Prerequisite Plant Distributions in

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数学物理方法课程教学大纲

3. Use Fourier transform and Laplace transform to solve physics problem;
4. Be familiar with the calculus of variations;
5. Apply the method of conformal mapping to solve related physics problems;
数学物理方法（2）
Mathematical Physics (2)
*课程性质
（Course Type）
培养计划课程
Required Course
授课对象
（Target Audience）
*授课语言
(Language of Instruction)
中英文双语
Chinese and English
*开课院系
（School）
物理与天文学院
School of Physics and Astronomy
先修课程
（Prerequisite）
高等数学（1），高等数学（2），物理学引论（1），物理学引论（2）
Calculus I, Calculus II, Introduction to Physics I, Introduction to Physics II
《数学物理方法（2）》课程教学大纲
Mathematical Physics (2)Course Outline
课程基本信息（Course Information）
课程代码
（Course Code）
PH239
*学时
（Credit Hours）
64
*学分
（Credits）

tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。

toefl temperate plant phenology

toefl temperate plant phenologyTemperate plant phenology refers to the timing and sequence of biological events in the life cycle of plants in temperate regions, such as bud bursting, flowering, fruiting, and leaf senescence. It is influenced by various factors, including temperature, day length, and moisture availability.In temperate regions, such as North America and Europe, the annual cycle of plant phenology can be divided into distinct seasons. In the spring, as temperatures rise and day length increases, plants begin to emerge from their winter dormancy. This is typically marked by the swelling and bursting of buds, followed by the emergence of new leaves and flowers.Flowering in temperate plants is often timed to coincide with the arrival of pollinators, ensuring successful reproduction. Different species of plants have evolved specific flowering times and strategies to maximize their chances of pollination, such as producing attractive flowers or releasing specific scents.After flowering, plants produce fruits or seeds, which may be dispersed by animals or wind. This is typically followed by leaf growth and expansion, as plants harness the energy from sunlight through photosynthesis.As temperatures decrease and day length shortens in the fall, plants prepare for winter by stopping growth and senescing their leaves. This is an adaptation that helps plants conserve resources during cold periods. The timing of leaf senescence can vary greatly among species and can be influenced by factors such astemperature, day length, and water availability. Understanding temperate plant phenology is important for various ecological and agricultural applications. It can help researchers predict the effects of climate change on plant species and ecosystems, as well as assist in managing agricultural practices, such as determining optimal planting and harvesting times.。

兰花英语作文

Lan hua,also known as the orchid,is a perennial flowering plant that is celebrated for its elegance and fragrance.It is one of the most popular and admired flowers in the world,cherished for its cultural significance and aesthetic appeal.Origin and DistributionOrchids are native to various regions across the globe,including Asia,Europe,and the Americas.They thrive in diverse environments,from tropical rainforests to temperate zones,showcasing their adaptability.There are over25,000species and more than 100,000hybrids,making them one of the largest families of flowering plants.Cultural SignificanceIn many cultures,the orchid holds a special place.In Chinese culture,it symbolizes nobility,virtue,and friendship.The Japanese regard it as a symbol of refined beauty and strength.In Greek mythology,the orchid was associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite.Biological CharacteristicsOrchids are known for their unique reproductive strategies.They have evolved to attract specific pollinators,such as bees,butterflies,and even wasps,through their vibrant colors and alluring scents.Some orchids are also known to mimic the appearance and scent of female insects to attract males for pollination.Care and CultivationCaring for orchids requires a specific set of conditions.They need welldrained soil, adequate humidity,and indirect sunlight.Overwatering can lead to root rot,so its essential to allow the growing medium to dry out between waterings.Many orchid enthusiasts use a mix of bark,sphagnum moss,and perlite to provide the right balance of moisture and aeration.Orchid VarietiesSome of the most popular orchid varieties include the Phalaenopsis,known for its ease of care and longlasting blooms the Cattleya,which is famous for its large,fragrant flowers and the Dendrobium,which is appreciated for its diverse range of colors and sizes.Conservation EffortsDue to habitat loss and overcollection,some orchid species are endangered.Conservation efforts are in place to protect these species and preserve their natural habitats.Orchid societies and botanical gardens play a crucial role in educating the public about the importance of orchid conservation.Uses and BenefitsOrchids are not only admired for their beauty but also for their potential medicinal properties.Some species have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, from skin conditions to respiratory issues.In conclusion,the orchid is a remarkable plant that offers a wealth of diversity and beauty. Its cultural,biological,and aesthetic significance makes it a cherished part of gardens and homes worldwide.With proper care and appreciation,we can ensure that the orchid continues to flourish and bring joy to future generations.。

高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化

高黎贡山种子植物物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的变化王志恒　陈安平　朴世龙　方精云3(北京大学环境学院生态学系,北京大学生态学研究与教育中心,北京大学地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室,　北京　100871)摘要:物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布格局成为生物多样性研究的热点。

为探讨中尺度区域物种丰富度沿海拔梯度的分布,本文以高黎贡山为研究对象,利用该地区的地方植物志资料,结合通过GIS 生成的区域数字高程模型(DEM )数据,分析了该区域全部种子植物和乔木、灌木、草本三种生活型种子植物物种丰富度的垂直分布格局以及物种密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征。

结果表明:(1)全部种子植物和不同生活型植物物种丰富度随着海拔的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,最大值出现在海拔1500-2000m 的范围;(2)物种密度与海拔也呈现单峰曲线关系;(3)物种丰富度和物种密度分布格局的形成主要受海拔所反映的水、热状况组合以及物种分布的边界影响。

关键词:物种丰富度,物种密度,生活型,垂直格局,海拔梯度,地形中图分类号:Q948 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-0094(2004)01-0082-07Pattern of species richness along an altitudinal gradient on G aoligongMountains ,Southw est ChinaWAN G Zhi 2Heng ,CHEN An 2Ping ,PIAO Shi 2Long ,FAN G Jing 2Yun 3Depart ment of Ecology ,College of Envi ronmental Sciences ,Center f or Ecological Research &Edu 2cation ,and Key L aboratory f or Earth S urf ace Processes of the M i nist ry of Education ,Peki ng U ni 2versity ,Beiji ng 100871Abstract :Patterns of s pecies richness along altitudinal gradients have bec ome a focus of ec ological research.W e ex 2plored the patterns of seed plants richness along an altitudinal gradient on G a olig ong M ountains ,S outhwest China.In formation on seed plants and their distribution ranges was c ollected from Flora of Gaoligong Mountains ,and the DEM (Digital E levation M odel )was derived from a topographical map of this ing these datasets ,altitudinal patterns of richness and s pecies density of all seed plant s pecies and plants of three different life forms (trees ,shrubs and herbaceous plants ),as well as their relationship with topographic parameters were studied.The results are sum 2marized as follows:(1)the s pecies richness increased ra pidly first and then decreased with increasing elevation ,peak 2ing at the altitudes of between 1500m and 2000m;(2)sim ilar to the altitudinal pattern of s pecies richness ,s pecies ,genus and fam ily densities (number of taxa per unit area )als o sh owed a hum ped pattern along the altitudinal gradi 2ent.S pecies density reached a maximum between 1500m and 2000m ,with an average of 1653m ,while genus and fam ily densities peaked between 900-1500m ,with an average of 1089m ,and (3)energy and m oisture represented by elevation ,as well as hard b oundaries of s pecies distribution were possible factors determ ining the patterns of s pecies richness and density.K ey w ords :species richness ,species density ,life form ,altitudinal pattern ,altitudinal gradient ,to 2pography 物种丰富度(species richness )及其分布格局是生物多样性研究的一个重要内容(贺金生,马克平,1997)。

补播对退化草原植物群落物种多样性的影响

第1期（总第409期）2024年1月No.1农业技术与装备AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY &EQUIPMENT补播对退化草原植物群落物种多样性的影响张娜，杨洁，刘希鹏（宁夏回族自治区草原工作站，宁夏回族自治区银川750002）摘要为了掌握退化草原补播前后植物群落物种多样性的变化情况，以平罗县天然草原为研究对象，先用机械条播的方式对退化的草原进行补播，然后对比补播前后植物种类、高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量等的变化。

结果表明：补播可以提升物种多样性、物种丰富度，植物生活型，但草原植被盖度、密度及地上生物量均呈下降趋势。

关键词退化草原；补播；物种多样性；平罗县中图分类号S812文献标志码Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-887X.2024.01.009Effects of Species Diversity of Plant Communities on Degenerated Grassland by ReseedingZhang Na,Yang Jie,Liu Xipeng(Grassland Workstation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Yinchuan 750002,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China)Abstract ：In order to understand the changes of the species diversity of plant communities on degenerated grassland reseeding in Pingluo,mechanical seeding was used to reseeding degenerated grassland in this study.The changes of the species,height,coverage,density and aboveground biomass of plants were monitored.Monitoring results show that the reseeding could improve species diver ‐sity,species richness,plant life type,but it reduced vegetation coverage,density and aboveground biomass.Key words ：degenerated grassland;reseeding;species diversity;Pingluo County平罗县草原面积3.168×104hm 2（三调数据），以温性荒漠草原为主。

tpo40三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识

tpo40三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (20)原文 (20)译文 (23)题目 (25)答案 (35)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (38)原文 (38)译文 (41)题目 (44)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Ancient Athens①One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.②Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modern times.③The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.④Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clanstructures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other less liberal forms.⑤The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.⑥During the fifth century B.C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people", the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.译文古雅典①在公元前800年到公元前500年期间，希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的崛起，并且每个城邦都发展了适合其情况的政府体系。

植物领域国自然标书

植物领域国自然标书（中英文版）英文文档：Plant Domain National Natural Science Foundation ProposalThe plant domain is a crucial area of research that encompasses the study of various plant species, their characteristics, and their interactions with the environment.This proposal aims to explore the fascinating world of plants and unravel the mysteries surrounding their growth, development, and adaptation.The objectives of this research are as follows:1.To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of plant species in a specific region.2.To understand the role of plant secondary metabolism in their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors.3.To explore the mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions and their implications for plant health and productivity.4.To study the impact of climate change on plant distribution, diversity, and ecosystem dynamics.To achieve these objectives, the following methods will be employed:1.Genetic analysis: High-throughput sequencing techniques will be used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of plant species in the target region.2.Metabolomic profiling: Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques will be utilized to identify and quantify secondary metabolites in plant tissues.3.Microbiome analysis: Next-generation sequencing and metagenomic approaches will be employed to characterize the plant microbiome and its functional potential.4.Climate modeling: Climate data and ecological models will be used to project the future distribution of plant species under different climate change scenarios.The proposed research will have significant implications for the following areas:1.Conservation: Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of plant species will aid in the conservation and management of endangered species.2.Agriculture: Unraveling the mechanisms underlying plant-microbe interactions will contribute to the development of sustainable agricultural practices.3.Biotechnology: Discovering novel secondary metabolites with bioactive properties will open up opportunities for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.4.Climate change adaptation: Investigating the impact of climate change on plant distribution and ecosystem dynamics will providevaluable information for ecosystem management and conservation under changing climatic conditions.In conclusion, this proposal seeks to explore the plant domain and decipher the complex interactions between plants, their environment, and their microbial associates.The findings of this research will undoubtedly contribute to a better understanding of plant biology and provide valuable insights for various applications in conservation, agriculture, and climate change adaptation.中文文档：植物领域国家自然科学基金申请书植物领域是研究各种植物物种、它们的特征以及它们与环境相互作用的重要研究领域。

熵,次序和无序(英文书：entropy and art an essay on disorder and order)

ENTROPY AND ARTAN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDERRUDOLF ARNHEIMA BSTRACT.Order is a necessary condition for anything the hu-man mind is to understand.Arrangements such as the layout of a city or building,a set of tools,a display of merchandise,the ver-bal exposition of facts or ideas,or a painting or piece of music are called orderly when an observer or listener can grasp their overall structure and the ramiﬁcation of the structure in some detail.Or-der makes it possible to focus on what is alike and what is differ-ent,what belongs together and what is segregated.When noth-ing superﬂuous is included and nothing indispensable left out, one can understand the interrelation of the whole and its parts, as well as the hierarchic scale of importance and power by which some structural features are dominant,others subordinate.2RUDOLF ARNHEIMC ONTENTSPart1.3EFUL ORDER32.REFLECTIONS OF PHYSICAL ORDER43.DISORDER AND DEGRADATION74.WHAT THE PHYSICIST HAS IN MIND11RMATION AND ORDER136.PROBABILITY AND STRUCTURE177.EQUILIBRIUM218.TENSION REDUCTION AND WEAR AND TEAR229.THE VIRTUE OF CONSTRAINTS2510.THE STRUCTURAL THEME27 Part2.3211.ORDER IN THE SECOND PLACE3212.THE PLEASURES OF TENSION REDUCTION3513.HOMEOSTASIS IS NOT ENOUGH3914.A NEED FOR COMPLEXITY4015.ART MADE SIMPLE4316.CALL FOR STRUCTURE46 References48ENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER3 Part1.EFUL ORDERIn many instances,order is apprehendedﬁrst of all by the senses. The observer perceives an organized structure in the shapes and col-ors or sounds facing him.But it is hard,perhaps impossible,toﬁnd examples in which the order of a given object or event is limited to what is directly apparent in perception.Rather,the perceivable order tends to be manifested and understood as a reﬂection of an under-lying order,whether physical,social,or cognitive.Our kinesthetic sense tells us through our muscular reactions whether a device or engine works with a smooth ordering of its parts;in fact,it informs us similarly about the perfect or imperfect functioning of our own bodies.The spatial layout of a building reﬂects and serves the distri-bution and interconnections of various functions;the groupings of the cans and packages on the shelves of a store guide the customer to the ordered varieties of household goods,and the shapes and col-ors of a painting or the sounds of a piece of music symbolize the interaction of meaningful entities.Since outer order so often represents inner or functional order,or-derly form must not be evaluated by itself,that is,apart from its relation to the organization it signiﬁes.The form may be quite or-derly and yet misleading,because its structure does not correspond to the order it stands for.Blaise Pascal observes in his Pensees[54, 1,no.27]:“Those who make antitheses by forcing the words are like those who make false windows for symmetry’s sake:their rule is not to speak right but to make rightﬁgures.”A lack of correspondence between outer and inner order produces a clash of orders,which is to say that it introduces an element of disorder.External orderliness hiding disorder may be experienced as of-fensive.Michel Butor,discussing the New York City of the1950’s, speaks of marvelous walls of glass with their delicate screens of hor-izontals and verticals,in which the sky reﬂects itself;but inside those buildings all the scraps of Europe are piled up in confusion.Those admirable large rectangles,in plan or elevation,make the teeming chaos to which they are basically unrelated particularly intolerable. The magniﬁcent grid is artiﬁcially imposed upon a continent that has not produced it;it is a law one endures[18,p.354]. Furthermore,order is a necessary condition for making a structure function.A physical mechanism,be it a team of laborers,the body of an animal,or a machine,can work only if it is in physical order.4RUDOLF ARNHEIMThe mechanism must be organized in such a way that the various forces constituting it are properly attuned to one another.Functions must be assigned in keeping with capacity;duplications and con-ﬂicts must be avoided.Any progress requires a change of order.A revolution must aim at the destruction of the given order and will succeed only by asserting an order of its own.Order is a prerequisite of survival;therefore the impulse to pro-duce orderly arrangements is inbred by evolution.The social or-ganizations of animals,the spatial formations of travelling birds or ﬁshes,the webs of spiders and bee hives are examples.A pervasive striving for order seems to be inherent also in the human mind-an inclination that applies mostly for good practical reasons.2.REFLECTIONS OF PHYSICAL ORDER However,practicality is not the only consideration.There are forms of behavior suggesting a different impulse.Why would experiments in perception show that the mind organizes visual patterns sponta-neously in such a way that the simplest available structure results? To be sure,one might surmise that all perception involves a desire to understand and that the simplest,most orderly structure facilitates understanding.If a lineﬁgure(Figure2.1a)can be seen as a combi-nation of square and circle,it is more readily apprehended than the combination of three units indicated in Figure2.1b.Even so,another explanation imposes itself when one remembers that such elemen-tary perceptual behavior is but a reﬂection of analogous physiologi-cal processes taking place in the brain.If there were independent ev-idence to make it likely that a similar tendency toward orderly struc-ture exists in these brain processes also,one might want to think of perceptual order as the conscious manifestation of a more universal physiological and indeed physical phenomenon.The corresponding activities in the brain would have to beﬁeld processes because only when the forces constituting a process are sufﬁciently free to interact can a pattern organize itself spontaneously according to the structure prevailing in the whole.No known fact prevents us from assuming that suchﬁeld processes do indeed take place in the sensory areas of the brain.They are quite common inENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER5(a)(b)F IGURE2.1.Lineﬁgure of a square and circle. physics.It was Wolfgang Kohler who,impressed by the gestalt law of simple structure in psychology,surveyed corresponding phenom-ena in the physical sciences in his book on the“physical gestalten,”a naturphilosophische investigation published in1920[38].In a later paper he noted:In physics we have a simple rule about the nature of equi-libria,a rule which was independently established by threephysicists:E.Mach,P.Curie,and W.Voigt.They observedthat in a state of equilibrium,processes-or materials-tendto assume the most even and regular distributions of whichthey are capable under the given conditions[40,p.500].Two examples may convey an idea of this sort of physical behav-ior.The physicist Sir Joseph J.Thomson once illustrated the equilib-rium of corpuscles in a plane by the behavior of magnetized needles pushed through cork discs thatﬂoat on water.The needles,having their poles all pointing the same way,repel each other like the atomic corpuscles.A large magnet is placed above the surface of the water, its lower pole being of the opposite sign to that of the upper poles6RUDOLF ARNHEIMF IGURE2.2.Fuel tankﬁlled with clear oil and coloredwater of equal density.of theﬂoating magnets.Under these conditions,the needles,which repel each other but are attracted by the larger magnet,will arrange themselves on the surface of the water around the center of attrac-tion in the simplest possible form:three needles in a triangle,four at the comers of a square,ﬁve at the comers of a pentagon.Thus or-derly shape results from the balancing of the antagonistic forces[65, p.110].The same kind of effect can be observed in another demon-stration(Plate2.2),intended to simulate the behavior of propellant gases and liquids under conditions of zero-gravity.A lucite model of the Centaur fuel tank isﬁlled with clear oil and colored water. Both are of equal density and do not mix,“and the natural surface of the water forms an interface of constant equal tension between them,which is almost like a membrane.”Variously agitated or ro-tated,the segregating surface assumes all sorts of accidental shapes. But when outside interference ceases,the forces inherent in the two liquids organize themselves to constitute an overall state of equilib-rium or minimum tension,which results in perfectly regular spheri-cal shape-the simplest shape available under the circumstances.ENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER7 Such demonstrations show that orderly form will come about as the visible result of physical forces establishing,underﬁeld condi-tions,the most balanced conﬁgurations attainable.This is true for inorganic as well as organic systems,for the symmetries of crystals as well as those ofﬂowers or animal bodies.What shall we make of this similarity of organic and inorganic striving?Is it by mere coin-cidence that order,developing everywhere in organic evolution as a condition of survival and realized by man in his mental and physi-cal activities,is also striven for by inanimate nature,which knows no purpose?The preceding examples have shown that the forces constituting a physicalﬁeld have no alternative.They cannot cease to rearrange themselves until they block each other’s movement by attaining a state of balance.The state of balance is the only one in which the system remains at rest,and balance makes for order because it rep-resents the simplest possible conﬁguration of the system’s compo-nents.A proper version of order,however,is also a prerequisite of good functioning and is aspired to for this reason also by organic nature and by man.3.DISORDER AND DEGRADATIONThe vision of such harmonious striving for order throughout na-ture is disturbingly contradicted by one of the most inﬂuential state-ments on the behavior of physical forces,namely,the Second Law of Thermodynamics.The most general account physicists are willing to give of changes in time is often formulated to mean that the mate-rial world moves from orderly states to an ever-increasing disorder and that theﬁnal situation of the universe will be one of maximal disorder.Thus Max Planck,in his lectures on theoretical physics de-livered at Columbia University in1920,said:Therefore,it is not the atomic distribution,but rather thehypothesis of elementary disorder,which forms the realkernel of the principle of increase of entropy and,there-fore,the preliminary condition for the existence of entropy.Without elementary disorder there is neither entropy norirreversible process[56,p.50].8RUDOLF ARNHEIMAnd in a recent book,Angrist and Hepler formulate the Second Lawas follows:“Microscopic disorder(entropy)of a system and its sur-roundings(all of the relevant universe)does not spontaneously de-crease”[3,p.151].In this sense,therefore,entropy is deﬁned as thequantitative measure of the degree of disorder in a system-a deﬁnitionthat,as we shall see,is in need of considerable interpretation.Modern science,then,maintains on the one hand that nature,bothorganic and inorganic,strives towards a state of order and that man’sactions are governed by the same tendency.It maintains on the otherhand that physical systems move towards a state of maximum disor-der.This contradiction in theory calls for clariﬁcation.Is one of the Apparentparadox two assertions wrong?Are the two parties talking about different things or do they attach different meanings to the same words?The First Law of Thermodynamics referred to the conservation ofenergy.It stated that energy may be changed from one form to an-other but is neither created nor destroyed.This could sound un-pleasant if one took it to mean(as one of the leading physicists of thetime,John Tyndall,actually did[66])that“the law of conservationexcludes both creation and annihilation”[34,p.1062].The popular connotations of the Second Law of Thermodynamicswere quite different.When it began to enter the public consciousnessa century or so ago,it suggested an apocalyptic vision of the courseof events on earth.The Second Law stated that the entropy of theworld strives towards a maximum,which amounted to saying thatthe energy in the universe,although constant in amount,was subjectto more and more dissipation and degradation.These terms had adistinctly negative ring.They were congenial to a pessimistic,moodof the times.Stephen G.Brush,in a paper on thermodynamics andhistory,points out that in1857there were published in France Bene-dict Auguste Morel’s“Trait´e des d´e g´e n´e rescences physiques,intel-lectuelles et morales de l’esp`e ce humaine”[50]as well as CharlesBaudelaire’s“Lesﬂeurs du mal”[17,p.505].The sober formulationsof Clausius,Kelvin,and Boltzmann were suited to become a cosmicmemento mori,pointing to the underlying cause of the gradual de-cay of all things physical and mental.According to Henry Adams’witty treatise,The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma,“to the vul-gar and ignorant historian it meant only that the ash heap was con-stantly increasing in size”[1,p.142].The sun was getting smaller,the earth colder,and no day passed without the French or Germannewspapers producing some uneasy discussion of supposed socialdecrepitude;falling off of the birthrate;decline of rural population;lowering of army standards;multiplication of suicides;increase ofENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER9 insanity or idiocy,of cancer,of tuberculosis;signs of nervous exhaus-tion,of enfeebled vitality,“habits”of alcoholism and drugs,failure of eyesight in the young and so on,without end...[1,p.186].This was in1910.In1892,Max Nordau had published his famous Degeneration-a book most symptomatic of theﬁn de siecle mood, although it cannot be said to imply that mankind as a whole was on its way out[51].In his diatribe of nearly a thousand pages,the Hungarian physician and writer,basing his contentions on the work of Morel and Lombroso,denounced the wealthy city dwellers and their artists,composers,and writers as hysterics and degenerates. For instance,he thought that the pictorial style of the Impressionists was due to the nystagmus found in the eyes of“degenerates”and the partial anesthesia of the retinae in hysterics.He attributed the high incidence of degeneration to nervous exhaustion produced by modern technology as well as to alcohol,tobacco,narcotics,syphilis. But he predicted that in the twentieth century mankind would prove healthy enough to either tolerate modern life without harm or reject it as intolerable[51,p.508].Today we no longer regard the universe as the cause of our own undeserved troubles but perhaps,on the contrary,as the last refuge from the mismanagement of our earthly affairs.Even so,the law of entropy continues to make for a bothersome discrepancy in the humanities and helps to maintain the artiﬁcial separation from the natural ncelot L.Whyte,acutely aware of the problem, formulated it by asking:“What is the relation of the two cosmic tendencies:towards mechanical disorder(entropy principle)and to-wards geometrical order(in crystals,molecules,organisms,etc.)?”[69,p.27].The visual arts have recently presented us with two stylistic trends which,atﬁrst look,may seem quite different from each other but which the present investigation may reveal to have common roots. On the one hand,there is a display of extreme simplicity,initiated as early as1913by the Russian painter Kasimir Malevich’s Suprematist black square on a white ground[21,p.342].This tendency has a long history in the more elementary varieties of ornamentation as well as the frugal design of many functional objects through the ages.In our own day,we have pictures limited to a few parallel stripes,canvases evenly stained with a single color,bare boxes of wood or metal,and so forth.The other tendency,relying on accidental or deliberately produced disorder,can be traced back to a predilection for composi-tions of randomly gathered subject matter in Dutch still lifes,untidy10RUDOLF ARNHEIMscenes of social criticism in the generation of Hogarth,groups of un-related individuals in French genre scenes of the nineteenth century, and so on[4].In modern painting we note the more or less controlled splashes and sprays of paint,in sculpture a reliance on chance tex-tures,tears or twists of various materials,and found objects.Related symptoms in other branches of art are the use of random sequences of words or pages in literature,or a musical performance presenting nothing but silence so that the audience may listen to the noises of the street outside.In the writings of the composer John Cage,one ﬁnds observations such as the following:I asked him what a musical score is now.He said that’s agood question.I said:Is it aﬁxed relationship of parts?Hesaid:Of course not;that would be insulting.[19,p.27] Magazine and newspaper critics often discuss these phenomena with the bland or tongue-in-cheek objectivity of the reporter.Or they at-tribute to elementary signs the power of consummate symbols,for instance,by accepting a simple arrow as the expression of cosmic soaring or descent,or the crushed remains of an automobile as an image of social turmoil.When they condemn such work,they tend to accuse the artists of impertinence and lack of talent or imagination without at the same time evaluating the work as symptomatic and analyzing its cause and purpose.Aesthetic and scientiﬁc principles do not seem to be readily at hand.Occasional explicit references to entropy can be found in critical writing.Richard Kostelanetz,in an article on“Inferential Arts,”quotes Robert Smithson’s Entropy and the New Monuments as saying of re-cent towering sculptures of basic shapes that they are“not built for the ages but rather against the ages”and“have provided a visible analogue for the Second Law of Thermodynamics”[42,p.22].Surely the popular use of the notion of entropy has changed.If during the last century it served to diagnose,explain,and deplore the degrada-tion of culture,it now provides a positive rationale for“minimal”art and the pleasures of chaos.ENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER114.WHAT THE PHYSICIST HAS IN MINDTuming from the bravura of the market place to the theoretical issues,one may want to askﬁrst of all:What is it that induces physi-cists to describe the end state of certain material systems as one of maximal disorder,that is,to use descriptive terms of distinctly neg-ative connotation?For the answer one must look at their view of (a)the shape situations and(b)the dynamic conﬁgurations prevail-ing in early and late states of physical systems.Here one discovers,ﬁrst of all,that the processes measured by the principle of entropy are perceived as the gradual or sudden destruction of inviolate ob-jects-a degradation involving the breaking-up of shape,the disso-lution of functional contexts,the abolition of meaningful location.P. ndsberg in a lecture,Entropy and the Unity of Knowledge,chooses the following characteristic example:Tidy away all your children’s toys in a toy cupboard,andthe probability ofﬁnding part of a toy in a cubic centimeteris highly peaked in the region of the cupboard.Release arandomizing inﬂuence in the form of an untidy child,andthe distribution for the system will soon spread[45,p.16]. The child’s playroom can indeed serve as an example of disorder-especially if we do not grant the child a hearing to defend the hid-den order of his own toy arrangements as he sees them.But the messed-up room is not a good example of aﬁnal thermodynamic state.The child may have succeeded in breaking all the functional and formal ties among his implements by destroying the initial or-der and replacing it with one of many possible,equally arbitrary arrangements.Thereby he may have increased the probability that the present kind of state may come about by chance,which amounts to a respectable increase of entropy.He may even have dispersed the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle or broken aﬁre engine,thereby extend-ing disintegration somewhat beyond the relations among complete objects to include the relations among parts.Nevertheless,the child is a very inefﬁcient randomizer.Failing to grind his belongings to a powder of independent molecules,he has preserved islands of untouched order everywhere.In fact,it is only because of this failure that the state of his room can be called disorderly.Disorder“is not the absence of all order but rather the clash of uncoordinated orders”[5,p.125].12RUDOLF ARNHEIMThe random whirling of elementary particles,however,does notmeet this deﬁnition of disorder.Although it may have come about Randomnessby dissolution,it is actually a kind of order.This will become clearer is order!if I refer to another common model for the increase of entropy,namely shufﬂing[23,Ch.4].The usual interpretation of this operation is thatby shufﬂing,say,a deck of cards one converts an initial order into areasonably perfect disorder.This,however,can be maintained onlyif any particular initial sequence of cards in the deck is considered anorder and if the purpose of the shufﬂing operation is ignored.Ac-tually,of course,the deck is shufﬂed because all players are to havethe chance of receiving a comparable assortment of cards.To thisend,shufﬂing,by aiming at a random sequence,is meant to create ahomogeneous distribution of the various kinds of cards throughoutthe deck.This homogeneity is the order demanded by the purposeof the operation.To be sure,it is a low level of order and,in fact,alimiting case of order because the only structural condition it fulﬁllsis that a sufﬁciently equal distribution shall prevail throughout thesequence.A very large number of particular sequences can meet thiscondition;but it is an order nevertheless,similar,for example,to thesort of symmetry of a somewhat higher order that would exist in theinitial set-up of a game in which every player would be dealt onecard of each kind systematically.Before shufﬂing,the initial sequence of the cards in the deck,ifconsidered by and for itself,may have been quite orderly.Perhaps allthe aces or all the deuces were lying together.But this order wouldbe like the false windows in Pascal’s example.It would be in discordwith the very different order required for the game,and the falserelation between form and function would constitute an element ofdisorder.ENTROPY AND ART AN ESSAY ON DISORDER AND ORDER13 The orderliness inherent in the homogeneity of a sufﬁciently large random distribution is easily overlooked because the probability sta-tistics of the entropy principle is no more descriptive of structure than a thermometer is of the nature of heat.Cyril S.Smith has observed:“Like molecular structure earlier,quantum mechanics began almost as a notational device,and even today physicists tend to ignore the rather obvious spatial structure underlying their energy-level notation”[62,p.642].Pure thermodynamics,in the words of Planck,“knows noth-ing of an atomic structure and regards all substances as absolutely contin-uous”([56,p.41];[39]).In fact,the term disorder,when used by physi-cists in this connection,is intended to mean no more than that“the single elements,with which the statistical approach operates,behave in complete independence from one another”[55,p.42].It follows that the entropy principle deﬁnes order simply as an improbable arrangement of elements,regardless of whether the macro-shape of this arrangement is beautifully structured or most arbitrarily deformed;and it calls disorder the dissolution of such an improbable arrangement.RMATION AND ORDERThe absurd consequences of neglecting structure but using the concept of order just the same are evident if one examines the present termi-nology of information theory.Here order is described as the carrier of information,because information is deﬁned as the opposite of entropy, and entropy is a measure of disorder.To transmit information means to induce order.This sounds reasonable enough.Next,since entropy grows with the probability of a state of affairs,information does the opposite:it increases with its improbability.The less likely an event is to happen,the more information does its occurrence represent.This again seems reasonable.Now what sort of sequence of events will be least predictable and therefore carry a maximum of information? Obviously a totally disordered one,since when we are confronted with chaos we can never predict what will happen next.The conclu-sion is that total disorder provides a maximum of information;and since information is measured by order,a maximum of order is con-veyed by a maximum of disorder.Obviously,this is a Babylonian muddle.Somebody or something has confounded our language.14RUDOLF ARNHEIMThe cause of the trouble is that when we commonly talk about or-der we mean a property of structure.In a purely statistical sense,on the other hand,the term order can be used to describe a sequence or arrangement of items unlikely to come about by mere chance.Now in a world of totally unrelated items,which has the throwing of dice as its paradigm,all particular sequences or arrangements of items are equally unlikely to occur,whether a series of straight sixes or a totally irregular but particular sequence of the six digits.In the language of information theory,which ignores structure,each of these sequences carries a maximum amount of information,i.e.,of order, unless the procedure happens to be applied to a world that exhibits regularities.Structure means to the information theorist nothing bet-ter than that certain sequences of items can be expected to occur. Suppose you watch a straight line growing a vapor trail in the sky or a black mark in an animatedﬁlm or on the pad of an artist.In a world of pure chance,the probability of the line continuing in the same direction is minimal.It is reciprocal to the inﬁnite number of directions the line may take.In a structured world,there is some probability that the straight line will continue to be straight.A per-son concerned with structure can attempt to derive this probability from his understanding of the structure.How likely is the airplane suddenly to change its course?Given the nature of theﬁlm or the artist’s drawing,how likely is the straight line to continue?The in-formation theorist,who persists in ignoring structure,can handle this situation only by deriving from earlier events a measure of how long the straightness is likely to continue.He asks:What was the length of the straight lines that occurred before in the same situation or in comparable ones?Being a gambler,he takes a blind chance on the future,on the basis of what happened in the past.If he bets on the regularity of straightness,it is only because straightness has been observed before or has been decreed by the rules of the game.A par-ticular form of crookedness would do just as well as the straight line, if it happened to meet the statistical condition,in a world in which crookedness were the rule.Naturally,most of the time such predic-tions will be laborious and untrustworthy.Few things in this world can be safely predicted from the frequency of their previous occur-rence alone;and the voluntary abstinence by which pure statistics of this kind rejects any other criterion,that is to say,any understanding of structure,will make calculations very difﬁcult.Any predictable regularity is termed redundant by the informa-tion theorist because he is committed to economy:every statement must be limited to what is needed.He shares this commitment with。

热带雨林资料

Many of rain forests a正re在be被in清g 除cleared for farming and mining, and many animals and plants are in d危an险ger .
distribution 分布
Tropical forests stay warm all year and receive abundant(丰富的) rainfall. These forests are found in _A_s_i_a, _A_u_s_t_r_a_li_a_, central and south _A_m__e_r_ic_a_ and the Pacific _I_sl_a_n_d_s_.
due to (由于) being
hunted by man or by
destruction (破坏) of their habitat(栖息地).
About half the rain forests in the world have已be经en被de破st坏royed . If the current rate of destruction continues, most rain forests would be 消go失ne in the next 50 years.
热带雨林
分布
America
Asia Africa
Pacific Islands
Australia
insect
animal
chimpanzee 黑猩猩
butterfly
Destruction 破坏
Tropical forest fire
Hundreds of insect
and bird species are i在n 危da险ng中er of 灭dy绝ing, out

中国豆科1 个新记录种——沼生田菁

热带作物学报2021, 42(3): 695 697 Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops收稿日期 2020-02-20；修回日期 2020-05-18基金项目科技基础资源调查专项中国南方草地牧草资源调查（No. 2017FY100600）。

作者简介李晓霞（1983—），女，助理研究员，研究方向：外来物种资源利用。

*通信作者（Corresponding author ）：杨虎彪（YANG Hubiao ），E-mail ：******************。

中国豆科1个新记录种——沼生田菁李晓霞1，杨虎彪2*1. 中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所，海南海口 571101；2. 中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所，海南海口 571101摘要：本文报道了海南岛发现的豆科（Fabaceae ）田菁属（Sesbania Scop.）新记录种1个，沼生田菁（Sesbania javanica Miq.）。

在海南东方和昌江临海沼泽湿地中分别发现沼生田菁3个种群，凭证标本保存于中国热带农业科学院植物标本室（ATCH ），现予以报道。

关键词：田菁属；沼生田菁；中国新记录中图分类号：S551+.5 文献标识码：ASesbania javanica (Fabaceae), a New Record Species from Hainan, ChinaLI Xiaoxia 1, YANG Hubiao 2*1. Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China;2. Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, ChinaAbstract: Sesbania javanica was reported as a new record species in Chian. Three population of S. javanica was found in Dongfang and Changjiang County, Hainan, China. All voucher specimens are kept in Herbarium of Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan (ATCH). Keywords: Sesbania Scop; S. javanica ; new record in China DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2021.03.011豆科是仅次于菊科、兰科的第三大被子植物科，全球约650属18 000余种。

魔芋软腐病致病菌Pectobacterium aroidearum的特征及贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的生防效果

doi ：10.19928/ki.1000-6346.2021.2010魔芋软腐病致病菌Pectobacterium aroidearum 的特征及贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的生防效果崔　双1，2　陈昌龙2　冯佳豪3　曹　颖3　寇晓敏2　付　璐2　张荣萍1* 谢　华2*（1海南大学热带作物学院，海南海口 570228；2北京市农林科学院北京农业生物技术研究中心，北京 100097；3西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院，四川绵阳 621000）摘　要：从云南富源、楚雄以及四川宜宾等魔芋产区的发病植株中分离到3株魔芋软腐病致病菌MY7、MY11和MY18，通过对形态、致病性和分子特征的分析，明确了其生物学特性和系统分类，并评价了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis ）对魔芋软腐病的生防效果。

结果表明，菌株MY7、MY11和MY18均能产生果胶酶，属有运动性的革兰氏阴性杆菌，其特异引物PCR 扩增结果与Pectobacterium aroidearum KC20一致；基于16S rDNA 和pmrA 基因序列系统发育分析，这3株菌株与已知的P . aroidearum 菌株聚在一个分支；在Pectobacterium 属内，这3株菌株之间及其与P . aroidearum PC1和KC20菌株全基因组之间平均核苷酸同源性（ANI ）值均高于同种的阈值（95%～96%），因此这3株菌株被鉴定为P . aroidearum 。

Biolog GEN Ⅲ平板碳源利用分析和生理生化测试结果显示，MY7、MY11、MY18与P . aroidearum SCRI 109T 及P . aroidearum KC20对碳源的利用和生理生化特性的表现基本一致。

人工接种MY18可感染多种蔬菜和观赏植物；平板拮抗试验结果表明，参试的7株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（B. velezensis ）均能抑制其生长；温室盆栽条件下，B. velezensis BPC16和W2-7对MY18引发的魔芋软腐病防效分别为43.01%和31.99%，说明B. velezensis 在对魔芋软腐病的生物防控中具有应用潜力。

本地和外来草本物种对水分条件时间异质性的可塑响应

本地和外来草本物种对水分条件时间异质性的可塑响应作者：陈家兴王姝来源：《广西植物》2023年第12期摘要：极端气候导致的干旱和水淹事件频发，影响了外来植物和本地植物的生长。

为了解外来种和本地种植物对干旱和水淹事件发生顺序的响应，探讨草本植物适应水分时间异质性的策略，该文以美国蒙大拿州西部4种本地植物和4種外来植物为研究对象，将所有植物分别进行持续湿润（对照，CK）、水淹-干旱（I-D）和干旱-水淹（D-I）处理，并观测一系列形态和生物量特征的变化。

结果表明：（1）与CK相比，D-I和I-D处理均显著降低了外来种的总生物量（P<0.05）。

（2）D-I显著降低了本地种早期总生物量、后期地下生物量和根冠比，但显著提高了其后期的相对生长（P<0.05）。

（3）D-I处理显著降低了所有植物的地下-地上生物量关系的异速指数，外来种异速指数显著高于本地种（P<0.05）。

综上认为，极端事件（水淹和干旱）的发生顺序能改变外来植物和本地植物的生物量分配，早期干旱比后期干旱更容易减少植物生物量的积累，但能促进本地种后期的生长；本地种在环境胁迫下不被降低的总生物量表现说明维持表型稳定的能力较强；D-I处理下本地种和外来种地上和地下生物量关系的分配方式不同。

关键词：水分时间异质性，干旱，水淹，外来种，本地种，表型可塑性中图分类号： Q948.1文献标识码： A文章编号： 1000-3142（2023）12-2280-10收稿日期： 2023-05-11基金项目：国家自然科学基金（31800335，32171511）；贵州省科技厅基础研究项目（黔科合基础2019-1089）；贵州大学人才引进项目（贵大人基合字［2017］39号）。

第一作者：陈家兴（1997-），硕士研究生，主要从事植物表型可塑性研究，（E-mail）********************。

通信作者：王姝，副教授，主要从事植物表型可塑性研究，（E-mail）***************。

动物在自然界中的作用帮助植物传粉传播种子促进生态系统的物质

动物在自然界中的作用：帮助植物传粉、传播种子，促进生态系统的物质循环1. 引言动物在自然界中扮演着重要的角色，不仅在食物链中起着关键作用，还对植物的繁殖和生态系统的物质循环起着重要的促进作用。

本文将探讨动物在自然界中的作用，重点介绍动物对植物的传粉和种子传播以及促进生态系统的物质循环的重要性。

2. 动物对植物的传粉作用传粉是指植物花粉传递到其他植物的过程。

动物在这一过程中起到了关键的作用。

许多植物依赖动物来传播它们的花粉，以便进行繁殖。

动物可以通过各种方式对植物的传粉起着推动作用，例如：•昆虫传粉：许多昆虫如蜜蜂、蝴蝶和飞蛾等是著名的传粉者。

它们吸食植物的花蜜，在花粉粘在它们的身体上的同时，也会将部分花粉带到其他植物上。

这种互动促进了植物的繁殖，并帮助维持物种多样性。

•鸟类传粉：许多鸟类如蜂鸟、鹰和鹦鹉等也是重要的传粉者。

它们常常吸食花蜜，并在吸食的过程中将花粉粘到它们的身体上。

当它们飞到其他花朵时，花粉会从它们的身体上掉落，从而促进花粉的传播。

•蝙蝠传粉：蝙蝠是少数可以进行夜间传粉的动物之一。

它们吸食植物的花蜜，并将花粉粘在它们的身体和嘴唇上。

蝙蝠在夜间飞行，并将花粉带到其他植物上，促进了植物的交配和繁殖。

动物对植物的传粉作用不仅帮助了植物的繁殖，也维持了生态系统的稳定性和多样性。

3. 动物对植物的种子传播作用种子传播是植物繁殖的重要方式之一，而动物在这一过程中起着关键的作用。

许多植物生产全食种子，这意味着它们的种子需要被吃掉才能被传播到新的地点。

动物作为植物的种子传播者，通过吃掉植物的果实或种子，然后在其他地方排泄，将种子带到新的地方。

•鸟类种子传播：许多鸟类如鸽子和鸭子等是种子传播的重要角色。

它们吃掉植物的果实，然后在其他地方排泄种子。

这种过程不仅帮助植物传播种子，还有助于新地区物种的建立和多样性增加。

•哺乳动物种子传播：一些哺乳动物如猴子、松鼠和鼠类也可以通过吃掉植物的果实或种子来传播种子。

种苗学专业英语单词

苗木(Nurse‎r y stock‎)天然更新(Natur‎a l regen‎erati‎o n)人工更新(Artif‎i cial‎regen‎erati‎o n)灌溉施肥(Ferti‎g atio‎n)灌溉(Irrig‎a tion‎)施肥(Ferti‎l izat‎i on)幼年期(Juven‎n ile phase‎)青年期(Youth‎phase‎)壮年期(Matur‎e phase‎)老年期(Senes‎c ence‎phase‎)种子年或丰‎年，Seed year欠年，Off year平年(Commo‎n year)林木结实周‎期性(The perio‎d icit‎y of seed beari‎n g)结实间隔期‎(Seed beari‎n g inter‎v al)种子生产周‎期(Seed-beari‎n g perio‎d icit‎y)花芽分化(Repro‎d ucti‎v e bud initi‎a tion‎)生理成熟(Seed physi‎o logi‎c al matur‎i ty)形态成熟(Seed morph‎o logi‎c al matur‎i ty)树木种子寿‎命Tree‎ seed longe‎v ity种子安全含‎水量(Optim‎u m seed moist‎u re conte‎n ts for stora‎g e) 种子休眠S‎e ed Dorma‎n cy静止(Quies‎cent)生理休眠（Physi‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy，PD）形态休眠（Morph‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy，MD）形态生理休‎眠（Morph‎o phys‎i olog‎i cal dorma‎n cy，MPD）物理休眠（Physi‎c al dorma‎n cy，PY）初生外源休‎眠(Prima‎r y exoge‎n ous dorma‎n cy)物理休眠(Exoge‎n ous physi‎c al dorma‎n cy，Seed coat dorma‎n cy) 內源休眠(Endog‎e nous‎dorma‎n cy)內源形态休‎眠(Endog‎e nous‎morph‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy)浅性生理休‎眠(Nonde‎e p physi‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy)中度生理休‎眠(Inter‎m edia‎t e physi‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy)深度生理休‎眠(Deep physi‎o logi‎c al dorma‎n cy)光休眠(Photo‎d orma‎n cy)干藏后熟(After‎-ripen‎i ng)双休眠(Doubl‎e dorma‎n cy)次生休眠(Secon‎d ary Dorma‎n cy)热休眠(Therm‎o dorm‎a ncy)热抑制(Therm‎a l inhib‎i tion‎)条件休眠(Condi‎t iona‎l dorma‎n cy)种子萌发Seed Germi‎n atio‎n出土萌发（Epige‎a l germi‎n atio‎n）留土萌发(Hypog‎e al germi‎n atio‎n)极性(Polar‎i ty)再生(Regen‎e rati‎o n)细胞分化(Cellu‎l ar diffe‎r enti‎a tion‎)不定根(Adven‎t itio‎u s root预成根(Prefo‎r med root)潜伏根(Laten‎t root)接穗(Scion‎)砧木(Stock‎)良种(Impro‎v ed seeds‎)种子品质(Seed quali‎t y)遗传品质(Genet‎i c prope‎r ity)播种品质(Seedi‎n g quali‎t y)繁殖品质(Propa‎g atio‎n prope‎r ties‎)净度(Purit‎y)纯净种子(Pure seed)种子含水量‎(Seed moist‎u re conte‎n t)发芽能力(Germi‎n atio‎n abili‎t y, Germi‎n abil‎i ty)发芽率(Germi‎n atio‎n perce‎n tage‎)发芽势(Germi‎n atio‎n energ‎y)绝对发芽率‎(Absol‎u te germi‎n atio‎n perce‎n tage‎)平均发芽时‎间(Mean time to germi‎n atio‎n，MTG)场圃发芽率‎(Field‎germi‎n atio‎n perce‎n tage‎)种子生活力‎(Seed viabi‎l ity)种子优良度‎(Seed sound‎n ess)种子活力(Seed vigor‎)母树林(Seed produ‎c tion‎fores‎t)种子园(Seed orcha‎rd)采穗圃(Cutti‎n g s orcha‎rd)种子采集S‎e ed Colle‎cting‎种子调制S‎e ed Proce‎ssing‎种子贮藏S‎e ed Stora‎g e种子运输S‎e ed Trans‎porta‎t ion催芽(Seed prege‎r mina‎t ion, Seed strat‎i fica‎t ion)层积催芽(Seed strat‎i fica‎t ion)无基质层积‎催芽(Non-mediu‎m strat‎i fi ca‎ti on)裸层积(Naked‎strat‎i fi ca‎ti on)种子引发(Seed primi‎n g)春季生长型‎(Prefo‎r med Growt‎h, Prede‎t ermi‎n ed Growt‎h) 全期生长型‎(Neofo‎r med Growt‎h, Free Growt‎h)根瘤菌(Root nodul‎e bacte‎r ia)裸根苗Ba‎re-root Seedl‎i ngs容器苗Co‎ntain‎e r Seedl‎i ngs离体快速繁‎殖(In vitro‎propa‎g atio‎n)微体快繁(微繁，Micro‎p ropa‎g atio‎n)苗木出圃S‎eedli‎n g Harve‎s t苗木质量评‎价Seed‎ling Quali‎t y Evalu‎a tion‎地径(Root-colla‎r diame‎t er)苗高(Shoot‎heigh‎t)根系长度(Root lengt‎h)根幅(Root width‎)侧根数(No. of later‎a l roots‎)根系总长度‎(Lengt‎h of later‎a l roots‎)表面积指数‎(Speci‎a l area index‎of later‎a l roots‎)苗木重量(Seedl‎i ng weigh‎t)茎根比(Shoot‎-root ratio‎)水分状况(Water‎statu‎s)水势(Water‎poten‎t ial)矿质营养状‎况(Statu‎s of miner‎a l nutri‎t ion)碳水化合物‎(Carbo‎h ydra‎t es)生长调节物‎质(Plant‎growt‎h subst‎a nces‎)叶绿素萤光‎(Varia‎b le chlor‎o phyl‎l fluor‎e scen‎c e) 叶绿素含量‎(Chlor‎o phyl‎l conte‎n t)根生长势(Root growt‎h poten‎t ial苗木耐寒性‎(Frost‎hardi‎n ess)。

环境气候英语作文

The environment and climate are two of the most pressing issues facing our world today.They are interconnected and have a profound impact on the health and wellbeing of all living beings on Earth.The Importance of the EnvironmentThe environment encompasses the natural world around us,including the air,water,land, plants,and animals.It is the foundation of life,providing us with the resources we need to survive,such as clean air,fresh water,food,and shelter.However,human activities have led to significant environmental degradation,including deforestation,pollution,and loss of biodiversity.This degradation not only threatens the survival of many species but also poses a risk to human health and the stability of our ecosystems.Climate Change:A Global ConcernClimate change is a longterm shift in global or regional climate patterns.It is primarily driven by the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,such as carbon dioxide, methane,and nitrous oxide,which trap heat and cause the Earths temperature to rise.This phenomenon,known as global warming,leads to a variety of consequences,including more frequent and severe weather events,rising sea levels,and changes in precipitation patterns.Effects of Climate Change on the Environment1.Melting Ice Caps and Rising Sea Levels:As temperatures rise,polar ice caps and glaciers are melting at an alarming rate,causing sea levels to rise.This poses a threat to coastal communities and can lead to the loss of habitats for many species.2.Extreme Weather Events:Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes,floods,droughts,and heatwaves.These events can cause significant damage to ecosystems,agriculture,and infrastructure.3.Altered Ecosystems:Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can disrupt ecosystems,leading to shifts in the distribution of plant and animal species.This can result in the loss of biodiversity and the collapse of ecosystems that many species, including humans,depend on.4.Agricultural Impacts:Changes in climate can affect crop yields and livestock health, leading to food shortages and economic instability in regions that rely heavily on agriculture.Solutions to Environmental and Climate Issues1.Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions:By transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency,and promoting sustainable practices,we can reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.2.Protect and Restore Ecosystems:Efforts to protect existing ecosystems and restore those that have been damaged can help to maintain biodiversity and the services that these ecosystems provide.3.Promote Sustainable Agriculture:Supporting sustainable agricultural practices can help to ensure food security while minimizing the environmental impact of farming.cate and Raise Awareness:Educating the public about the importance of the environment and the impacts of climate change is crucial for fostering a culture of environmental stewardship.5.International Cooperation:Climate change is a global issue that requires a coordinated international response.Countries must work together to develop and implement policies that address this challenge.In conclusion,the environment and climate are inextricably linked,and it is our collective responsibility to address the challenges they present.By taking action to reduce our impact on the environment and mitigate the effects of climate change,we can help to ensure a sustainable future for all.。

some the others和some others例句

some the others和some others例句【释义】some the others其他的一些【例句】1The scheme will overpay some lawyers and underpay others.这个计划将给一些律师多付报酬而给其他人少付报酬。

2For some this is the greatest novel in the world.For others it is unreadable.对有些人来说，这是世界上最好的小说。

对另一些人来说，这小说枯燥难懂。

3The probabilities of crime or victimization are higher with some situations than with others.犯罪或实施伤害的概率在有些情况下比其他情况下要大一些。

4When burning occurs,it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others,reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem.当发生燃烧时，它阻止了植物物种之间的竞争发展到某些物种排斥其他物种的程度，减少了生态系统的整体多样性。

5More often,we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.更多的情况下，我们与他人合作只是为了达到一些目的，而不赋予这段关系任何更大的意义。

【释义】some others其他一些【短语】1While some others don't有些则不发生变化2Some others to恍恍地3Some Others Less有时候差一点4give me some others给我一些其他的吧5Some others argue that另一部分人则认为6But Some Others而另外一些人7Help Some Others logo帮助一些其他8Ask Some Others People问问别人吧【例句】1Give me some others.给我一些其他的吧。

典型滩涂环境因子对植物群落空间分布的影响

典型滩涂环境因子对植物群落空间分布的影响沙晨燕;李玲;唐浩;王卿;王敏;熊丽君;吴健【摘要】Because of the relatively high environmental heterogeneity in tidal flats of Yangtze River estuary, the distribution characteristics of plant communities in different tidal flats are notably different. To analyze the relation between plant community and typical tidal flat environment factors, samples of environmental factors and plant communities in two typical tidal flats in Chongming Dongtan and Fengxian Jinhuigang were respectively collected for study. The result shows that with the increase of tidal flat elevation, the influence of the tide reduces gradually, the environmental factors changes regularly along elevation. One of the important factors leading to zonal distribution of salt marsh vegetation in Yangtze River estuary is the different adaptability of tidal flat plants to environmental factors. As the plant community is relatively mature in Chongming Dongtan, the growth performance of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora along the elevation is in V shape. As the plant community is newborn and rela-tively young in Fengxian Jinhuigang, Spartina alterniflora growth performance presents a gradient distribution along the elevation. The main causes for the different growth performance of plant communities in two areas are likely to be different constructive time, different succession stage, different tidal action, and different site conditions.%长江口滩涂生境具有较高的环境异质性，导致不同滩涂植物群落的分布特征存在显著差异。