之外，很多儿童受到情感虐待(有时又成为心理虐待)o 每年，有大约 31，000 名 15 岁以下儿童遭到谋杀，但是由于很大一部分由儿童虐待造 成的死亡被错误地归因于坠楼、 烧死或溺死， 所以这一数据不能反映出这一问题真正的严重 程度。 虐待儿童会给儿童和其家人带来持久的伤痛。 虐待会造成压力， 而压力会干扰儿童早期 的大脑发育。高度压力会损伤神经和免疫系统的发育。之后，儿童长大成人，但是他们在行 为、生理以及心理方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待 又会导致心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。 儿童虐待除了会造成健康问题，还会造成经济损失，包括住院费用、心理治疗费用、儿 童福利和长期的医疗费用。 人们已经明确了造成儿童被虐待的大量风险因素。 并不是所有的社会文化背景都包含这 些风险因素，但是至少提供了一个风险因素概况，可以帮助理解儿童被虐待的成因。 有一点很重要，需要强调：儿童是受害者，而且绝不应该怪他们。不过，有几大特征会 增加儿童。受虐待的可能性，这些特点包括：4 岁以下或者处于青春期、不受欢迎、不能满 足父母的期望、有特殊需求、不停哭闹或是身体有异常。 练习： 练习： 1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT according to the passage. A child maltreatment is a global problem B there is no exact data about low-and mid-income countries C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors D different scientists use different research methods 2.Which of the following statements is ture according to the passage? A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood. B 25—50％of all children were reported to have been physically abused。 C 25_50％of children were psychologically abused． D 60—75％of children were neglected by their parents． 3．Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT according to the passage． A drowning in swimming B diarrhea C bums D falls 4 ． Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up．
2011年职称英语真题卫生类A级补全短文原文及译文
Mt.Desert IslandThe coast of the State of Maine is one of the most irregular in the world.A straight line running from the southernmost coastal city to the northern most coastal city would measure about225miles.If you followed the coastline between these points,you would travel more than ten times as far.This irregularity is the result of what is called a drowned coastline. The term comes from the activity of the ice age.(46)At that time,the whole area that is now Maine was part of a mountain range that towered above the sea.As the glacier（冰川）descended, however,it expended enormous force on those mountains,and they sank into the sea.As the mountains sank,ocean,water charged over the lowest parts of the remaining land,former a series of twisting inlets and lagoons（咸水湖）.The highest parts of the former mountain in range,nearest the shore,remained as islands.Mt.Desert Island is one of the most famous of all the islands left behind by the glacier.(47)Marine fossils found here were225feet above sea level indicating the level of the shoreline prior to the glacier.The2,500-mile-long rocky coastline of Maine keeps watch over nearly two thousand islands.Many of these islands are tiny and uninhabited,but many are home to thriving communities.Mt. Desert Island is one of the largest,most beautiful of the Maine coast islands.Measuring16miles by12miles,Mt.Desert was essentially formed as two distinct islands.It is split almost in half by Somes Sound,a deep and narrow stretch of water,seven miles long.(48).For years,Mt.Desert Island,particularly its major settlement,Bar Harbor,afforded summer homes for the wealthy. Recently though,Bar Harbor has become a rapidly growing arts community as well.But,the best part of the island is the unspoiled forest land known as Acadia National Park.Because the island sits on the boundary line between the temperate （温带）and sub-Arctic zones,the island supports the plants and animals of both zones as well as beach inland,and alpine （高山的）plants.The wealthy residents of Mt.Desert Island selfishly kept it to themselves.(49)The establishment of Acadia National Park in1916means that this natural reserve will be perpetually available to all people,not just thewealthy.Visitors to Acadia may receive nature instruction from the park naturalists as well as enjoy camping,cycling and boating.Or they may choose to spend time at the archeological museum,learning about the Stone Age inhabitants of the island.The best view on Mt.Desert Island is from the top of Cadillac Mountain.This mountain rises1,532feet,making it the highest mountain on the Atlantic seaboard.(50)From the summit,you can gaze back toward the mainland or out over the Atlantic Ocean and contemplate the beauty created by a retreating glacier.译文：芒特迪瑟特岛缅因州的海岸是世界上最不规则的海岸之一。
2011年职称英语真题卫生类A级阅读理解原文及译文
Immune Functions（免疫功能）The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system.The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consisting of millions and millions of anized into sets and subsets,these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive（蜂巢）.The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate effective,and self-limiting.免疫系统的复杂性可以比得上大脑以及神经系统的复杂性。
免疫系统都保护身体取决于一个动态的通讯管理网络，这个网络是由上千万个细胞组成的。
这些细胞组成了无数的窝穴和小窝穴，就像成群的蜜蜂围绕着蜂巢来来回回地传递着信息。
结果就是一个敏感的检查和平衡的系统，能产生迅速的、适当有效的、自我限制的免疫应答。
At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself.When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or nonself molecules,the immune troops move quickly to eliminate theintruders（入侵者）.Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self.The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker.Rather,immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in s state known as self-tolerance.When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule,the system has the ability to“remember”the specifics of the foreign body.Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules,the immune system reacts accordingly.With the possible exception of antibodies（抗体）passed during lactation （哺乳期）,this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family,your immune system must“learn”from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes（微生物）in which we live.Learning entails producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.免疫系统的核心是有能力分清自我和异物。
2011职称英语A级新增文章及答案
第二章阅读判断的必背解题技巧（－）Right1．第一种情况：题目是原文的同义改写。
2．第二种情况：题目是根据原文中的几句话推断或归纳而成。
（二）Wrong1．第一种情况：通常用反义词，not加同义词及反义结构。
2．第二种情况：must, only, all,,impossible,, usually及always等时。
3．第三种情况：fact及prove等词.5．第五种情况：原文中包含if，unless或if not，in，with，but for或except for。
题目中去掉了这些表示条件状语的成分。
（三）Not Mentioned1．第一种情况：题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及。
2．第二种情况：题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围。
3．第三种情况：原文中常用aim（目的），purpose（目的），promise（保证），swear（发誓）及vow（发誓）等词。
题目中用实义动词。
4．第四种情况：题目中有比较级，原文中没有比较。
第三章概括大意与完成句子的必背解题技巧概括大意正确的方法是：先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。
这样做的好处有两点：（1）寻找选项关键词，它有可能与某段的核心词汇重合，如果重合，那该选项可能是正确答案。
（2）确定所考段落，段落的主题句在第一句的可能性超过50％，段落的主题句在第二句的可能性为20％，段落的主题句在最后一句的可能性超过20％。
抓主题句的方法，就是依次读该段话的第一句、第二句和最后一句，再与选项列表中的各选项一一对应，确定正确答案。
如果主题句中有show和suggest等词，应重点看其后的宾语从句如果主题句是not only … but also句型，应重点看but also后面的部分问句不会是主题，应该忽略。
以For example开始的句子不会是主题句与主题句特别一致的选项应引起怀疑完成句子: 找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落, 根据题目中的其他关键词确定正确答案, 大部分是分词短语或句子第四章阅读理解的必背解题技巧（一）转折主要有：but，however，yet，on the contrary。
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---综合类
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---综合类上世纪人类平均寿命的变化综A一百年以前，发达国家的人均寿命大约是47岁；到21世纪初，美英两国的男性平均寿命约为74岁，女性则约为80岁，人们的平均寿命一直在延长。
是什么造成了这样的变化呢？在研究一百年前的人们寿命的时候，我们有必要注意当时一些不治之症。
早在20世纪初，这些不治之症经常是像天花之类的急性的高传染病。
许多儿童因此夭折（也有其他原因），年迈题弱的人也总是面临着它们的威胁。
如今，这些疾病在发达国家已远不能致命，有一些都能被治愈。
这一变化归于许多因素，比如：环境及个人卫生的改善，抗生素的发现及使用，（抗生素大大降低了细菌病的危险）以及常见疾病预防疫苗的接种。
除此之外，更洁净的空气、更好的食物保鲜方法、更舒适温暖的屋子还有对营养的进一步认识，这些总的环境的改善也促进了人们的整体健康。
从基因角度看，人都都能活到85岁，但尽管现在人们寿命确实比以前长了，仍然有一些疾病使得我们不能都活到那个岁数。
现在困扰人们的是像心脏病和中风那种更为慢性的疾病，还有像流行性感冒和AIDS那些通过病毒传染的疾病。
当然，癌症也是一大杀手。
上述疾病大多影响着老年人，但是令人担忧的问题在发达国家日趋明显，如：肥胖，产生更多心脏病和糖尿病等其他疾病患者群渐呈年轻化。
人们如今把这些疾病归为“生活方式疾病”，这意味着人们生活方式的改善有可能阻止它们的进一步发展。
竞技还是表演？综BMuhammad Ali 极有可能是世界上最负盛名的体坛人物：全世界不分老少都熟知拳王Ali。
退役后，Ali被诊断患有帕金森综合症，这激起了社会上对拳击运动危险性的争论和诟病。
另外，由于Ali曾坦白反对女性拳击运动，所以当他的一个女儿— Laila决定跨入拳坛时，人们十分好奇Ali对此会作何回应。
然而，在Laila首场职业争霸赛上，Ali的露面似乎高调宣布了他对女儿的支持。
父亲当然会想看自己女儿的比赛。
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文
吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。
然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。
“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。
”这项研究的内容之一是，约662名高中生完成一份包括20道问题的问卷，问卷的问题是关于吸烟对情绪的影响。
入选的中学学生既有讲法语的，也有讲英语的，他们就读的学校有城市的，也有乡村的，并分布在高档、中档和低档不同社区。
参与调查者分成三组：一组从不吸烟，一组吸烟但不是为了自我治疗，调节情绪或者改善身体状态，另一组是利用吸烟自我治疗的吸烟者。
参与者被问及下列问题：多久会感到倦怠不堪，不想做任何事；多久会出现难以入睡甚至不能入睡的情况；每隔多久会不开心、难过或沮丧；多久会出现对未来绝望的心态；每隔多久会感到烦恼紧张，对所有事情都过分焦虑。
收集到的答案用来衡量抑郁症状的轻重。
“通过吸烟缓解抑郁的吸烟者比不吸烟的青少年更容易加重抑郁症状，”Montreal大学社会和预防医学系教授，研究合作者Jennifer O’Loughlin总结说，“我们研究发现，问卷反馈回来的那些利用吸烟获得精神慰籍的青少年更容易加重抑郁。
”抑郁和吸烟之间的联系主要体现在那些利用吸烟愉悦心情的青少年身上。
“值得重视的是，那些在问卷中反映吸烟能带来精神安慰的青少年，他们在问卷中所得的抑郁评分也较高，”Chaiton博士说。
宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？理C地球上记录到的最低温度是多少？出现在哪里？地球上最低的温度是-91℃。
1983年出现在南极洲。
2011 职称英语理工类 新增文章-阅读理解-讲义
2011全国职称英语考试目录2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (2)综合类---C级2第八篇当代婚姻 (2)综合类---B级2第三十八篇对年轻人的过高期望 (2)综合类---A级2第四十七篇多不胜选 (2)2011年职称英语—理工类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (3)理工类---C级3第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值 (3)第六篇编制灯光 (3)理工类---B级4第三十四篇病毒电池 (4)第三十八篇野生大象寿命更长 (4)理工类---A级4第四十五篇咸度味感因人而异 (4)第四十六篇不可思议的超材料 (5)2011年职称英语—卫生类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文 (5)卫生类---C级5第三篇厨房油烟可致癌 (5)卫生类---B级6第十八篇老年糖尿病患者进行体育锻炼可以取代胰岛素治疗 (6)第二十四篇遏制虐待儿童现象 (6)卫生类---A级7第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性 (7)2011全国职称英语考试2011年职称英语—综合类—阅读理解新增文章中文译文综合类---C级第八篇当代婚姻如今的婚姻出什么严重问题了吗？在过去50年中，美国的离婚率暴涨：现在几乎50%的婚姻以离婚告终，证据显示，情况还将持续恶化。
据美国国家联合会的发言人称，如果这种趋势持续下去，将导致家庭的破裂。
一些未来学家预测，100年后的美国人将平均至少结四次婚，而婚外恋甚至将比现在更为普遍。
那问题的原因是什么？现状真的如此糟糕吗？第一个问题的答案十分简单：婚姻早已不像它过去那样非有不可了。
从好些年前开始，经济需求已经只是婚姻的部分基础。
过去，由于女性除了家庭以外没有任何工作，她们常常在经济上依赖丈夫。
现在，随着高薪女性的增多，情况也已经改变。
因此，她们觉得没有必要被一段失败的婚姻捆住手脚。
回答第二个问题，前景似乎不像它看起来那么令人悲观。
尽管离婚率升高，但世纪结婚率并没有下降，所以说结婚还是挺流行的。
除此之外，现在许多恋人同居但并不急着领证。
2011年职称英语真题卫生类A级阅读判断原文及译文
Relieving the Pain“Exercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain,”say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain.“People with chronic pain need to stop lying around,go out more,and start exercising.”The instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and to try to protect the source of pain.But it seems that this is often not productive,especially in the case of back pain.Back pain,after headaches and tiredness,has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. Painful backs now account for millions of days off work.Lumbar（腰部的）pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground,but they are made worse by a sedentary（久坐不动的）ck of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles,so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of pain. Exercise is essential.It releases endorphins（内啡肽）,the body’s“feel-good”chemicals,which are natural painkillers. In fact,these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.Most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise.Since finding the cause of backache is not so easy,doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort,and as the pain continues,sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs.“It’s crazy,”says Dr.Brasseur,a therapist at the International Association for the Study of Pain.“Some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors.I’ve just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different-names.”A generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided.Once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up,their medication is cut down as much as possible.Taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.In some pain-relief clinics,patients begin the day with muscle contraction and relaxation exercises,followed by an hour on exercise ter in the day,they practice tai chi（太极）,self-defense,and deep thought.This compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours’physiotherapy（理疗）a week in a traditional hospital program.“The idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy,flexibility,and confidence,”explains Bill Wiles,a consultant pain doctor in Liverpool.“Patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment.”译文：减轻痛苦“锻炼可能是治疗慢性疼痛最好的方法，”一家治疗疼痛的新诊所里面的医生说道。
2011年职称英语考试卫生类(A级)考试答案解析
第1部分：词汇选择（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）1. 答案： A. afraid---- scared 害怕.恐惧2. 答案：B. criticizes -- finds fault with 批评、找茬3. 答案： D .understand--- grasp 理解，明白4. 答案：B. (push)-- urge催促某人做某事 push推；促进；逼迫5. 答案：A. stand= tolerate 忍受、承受6. 答案选择B.(greatly) – considerably， greatly 意思为adv. 相当地；非常地7. 答案：A. saying--- remarking 说话，说出8.答案：B. energetic---vigorous 精力充沛的有活力的9. 答案：D.praised ---hail: 招呼.致敬.万岁.向...欢呼.10. 答案：A. (maintain) – assert 主张、声称、断言其他选项分析：Maintain：维修；主张；供养Recommend：推荐Considere：考虑Acknowledge：承认致谢11. 答案：A. handle—approachApproach： start to deal with (a situation or problem) in a certain way解决问题。
12.答案：C .(continuous) – steady . 稳定的；其他选项：A. relative相当的、相关的B. general一般的D. sharp 尖锐的13. 答案：C.unclear--- obscure.模糊不清晰的14.答案：C. caused ----provoke: 激怒.惹起.驱使，造成15.答案：D. shake – tremble 颤抖颤动第2部分阅读判断 Relieving the Pain16. To treat pain, patients should stop moving around答案：B（wrong：错）17. Headaches are partly caused by lack of excecise答案：C（not mentioned：未提及）18. Exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain答案：A（right：正确）19. Doctors often use drugs such as endprphins to treat patients答案：B（wrong：错）20. Backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain答案：A（right：正确）21. Excercises helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment答案：C（not mentioned：未提及）22. New pain clinc ask patients to give up drugs completely答案：B（wrong：错）第3部分概括大意完成句子 Owls and Larks(猫头鹰与云雀)23. Paragraph 1 E. Why do we need sleep?24. Paragraph 2 D. What makes people owls or larks?25. Paragraph 3 A. Which is better, being an owl or a lark?26. Paragraph 4 B. What should we avoid?A.Which is better, being an owl or a lark?B.What should we avoid?C.What helps us fall asleep?D. What makes people owls or larks?E.Why do we need sleep?F.How much sleep do we need?27. Sleep helps brain to C.rebuild memories stored during the day28. Parents with very young children tend to E. get up quite early29. A good lifestyle means one can B.sleep enough to bring most refreshment30. It is good advice for most people to F.keep away from coffee in the evening第4部分阅读理解第一篇 Immune Functions31题，What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?用什么来描述由免疫系统里的分子组成的交流网络？第一段是这么说的：Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢).这些分子像成群飞过蜂巢的蜜蜂一样来回传递信息所以用来描述交流网络的词就是Bees flying around a hive.选择C。
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章.doc
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章下载阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）目录：第三篇(C级)：Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor第十八篇(B级)：Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第二十四篇(B级)：Preventing Chlid Maltreatment第三十四篇(A级)：Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，" said Xu Li. a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer .I have already started frying less.’’Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical co ndition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，" said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：fume n.烟，气，汽 fry v.油炸，油煎tumor(=tumour)n.肿瘤 unventilated vt.使不通风cancern.癌瘤 adjacent adj.临近的breast/brest/n.乳房，胸dietary adj饮食的incidence n.发生(率) immune adj 免疫的diagnosis n.诊断 honorary adj.名誉上的;荣誉的inhale v.吸人 respiratory adj.呼吸的irritate vt.使疼痛，刺激 stall n.货摊注释：plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉"。
2011年职称英语真题卫生类A级概括大意原文及译文
Owls and Larks（猫头鹰与云雀）1In this article,we look at the importance of sleep for learning.Most healthy adults need eight of more hours of sleep. But why do we need sleep in the first place?We need sleep for the brain to get a chance to rebuild memories stored during the day and associate these with previously learned things.If this process is interrupted by,say,the sound of an alarm clock, it may not be as effective.So if your sleep is cut short by the alarm clock,how damaging is it?The truth is that it’s difficult to predict,as so much depends on how much sleep your body actually needs on that particular occasion.在这篇文章中，我们来看看睡眠对于学习的重要性。
大部分健康成年需要八个小时甚至更多的睡眠。
但是首先一点，为什么我们需要睡眠呢？我们需要睡觉，好让大脑有机会重新构造白天储存起来的记忆，并且拿这些记忆跟之前学习过的东西联系起来。
如果这个过程被打断，比如被闹钟的声音打断，那么效果就不会太好了。
所以如果你的睡眠被闹钟打断，会有多大的坏处？事实上你很难预测，因为很多都是取决于你的身体在某个场合实际需要多少睡眠时间。
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章2
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）目录：第三篇(C级)：Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor第十八篇(B级)：Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第二十四篇(B级)：Preventing Chlid Maltreatment第三十四篇(A级)：Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adj acent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，" said Xu Li. a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer .I have already started frying less.’’Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and p hysical condition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，" said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：fume n.烟，气，汽fry v.油炸，油煎tumor(=tumour)n.肿瘤unventilated vt.使不通风cancern.癌瘤adjacent adj.临近的breast/brest/n.乳房，胸dietary adj饮食的incidence n.发生(率) immune adj 免疫的diagnosis n.诊断honorary adj.名誉上的;荣誉的inhale v.吸人respiratory adj.呼吸的irritate vt.使疼痛，刺激stall n.货摊注释：plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉"。
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章.doc
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章下载阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）目录：第三篇(C级)：Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor第十八篇(B级)：Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第二十四篇(B级)：Preventing Chlid Maltreatment第三十四篇(A级)：Be Alert to Antimicrobial Resistance第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause TumorThe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking，said medical experts after a five-year research study.Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer. They said patients are younger，especially women.According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute，more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer，it has the second-highest incidence rate.“An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer，”said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them，1,483 were male.Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke，according to the report.However，more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term，close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about l irritated eyes and throat.About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women’s bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.“Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day，I must stay in the kitchen to cook，" said Xu Li. a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin，but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer .I have already started frying less.’’Doctors said women’s lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical co ndition，but was closely related to family cancer history，unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.Other experts agreed with He.3"Smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men，" said Dr Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women.”He's research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time，6 experts said.词汇：fume n.烟，气，汽 fry v.油炸，油煎tumor(=tumour)n.肿瘤 unventilated vt.使不通风cancern.癌瘤 adjacent adj.临近的breast/brest/n.乳房，胸dietary adj饮食的incidence n.发生(率) immune adj 免疫的diagnosis n.诊断 honorary adj.名誉上的;荣誉的inhale v.吸人 respiratory adj.呼吸的irritate vt.使疼痛，刺激 stall n.货摊注释：plain原意是“抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complain about或complain of表示“主诉"。
[整理]2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章2.
![[整理]2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章2.](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c2e5fdfb6bec0975f565e213.png)
2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章下载阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）目录：第十八篇(B级)：Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics第二十四篇(B级)：Preventing Chlid Maltreatment第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly DiabeticsMost older people with so-called typeⅡdiabetes could sto p taking insulin if they would do brisk exercise for 30 minutes iust three times a week，according to new medical research results reported in the Copenhagen newspaper Berlingske Tidende on Monday.Results from tests conducted on diabetics at the Copenhagen Central Hospital Rigshospitalet's Center for Muscle Research showed that physical exercise can boost the body’s ability to utilise insulin by 30 per cent，the newspaper reported.This is equal to1 the effect most elderly diabetics get from their insulin medication today，it said.Researchers had a group of non-diabetic men and a group of men with type II，all more than 60 years of age，exercise on bicycles six times a week for three months. After the three months the doctors measured how much sugar the t est subjects’ muscles could utilise as a measure for how well their insulin worked.2Associate Professor3 Dr. Hemming Dela of the Muscle Research Center said the tests demonstrated that the exercising diabetics had just as high insulin utilisation as the healthy non- exercising persons.“This means that the insulin works just as well for both groups. Physical exercise cannot cure people of diabetes，4 but it can eliminate almost all their symptoms. At the same time it can put off5 the point at which they have to begin taking insulin or perhaps completely avoid insulin treatment，”Dela was quoted as saying.6Insulin isa hormone produced by the pancreas，controlling sugar in the body and used against diabetes.Dela said that to achieve the desired effect diabetics need only exercise to the point where they begin to work up7 a sweat，but that the activity has to be maintained since it wears off8 after five days without sufficient exercise.Most diabetics realise that they have to watch their diet while remaining unaware of9 the importance of exercise，Dela added.词汇：Insulin n.胰岛素 utilise(=utilize) vt.利用，使用diabetic adj.(患)糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者 medication n.药物，药物治疗subject n.实验对象diabetes n.糖尿病;多尿症 utilisation(=utilization) n.利用，使用brisk adj.轻快的;活泼的，活跃的Copenhagen n.哥本哈根(丹麦首都) saying n.格言hormone n.激素muscle n.肌肉 pancreas n.胰(腺)注释：1.be equal to：等于2. as a measure for how well their insulin worked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。
2011上课文参考译文
Unit 1课文参考译文腹部的累赘新的研究指出，腰围尺寸是更好的健康预报因素。
1. 你的腰带需要多扎1个—或三个—新孔吗？那个“肉肚”已使你系鞋带都困难了吗？衣服尺码又发生了什么变化？为什么腰部周围的一切都变得紧得要命？当你躺床在上屏住呼吸努力把拉链向上拉到尽头时，要是你发现自己在问这些问题，那咱们就都一样了。
美国人的腰围正普遍在变粗—粗了很多。
几个世纪以来，妇女们始终相信一条朴实的真理：腰越细，生活就越好—医学研究者们如今正开始了解这一简单真理背后的复杂的生理机能。
2．在过去的十年期间，一系列新的研究已表明，预言一个人的长期健康也许就同进行一次腰围测量一样简单。
腰围周围赘满的脂肪已经与具有更大风险的心脏病、糖尿病、中风、高血压、呼吸系统、疾病、残疾、某些癌症以及更高的死亡率联系在一起。
医学界曾经认为，引起严重疾病和早逝的是身体本身或体重指数。
而不是脂肪位于身体什么部位。
然而，最近对脂肪细胞奇妙之处的研究已经表明，并非所有脂肪都是相同的。
身体中周围的脂肪大多是内脏脂肪，这是一种包在体内各个器官周围并分泌浓烈的体内化学物质的深层脂肪类型。
就是这类脂肪会引起体内各种反应，导致动脉、器官、和细胞的变化，从而引发心脏病、糖尿病，还可能引发某些癌症。
腹部脂肪越多，提前患这些病的风险就越大。
哈佛大学布里厄姆妇女医院预防医学的领导人约安﹒曼森说：“体内脂肪分布是一个极为重要的变量，这一点变得越来越清晰了。
因而腹部肥胖症是关键性的致病原因”。
3.理想的外表。
从某种程度上讲，人们的智慧和流行的文化反映这一倾向已经有几个世纪了。
在美洲殖民地时代和边疆开拓时期，男人和女人的理想都是柳树般的细腰，当时食物供不应求，狩猎、采集和烹饪食物又需要大量的体力劳动，所以这种理想是比较容易达到的。
维多利亚时代开创了“细腰体型”的时代，这种理想女性体形的观念已经延续了120多年，直到20世纪60年代才被“苗条的”体形所取代。
当然，男孩子也想有细腰。
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2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章及译文【A级】阅读理解新增文章第三十四篇Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments. the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures. including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.第三十四篇警惕抗菌药物的耐药性微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗，但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。
细菌的抗药性。
逐渐成为全球关注的公众卫生事件。
一些细菌通过改变自身机理，对许多用于治疗感染的抗生素药物产生了抗药性(这就是所谓的“多重耐药菌”)，从而使治疗变得很棘手，因为在治疗过程人们只有很少的选择，甚至已经没有选择。
这些问题成为一个日趋严重的全球性公众健康问题。
世界卫生组织建议各国应准备实施医院感染控制措施，以限制多重耐药菌的种类，并加强全国性政策谨慎使用。
抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生。
2010年8月11日刊登在《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊上的一篇文章中提到一种基因，这种基因可以使多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性，引起了世人对AMR(即“耐药性”)，尤其是对多重耐药菌感染的关注。
多重耐药菌不是新生细菌，并且还会不断出现，这就需要对其实施监控和深入研究，以便了解多重耐药菌传播的范围和方式，从而采取有效手段进行防控。
这就要求人们提高对细菌耐药性的警惕，并且消费者、医院管理人员、病人、政府、药品生产企业以及国际机构都要采取适当的行动。
世界卫生组织强烈呼吁各国政府在以下领域采取集中控制和防御措施：AMR监管，抗生素合理使用，对公众及医务人员正确使用抗生素的教育，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染的预防和控制措施，包括洗手这种方法，尤其是在医疗界。
对多重耐药菌的成功防控已经在许多国家得到了证实，只要能够系统地运用，现有的预防和控制手段可以有效地减少多重耐药菌的传播。
世界卫生组织将一如既往地支持各国实施相关措施，并协调所有国际努力，与细菌耐药性进行斗争。
耐药性将成为2011年世界健康日的主题。
词汇：Evade vt.逃避，避开prudent adj.慎重的，谨慎的Pose vt.提出monitor vt.监控alternative adj.可供选择的(途径或事物) surveillance n.监视，监管rational adj.合理的，有理性的implement vt.实现，实施adherence n.坚持，固守strain n.种类document vt.证明，支持reinforce vt.加强力量relevant adj.相关的注释：1.be alert to：对……警觉，注意2.The Lancet Infectious Diseases：《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊3.antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性练习：1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?A. The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past，so the researchers are more interested.C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.2.Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene.B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria.C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics.3. Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?A Those who use antibiotics.B Those who sell antibiotics.C Those who produce antibiotics.D Those who study in universities.4.All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPTA education to the users of antibiotics.B control on the use of antibiotics in health facilities.C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they Can use.5.What can you infer from the passage?A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.C Without the support from WHO，no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011.答案与题解：1.A文中第一段指出，有些致病菌对现有的抗生素产生了一定的耐药性，而目前有效的替代药物还没有出现，这是一个棘手的问题，因此引起了全球关注。