第二课——status quo and past phases

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致青春董卿演讲稿英文

Good evening. It is with great pleasure and a sense of nostalgia that I stand before you today to share my thoughts on the theme of "To Youth." This evening, I would like to pay tribute to the spirit of youth, which has always been the driving force behind our progress and success.Youth is a precious period in our lives, a time filled with dreams, aspirations, and endless possibilities. It is a time when we are full of vigor and vitality, ready to embrace the world with open arms. In this speech, I would like to express my gratitude to the youth of our nation, who have been working tirelessly to build a better future for themselves and for the country.First and foremost, let us remember that youth is the seed of our nation. As young people, we carry the hope and aspirations of our parents and ancestors. It is our responsibility to nurture this seed and help it grow into a strong and flourishing tree. We must strive to learn and improve ourselves, so that we can contribute to the development of our nation.In the pursuit of knowledge, we should never be satisfied with thestatus quo. Youth is the time to explore and seek the truth. We should embrace the spirit of curiosity and courage, and never be afraid to challenge the established norms. Only by doing so can we break through the limitations of the past and create a brighter future.Furthermore, youth is a period of growth and self-discovery. It is atime when we are constantly experimenting with different ideas and perspectives. We should cherish this opportunity to explore our own identities and find our passion in life. It is through this process that we can become the unique individuals that we are meant to be.As we grow older, we often find ourselves reflecting on the past and wondering what we have accomplished. However, we must remember that the true value of youth lies not in the achievements we have made, but inthe experiences we have gained and the people we have met along the way. These experiences and relationships are the foundation upon which webuild our future.One of the most significant aspects of youth is the power of friendship. During our formative years, we forge lifelong friendships that will undoubtedly shape our lives. These friendships are not just about shared interests or common goals; they are about mutual support, understanding, and empathy. We should treasure these bonds and continue to nurture them even as we move on to different phases of our lives.In addition to friendship, youth is also a time of love and romance. Love is an essential part of human life, and it is during our youth that we often experience our first heartbreaks and joys. These experiences teach us about vulnerability, patience, and the importance of trust. We should embrace love with an open heart and learn from it, as it is an invaluable part of our growth.As we navigate the complexities of life, it is crucial to maintain a positive attitude and believe in ourselves. Youth is a time when we are often faced with challenges and setbacks. However, we must never lose hope. With determination and perseverance, we can overcome any obstacle that comes our way. Our youth is a gift, and it is up to us to make the most of it.In conclusion, let us celebrate the spirit of youth and the endless potential that it holds. As young people, we have the power to shape our future and leave a lasting impact on the world. Let us embrace the challenges ahead with courage and determination, and never forget the lessons we have learned along the way.To the youth of our nation, I say: Stay true to your dreams, never give up, and always believe in yourselves. The future is in your hands, and you have the power to make it a brighter place.Thank you.。

新视野B2U3Text A课文详解

believes in ur ability is good enough. 4. U call the shot. 5. No one can underestimate u.人生五大阶段：首先自己要行；其次要有人说你行；再次，说你行的人要行；然后，你说谁行谁就行；最后，谁敢说你不行。 ✓【人所经历的各个时期】birth 出生；babyhood 婴儿时期；childhood 幼儿时期/童年时期；youth 青少年时期；adolescence 青春期；middle age 中年时期；menopause更年期；old age 老年时期；death 归西 ✓a long infancy 时间较长的婴儿期 ✓peculiar [pɪˈkjuːliə(r)] adj.奇怪的，不寻常的；特别的，独特的；不舒服的；n.<英>特殊教区（或教堂）；特权，特有财产 ✓复数peculiars；比较级more peculiar；最高级 most peculiar
Section A J o u r n e y t h r o u g h t h e o d ys s e y ye a r s
1 Most of us know about the phases of life which we label to
parallel different age groups and life stages: childhood,
✓【fan- ,phan-显示show】☻the phases of the moon 月相. ☻the phenomena of nature自然现象。☻a diaphanous veil 半透明的面纱 ☻phantom of a dream梦中的幻象。☻ He emphasized the need for hard work.他强调了苦干的必要。☻ live in a fantasy world 生活在幻想世界中 ✓【跟洗衣服有关的词汇】1. iron 熨烫 2. dry-clean 干洗 3. mend 修补，缝补 4. stitch 缝缀 5. valet 旅馆中替客人洗烫衣服的人员 6. colorfast 不褪色的7. starch 给（衣服）上浆 8. wrinkle resistant 抗皱 9. shrink 缩水 10. care label 衣服或衣料上的)洗烫方法标签。 ✓【数学符号的基本读法】≈ approximately equal/is approximately equal to 约等；% percent 百分之…；‰ per mill 千分之…；∞ infinity 无限大号；π pi 圆周率；△ triangle 三角形；⊥ perpendicular to垂直于；∥ be parallel to 平行于；∵ because/since 因为；∴ therefore/so/hence所以

LABOUR PAST AND PRESENT劳动的过去和现在PPT

8
Current Labour Market Trends
Organizations must watch changes in the marketplace and take note of trends or movements, especially labour market trends
they
organizations forward with them.
In today’s competitive world, businesses need employees who are willing to take initiative, make
decisions and be creative.
Job openings occur when there is an increase in market activity or when there is attrition—more people leave their jobs voluntarily due to relocation or retirement than are hired to replace them
Some provided service to the town or village
4
The Industrial Age
Evolved from the Agricultural Age A period when people began to build equipment
they could use to produce standardized goods in large quantities The majority were labourers, employed by the few people who could afford to be business owners Organizations were formed to produce goods and services

Leading-Through-Change

“He who rejects change is the architect of decay. The only human institution which rejects progress is the cemetery.” ~ Harold Wilson “Every passing moment is a chance to turn it all around.” ~ John A. Simone, Sr.
Change Readiness
Seven traits of change readiness 1. Resourcefulness 2. Optimism 3. Adventurousness 4. Drive 5. Adaptability 6. Confidence 7. Tolerance for ambiguity
Pragmatists
Explore structure Operate as mediators and catalysts Pron May appear reasonable, practical and flexible but also noncommittal
Phase I: Endings
PUSH
Coercive Directive
Consultative
PULL
Collaborative
Change / Transition
For our discussion of leading through change, we see:
Change as a structural, unemotional process
Change will impact the members of an organization ~ impact will be positive or negative Leaders can and should facilitate the process Effective facilitation can maximize success for both organization and people

End-to-End Supply Chain Excellence

Many companies face similar challenges along their SC – End-to-end view required to derive tailored solutions
Customer
Source
Typical challenges along the SC
> End-to-end optimization of SC incl. implementation support
B Plan
> Re-design of S&OP process > Introduction of product lifecycle planning > Roll-out of collaborative customer planning
Plan
1
2
Forecast
S&OP
3
Material requirements
planning
Sales Supply Chain Management
Production/ 4
procurement planning
Production scheduling
Production
Customer Logistics Service
Implications from our "VUCA" world
"VUCA" world
V VOLATILE > Growing demand volatility > Smaller lot sizes
U UNCERTAIN > Lack of forecast accuracy > Disruptive innovation

电流型脉宽调制器UC3842的外围电路的改进

图１中主要包括：５．０Ｖ基准电压源、振荡器、误差放大器、电流测定比较器、ＰＷＭ锁存器、输入欠压锁定电路ＵＶＬＯ、门电路、输出级和３４Ｖ稳压管。其中８脚为５．０Ｖ的基准电压输出端；７脚为芯片的工作电压输入端；４脚为振荡器频率设置端；２脚为电压反馈信号的输入端；１脚为误差放大器的频率补偿端；６脚为推挽式输出端，可提供大电流图腾柱输出，输出电流可达±２００ｍＡ，适
７结束语
ＵＣ３８４２是一种高性能的固定频率电流型控制器，可直接驱动双极型晶体管和ＭＯＳＦＥＴ，并具有外围电路简单、安装与调试简便、性能优良等优点。但在实际的应用过程中，还应注意其外围电路的设计。本文提出的一种ＵＣ３８４２外围电路的改进方法，经过实验证明，能使系统具有更高的稳定性
ＨｕＲｏｎｇｑｉａｎｇ（ＷｕｈａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ）ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｏｆｓｗｉｔｃｈｉｎｇｐｏｗｅｒｓｕｐｐｌｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｍｏｄｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｒＵＣ３８４２ｉＳｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄ．ｔｈｅｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｆｉｔｓｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｉｓａｎａｌｙｓｅｄａｎｄａｎｅｗｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ．ＫｅｙｗｏｒｄｓＵＣ３８４２ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｍｏｄｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌｃｉｒ— ＣＥＬｌｉｔ
１引言
电流控制型脉宽调制技术是一种新颖的技术，它克服了传统的电压控制型脉宽调制技术的缺点，使开关电源系统具有快速的瞬态响应及高度的稳定性。该技术自２０世纪７０年代后期问世以来，得到了广泛的应用。目前市场上的电流控制型脉宽调制器很多，其中以美国Ｕｎｉｔｒｏｄｅ公司生产高性能电流控制型脉宽调制器芯片ＵＣ３８４２的应用最为广泛。该芯片具有外围电路简单，性能优越，价格低廉等优点，是目前比较理想的新型的脉宽调制器。但随着开关电源频率的提高，由它所构成的开关电源的外围电路也出现了很多问题。下面分析ＵＣ３８４２外围电路存在的不足及改进的方法。

Lesson 2 翻译的标准和过程

人家帮了你那么多忙，你怎么竟这样跟人家讲话呢？（and的使用频率很高，含义也很高，这里的and表示惊讶、不满或气愤。）
（三）理解原文所涉及的事物（11）
原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.
译文一：约翰为人可靠，他一向不吃鱼而且经常玩游戏。
原文：There was a break in the weather last week. 译文：上周天气突然变化。
点评：一词多义，必须根据语境来确定单词的词义。
如何理解语言现象？
语义分析（Semantic Analysis） 1）首先，必须注意词的概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）和关联
hard work.
他是个臭名昭著的吸血鬼。她勤奋工作为自己赢得了声誉。
（一）理解语言现象（语法层面）
原文：A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive.
译文：一个为剥削阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的。
二、泰特勒（Tytler）的三条基本原则标准
（1）A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
（译文应当完全复写出原作的思想）
（2）The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.
话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。意义和风格上的自然等值体。

商务英语阅读unit9保险课件

Content
❖ Text ❖ Fast Reading I ❖ Fast Reading II
TEXT General Introduction to Insurance
Pre-reading questions
1. How is insurance related to each individual? 2. What is the status quo of insurance industry in China?
Insurance is defined as a promise of compensation for specific potential future losses in exchange for a periodic payment. The goal of insurance is to protect the financial wellbeing of an individual, company or other entity in the case of unexpected loss from death, accidents, sicknesses, damage to property, and injury caused to others. .
One important point is that the client must have an insurable interest. An insurance contract is legally binding only if the insured has an interest in the subject matter of the insurance and this interest is in fact insurable. In most cases, an insurable interest exists only if the insured would suffer a financial loss in the event of damage to, or destruction of, the subject matter of the insurance.

高英第一课和第二课英语课文逐句翻译和复习要点

Lesson One Rock Superstars摇滚乐关于我们和我们的社会，他们告诉了我们些什么？What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society?摇滚乐是青少年叛逆的音乐。

——摇滚乐评论家约相•罗克韦尔Rock is the music of teenage rebellion.--- John Rockwell, rock music critic知其崇拜何人便可知其人。

——小说家罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦By a man‟s heroes ye shall know him.--- Robert Penn Warren, novelist1972年6月的一天，芝加哥圆形剧场挤满了大汗淋漓、疯狂摇摆的人们。

It was mid-June, 1972, the Chicago Amphitheater was packed, sweltering, rocking.滚石摇滚乐队的迈克•贾格尔正在台上演唱“午夜漫步人”。

Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones was singing “Midnight Rambler.”演唱结束时评论家唐•赫克曼在现场。

Critic Don Heckman was there when the song ended.他描述道：“贾格尔抓起一个半加仑的水罐沿舞台前沿边跑边把里面的水洒向前几排汗流浃背的听众。

听众们蜂拥般跟随着他跑，急切地希望能沾上几滴洗礼的圣水。

“Jagger,” he said, “grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform, sprinkling its contents over the first few rows of sweltering listeners. They surge to follow him, eager to be touched by a few baptismal drops”.1973年12月下旬的一天，约1.4万名歌迷在华盛顿市外的首都中心剧场尖叫着，乱哄哄地拥向台前。

上海牛津高三上册英语Unit2More-Reading语法笔记

Unit Two More Reading1.phasen. (事物发展中的) 阶段the first phase of the projecta depressing /dangerous phaseThe crisis is entering a critical /crucial phase/stage.n. (某人发展或生活中的) 阶段He went through a phase of being aggressive at school.Don’t worry abo ut Tina, and I think it is just a phase.同义词stagen. 阶段；步骤The negotiation has reached a subtle stage.There is no point in arguing about it at this stage.They had the ball more often than the early stage of the game.The issue was raised at the final stage of the election.n. 舞台take/leave the stageon stageset the stage for sb/sth 为….创造条件/搭建舞台The stage is only a means of making money.vt. 举办，上演, 组织After careful investigation, a conclusion can be drawn that the protest is a well- planned and carefully staged affair.2.youthn. （u）年轻时代In his youth, he had traveled abs seen much of the world.The revisit of my mother school is a chance for me to relive my youth.Adults who choose to go to college at a later life are perhaps making up for their misspent youth.n. 青年人Sports provide the youth with a way to express themselves.youth hotel 青年旅社youth culture 青年文化youth worker 青年工作者youthfuladj. 活泼的，朝气蓬勃的Though I am aging visibly in appearance, I am trying to stay a youth mind.3.headvi. 朝…行进head for home / head southvt. 领导You will work with the team headed by Professor Wang.vt. 排在首位London heads the list of the most popular tourist cities.4.processn. 过程We use drugs to speed up the healing process.Though learn a second language is a slow process, you will find it rewarding sooner or later.v. 加工，处理the food processing industryThe application for travel visa takes a week to be processed.5.handlev. 应付，处理The government is praised for handling the crisis efficiently.Can you handle the situation when half of the students fail in the vocabulary test?All the staff are trained to handle difficult customers.I left because I could n’t handle the pressure.This book handles/ deals with the problem of old age.v. 拿，放，摸Glass---handle with care! 小心轻放Wash your hands before handling food. 洗手后再拿食物。

泛读课程2 Unit 2

Unit 2: Music > Section A > TextA History of Music in AmericaCountry and Folk MusicThe people living in the Appalachian Mountains are sometimes called "hillbillies." The first settlers there came from the British Isles, and they brought their folk music with them. This music, mixed with the blues, became hillbilly music.Later, as hillbilly music became more popular, it was called country music. Country songs are often sad stories of love and broken hearts. In the 1920s people listened to country music on the radio. Not all country people were farmers. Many worked in the mines and factories. They also loved country music and it became the music of the working people.During the 1930s America had many economic problems. Workers expressed their troubles in the folk music of the time. Folk songs are like country songs but they are more traditional and more serious.They don't just talk about love, they tell about the lives of ordinary people. Woodie Guthrie was a folk song writer during the 1930s. He traveled around the country and wrote songs about the poor people.During the 1950s folk music became popular again. Martin Luther King wanted to improve the lives of black Americans. He led peaceful marches to change the laws in the US. The marchers sang old folk songs like "We shall Overcome."In the 1960s many people were against the war in Vietnam. Folk singers like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez wrote anti-war songs like Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind," and other songs about the problems of American society. Folk music continued to be the most political of all music in America.Rock 'n' RollThe 1950s were an exciting time for music in America. The economic problems of the 30s and the war of the 40s were over. America was rich again. A new group of people became important—American teenagers. For the first time in history young people had money to spend. They had a new way of dressing, new hairstyles and new dances.In the early 50s slow romantic songs were still popular. But teenagers wanted dance music with a good beat, and so they began to listen to R & B (rhythm and blues) on the black radio stations. Rock and roll music had a strong dance beat. The musicians played electric guitars and the music was loud and fast. American teenagers loved it.About the same time, the owner of Sun Record Company, Sam Phillips said "If I could find a white man who had the Negro (black) sound and the Negro feel, I could make $1 billion." He found his wish in Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll. Elvis became a new American hero and young people copied his hairstyle, his dress, and his music.Soul, Disco and RapAfter World War II a large number of black people moved from the South to the big industrial cities like New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Many black people lived in poor parts of the city such as Harlem in New York. Musicians wrote and sang about life in the big cities. Life was hard but music and dancing made it a little easier.Popular black music had a strong beat for dancing. At first this music was called rhythm and blues. By the 1960s it was called soul.Soul music was always dance music but in the 1970s a new dance music became popular—disco. Disco is a kind of soul music, often with Latin rhythms. Discos opened up all over America. At discos, the music was on records (discs), not live. Many of the disco musicians were black, but disco dancing was popular with most Americans.In the 1980s a number of black musicians became superstars, for example: Prince, Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston. Some old stars like Tina Turner and Aretha Franklin made new hit records.Rap is a very skillful kind of fast street talk, with a strong rhythm. It began with young black people in the big cities. When rap talking is combined with music it is called rap music. Rap music became very popular in the 1980s.New and OldBy the 1970s rock music had become complex, with long guitar passages. It was not easy to dance to this music. Dance music was mostly disco, but many young people were bored with this. They preferred a new kind of rock music. It was loud and simple with a strong beat. This music was called Punk or New Wave.In 1981 a new TV station MTV was started. Twenty-four hours a day this station played music videos. These videos became very popular. Soon every hit song needed a video to go with it.The 1980s was a time of new trends, but more traditional rock music also continued to be important. Heavy metal groups, with their long hair and loud music, looked and sounded a lot like the groups of 20 years before.In the 1980s, like in the 1960s, musicians and music fans became concerned about many problems in the world. They were worried about the environment and about starving people. Videos like "Live Aid" were made by musicians to help solve world problems.Music of TodayToday we rely so much on technology for everything and music is no exception. There is a variety of music but the central genre is pop. There are hundreds of artists in pop music, which is why the genre is so diverse. Music of today uses technology for basically everything, even buying/downloading music. We have computers with us constantly, laptops, phones, iPods, etc. Our society is built on computers.In the present, music is written all to do with love; falling in love, breaking up, suggesting things, and an occasional other subject. Some songs have no meaning at all and are just for pleasure of dance or listening, like Lady Gaga's "Just Dance".A lot of people listen to music, few actually hear what it is saying. Going back to technology, in some songs it is used so much that there's barely any singing. Some songs are created almost all on the computer. The Black Eyed Peas' "Just Can't Get Enough" has lots of technology involved in the song and other songs.We have come very far in technology and taken a small step backward in song messages. Things will just keep getting more advanced and music will show us how.。

英文空调设计

Source: HVAC Systems Design HandbookChapter1HVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part11.1IntroductionThis chapter is devoted to‘‘fundamental’’fundamentals—certain prin-ciples which lay the foundation for what is to come.Starting with the original author’s suggested thought process for analyzing typical prob-lems,the reader is then exposed to a buzzword of our time:value engineering.Next follows a discussion of codes and regulations,polit-ical criteria which constrain potential design solutions to the bounds of public health and welfare,and sometimes to special interest group sponsored legislation.Theﬁnal sections of the chapter offer a brief review of the basic physics of heating,ventilating,and air conditioning (HVAC)design in discussions ofﬂuid mechanics,thermodynamics, heat transfer,and psychrometrics.Numerous classroom and design ofﬁce experiences remind us of the value of continuous awareness of the physics of HVAC processes in the conduct of design work.1.2Problem SolvingEvery HVAC design involves,as aﬁrst step,a problem-solving pro-cess,usually with the objective of determining the most appropriate type of HVAC system for a speciﬁc application.It is helpful to think of the problem-solving process as a series of logical steps,each of which must be performed in order to obtain the best results.Although there are various ways of deﬁning the process,the following sequence has been found useful:1.Deﬁne the objective.What is the end result desired?For HVAC the objective usually is to provide an HVAC system which will control12Chapter Onethe environment within required parameters,at a life-cycle cost com-patible with the need.Keep in mind that the cost will relate to the needs of the process.More precise control of the environment almost always means greater cost.2.Deﬁne the problem.The problem,in this illustration,is to select the proper HVAC systems and equipment to meet the objectives.The problem must be clearly and completely deﬁned so that the proposed solutions can be shown to solve the problem.3.Deﬁne alternative solutions.Brainstorming is useful here. There are always several different ways to solve any problem.If re-modeling or renovation is involved,one alternative is to do nothing.4.Evaluate the alternatives.Each alternative must be evaluated for effectiveness and cost.Note that‘‘doing nothing’’always has a cost equal to the opportunity,or energy,or efﬁciency‘‘lost’’by not doing something else.5.Select an alternative.Many factors enter into the selection process—effectiveness,cost,availability,practicality,and others. There are intangible factors,too,such as an owner’s desire for a par-ticular type of equipment.6.Check.Does the selected alternative really solve the problem?7.Implement the selected alternative.Design,construct,and op-erate the system.8.Evaluate.Have the problems been solved?The objectives met? What improvements might be made in the next design?Many undertakings fail,or are weak in the end result,due to failing to satisfy one or more of these problem-solving increments.There is an art in being able to identify the key issue,or the critical success factors,or the truly beneﬁcial alternative.Sometimes the evaluation will be clouded by constraint of time,budget,or prejudice.Occasion-ally there is an error in assumption or calculation that goes un-checked.The best defense against disappointment is the presence of good training and good experience in the responsible group.1.3Value EngineeringValue analysis or value engineering(VE)describes a now highly so-phisticated analytical process which had its origins in the materiel shortages of World War II.In an effort to maintain and increase pro-duction of war-related products,engineers at General Electric devel-oped an organized method of identifying the principal function or ser-vice to be rendered by a device or system.Then they looked at the current solution to see whether it truly met the objective in the sim-plest and most cost-effective way,or whether there might be an alter-native approach that could do the job in a simpler,less costly,or moreHVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part13 durable way.The results of the value engineering process now per-meate our lives,and the techniques are pervasive in business.Con-sider our improved automobile construction methods,home appli-ances,and the like as examples.Even newer technologies such as those pertaining to television and computers have been improved by quantum leaps by individuals and organizations challenging the status quo as being inadequate or too costly.Alphonso Dell’Isolo is generally credited as being the man who brought value engineering to the construction industry,which indus-try by deﬁnition includes HVAC systems.Dell’Isolo both‘‘wrote the book’’1and led the seminars which established the credibility of the practice of value engineering in architectural and engineeringﬁrms and client ofﬁces across the land.There is a national professional society called SAVE(Society of American Value Engineers),headquartered in Smyrna,Georgia.The society certiﬁes and supports those who have an interest in and com-mitment to the principles and practices of the VE process.Value engineering in construction presumes an issue at hand.It can be a broad concern such as a system,or it can be a narrow concern such as a device or component.The VE process attacks the status quo in four phases.1.Gather information.Clearly and succinctly identify the pur-pose(s)of the item of concern.Then gather information related to per-formance,composition,life expectancy,use of resources,cost to con-struct,the factors which comprise its duty,etc.Make graphs,charts, and tables to present the information.Identify areas of high cost in fabrication and in operation.Understand the item in general and in detail.2.Develop alternatives.First ask the question,Do we even need this thing,this service at all?Or are we into it by habit or tradition? If the function is needed,then ask,How else could we accomplish the same objective?Could we reasonably reduce our expectation or ac-ceptably reduce the magnitude of our effort?Could we eliminate ex-cess material(make it lighter or smaller)?Could we substitute a less expensive assembly?Could we eliminate an element of assembly la-bor?Could we standardize a line of multisize units into just a few components?In this phase,we learn not to criticize,not to evaluate,for the‘‘cra-zies’’spawn the‘‘winners.’’‘‘Don’t be down on what you are not up on.’’Be creative and open-minded.Keep a written record of the ideas.3.Evaluate the alternatives.Having developed ideas for different ways of doing the same thing,now evaluate the objective and subjec-tive strengths and weaknesses of each alternative.Study performance4Chapter Oneversus cost—cost both to construct and to operate.Look for the alter-native which will work as well or better for the least overall cost.This will often be a different solution from the original.Note that an analysis effort solely for the purpose of cutting cost is not really value engineering;for the objective of minimized life cycle cost is often compromised.There are enough buildings in this country with fancyﬁnishes and uncomfortable occupants to attest to this as-sertion.As John Ruskin said many years ago:It is unwise to pay too much but it is worse to pay too little.When you pay too much you lose a little money.When you pay too little you some-times lose everything,because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do.The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot—it can’t be done.If you deal with the lowest bidder it is well to add something for the risk you run.And if you do that you will have enough to pay for something better.4.Sell the best solution.This ties back into a weakness of many engineers and designers:They have great ideas,but they have a hard time getting these ideas implemented.Byﬁrst understanding the pur-pose of a device or system,then producing good data to understand current performance,andﬁnally developing an alternative with doc-umented feasibility,the sales effort is greatly supported.Gas forced-air furnaces are an example of an HVAC unit which has been improved over time by value engineering.The purpose of the furnace now,as before,is to use the chemical energy of a fuel to warm the environment,i.e.,to heat the house.But there is a world of dif-ference between the furnace of the1930s,with its cast-iron or heavy-metal refractory-linedﬁrebox and4-ft-diameter bonnet,and the high-technology furnaces of today.Size is down,capacity is up,weight is down,relative cost is down,fuel combustion efﬁciency is up,and re-liability is debatably up.Variable-speed drives for pumps and fans are devices which have been improved to the point of common application.The operating-cost advantages of reduced speed to‘‘match the load’’have been known and used in industry for a long time,but technology has taken its time to develop reliable,low-cost,variable-speed controllers for commercial motors,such as variable-frequency drives now used in HVAC appli-cations.If value engineering seems to share some common analytical tech-nique with Sec.1.2on problem solving,the dual presentation is in-tentional.Both discussions are approaches to solving problems,to im-proving service.Theﬁrst is an interpretation of a mentor’s example,HVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part15 the second is a publicly documented,formal procedure.The HVAC system designer will beneﬁt greatly if she or he can commit to an analytical thought process which deﬁnes the problem,proposes solu-tions,identiﬁes the optimum approach,andﬁnally presents the so-lution in a credible and compelling way.1.4Codes and RegulationsNo HVAC designer should undertake a design task withoutﬁrst hav-ing an awareness of and hopefully a working familiarity with the var-ious codes and ordinances which govern and regulate building con-struction,product design and fabrication,qualiﬁcation of engineers in practice,etc.Codes generally are given the force of law on the basis of protecting the public safety and welfare.Penalties may be applied to those who violate established codes,and the offending installation may be condemned and regarded as unsuitable for use by enforcement authorities.As young design practitioners,we were advised to‘‘curl up with a good code book’’until we became thoroughly familiar with its precepts.Codes are particularly deﬁnitive regarding a building’s structural integrity,electrical safety,plumbing sanitation,fuel-ﬁred equipment and systems,ﬁre prevention detection and protection,life safety and handicapped accessibility in buildings,energy conservation,indoor air quality,etc.Each of these areas has an impact on the design of HVAC systems.Particular codes are sufﬁciently diverse in their adoption and im-plementation that it is unwise for this book to list any speciﬁcs.The HVAC system designer should simply know that life is not without constraint;that systems will conform to codes,or else a permit to build and use will be denied;and that willful violation of codes by the de-signer is done only at great personal risk.The recommended practice for every HVAC design assignment is to make an initial review of the locally enforced codes and regulations, to become thoroughly familiar with the applicable paragraphs,and to religiously follow the prescribed practices,even though such an ap-proach seems to stiﬂe creativity.Occasionally code constraints seem to violate or interfere with the objective of a construction.At these times,it is often possible to re-quest a variance from the authority.There is no guarantee of accep-tance,but nothing ventured,nothing gained.Good preparation gen-erates hope and understanding,and differentiates you from the unending stream of charlatans who seek to sidestep codes and regu-lations for personalﬁnancial gain.6Chapter OneVariance procedures notwithstanding,in general the best idea is to know the codes and to design within them.See Ref.2for further dis-cussion of this topic.1.5Fluid Mechanics*Fluid mechanics,a fundamental area of physics,has to do with the behavior ofﬂuids,both at rest and in motion.It deals with properties ofﬂuids,such as density and viscosity,and relates to other aspects of physics,such as thermodynamics and heat transfer,which add the issues of energy to the functions of the basicﬂuidﬂow.For this brief reminder paragraph,remember:ⅢThe static pressure at a point in aﬂuid system is directly propor-tional to the density of theﬂuid and to the height of theﬂuid col-umn.Static pressure is exerted equally in all directions.ⅢThe velocity pressure of aﬂowingﬂuid is proportional to the square of theﬂuid velocity;i.e.,doubling the velocity quadruples the veloc-ity pressure.ⅢThe friction loss of aﬂuidﬂowing in a conduit is proportional to the square of the velocity.ⅢThe pumping power required to move aﬂuid is proportional to the ﬂuid density and viscosity,as well as the volume ofﬂuid handled and the pressure against which theﬂuid is pumped.ⅢSince the friction loss is proportional to the square of theﬂow,the pumping power in a deﬁned system is proportional overall to the cube of theﬂow rate.For HVAC purposes,air is considered to be an incompressibleﬂuid. For incompressibleﬂuids,the amount ofﬂuid in a closed system is constant.Any outﬂows must be offset by equivalent inﬂows,or there must be a change in the amount ofﬂuid held in the system.This is the Law of Conservation of Mass and allows us to account forﬂuid in a process just as we count money in the bank.See Ref.3for further discussion of this topic.HVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part171.6Thermodynamics*Thermodynamics has to do with the thermal characteristics of matter and with the natural afﬁnity of the universe to go from a higher to a lower energy state.Thermodynamics deals with the ability of matter to accept changes in energy level(relates to speciﬁc heat as a property and to enthalpy as a scale of measurement of energy level).For this reminder paragraph,remember:ⅢThe energy acceptance capacity of a substance is called speciﬁc heat with English units of Btu per pound per degree Fahrenheit.Water with a speciﬁc heat of1.0Btu/(lb⅐ЊF)is one of the best heat-accepting media.ⅢThe energy acceptance capacity in a change of phase is called the latent heat of vaporization from liquid to gas(i.e.,water to steam) and latent heat of fusion from liquid to solid(i.e.,water to ice). Again,water with a latent heat of vaporization of approximately 1000Btu/lb and a latent heat of fusion of144Btu/lb is very good at involving large quantities of energy at constant temperature in the phase change.ⅢThermodynamics can be used to examine the refrigeration cycles with mathematical tools and techniques to analyze performance of equipment and systems.ⅢTheﬁrst law of thermodynamics says that‘‘energy is conserved.’’For matter as for money,we can account for energy inputs,outputs,and bining thermodynamics withﬂuid mechanics allows us to calculate energyﬂows piggybacked ontoﬂuidﬂows with accuracy and conﬁdence.ⅢThe second law of thermodynamics says that energy left to itself always goes from high to low,from fast to slow,from warm to cold. To make things go uphill,to go otherwise,we must expend energy. There is no such thing as a perpetual-motion machine.ⅢPsychrometrics is a specialty of thermodynamics involving the phys-ics of moist air,a mixture of air and water vapor.See Ref.4for further discussion of this topic.1.7Heat Transfer†In studying heat transfer,we study energy in motion—through a mass by conduction,from a solid to a moving liquid by convection,or from one body to another through space by radiation.Remember:8Chapter OneⅢHeat is transferred from warmer to colder—always,without excep-tion.ⅢHeat transfer for conduction and for convection is directly propor-tional to the driving temperature differential.Double the difference to double the heat transfer rate (T 1ϪT 2).ⅢHeat transfer by radiation is proportional to the fourth power of theabsolute temperature difference ϪSmall changes in tem-44(T T ).12perature can create relatively large changes in radiation heat trans-fer rates.ⅢFor heat transfer between ﬂuids,counterﬂow (opposite direction)is much more effective than parallel ﬂow (same direction).ⅢInsulation to reduce heat transfer follows a law of diminishing re-turns,the reciprocal of the amount of insulation used,for instance,1,1⁄2,1⁄3,1⁄4,....The ﬁrst insulation is most valuable,with every succeeding increment less so.It is a design challenge to ﬁnd the cost-effective happy median.ⅢFouling of heat transfer surfaces is detrimental to equipment per-formance.ⅢQuantitative heat transfer is directly proportional to the heat trans-fer surface area.ⅢAlthough it is not a classic form of heat ‘‘transfer,’’heat can be trans-ported by a ﬂuid (e.g.,air in ducts and water in pipes)from one point to another.This action is better classiﬁed as a combination of ﬂuid mechanics and thermodynamics (mixing of ﬂuids of different thermodynamic conditions).See Ref.5for further discussion of this topic.1.8Psychrometrics *Psychrometrics is the science of the properties of moist air,i.e.,air mixed with water vapor.This subset of thermodynamics is important to the HVAC industry since air is the primary environment for all HVAC work.Whereas oxygen,nitrogen,and other components of dry air behave similarly in only a vapor phase in the HVAC temperature range,water will undergo a change of state in the same temperature range based on pressure,or in the same pressure range based on tem-perature.In the human comfort temperature range,the comfort of people and the quality of the environment for health,for structures,and for preservation of materials are also related to the moisture inHVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part19 the air.Control of the moist-air condition is a primary objective of the HVAC system.Remember the following:ⅢAir is considered to be saturated with moisture when the evapora-tion of water into the air at a given temperature and atmospheric pressure is offset by a concurrent condensation of water vapor to liquid.Cooling of saturated air results in dew,fog,rain,or snow. Warm air can hold more moisture than cold air.ⅢPercent relative humidity measures how much water vapor is in the air compared to how much there would be if the air were saturated at the same temperature.The adjective relative is appropriate be-cause the absolute amount of water that air can hold is relative to both temperature and barometric pressure.Changes in baromet-ric pressure related to altitude or to weather conditions affect the moisture-holding capacity of air.ⅢA psychrometric chart which presents properties of mixtures of moist air on a single graph is a most useful tool for quantitatively calculating and analyzing HVAC processes.Familiarity and facility with these charts are a must for the HVAC designer.ⅢIt is impossible to remove moisture from air in a heat exchange cooling process without bringing the air near to the saturation line. Moisture may be removed by desiccants without approaching satu-ration.ⅢOptimum conditions for human health and comfort range from70 to75ЊF and40to50percent relative humidity.In terms of perceived comfort,a little higher relative humidity can offset a little lower ambient temperature.ⅢMoist air in cold climates is a problem and a liability for building designers.Since the inside environment usually is moister than the outside air,insulation and vapor barriers are required to prevent condensation in the structural cavities.Failure to respect this lia-bility may lead to early deterioration of a building.Swimming pools and humidiﬁed buildings(hospitals,etc.)are particularly vulnera-ble.See Ref.6and Chap.19for further discussion of this topic.1.9Sound and Vibration*Sound and vibration have become a topic of interest for the HVAC designer,not that they are part of the primary heating,cooling,and10Chapter Oneair conditioning functions but because they are secondary factors which,if not properly handled,can destroy an otherwise successful HVAC installation.All sounds and vibrations are forms of kinetic energy,and in the HVAC world they are usually derived from moving equipment,moving air,pressure-reducing equipment,or other movingﬂuid.A problem arises when an HVAC system component generates noise or vibration within,or adjacent to,a habited or process-sensitive space.If the gen-erated sound or vibration level exceeds the local tolerance level,the HVAC system is deemed unacceptable.For an HVAC system to be acceptable in terms of sound and vibra-tion,an occupant or a process in a served space must be essentially unaware of,or at least not impaired by,the active functions of the HVAC system.Airborne sound in an ofﬁce or theater must not draw attention to itself.The space must seem quiet when all is still,and allow conversation or music to go on without intrusion.The same is true for vibration.Operation of the HVAC system should not,often must not,be apparent to building occupants in the sense of a vibrating ﬂoor or desk,or visibly moving structural components like a lightﬁx-ture.Recognize that in less sophisticated spaces like shops or equip-ment rooms,some sound and vibration is expected and tolerated at higher levels,so the HVAC designer must understandﬁrst the origins, then the level of acceptable performance,andﬁnally the mechanisms of control of sound and vibration to achieve an acceptable level of ser-vice.‘‘Sound’’is a generic term for airborne vibrations transmitted to the ear or equivalent acoustic sensing device.When sound offends,it is called‘‘noise.’’Sound power levels are measured in watts,and with 10Ϫ12W being a threshold of hearing,this is deﬁned as being0decibels (dB).Sound is usually measured within and for each octave band, where the frequency of each successive octave band is twice that of the previous.A vibration frequency of31.5hertz or cycles per second (Hz)deﬁnes the midpoint of theﬁrst octave band.Middle C is in the middle of theﬁfth octave band at504Hz.Sound or noise is generated by something in motion which sets up airborne vibration.The sound‘‘radiates’’from the point of origin to the point of detection.Sound power levels in open air diminish with the square of the distance,but in a smaller conﬁned space,with high reﬂectance,the sound power level may be relatively constant over dis-tance.Sound may be controlled by absorption or conﬁnement.Dense ﬁbrous mats and accoustical duct liner are examples of absorptive ma-terials.Masonry or concrete structure,and lead fabrics around a noise generator are examples of conﬁnement(containment).CombinationsHVAC Engineering Fundamentals:Part111 of conﬁnement and absorption are often used to control or eliminate system-generated sound.Vibration becomes a problem when the effects of the cyclical motion of a piece of equipment are carried into and through the structure to a point where it is sensed,by deﬁnition,as an irritation or offense. Any rotating piece of equipment that is slightly out of balance can set up a vibration.Vibrations are often carried in structures to remote points.A person sitting at a desk may sense theﬂoor or the desk vibrating.A pan of liquid on a laboratory table may exhibit waveforms on the surface from structural vibrations.Even as windstorms can cause buildings to shake and tremble,so can air moving in ducts or ﬂuid moving in pipes give rise to vibrations and noise.Vibration is best controlled by balance and isolation.Balance of moving components eliminates vibration at its origin.For large ele-ments such as fans,compressors,and engines,isolation with springs or resilient pads is common practice.Lower-frequency vibrations re-quire more initial spring deﬂection to be effective.The vibrating ele-ment must be relieved of any hard physical connection to its environ-ment.Hence all pipe and conduit or duct connections must beﬂexibly connected.This is also helpful in making sure that the equipment does not carry the weight of the attached piping.See Chap.20and Ref.7for further discussion of this issue.1.10Energy ConservationPeriodic international events remind us of the vital role of energy in the economic well-being of developed countries.The ability of common folk in the industrial nations to live more opulent lives than the kings and queens of yesteryear is directly related to the energy servant. Transportation,communication,agriculture,housing,manufacturing, health care services,and the like are all facilitated by the readily available supplies of energy,both fuel and power.At the same time,there are recognizable limits to available energy sources.Despite new discoveries,coal,oil,gas,and other fossil or or-ganic fuels can be estimated in total volume,with less this year than there was last.There is aﬁnite limit to the potential development of renewable energies,all derived from the sun,such as wood,wind,hy-dropower,etc.In terms of magnitude,nuclear power(the fusion con-cept,at that)is the only known energy source that offers hope of being able to industrialize the third world and to sustain a growing world population over centuries rather than decades.Yet the use of nuclear power is mired in political quicksand in the United States.The conclusion for the designer of HVAC systems,all of which by deﬁnition are energy-managing and energy-consuming,is that there12Chapter Oneis an international mandate as well as a moral and economic imper-ative to design systems which are modest in their use of energy.Al-though the United States lacks a well-deﬁned national energy policy, local and regional energy codes give some direction to the HVAC sys-tems designer.These codes encourage the construction of buildings which have lower inherent energy requirements,lighting systems which derive more illumination from fewer watts,and air-handling systems which move more air and water with less fan,pump,and compressor power.Most of these codes are based on the American Society of Heating,Refrigerating,and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)Standard90.1.In a time when much HVAC design involves the renovation and retroﬁt of older buildings and systems,there is good opportunity for substitution of components and system concepts which will provide similar or improved comfort by using less energy.Thus we suggest the ﬁve T’s of energy conservation in both new and retroﬁt construction: 1.Turn it off!There is no substitute for the off switch.Provide amechanism to turn off energy-using systems when they are not needed.2.Turn it down!If it has to run,design it to run at the lowest levelwhich will still meet the duty.Try to provide modulating control for all energy consumers.3.Tune it up!To operators:Keep things in good operating condition.To designers:Design for reliability and for maintainability.4.Turn it around!For retroﬁt designers:If youﬁnd a system whichconsumes disproportionate amounts of energy,improve it.5.Throw it away!If a system is an energy hog and does not lenditself to rehabilitation,be willing to take it out.The retroﬁt design market for the year2000on into the next decades is a major in-dustry market.One good thing about energy conservation is that it nearly always pays for itself.But sometimes a bit of teaching and long-term vision are needed to get the message to the person controlling the purse strings.A word of caution.Energy conservation is important in HVAC de-sign,but it is not the purpose or function of the HVAC system.HVAC systems are intended to provide comfort,or a controlled environment. If we conserve energy to the point that we lose sight of the system’s function,then we have failed in our duty.There is no glory in owning a building that drives tenants away with its energy-conserving but uncomfortable HVAC systems.Nor is there gratitude to an energy manager in an electronics plant where the production yield drops for。

自己的变化英语作文

自己的变化英语作文Title: My Personal Transformation。

In the journey of life, change is inevitable. It's a process that shapes us, molds our perspectives, and defines who we are. Reflecting on my own transformation, I realize that change has been a constant companion, guiding me through different phases and helping me evolve into the person I am today.One significant aspect of my transformation has been my mindset. I used to perceive challenges as obstacles, something to be avoided or feared. However, as I encountered various trials and tribulations, I gradually learned to embrace them as opportunities for growth. Instead of being discouraged by setbacks, I now view them as valuable lessons that propel me forward. This shift in mindset has empowered me to approach life with resilience and optimism, enabling me to overcome hurdles with determination and grace.Moreover, my interpersonal relationships have also undergone a transformation. In the past, I was somewhat reserved and hesitant to open up to others. However, as I ventured out of my comfort zone and engaged in meaningful interactions, I discovered the beauty of human connection.I learned to communicate more openly, to empathize with others, and to cherish the bonds that I share with family and friends. As a result, my relationships have become richer and more fulfilling, enriching my life in ways I never thought possible.Furthermore, my attitude towards personal growth and self-improvement has evolved significantly. I used to be content with mediocrity, settling for the status quo and resisting change. However, as I embarked on a journey of self-discovery and introspection, I realized the importance of continuous learning and self-development. Whether it's acquiring new skills, pursuing my passions, or challenging myself to step outside of my comfort zone, I now embrace opportunities for growth with enthusiasm and zeal. This proactive approach to self-improvement has not onlybroadened my horizons but has also fueled my ambition to strive for excellence in all aspects of my life.In addition, my perspective on success and fulfillment has undergone a profound transformation. I used to equate success solely with external achievements – academic accolades, career advancements, material possessions, etc. However, as I delved deeper into the essence of true happiness, I realized that fulfillment lies not in outward validation but in the pursuit of purpose and passion. I've come to appreciate the simple joys of life – moments of laughter with loved ones, the beauty of nature, and the satisfaction of making a positive impact on others. By aligning my actions with my values and priorities, I've discovered a sense of fulfillment that transcends material wealth or societal expectations.In conclusion, my journey of personal transformation has been characterized by a shift in mindset, a deepening of interpersonal relationships, a commitment to self-improvement, and a redefinition of success and fulfillment. While change can be daunting at times, it is also acatalyst for growth and self-discovery. As I continue on this journey, I am excited to see how further transformations will shape me into the person I aspire to be.。

大学英语综合教程2

A few simple attitude adjustments can make you happier and healthier. Here’s how to harness the power of positivity. You will need: optimism, visualization, happy friends and a gratitude journal.
6
新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程2
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Discussion
Quotes
Watching and Discussion
Unit 2
A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.
Study the following quotes about education and see if you accept the ideas expressed in the quotes.
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新世纪大学英语系列教材（第二版）综合教程2
Get Started
Discussion
Quotes
Watching and Discussion
─ Helen Keller
Click Picture
Interpretation: Optimism is essential for achievement. If we see no hope and have no confidence in what we are doing, we can achieve nothing. It is hope and confidence that motivate us to reach our objectives.

Unit 3 Food and Culture 课件 -人教版高中英语选择性必修第二册

away. 4) She told us that the meeting h__a_d__b_e__e_n__c_a__n_c_e_l_e_d(cancel).
Q3：过去完成时的运用1
What are the meanings and features of the following sentences?
Q2：过去完成时的结构？
By the time I walked into class, the teacher had started teaching already.
➢By the time I walked into class, the teacher hadn’t started teaching yet. ➢Had the teacher started teaching yet by the time you walked into class?
（4）It / This / That was the first / second ... time (+ that) … 此句型中，若主句中的be为was,从句中的谓语则用过去完成时；若主句中的be为is, 从句中的谓语则用现在完成时。 It was the +形容词最高级+名词+ (that) sb had done 此句型中从句用过去完成时
① Had you spent all of your money? ② Had he finished his homework by the time you got here?
疑问词 + had + 主语 + done +其他？
① Why had The Castle become a memory of generation? ② How much of your money had you spent？ ③ What had you bought? ④Whose book had you borrowed? ⑤Who has been invited?

英语二 The New Music 讲解

Unit FiveThe new music was built out of materials already in existence: bules, rock'n'roll, folk music. But although the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these older element s — more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. Thetransformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially black medium . Rock'n'roll, a blues derivative , was rhythmic dance music. Folk music, old and modern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturally distinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states of consciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the beat of youthful energy; and folk music expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音乐是从已有的音乐：布鲁斯，摇滚乐，民间音乐中产生的。

大学英语精读第四册第2课内容讲解

大学英语精读第四册第2课内容讲解大学英语精读第四册第2课内容讲解导语：鹿是一种动物，其特征是生有实心的分叉的角，下面YJBYS店铺分享一篇关于鹿和能量循环的英语课文，欢迎参考!TextIs there anything we can learn from deer? During the "energy crisis" of 1973-1974 the writer of this essay was living in northern Minnesota and was able to observe how deer survive when winter arrives. The lessons he learns about he way deer conserve energy turn out applicable to our everyday life.DEER AND THE ENERGY CYCLESome persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isn't love; it's money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends.It is fairly well known that wild animals survive from year to year by eating as much as they can during times of plenty, the summer and fall, storing the excess, usually in the form of fat, and then using these reserves of fat to survive during the hard times in winter when food is scarce. But it is probably less well known that even with their stored fat, wild animals spend less energy to live in winter than in summer.A good case in point is the whiter-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived inNovember and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body's needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. The best milk production occurs at the same time that new plant growth is available. This is good timing, because milk production is an energy consuming process — it requires a lot of food. The cost can not be met unless the region has ample food resources.As the summer progresses and the fawns grow, they become less dependent on their mother's milk and more dependent on growing plants as food sources. The adult males spend the summer growing antlers and getting fat. Both males and females continue to eat high quality food in the fall in order to deposit body fat for the winter. In the case of does and fawns, a great deal of energy is expended either in milk production or in growing, and fat is not accumulated as quickly as it is in full grown males. Fat reserves are like bank accounts to be drawn on in the winter when food supplies are limited and sometimes difficult to reach because of deep snow.As fall turns into winter, other changes take place. Fawns lose their spotted coat. Hair on all the deer becomes darker and thicker. The change in the hair coats is usually complete by September and maximum hair depths are reached by November or December when the weather becomes cold.But in addition, nature provides a further safeguard to help deer survive the winter—an internal physiological response which lowers their metabolism, or rate of bodily functioning, and hence slows down their expenditure of energy. The deer become somewhat slow and drowsy. The heart rate drops. Animals that hibernate practice energy conservation to a greater extreme thandeer do. Although deer don't hibernate, they do the same thing with their seasonal rhythms in metabolism. Deer spend more energy and store fat in the summer and fall when food is abundant, and spend less energy and use stored fat in the winter when food is less available.When the "energy crisis" first came in 1973-1974, I was living with my family in a cabin on the edge of an area where deer spend the winter in northern Minnesota, observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted. It was interesting and rather amusing to listen to the advice given on the radio: " Drive only when necessary," we were told. "Put on more clothes to stay warm, and turn the thermostat on your furnace down." Meanwhile we watched the deer reduce their activity, grow a winter coat of hair, and reduce their metabolism as they have for thousands of years. It is biologically reasonable for deer to reduce their cost of living to increase their chance of surviving in winter.Not every winter is critical for deer of course. If the winter has light snow, survival and productivity next spring will be high. But if deep snows come and the weather remains cold for several weeks, then the deer must spend more energy to move about, food will be harder to find, and they must then depend more on their fat reserves to pull them through. If such conditions go on for too long some will die, and only the largest and strongest are likely to survive. That is a fundamental rule of life for wild, free wandering animal such as deer.Yes, life—and death, too -- is a cycle that goes round and round, and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.And the cycle continues.New WordsDeern. (sing. or pl.)鹿romantica. belonging to or suggesting romance; fanciful not practical 浪漫的;幻想的turnn. a natural tendency; inclination(天生)倾向currencyn. money that is actually in use in a country 通货，货币ecologicala. of or concerning interrelationship of organisms and their environment 生态的ecologyn. 生态学convertvt. change (from one form, use, etc. into another); cause (a person) to change his beliefs, etc. 使转变;使改变信仰(等) excessn. the part that is more than enough; the condition of exceeding what is usual or necessary 过量;过度reserven. sth. that is being or has been stored for later use 储备(物) scarce a. not available in sufficient quantity 缺乏的wildlifen. animals and plants which live and grow wildnutritiousa. full grown and developed 成熟的;成年的femalea. of the sex that gives birth to young 女(性)的;雌的n. a female person, animal or plantconceivevt. become pregnant with (young); form (an idea, plan, etc.) in the mind 怀(胎);构思fawnn. a young deer less than a year oldtimingn. selection for maximum effect of the precise moment for beginning or doing sth. 时机的选择consumevt. eat or drink; use; use up 消耗;消费regionn. a place, space or area; a part of the body 地区;(身体的)部位amplea. plentiful 充裕的resourcen. (pl.) possessions (esp. of a country). in the form of wealth and goods, that help one to do what one wants 资源dependenta. relying (on another) for supportmalea. of the sex that does not give birth to young 男(性)的;雄的n. a male person, animal or plantantlern. the solid, bony horn of a male deer 鹿角，茸角depositvt. put or store for safe keeping; (esp. of a liquid, a river) leave lying (a layer of matter)存放;使沉积doen. a fully-grown female deerexpendvt. spend or use up 花费;耗尽accumulatev. make or become greater in number or quantity; collect or gather 积累;积聚accountn. a sum of money kept in a bank which may be added to or taken from 帐户;存款spotteda. marked with spotsdepthn. the state or degree of being deep 深;深度，厚度safeguardn. a means of protection against sth. unwanted 预防措施internala. of or in the inside, esp. of the body 内部的;体内的physiologicala. 生理的`;生理学的metabolismn. 新陈代谢hencead. therefore 因此，所以expendituren. expending or using up; the amount of money, time, etc. expended 花费;用光;支出额，费用somewhatad. by some degree or amount; a little 有点，稍微drowsya. sleepy or half sleepy; making one sleepy 困倦的;催眠的hibernatevi. (of some animals) pass the whole of the winter in a state like sleep 冬眠extremen. either end of anything; highest degree 极端seasonala. depending on the season; changing with the seasons 季节性的rhythmn. 节奏abundanta. more than enough 充足的;丰富的cabinn. a small roughly built, usu. wooden house 小木屋;茅舍meltv. cause (a solid) to become liquid; (of a solid ) become liquid (使)融化;(使)熔化amusinga. funny 逗人笑的;引起乐趣的amusevt. cause to laugh or smilethermostatn. an automatic device for regulating temperature 恒温器biologicallyad. 生物学上biological a.survivaln. the fact or likelihood of surviving 幸存productivityn. the ability or capacity to produce, productiveness 生产力;生产率;多产fundamentala. basic; most importantPhrases & Expressionsgo roundfunction smoothlyin the form of以…形式in pointappropriate; pertinent 适用的;相关的in (good) conditionin good health, physically fitgive birth (to)bear; (fig.) produce 生(孩)子，产(仔);产生，引起draw ontake or use as a source 利用;动用slow down(cause to ) go more slowly than usual; (cause to ) live, work, etc. in a less active and intense way (使)慢下来;(使)放松turn downreduce the force, speed, loudness, etc. of (sth.) by using controls 减弱;关小，调低move abouttravel around; go from one place to anotherpull throughhelp (sb.) to survive a period of danger or crisis 使渡过危险或危机Proper NameMinnesota明尼苏达(美国州名)。

现代大学英语精读第四册第二课课件

n. ascent
scendancy
asche stairs in the Five-Star hotel ascend in a graceful curve. They began slowly ascending the rock face. The emperor ascended the kingdom when he was only five.
queer: markedly from the norm • “Now, my suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose .” “现在，我的怀疑是宇宙不但比我们所假想的要奇异，而且比我们能假想的还要奇异。” J· B· S· (霍尔丹） quaint: pleasing or old-fashioned peculiarity • the quaint streets of New Orleans outlandish: alien or bizarre strangeness • They were dressed in a quaint, outlandish fashion.
I.
Word Study
a. aggressive
a. inclined to behave in a hostile fashion
b. assertive, bold, and enterprising c. fast growing; tending to spread quickly Examples: Bailey became increasingly aggressive in his questioning of the witness. 越来越咄咄逼人 Today’s executives are hungry, competitive, and aggressive. 雄心勃勃，竞争意识强，有进取精神 an aggressive tumor 迅速蔓延的肿瘤

人教版高中一年级英语必修二《History and Traditions》Period Three

上周二在一个山区，当雷击发生时有173只羊即刻被雷电击死。
2.过去分词作定语时的意义 (1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。 Trucksandbusesweredrivenongascarriedinlargebagsontheroof.(表示被动) 卡车与公共汽车皆烧煤气，煤气装在车顶上的大袋中。 Theplanputforwardatthemeetingwillbecarriedoutsoon.(表示被动和完成) 会上提出的计划将很快被执行。
(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，它不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。 Ourretiredsoccercoachwenttowatchusplayagamelastweek. 上周我们已退休的足球教练去看我们打了一场比赛。 Therisensunisshiningbrightlyinthemorning. 早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀。
dosth. 使……做某事(主动) have＋宾语＋ doingsth. 使……持续做某事(主动、进行)
done使……被做(被动)
Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt. 妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。 Hehaduslaughingallthroughthemeal. 整顿饭下来他让我们笑个不停。 Myeldersisterhadherwalletstolenonabuslastmonth. 上个月，我姐姐的钱包在公共汽车上被偷了。
Withagreatweighttakenoffhermind，shepassedallthetestssuccessfully. 由于放下了极大的思想包袱，她成功地通过了所有考试。 Withalotofworktodo，shewasn’tallowedtoleaveheroffice. 由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。