修辞学

Alliteration 头韵。

Chiasmus 交错搭配asyndeton 连接词省略Assonance 类韵polysyndeton 连词叠用retorical question 修辞问句Consonance 辅音韵simile 明喻metaphor 暗喻metonymy 借代Onomatopoeia 拟声词synecdoche 提喻antonomasia 代称Aposiopesis 说法中断法personification 拟人parody 对仿synesthesia 通感Pun 双关transferred epithet 转移修饰语Anaphora 首语重复法Epiphora 尾句重复法Simploce 首末句重复Anadiplosis 顶真Parallelism 排比Antithesis 对照Climax 递进Anticlimax 突降法Syllepsis 一语双叙Zeugma 仄式搭配Chapter 11.What is the relationship between rhetoric and oratory in history?Rhetoric is primarily concerned with oral discourse. Oratory can be considered the foundation of rhetoric, and oratory is more than ordinary speech but a special kind of public speaking.2.Describe the origin of western rhetoric.Rhetoric derives from the Greek. In ancient times, teaching students rhetoric meant teaching them to became orators.3.Do you think that rhetoric is a neutral tool in human communication?Yes, as a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad.Chapter 2Briefly state the history of western rhetoric.It is generally held that the history of Western rhetoric is divided into six phases:1) classical rhetoric (500 B.C.—400 A.D., including the ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric);2) rhetoric in the Middle Ages(476 A.D.—1416, from the collapse of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance);3) rhetoric in the Renaissance(15—16th,c.);4) new classical rhetoric(17—18th, c.);5) rhetoric in the 19th century( the low ebb of Western rhetoric);6) contemporary rhetoric.Who contributed most to the Western rhetoric? Briefly introduce his achievement.?The origin of Western rhetoric can be dated back to Aristotle. Not only the theories of Cicero and Quintilian, even the rhetoric in the Middle Ages, rhetoric in the Renaissance, and the new classical rhetoric, to the essence, still maintain the theories of Aristotle. From the essence, the rhetoricians after Aristotle only add something to his original theories. The things studied in Western rhetoric is, basically speaking, nothing more than the following thing Aristotle ruled inrhetoric in the Renaissance, that is, the purpose, the audience, organic process, argument, arrangement and style.Chapter 3Why should a language leaner acquire knowledge of rhetoric?Rhetoric has been closely associated with education. First, we ought to understand its broad currents and crosscurrents. Second, it is a compelling subject to study. Third, knowledge of rhetoric helps us understand our world. Fourth, teaching represents a rhetorical art. At last, it can enable us to understand those choices and the processes by which we make them.How to acquire?English language can be considered a tremendous system, which consists of at least three subsystems:1):pragmatics and rhetoric;2):semiotics;3):semantics. First, when you start to learn English, you should lay special emphasis. When their English proficiency comes up to an intermediate level, they should devote close attention to the study of pragmatics and rhetoric. To be effective in verbal communication in English, ones has to study and acquire English rhetoric. Discuss the relations between rhetoric and the five basic language abilities.All of these five linguistic abilities are related to rhetoric. Without knowledge of English rhetoric, foreigners can hardly understand English works in the original. English rhetoric is important to reading and understanding. Good speaking and writing depend upon rhetoric. Learning English is for the main purpose of effective communication. Translation is the faithful representation, and rhetoric can help us understand it better more.CHAPTER41，the proceeding message was brought to us by general motors.2 ,he says he would write an english course book if he could find a collaborator to deal with the less interesting parts.3, the whole audience was affected by her sad story and many burst into tears.4, if you put too many potatoes in that bag, it will burst.5, for many years, mark has been suffering from the delusion that he is great man.6, I cannot tolerat e any more of your nonsense.7, changing from solid to iquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this absorption produces artificial cold surrouding it.8, I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely distortin g my ideas to prove your point. 9, I acknowledge with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new colum. 10, to survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must enhance the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.11, my uncle went to the police station to claim the lost watch.Chapter 8,91.rhetorical functions of repetition?Making the language musical,emphatic,attractive and memorable.2.why parallelism排比is a must when we express s sequence of ideas?To creat a good visual image and help our reader move quickly.3.When do we need to use antithesis对照? what's the rhetorical functions?when persuading,places contrasting ideas by side for emphasis and rhythm.The contrasting ideas provide a sharp and foceful way of measuing difference.4.Difference between anaphora首语重复,epiphora尾语重复,simploce and anadiplosis反复法in syntax?And their rhetorical functions?①anaphora repeats the same word at the beginning of successive clause,sentences or verses,epiphora repeats the same words or phases at the end of successive lines,clauses or sentences,simploce repeats one set at the beginning of each clause,sentence or verse line and the other set is at the end of each of them,anadiplosis repeats the last part of a unit or sentence at the beginning of the next unit or sentence.②anaphora helps create a strong cadence and intensifies the speaker's feeling.epiphora is used to stress heavily.symploce is employed to achieve emphasis.anadiplosis can be generated for aesthtic feeling or to give a sentence of logical progression of ideas.5.Formation of climax and anticlimax?层进climax的构成To convey the thought according to order of importance. (weak—strong),To convey the thought according to first order,To convey the thought according to space order.突降（本该进一步表达的却）antilimax的构成it's a sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial.Chapter 10:1, why is a metaphor called a “condensed simile”? what are the similarities and differences between simile and metaphor?A metaphor makes a comparison which is implied rather than stated. So the metaphor is also called condensed simile(压缩了的明喻).S: a comparison between two unlike elements . both can used for three purposes: description, illumination and illustration.D: in simile, the comparison is explicit, in metaphor, the comparison is implied. Metaphor is more complicated and much more invoved than similes.2,what is the difference between metonymy and synecdoche? Show examples..With synnecdoche ,The relationship between the two things involved is part-and-whole, with metonymy, the two things invovled are completely different..many linguists treat synecdoche as subtype of metonymy. Synecdoche seems to me to require that the word being used as a substitute is part of the thing which it it being substituted for. Metonymy just requires that there is a link.Examples:1) "The White House" to mean the American president or the American Government. (metonymy only, as the building is related to the president/government but is neither of those things)2) "Hands" to mean workers ("We need as many hands as we can get.") (synedoche and metonymy, because hands are parts of the workers.)Other examples of synecdoche - "wheels" to mean car, "plastic" to mean a credit card (and money), etc.3,describe the relationship between the two involved objects in a metaphor, in a metonymy and in a synecdoche respectively.Metaphor: the two things must be substantially diferent and should be similar in at least one quality.Metaphor: the two unlike things do not have common quality but are closely associated. Synecdoche: one is a part of the other.4,what is the retorical function that personifivation plays in writing and speaking? Personification is usually employed to add vividness to expression.5.what is parody? Why is it possible that people can make as well as understand it? For what purpose do people use them?Parody: it is as kind of imitation which borrows the style and techniques of a text or writer’s idiolect and fits new subject matter to it.The parody is not only for the purpose of being amusing and humorous but also for conveying new information.With parody, the imitation is not very strict. It resembles its source just in part. It adopts the form of the source and fills into it with new meaning by changing some original work. P: mocking, satire,humor and comic.6, what is antonomasia? Show one or two examples from your resdings or daily conversation. Antonomasia is the replacement of a proper noun by a common noun, e.g. “the Iron Duke” for the Duke of Wellington ( a famous British general in history），“the Iron Lady”for Margaret Thache( A former Prime Minister of Great Britain)7, what is synesthesia? Cite examples.S: refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation of one sense that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense. For example, “liquid stillness” is the mixing of the sensation of vision and the sensation of hearing.8, what is transfrred epithet? Cite examples.Is a figure of speech in which an adjective properly modifying one noun is shifted to an other noun in the same sentence. For example, “she passed a sleepless night.”The word”sleepless”, which should originally modify the person(i.e,”she”, in this case), is transferred to modify the word “night”.。