2008年秋哈工大考博英语真题及答案
考博英语(语法)历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（语法）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)A．stands up well againstB．stands out good toC．stands out well againstD．stands up good to正确答案：C解析：stand out against sth．的意思是“突出，显眼”，符合题意。
stand up against 的意思是“抵抗，反对，同……对抗”；stand out to sth．无此搭配；stand up to sth．的意思是“经得起磨损”。
本题是说巨大的松树突出地显现在地平线上。
因此C项为正确答案。
2．“The effect of this medicine______by midnight,”the doctor told Emma, “You had better not try to read tonight. “(北京大学2005年试题)A．will wear offB．wears offC．will have worn offD．will be worn off正确答案：B解析：当表示普遍规律时应用一般现在时，因此B项为正确答案。
3．______, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.(北京大学2005年试题)A．Being shown around the campusB．Having shown to the campusC．After been shown around the campusD．Having been shown around the campus正确答案：D解析：因为在was ushered into the auditorium hall之前就发生了be shown aroundthe campus这一动作，所以应用完成时的被动语态。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语历年真题-题型-参考书-分数线-资料-育明考博
育明考博免费咨询报名电话：400-668-6978咨询QQ：493371626（李老师）2015考博QQ交流群1056198202015考博QQ英语群3354889032015考博QQ专业课群1574604162015哈尔滨工业大学考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。
但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本学校的硕转博名额问题，可能会给我们的报考和录取产生影响。
总之考博凭的是实力和自身的本事，关系只是占一部分，自己努力了就行，不用过分纠结于导师回复有没有啥隐含意思的。
2008年黑龙江省哈尔滨市工大附中中考英语模拟试卷(笔试部分)
2008年哈尔滨工大附中中考英语模拟考试英语试卷二．单项选择：()21.----Whataboutthegirls?----Theywerebothtired,but_____ofthemwouldstoptohavearest.A.eitherB.noneC.neither()22.–Hi!Jane,doyouknowWangHua’sbrotherhasbeenacceptedtoPeking University?–Really?That’soneofinChina.Heisrather excellent.A.thebestuniversityB.thebestuniversitiesC.bestuniversity()23.–ThewinterinHarbiniscolorfulandbeautiful.–Soitis.Wouldyouliketostayfortendays?A.otherB.anotherC.more()24.----Couldyoutellmewhenhe_____backtomorrow?----Sure.Iwilltellyouwhenhe_______backtomorrow.A.willcome,comesB.willcome,willcomees,willcome()25.–IlikeChinesecultureverymuch.–Me,too.TheChineseculturememost.A.interestB.isinterestedC.interests()26.----DoyouknowtheRedCross?----Yes,it’s________internationalorganization.______organization’smissionistostopsuffering.A.an ,AnB.an,TheC.the,An()27.-----WehavesentupChang’esatellite______recently.----Yes.Itstandsforthegreat________ofChina.A.successful,succeedB.success,successfullyC.successfully,success()28.----Haveyouheardoftheplace______hevisitedlastsummer?-----Yes,itistheveryplace_______LuXunwasborn.A.where,whereB.where,whichC./,where()29.–Whataniceday!–ShallwehavebicycletriptoXiShanHill?A.atwo-hoursB.twohour’sC.atwo-hour()30.–Jimmy,wouldyouliketocomealongwithustobuysomeschoolthings?–I’dliketo,butIstillhavesomework.–willyoufinishit?–Intwohoursatleast.–Oh!I’msorrythatwecan’twaitsolong.–That’snothing.A.todo,HowlongB.todo,HowsoonC.doing,Howfar()31.-----IalwaysmakethespellingmistakesinmyEnglishexams.----Don’tworry.______youstudy.____mistakesyouwillmake.A.Themorecareful,thelessB.Themorecarefully,thefewerC.Thecarefully,theless()32.----“DoyoulikeEnglish,Kate?”----“Whatdidshesayjustnow,Mary?”----Sheasked_________________________.A.ifKatelikedEnglishB.thatIlikedEnglishC.whetherMarylikedEnglish()33.Whenyouhavedifferentideaswithyourfriendsaboutaplan,whatshouldn’tyoudo?A.Sitdownandlistentoyourfriendscarefully.B.Attackyourfriends’ideas.C.Berespectfultoyourfriends.()34.Canyoufindthepicturethatmatchesthedescription? Gofromthetrianglethroughtheboxoverthestartothecircle.A.B.C.()35.Whichwordofthefollowinghasadifferentstressfromtheothers?A.discussionB.realizeC.medicine三、完型填空（本题共10分，每小题1分）根据短文内容选择最佳答案。
哈工大考博英语真题以及答案
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D.program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions1-7are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory,Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids,that is,from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks.The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance.Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery,most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals.Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview,geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic,electrical,and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated,and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect:the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization.However,none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized,and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models,which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes.The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled,and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1.The author is primarily concerned with.A.advocating a return to an older methodology.B.explaining the importance of a recent theory.C.enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD.describing events leading to a discovery2.According to passage,the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz veinsystems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3.The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the firstperformed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billionyears ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphicfluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.4.Which of the following statements about discoveries of golddeposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time ofthe original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the result of explorationtechniques designed to locate buried mineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as didthose deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simpleprospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.5.It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6.The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in thepassage in which of the following ways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes,and hence,cansupport conceptual models that have great practical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations,long believed to be mineralized,are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C.It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits,andthus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7.According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely usedtoday are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surfaceexpressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration.since the other types ofgold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions8-15are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria.First,the material—rocks,lakes, vegetation,etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information,since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history.Second in the process of formation,the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means.Third,at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment.Fourth,it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held.This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments,because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation.By contrast,because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions,estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes.In temperate regions,there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture.In arid and semiarid regions,on the other hand,the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation.Moreover,since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation,the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous.For instance,the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation.On the basis of snowline elevations,however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now,but rather that both summers and winters were cooler,resulting in reduced evaporation Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles.The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there.Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones.In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation,however,small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically,making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8.Which of the following statements about the difference between marine andcontinental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent withresearchers’findings in other disciplines than is data provided by datingcontinental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continentalsedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marinesedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continentalsedimentation.9.Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage asa whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions andthen offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequencesand then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollenprofiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methods for determiningpast climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining pastclimatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yieldedcontradictory data.10.It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concludedwhich of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because of increasedamounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during thelast ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of lessevapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11.Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph thatlogically continues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12.the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level,evaporation,and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accuratecorrelationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.13.It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found ingeological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it.A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic conditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14.According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditionsmust be widespread for which of the following reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ.Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetationⅢ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I andⅡonlyD.I andⅢonly15.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of pastclimates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid andsemiarid regions than in temperate regionsB.Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions,paleoclimatologists have recently turned their attention to arid and semiaridregions.C.Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid andsemiarid than in temperate regions,dating this information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions becausetheir climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions16-22are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one,the experience of the United Kingdom since1979clearly shows one approach that works:privatization,in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies.By1979,the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about￡3billion a year.By selling many of these industries,the government has decreased these borrowings and losses,gained over￡34billion from the sales,and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies.Along with a dramatically improved overall economy,the government has been able to repay 12.5percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster,but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas,for example,productivity per employee has risen by20percent.At associated British bor disruptions common in the1970’s and early1980’s have now virtually disappeared.At British Telecom,there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares;at British Aerospace89percent of the eligible work force bought shares;at Associated British Ports90percent;and at British Telecom92percent.When people have a personal stake in something,they think about it,care about it,work to make it prosper.At the National Freight Consortium,the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process.Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that“what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly”In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners,companies,and countries,employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy,and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16.According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing stateowned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17.According to the passage,which of the following resulted in increased productivityin companies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18.It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB.a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC.a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to themD.a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19.The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buyingshares in their won companies?A.At three different companies,approximately nine out ten of the workers wereeligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately90%of the eligible workers at three different companies choseto buy shares in their companies.C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allowtheir employees the opportunity to buy shares.20.Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particularindustry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to forcecompanies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason thatstate-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programs must try toeliminate all resistance to the free-market system.21.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatizationprocess in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.B.It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription forbusiness ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.22.The quotation in L32-33is most probably used to.A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage havesupported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions23-30are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk,domestic servant,and office secretary.These historians focused instead on factory work,primarily because it seemed so different from traditional,unpaid “women’s work”in the home,and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately,emancipation has been less profound than expected,for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women,historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women,even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.For instance,early textile-mill entrepreneurs,in justifying women’s employment in wage labor,made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores;the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.Because women accepted the more unattractive newindustrial tasks more readily than did men,such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs.And employers,who assumed that women’s“real”aspirations were for marriage and family life,declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men.Thus many lower-skilled,lower-paid,less secure jobs came to be perceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry.Once an occupation came to be perceivedas“female”,employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception,even when higher profits beckoned.And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully,job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover,once the war ended,employers quickly returned to men most of the “male”jobs that women had been permitted to master.23.According to the passage,job segregation by sex in the United States was.A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favor of women’semployment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantageswere obvious24.According to the passage,historians of women’s labor focused on factory workas a more promising area of research than service-sector work because factoryworkA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25.It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of women’s labor in theUnited States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sectorof the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-termthan in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much in common with theunpaid work associated with homemaking26.The passage supports which of the following statements about the early millowners mentioned in the second paragraph?A.They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive“female”jobs theywould discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means tokeep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particularkinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the“unfinished revolution”the authormentions in L11refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economicforces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined joballocation28.The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly“male”jobs are reclassified as“female”jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previousexperience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to lose many of theirwartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War were reluctant to hirewomen for factory work.29.Which of the following words best expresses the opinion of the author of thepassage concerning the notion that women are more skillful than men incarrying out details tasks?A.“patient”(line17)B.“repetitive”(line18)C.“hoary”(line19)D.“homemaking”(line19)30.Which of the following best describes the relationship of the final paragraph tothe passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawn fromtwentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transition to a new topicfor discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence that might appear tocontradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea is dismissedunimportant.Passage FiveQuestions31-36are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women’s emancipation in Western societies.Arguments in what could be called the“relational”feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of“equality in difference”,or equity as distinct for equality.They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is currently undervalued by society,to the disadvantage of women.Bycontrast,the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy,while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century,these views coexisted within the feminist movement,often within the writings of the same individual.Between1890and1920, however,relational feminism,which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists,lost ground in England and the United States.Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition,individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries.At the same time,the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable.Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women,continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers;they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers.State-sponsored maternity benefits,and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall:because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness,they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege.But the individualist approach,by attacking gender roles,denying the significance of physiological difference,and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal,has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.If the individualist framework,with its claim for women’s autonomy,could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists,a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31.The author of the passage alludes to the well-established nature of the concept ofindividual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on more generalintellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the larger Anglo-Saxon intellectualtradition,even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists in non-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualist feminism amongfeminists in English-speaking countries.32.The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of thefollowing?A.The predominance of individualist feminism in English-speaking countries is ahistorical phenomenon,the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,given theirtheoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.C.A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politics will probablysoon emerge,given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s abse nce.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration n. 恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A. account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B. call for 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C. look for 寻找D. make for 导致；有助于；走向32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. affliction n. 苦难；苦恼；折磨B. alternative adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的n. 二中择一；供替代的选择C. allocation n. 分配，配置；安置（location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）D. alliance n. 联盟，联合；联姻33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地C. exhaustively adv. 耗尽一切地D. exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B. conditional adj. 有条件的；假定的n. 条件句；条件语C. inseparable adj. [数] 不可分割的；不能分离的n. 不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D. cardinal n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesive adj. 有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的C. collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. 集团；集合体；集合名词D. comic adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物36. Mortgage vt. 抵押n. 抵押房屋抵押贷款___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defects n. 缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi. 变节；叛变B. deficits n. 赤字；不足额C. defaults vi. 拖欠；不履行；不到场n. 违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt. 不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n. 故障；[地质] 断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi. 弄错；产生断层）D. deceptions n. 欺骗，欺诈；骗术37. The symptoms n. [临床] 症状；症候；病徵may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggerated adj. 夸张的，言过其实的v. 夸张，夸大B. exacerbated vt. 使加剧；使恶化；激怒=aggravateC. exceeded adj. 非常的；过度的；溢出的v. 超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出D. exhibited adj. 展出的v. 展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）38. Her story was a complete adj. 完整的；完全的；彻底的vt. 完成_________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facility n. 设施；设备；容易；灵巧B. fascination n. 魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated着迷的；被深深吸引的）C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt.fabricate制造；伪造；装配）D. faculty n. 科，系；能力；全体教员39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out 排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.A. salvage n. 打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt. 抢救；海上救助B. safeguard n. [安全] 保护；保卫；保护措施vt. [安全] 保护，护卫C. sabotage vt. 妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi. 从事破坏活动n. 破坏；破坏活动；怠工D. sacrifice n. 牺牲；祭品；供奉vt. 牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi. 献祭；奉献40. The government always _________ on the background n. 背景；隐蔽的位置vt. 作…的背景adj. 背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes up 拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)B. checks up 检查；核对（check out 检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）C. works out 解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼D. looks into 调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看Section B41. The 19th century physiology n. 生理学；生理机能was dominated vt. 控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi. 占优势；处于支配地位by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass 体重and activity.A. boosted adj. 升高的；升压的；加力的v. 提高，推进；宣传（boost的过去式）B. governed v. 管理（govern的过去式和过去分词）；统治；支配C. clarified adj. 澄清的；透明的v. 阐明（clarify的过去分词形式）；澄清D. pioneered v. 倡导；作先驱（pioneer的过去式）42. Surely, it would be sensible adj. 明智的合乎情理的通情达理的意识到的，能感觉到的to get a second opinion before taking any further action.采取进一步行动，进一步的行动A. realistic adj. 现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的B. sensitive adj. 敏感的；感觉的；[仪] 灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的n. 敏感的人；有灵异能力的人C. reasonable adj. 合理的，公道的；通情达理的D. sensational adj. 轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的（economic sanction经济制裁）43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors n. 祖先；被继承人in great veneration.n. 尊敬；崇拜（Ancestor veneration祖先崇拜）A. recognition n. 识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认B. sincerity n. 真实，诚挚C. heritage n. 遗产；传统；继承物；继承权D. honour n. 荣誉；尊敬；勋章vt. 尊敬；[金融] 承兑；承兑远期票据44. I worked to develop the requisite skill 必要技能（requisite adj. 必备的，必不可少的；需要的n. 必需品）for managerial adj. [管理] 管理的；经理的post.n. 岗位；邮件；标杆vt. 张贴；公布；邮递；布置vi. 快速行进A. perfect adj. 完美的；最好的；精通的vt. 使完美；使熟练n. 完成式B. exquisite adj. 精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；n. 服饰过于讲究的男子C. unique adj. 独特的，稀罕的；[数] 唯一的，独一无二的n. 独一无二的人或物D. necessary adj. 必要的；必需的；必然的n. 必需品45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity 维修活动and an index n. 指标；指数；索引；指针vi. 做索引vt. 指出；编入索引中of physiological age生理年龄, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.二者择一的；要么…要么…A. instance n. 实例；情况；建议vt. 举...为例B. indicator n. 指示器；[试剂] 指示剂；[计] 指示符；压力计C. appearance n. 外貌，外观；出现，露面D. option n. [计] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权（potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise剧烈运动.（strenuous adj. 紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的）A. arduous adj. 努力的；费力的；险峻的B. demanding adj. 苛求的；要求高的；吃力的v. 要求；查问（demand的ing形式）C. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的D. continuous adj. 连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的47. The hospital should be held accountable for 负责，对…应付责任the quality of care 护理质量it delivers.A. practicable adj. 可用的；行得通的；可实行的B. reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的n. 可靠的人C. flexible adj. 灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的D. responsible adj. 负责的，可靠的；有责任的48. Greenpeace n. 绿色和平组织（保护动物不遭捕猎等）has been invite to appraise vt. 评价，鉴定；估价the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteem vt. 尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n. 尊重；尊敬B. appreciate vt. 欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别vi. 增值；涨价C. evaluate vt. 评价；估价；求…的值vi. 评价；估价D. approve vt. 批准；赞成；为…提供证据vi. 批准；赞成；满意49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.adj. 阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的A. chilly adj. 寒冷的；怕冷的B. dismal adj. 凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的n. 低落的情绪C. promising adj. 有希望的，有前途的v. 许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）D. fanatic n. 狂热入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj. 狂热的；盲信的50. These were vital adj. 至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的decisions n. 决定，决心；决议that bore upon （bear upon ）有关；瞄准；对…施加压力the happiness of everybody.A. ensured vt. 保证，确保；使安全B. ruined n. 废墟；毁坏；灭亡vt. 毁灭；使破产vi. 破产；堕落；被毁灭C. achieved vt. 取得；获得；实现；成功vi. 达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿D. influenced n. 影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt. 影响；改变Part III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence n. 智力；情报工作；情报机关；理解力developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent 在一定程度上；在某种程度上our intelligence is given us at birth生下来时（innate adj. 先天的；固有的；与生俱来的）, and no amount of 即使再大（或再多）的…（也不）special education can make a genius n. 天才，天赋；精神___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand另一方面, a child who lives in boring adj. 无聊的；令人厌烦的environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intell igence are fixed at birth, but whether ornot he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent 在一定程度上；在某种程度上___55___ we are born with. The closer the blood relationship 血统；血缘关系between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins [遗] 同卵双胞胎；[妇产] 单卵性双胎they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.53. A. amounts n. 数量，总额（amount的复数）v. 总和（amount的第三人称单数形式）B. qualities [统计] 品质C. limits n. 限制；限度；界线vt. 限制；限定D. scores n. 分数；二十；配乐；刻痕vt. 获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下vi. 得分；记分；刻痕54. A. disposition n. 处置；[心理] 性情；[军] 部署；倾向B. perception n. 知觉；[生理] 感觉；看法；洞察力；获取C. endowment n. 捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资56. A. in advance adv. 预先，提前B. for effect 为了给人良好的印象；为了得到效果C. at random 胡乱地；随便地；任意地D. under way 进行中；航行中；在行进57. A. similar adj. 相似的n. 类似物B. various adj. 各种各样的；多方面的C. appropriate adj. 适当的；恰当的；合适的vt. 占用，拨出D. inborn adj. 天生的；先天的Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One1.Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would di e. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.四处走动；供应；（消息）流传2.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up 基因组成，遗传构成of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to 使...可接受humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome vt. 克服；胜过vi. 克服；得胜（come over过来；顺便来访；抓住）our immune rejection 免疫排斥to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants vt. 移植；迁移；使移居n. 移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vi. 移植；迁移；移居by the year 2008.3.That prospect n. 前途；预期；景色vi. 勘探，找矿vt. 勘探，勘察, however, has stirred up 激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起strong opposition n. 反对；反对派；在野党；敌对among animal fight activities. They protest vi. 抗议；断言vt. 抗议；断言n. 抗议adj. 表示抗议的；抗议性的that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的and unjust.adj. 不公平的，不公正的；非正义的.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传unknown diseases to humans.4.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable adj. 可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial adj. 人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的organs.5.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off 起飞；脱下；离开the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice n. 玩忽职守；不法行为；治疗不当in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue技术问题, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanity n. 不人道，无人性；残暴B. raises the issue of justice n. 司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员in medicineC. presents a significant adj. 重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n. 象征；有意义的事物threat to human nature人性；人类本性D. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow adj. 狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的n. 海峡；狭窄部分，隘路vt. 使变狭窄the scope n. 范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程vt. 审视of organ transplantsB. switch to v. 切换到；转到；转变成t he development of artificial organsC. come up with 提出；想出；赶上alternatives to the current problemD. set out to 打算，着手,开始purchase n.购买；紧握；起重装置vt.购买；赢得vi. 购买东西better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from推断the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的（potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）to be explored vt. 探索；探测；探险C. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposes n. 目的；用途；意志vt. 决心；企图；打算D. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlightening adj. 使人领悟的；有启发作用的v. 启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B. unbelievable adj. 难以置信的；不可信的C. imaginative adj. 虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的（imaginable可能的；可想像的）D. factual adj. 事实的Passage Two1.There is a great irony n. 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事adj. 铁的；似铁的of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of 数以亿计people lack adequate adj. 充足的；适当的；胜任的food as a result of economic inequities n. 不公平，不公正, political corruption政治腐败（corruption n. 贪污，腐败；堕落）, or warfare n. 战争；冲突, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of 达到…的程度increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity n. 肥大，肥胖is a worldwide phenomenon n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert vt. 转移；使…欢娱；使…转向scarce resources 稀有资源（scarce adj. 缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv. 仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有）away from food security 粮食安全；食品安全；食物保障to take care of people with preventable adj. 可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的heart disease and diabetes.n. 糖尿病；多尿症2.To reverse n. 背面；相反；倒退；失败vt. 颠倒；倒转adj. 反面的；颠倒的；反身的the obesity epidemic adj. 流行的；传染性的n. 传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行, we must address vt. 演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n. 地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧；称呼the fundamental cause根本原因. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended vt. 花费；消耗；用光；耗尽in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable adj. 可消费的；排出的；不重复使用的；可牺牲的n. 消耗品income into consumers of aggressively adv. 侵略地；攻击地；有闯劲地（侵略=aggress; aggression; invade; invasion）（exaggerated adj. 夸张的，言过其实的v. 夸张，夸大aggravate vt. 加重；使恶化；激怒）marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value营养价值, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary adj.久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.3.Moreover adv. 而且；此外, food is so overproduced vt. 过度生产that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than 远远超过，多得多的they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme adj. 极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n. 极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物example, most adults of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census vt. 实施统计调查n. 人口普查，人口调查categories n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴–are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required vt. 需要；要求；命令by many adults. Overabundant adj. 太充足的；过多的food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns vi. 作战；参加竞选；参加活动n. 运动；活动；战役directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery n. 食品杂货店, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists n. 说客；活动议案通过者to discourage vt. 阻止；使气馁government from doing anything to inhibit vt.抑制；禁止=bar ；restrain ；control ； stay overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive adj. 反作用的；抵抗的；反对的n. 反作用；抵抗，对抗；反对measuresB. the insufficient and superfluous adj. 多余的；不必要的；奢侈的consumption of foodC. the scarce natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption n. 消费；消耗；肺痨of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with 处理，应付the energy imbalance issueC. to combat vt. 反对；与…战斗n. 战斗；争论adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to 参考；涉及；指的是；适用于_____________.A. affluence n. 富裕；丰富；流入；汇聚and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperity经济繁荣；发展生产（prosperity n. 繁荣，成功）D. diseases of civilization n. 文明；文化and pathology n. 病理（学）; 异常状态of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards 朝...方向驱使（Drive Towards The Light驶向光明drive towards south照南开Drive Towards Zero零排放）weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension. 经济局面（层面）B. The political dimension 政治方面（层面）C. The humane adj. 仁慈的，人道的；高尚的dimension. 人文方面（层面）D. The dietary n. 饮食的规定；食谱adj. 饮食的，饭食的，规定食物的dimension饮食层面注：dimension n. 方面;[数] 维；尺寸；次元；容积vt. 标出尺寸adj. 规格的3-dimension三维Passage Three1.Women find a masculine adj. 男性的；阳性的；男子气概的n. 男性；阳性，阳性词（muscle n. 肌肉；力量vt. 加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出）face with a large jaw n. 颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt.教训；对…唠叨and a prominent adj. 突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的brow n. 眉，眉毛；额；表情more attractive when they are more likely to conceive vt. 怀孕；构思；以为；持有，according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation n. [生理] 月经；月经期间；有月经，however, they seem to be drawn to 被…所吸引less angular adj. [生物] 有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的, more “feminine” adj. 女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的male faces, the researchers report.2.“Other studies of female preference n. 偏爱，倾向；优先权, mainly for odors n. 气味；名声,show changes across the menstrual cycle生理] 月经周期,” says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual adj. 视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的preferences and see if they changed also.3.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite n. 复合材料；合成物；菊科adj. 复合的；合成的；菊科的vt. 使合成；使混合male faces that emphasized masculine or feminine facial features 面部特征；面容to differing degrees. The women preferred vt. 更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升images with more masculine features 男性特性when they were in the fertile adj. 富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的phase n. 相；阶段；[天] 位相vt. 使定相；逐步执行of their menses n. [生理] 月经；[生理] 行经but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.4.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue vt. 继续；从事；追赶；纠缠, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for 偏爱…muscular faces was evident adj. 明显的；明白的=obvious / distinct / visible among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term adj. 短期的relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship 长期关系, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.5.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives [药] 口服避孕药did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for 即使对于short-term relationships, indicating that 表明,正在翻译,结果表明(indicat e vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征)hormones n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙might play a role in 在……起作用determining vt. 决定，确定；判定，判决；限定attractiveness n. 吸引力；迷惑力, Penton-V oak says.6.Men whose faces have some feminine softness n. 温柔；柔和are perceived as “kinder’ men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, white macho adj. 大男子气概的n. 强壮男子；大丈夫features may be associated with 和…联系在一起；与……有关，与……有关系higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions n. 小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt. 警告, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior实际行为.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptives[药] 口服避孕药C. are ready for conception n. 怀孕；概念；设想；开始D. are on menstruation n. [生理] 月经；月经期间；有月经73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by 受…的影响___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycle [生理] 月经周期D. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voak implies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do exist vi. 存在；生存；生活；继续存在B. a woman acts this way is reality n. 现实；实际；真实C. a man will buy into the phenomenon n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才D. men and women prefer vt. 更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage Four1.Well-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy n. 争论；论战；辩论has raged n. 愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi.大怒，发怒；流行，风行over whether the electromagnetic fields电磁场produced by power lines 电力线;输电线could cause cancer, especially leukemia 白血病in young children. But in Britain last week ,confusion n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reached new heights达到新的高度.2.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back n. 后面vt. 支持；后退；背书；下赌注a controversial adj. 有争议的；有争论的but plausible adj. 貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的theory n. 理论；原理；学说；推测which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on?.3.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent adj. 显然的；表面上的than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets水滴；微水滴，小水滴, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered vt. 发现；揭开；揭露by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature adj. 早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n. 早产儿；过早发生的事物. The extra exposure n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny adj. 微小的；很少的, and it is not obvious adj. 明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的why radon- a gas normally associated with 与…有关系；与…相联系lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.4.The second study, which drew reassuring vt. 使…安心，使消除疑虑blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe n. 探针；调查vt. 探查；用探针探测of the statistical adj. 统计的；统计学的link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances日用电器. It is one of several recent studies 近代研究that have failed to find a link.Unlike adj. 不同的，不相似的earlier research, these newer studies involved vt. 包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included vt. 包含，包括(exclude vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出.preclude vt. 排除；妨碍；阻止) input from major power lines if they were nearby.5.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics n. 评论家；批评者；吹毛求疵的人（critic的复数）argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account考虑；重视；体谅(take sth into account 对某事加以考虑; 考虑; 把; 考虑某事)the surges n. 汹涌；大浪，波涛；汹涌澎湃；巨涌v. 汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder n. 惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vt. 怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj. 奇妙的；非凡的why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure n. 数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像vt. 计算；认为；描绘；象征in last week’s study. But neither criticism n. 批评；考证；苛求amounts to 相当于，总计为a fatal blow.致命的打击.Electrical fields cannot penetrate vt. 渗透；穿透；洞察the body significantly adv. 意味深长地；值得注目地, for example.6.A more serious concern vt. 涉及，关系到；使担心n. 关系；关心；关心的事whether the British research provides an all-clear adj. 放行；空袭警报信号解除的；无危险信号的signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore adv. 因此；所以produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude vt. 推断；决定，作结论；结束that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.7.In Britain the latest epidemiological study 流行病学研究can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen adj. 未预见到的，无法预料的way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-d o they or don’t they?” and the question “what is going on?” suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent n. 到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节of bewilderment n. 困惑；迷乱；慌张。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD. pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the bloodrelationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who needed an organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones, have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine”male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,”says leading author Ian Penton-V oak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-V oak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voakimplies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights.One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question “what is going on?”suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.”He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD.need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always red flags that the caller was a telemarketer or insurance salesperson.Dad doesn’t correct his physicians or the office receptionists – he is from the old school, where it is impolite to question or correct your physician. Once he was an almost ideal “Jack,” strong athletic, quietly confident and imminently trustworthy, but his recent renal failure and dialysis treatments, his stroke and his constant tremor have robbed him of his strength, mobility, and golf game, but not of his will or love of his family, part of the reason he agreed to undertake this risky operation at his advanced age was because his wife and sisters still need his protective support. With so much at risk, he faced this life-threatening challenge in a city far away from his home and friends and in a place where he is greeted as “Harold”.86. The author relates the story _____________________.A. from a consumer’s point of viewB. with a view to punctuating patient rightsC. according to his own standards of healthD. based on his own unpleasant medical treatment87. Apparently the author’s father _______________________.A. did not like to be called by the first nameB. was not well taken care of as expectedC. was mistaken for somebody elseD. was treated like a businessman88. As the author implies his father_________________________.。
2008级博士生考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates （A卷）Dec。
28，2008Part I Listening Comprehension （20%）Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken only once。
After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A，B，C and D, and decide which is the best answer。
Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I witha single line through the center。
1. A。
T ouch all his friends.B. Write a lot.C. Have a lot of time.D。
H ave a lot of friends。
2。
A。
T o work for a small company.B。
T o start a large company.C. To be independent.D。
T o graduate.3. A。
B uy a new car.B。
G o to a new store。
C。
F ind a new repair shop。
D. Take a different bus.4。
博士英语考试试题及答案
博士英语考试试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. CopyD. Duplicate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She don't like to go out in the rain.B. They has been working on the project for months.C. Neither of the students were prepared for the exam.D. The number of attendees is greater than expected.答案：D3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions:a) The book is _______ the shelf.b) She is _______ the committee since 2019.c) He is _______ the same opinion as his colleague.答案：a) onb) inc) of二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1[Text omitted for brevity]4. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of education.B. The impact of technology on society.C. The role of communication in relationships.D. The benefits of a healthy lifestyle.答案：B5. According to the passage, which of the following is not a benefit of using technology?A. Improved efficiency.B. Enhanced communication.C. Increased isolation.D. Greater accessibility.答案：C6. What does the author suggest as a solution to the problem mentioned in the passage?A. Limiting the use of technology.B. Encouraging more face-to-face interactions.C. Relying solely on traditional methods.D. Ignoring the issue altogether.答案：B三、完形填空（共20分）[Text omitted for brevity]7. In the context of the passage, what does the word "alleviate" most likely mean?A. To worsen.B. To reduce.C. To ignore.D. To exaggerate.答案：B8. Why does the author believe that the issue discussed is important?A. It affects a large number of people.B. It is a new and emerging problem.C. It has been overlooked by many.D. It is a personal concern of the author.答案：A9. What is the best title for the passage?A. The Negative Effects of Stress.B. Coping Strategies for Stress.C. The Causes of Stress in Modern Life.D. The Importance of Stress Management.答案：B四、翻译（共20分）10. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese:"The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives."答案：技术快速发展给我们的日常生活带来了重大变化。
哈工大考博英语真题
General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,” defined a s relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associa te Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and only eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms. What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “It’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remainingfrontier forest before it’s gone.”1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.B. The history of ecology.C. The forest map in the past.D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.2. The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_.A. evaluatedB. decoratedC. designedD. made public3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?A. They keep climate stable.B. They enhance timber industry.C. They provide people with unique scenery.D. They are of various types.4. The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5 probably means________.A surrounded by frontier forestB near frontier forestC about to lose their frontier forestD under pressure5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to________.A travel to other places through the short –cutB exploit more forest landC find directions easilyD protect former forestsPassage 2Questions 6----10 are based on the following passage.To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up the environment.Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact, probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices, the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.6. The sentence “This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries” means that________.A not enough wrapping is used for luxuriesB more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary productsC it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is usedD the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary7. The local authorities are_________.A the Town CouncilB the policeC the paper manufacturersD the most influential citizens8 If paper is to be recycled,________.A more forests will have to be plantedB the use of paper bags will have to be restrictedC people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbishD the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper9. British dairies are________.A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a weekB giving up the use of glass bottlesC increasing the production of plastic bottlesD reusing their old glass bottles10. The environmentalists think that________.A more plastic packaging should be usedB plastic is the most convenient form of packagingC too much plastic is wastedD shops should stop using plastic containersPassage 3Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology: washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good.He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb-parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse.In the meantime, insult is added to injury by “land value”. The value of land results from its use: its income and its value increase. “Putting land to its highest and best use” becomes the principal economic s tandard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to the “vertical” growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create no re of it.Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only shifts the disease r ound the anatomy of the town, if it is not combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have to radically to replan them to achieve a rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum “psychological elbow room”. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively.The principal unit in this process is “IM”(one man). We must not f orget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument. The “man-educated” man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.A city cultureBland value in citiesC city congestionD decentralization12.It can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.A paid more attention to material benefitsB had a stronger sense of beautyC were more desirous about the development of science and technologyD enjoyed more freedom and democracy13.The highly-developed technology has made man________.A increasingly industriousB free from inconvenienceC excessively dependent on external aidsD able to save his physical strength14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.A is the good result of economic developmentB offers more opportunities to land dealersC is annoyingly artificial and meaninglessD fortunately leads to the “vertical” growth of cities15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.A solve the problem of city congestionB result in the remodeling of t he town’s transportation systemC bring the same congestion to the suburban areasD need less investment on land16 the main purpose of the author is to_______. .A point out a problem and criticize itB advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeledC point out the significance of solving the problemD criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.A put priority to the benefit of the future generationsB be focused on people rather than on economy.C be economically profitable to land ownersD resort to scientific methods18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/A businessmenB economistsC urban peopleD rural peoplePassage 4Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter-like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.These observations indicate that the conditions tat trigger differentiation must operate in a random manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the otherthroughout the juvenile fourth and fifth stages, causing it to become a crusher.To test this hypothesis, researchers raised lobsters in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development in a laboratory environment in which the lobsters could manipulate oyster chips. (Not coincidentally, at this stage of development lobsters typically change from a habitat where they drift passively to the ocean floor where they have the opportunity to be more active by burrowing in the substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a smooth tank without the oyster chips, the majority developed two cutter claws. This unusual configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humansB developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right sideC explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter clawsD discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters20 each of the following statements about the development of a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by information in the passage except________.A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of Victor Emmel?A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.C. A left cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with oyster ships was designed to_______.A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher clawB prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment had little impact on the development of a crusher clawC eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher clawD simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment23 It can be inferred from the passage that one difference between lobsters in the earlier stages of development and those in the juvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are________.A likely to be less activeB likely to be less symmetricalC more likely to lose a clawD more likely to regenerate a lost claw24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a lobster to develop a crusher claw?A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of developmentB the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of developmentC the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of developmentD Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact as________.A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observationsB likely in view of present evidenceC contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiationD purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation Passage 5Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or have other strange properties.Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump----which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.One difficulty of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Profess or Zuckerkandl, in his book “Sound and Symbol”, hypothesizes that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear-----either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding----to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at variance with Einstein’s theories, since the “faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.26 the “sound” in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.A the music of the spheresB music in the abstractC musical notationD the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons27 The passage supports the inference that_______.A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrongB the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theoriesC tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particlesD it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light28. The tone of the passage is________.A critical but hopefulB hopeful but suspiciousC suspicious but speculativeD speculative but hopeful29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?A. Irregularities in theoretical physics notation permit intriguing hypotheses and indicate the need for refined notation of time dimension.B. New observations require the development of new theories and new methods of describing the theories.C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.A adopt proposals such as Zucke rkand1’sB plan for time travelC study particle chambers for tachyon tracesD attempt to improve current notation31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics is a_______.A languageB musical notationC great hindrance to full understanding of physicsD difficult field of study32 in the first sentence, the author refers to “philosopher” as well as to “scientist” because________.A he wants to show his respect for themB philosophers study all things in the worldC the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific questionD the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics33 when the passage says the “particle called the tachyon may exist”, the reader may infer that_________.A the tachyon was named before it existedB tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as massC the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not yet known.D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.Passage 6Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.The term “remote sensing’’ refers to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena from a distance. Prior to the mid-1960s the interpretation of film images wa s the primary means for remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner, scientists began toconstruct digital multispectral images using data beyond the sensitivity range of visible light photography. These images are constructed by mechanically aligning pictorial representations of such phenomena as the reflection of light waves outside the visible spectrum, the refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surfa ce. Digital multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.The advantage of digital over photographic imaging is evident: the resulting numerical data are precisely known, and digital data are not subject to the vagaries of difficult-to-control chemical processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The acquisition of the first mutispectral digital dada set from the multispectral scanner(MSS)aboard the satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat MSS data are now being applied to a variety of geologic problems that are difficult to solve by conventional methods alone. These include specific problems in mineral and energy resource exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information for reconstructing geologic revolution. Such reconstructions have important practical applications because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in which the deposits are found.Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the maps must be interpretative because field measurements are always limited by rock exposure, accessibility, and labor resources. With remote-sensing techniques, it is possible to obtain much geologic information more efficiently than it can be obtained on the ground. These techniques also facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas, the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized, but in the comprehensive views of Landsat images these continuities are apparent. However, some critical information cannot be obtained through remote sensing, and several characteristics of the Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be overcome by designing satellite systems specially for geologic purposes; but, to be most effective, remote sensing data must still be combined with data from field surveys, laboratory tests, and the techniques of the earlier twentieth century.34 which of the following can be measured by the optomechanical scanner but not by visible light photography?。
2008年英语真题
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each num bered blank and m ark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that som e groups of people may be m ore intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that som e diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is m ore intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in8 are a parti cular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13 hey also suffer more often than m ost people from a number of nast y genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. The form er has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1. [A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2. [A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3. [A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4. [A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5. [A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6. [A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7. [A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8. [A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9. [A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10. [A] normal [B] common [C] m ean [D] total11. [A] unconsciously [B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely [D] unaccountably12. [A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13. [A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14. [A] m oreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] m eanwhile15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16. [A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17. [A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18. [A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] com bined19. [A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20. [A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching-up to m en in som e spheres of modern life, wom en appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. ―Wom en are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,‖ according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce m ore of the trigger chem icals than do m ales under the sam e conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out fem ale rats had their ovaries (the fem ale reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses becam e equal to those of the m ales.Adding to a wom an’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased ―opportunities‖ for stress. ―It’s not necessarily that wom en don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much m ore to cope with,‖ says Dr. Yehuda. ―Their capacity for tolerating stress m ay even be greater than m en’s,‖ she observes, ―it’s just that they’re deali ng with so m any m ore things that they becom e worn out from it m ore visibly and sooner.‖Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. ―I think that the kinds of things that wom en are exposed to tend to be in m ore of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to com bat stress. Men are exposed to m ore acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that wom en are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other fam ily m embers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that com es from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.‖Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. ―I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was m y escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.‖ Later, her m arriage ended and she becam e a single mother. ―It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car paym ent, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But m ost wom en today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alv arez’s experience dem onstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Wom en are biologically more vulnerab le to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by m en.[C] Women are m ore experienced than m en in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that wom en[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.[D] are exposed to m ore stress.23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress wom en confront tends to be[A] dom estic and temporary.[B] irregular and violent.[C] durable and frequent.[D] trivial and random.24. The sentence ―I lived from paycheck to paycheck.‖ (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but m aking money.[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered he r household expenses.[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say[D] Gender Inequality: Wom en Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal edit or would then remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it –is m aking access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, m ade handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key elem ent of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investm ent in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In Am erica, the core scientific publishing m arket is estim ated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers saysthat there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in som e 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, som e 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three m ain ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for acc ess to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his em ployer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before m aking it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective m eans of publication.[C] It upsets profit-m aking journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.[C] it em phasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.[D] it facilitates public investm ent in scientific research.29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] com plete the peer-review before submission.30. Which of the following best summarizes the m ain idea of the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is em erging.[C] Authors welcom e the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and m anagers have been m orethan willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer fram es.The trend in sports, though, m ay be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Am ericans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for m any generations – apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. ―In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty m uch gone as far as we can go,‖ says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, dem ands calories and nutrients – notably, protein – to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height –5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women –hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. ―There are som e real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,‖ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic m aximu ms can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Arm y Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of m ilitary uniforms has not changed for som e time. And if you need to predict hum an height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, ―you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.‖31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an exam ple to[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..[C] com pare different generations of NBA players.[D] assess the achievem ents of fam ous NBA players.32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the t ext?[A] Genetic m odification.[B] Natural environm ent.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statem ents would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Am ericans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Am ericans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to becom e taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future[A] the garm ent industry will reconsider the uniform size.[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsm en.[D] the existing data of hum an height will still be applicable.35. The text intends to tell us that[A] the change of hum an he ight follows a cyclic pattern.[B] human height is becoming even m ore predictable.[C] Am ericans have reached their genetic growth limit.[D] the genetic pattern of Am ericans has altered.Text 4In 1784, five years before he becam e president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw – having extracted them from the m ouths of his slaves.That’s a far different im age from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember f rom their history books. But recently, m any historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence m ade available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the m oral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that m any of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong – and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their tim e. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was ―like having a large bank account,‖ says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the ―peculiar i nstitution,‖ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a m an for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesm en’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths form ula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the preside ntial election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jeff erson freed Hemings’s children –though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all m enwere created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcam e the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to[A] show the primit ive m edical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political com promises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thom as Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father m ade him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was com plex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Som e Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his[A] m oral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been rem oved. For Questions 41—45, choose the m ost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fi t in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The tim e for sharpening penc ils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) -------Be flexible. Your outline should sm oothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) ------- Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing m ost often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search forerrors.(43) ------- Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few sim ple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) ------- These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete m aterial that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote ―The A & P as a State of Mind‖ wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward wom en. (45) -------Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many tim es – and then again – working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To m ake revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs dem and equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth rem embering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their dat a on disks and print their pages each tim e they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It m akes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have m ade.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of inclu ding that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P ―policy‖ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in ―A & P,‖ the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a m eans of thinking about what you want to say, youwill very likely discover m ore than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to com pose a perfectly correct draft the first tim e around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segm ent s into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin him self speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with m athem atics. His m emory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by som e of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the ―Origin of Species‖ is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced m any able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that ―I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.‖ (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was ―superior to the common run of m en in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.‖Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of m any kinds gave him great pleasure. Form erly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: ―Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost m y taste for pictures or music.‖ (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and m ore probably to the m oral character. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just com e back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) m ake an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended m eaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年硕士研究生考试英语真题详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
2008年全国医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学考博英语统考真题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. To organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure.Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll have to ___________ the deterioration of the condition.A. account forB. call forC. look forD. make for32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous ___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. afflictionB. alternativeC. allocationD. alliance33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionallyC. exhaustivelyD. exclusively34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potentB. conditionalC. inseparableD. cardinal35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesiveB. cognitiveC. collectiveD. comic36. Mortgage ___________ had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A. defectsB. deficitsC. defaultsD. deceptions37. The symptoms may be __________ by certain drugs.A. exaggeratedB. exacerbatedC. exceededD. exhibited38. Her story was a complete __________ from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A. facilityB. fascinationC. fabricationD. faculty39. The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out _________.A. salvageB. safeguardC. sabotageD. sacrifice40. The government always _________ on the background of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A. takes upB. checks upC. works outD. looks intoSection B41. The 19th century physiology was dominated by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass and activity.A. boostedB. governedC. clarifiedD.pioneered42. Surely, it would be sensible to get a second opinion before taking any further action.A. realisticB. sensitiveC. reasonableD. sensational43. The Chinese people hold the ancestors in great veneration.A. recognitionB. sincerityC. heritageD. honour44. I worked to develop the requisite skill for managerial.A. perfectB. exquisiteC. uniqueD. necessary45. If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity and an index of physiological age, the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.A. instanceB. indicatorC. appearanceD. option46. The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.A. arduousB. demandingC. potentD. continuous47. The hospital should be held accountable for the quality of care it delivers.A. practicableB. reliableC. flexibleD. responsible48. Greenpeace has been invite to appraise the environment costs of such an operation.A. esteemB. appreciateC. evaluateD. approve49. The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks bleak.A. chillyB. dismalC. promisingD. fanatic50. These were vital decisions that bored upon the happiness of everybody.A. ensuredB. minedC. achievedD. influencedPart III Cloze (10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experiences? Strangely ___51___, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius ___52____ a child born with low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in boring environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding. Thus the ___53___ of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___. This view, not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent ___55___ we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer they are likely to be in intelligence. Thus if we take two unrelated people ___56___, it is likelythat their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have ___57___ intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___ now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment ___59___ birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___ that people who live in close contact with each other. But who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.51. A. quiet B. enough C. sure D. so52. A. out of B. into C. from within D. off53. A. amounts B. qualities C. limits D. scores54. A. disposition B. perception C. endowment D. environment55. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything56. A. in advance B. for effect C. at random D. under way57. A. similar B. various C. appropriate D. inborn58. A. Look B. Believe C. Suggest D. Imagine59. A. and B. or rather C. as well as D. but for60. A. fact B. event C. condition D. environmentPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage OneFourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart. Without it, Sean would die. Sean’s case is not unusual. Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.Now scientists say they can alter the genetic make-up of certain animals so that their organs may be acceptable to humans. With this gene-altering technique to overcome our immune rejection to foreign organs, scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants by the year 2008.That prospect, however, has stirred up strong opposition among animal fight activities. They protest that that the whole idea of using animal organs is cruel and unjust. Some scientists also fear such transplants may transform unknown diseases to humans.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is unnecessary. Millions of dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs. They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable. The key is to convince people to eat healthily, and not to smoke or drink alcohol. Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial organs.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help, spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea. If enough people were educated about organ donations, everyone who neededan organ could be taken off the waiting list in a year.61. What is the problem the passage begins with?A. High mortality rate of immune rejection.B. A malpractice in heart transplantation.C. An unusual case of organ transplant.D. A shortage of human organs.62. Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue, according to the passage but also it _________________________.A. introduces an issue of inhumanityB. raises the issue of justice in medicineC. presents a significant threat to human natureD. pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63. Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs, some scientists ___________________.A. are to narrow the scope of organ transplantsB. switch to the development of artificial organsC. come up with alternatives to the current problemD. set out to pursue better ways of treating heart disease64. It can be inferred from the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A. the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB. the present supply of human organs still has potential to be exploredC. people prefer the use of animal organs for medical purposesD. the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65. The information the passage carries is __________________________.A. enlighteningB. unbelievableC. imaginativeD. factualPassage TwoThere is a great irony of 21st century global health: While many hundreds of millions of people lack adequate food as a result of economic inequities, political corruption, or warfare, many hundreds of millions more are overweight to the point of increased risk for diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon, affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but the poorest countries to divert scarce resources away from food security to take care of people with preventable heart disease and diabetes.To reverse the obesity epidemic, we must address the fundamental cause. Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended in activity. The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity. People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active. Market economies encourage this. They make people with expendable income into consumers of aggressively marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value, and of cars, television set, and computers that promote sedentary behaviour. Gaining weight are good business. Food is particularly business because everyone eats.Moreover, food is so overproduced that many countries, especially the rich ones,have far more than they need - another irony. In the United States, to take an extreme example, most adults-of all ages, incomes, educational levels, and census categories – are overweight. The U.S. food supply provides 3800 kilocalories per person per day, nearly twice as much as required by many adults. Overabundant food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising, health claims, new products, large portions. And campaigns directed toward children. Food marketing promotes weight gain. Indeed, it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food; certainly not the agriculture, food product, grocery, restaurant, diet or drug industries. All flourish when people eat more. And all employ armies of lobbyists to discourage government from doing anything to inhibit overeating.66. The great irony of 21st century global public health refers to _____________.A. the cause of obesity and its counteractive measuresB. the inefficient and superfluous consumption of foodC. the seas natural resource and the green of food sourceD. the consumption of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67. To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic, according to the passage, is _______.A. to improve political and economic managementB. to cope with the energy imbalance issueC. to combat diet-related chronic diseasesD. to increase investment in global health68. As we can learn from the passage, the second irony refers to _____________.A. affluence and obesityB. food energy and nutritional valueC. food business and economic prosperityD. diseases of civilization and pathology of inactivity69. As a result of the third irony, people _____________________.A. consume 3800 kilocalories on a daily basisB. complain about food overproductionC. have to raise their food expensesD. are driven towards weight gain70. Which of the following can be excluded as we can understand based on the passage?A. The economic dimension.B. The political dimensionC. The humane dimension.D. The dietary dimensionPassage ThreeWomen find a masculine face with a large jaw and a prominent brow more attractive when they are more likely to conceive, according to a study published in the June 24 Nature. Before, during, and just after menstruation, however, they seem to be drawn to less angular, more “feminine” male faces, the researchers report.“Other studies of female preference, mainly for odors, show changes across the menstrual cycle,” says leading author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St. Andrews on Scotland. “we thought it would be interesting to look at visual preferences and see if they changed also.The research showed 39 Japanese women composite male faces that emphasized masculine Dr feminine facial features to differing degrees. The women preferred images with more muscular features when they were in the fertile phase of their menses but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue, according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for muscular faces was evident among 23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term relationship, Penton-Voak says. The 26 women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship, however, preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.Another 22 women who were using oral contraceptives did not show monthly changes in the faces they preferred even for short-term relationships, indicating that hormones might play a role in determining attractiveness, Penton-Voak says.Men whose faces have some feminine softness are perceived as “kinder’ men who may make better husbands and partners, he adds, while macho features may be associated with higher testosterone(睾丸素) levels and good genes. He cautions, however, that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior.71. The researchers made a study on _____________________.A. women’s menstrual cycleB. men’s preferred female imagesC. women’s visual preferences of menD. men’s masculine and feminine features72. Women are drawn to a masculine face, according to the researchers, when they ___________.A. grow to be feminineB. are on oral contraceptivesC. are ready for conceptionD. are on menstruation73. It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by ___________.A. their family planningB. the years of marriage they hadC. the length of their menstrual cycleD. the term or relationship they seek74. Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle, as Penton-Voak implies, does not mean that __________________.A. visual preferences do existB. a woman acts this way is realityC. a man will buy into the phenomenonD. men and women prefer the same image75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B. Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C. Are women more emotional than men?D. Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage FourWell-do they or don’t they? For years, controversy has raged over whether the electromagnetic fields produced by power lines could cause cancer, especially leukemia in young children. But in Britain last week confusion reached new heights. One team from Bristol announced that it has evidence to back a controversial but plausible theory which would explain how power lines might cause cancer (Electric fields attract airborne pollutants). Only to be followed by the release of results by another group in London which suggested there is nothing to worry about what is going on.Actually, the confusion may be more apparent than real. There can be no doubt that the effects of power lines on water droplets, pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered by the Bristol team are real and interesting. But to suggest that they have anything to do with leukemia in children is premature. The extra exposure to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny, and it is not obvious why radon- a gas normally associated with lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.The second study, which drew reassuring blank, is the world’s biggest ever probe of the statistical link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances. It is one of several recent studies that have failed to find a link.Unlike earlier research, these newer studies involved going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields. The fields they measured included input from major power lines if they were nearby.Which is not to say the research is perfect. Critics argue that Britain’s childhood cancer study, for example, has not yet taken into account the surges in exposure that might come from, say, switching appliances on and off. And some people might wonder why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure in last week’s study. But neither criticism amounts to a fatal blow. Electrical fields connot penetrate the body significantly, for example.A more serious concern whether the British research provides an all-clear signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore produce higher magnetic fields. Pedants (书呆子) would conclude that it doesn’t. But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.In Britain the latest epidemiological study can be taken as the final word on the matter. If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen way increase the risk of cancer, we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76. Both the question “Well-do they or don’t they?” and the question “what is going on?” suggest _______________.A. the high incidence of LeukemiaB. the advent of bewildermentC. the warning of the worsening air pollutionD. the tense relation between Bristol and London77. What would the author say of the result of the first study?A. EnlighteningB. InsignificantC. ReassuringD. Apparent78. What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A. There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B. There is much to be improved in terms of design.C. There is nothing to worry about as to power lines.D. There is no link between the first and second study.79. It can be inferred from the passage that the British outcomes ____________.A. are expected to convince nobody but pedantsB. were found to have left much room for doubtC. could have implications in such countries as the USD. will be consistent with the Japanese ones in the near future80. To conclude, the author _____________.A. reassures us of the responsibility of the latest research in BritainB. asks for improved measurements for such an investigationC. points out the drawbacks of the latest research in BritainD. urges further investigations on the issuePassage FiveSmoking causes wrinkles by upsetting the body’s mechanism for renewing skin, say scientists in Japan. Dermatologists say the finding confirms the long-held view that smoking age skin prematurely.Skin stays healthy and young-looking because of a fine balance between two processes that are constantly at work. The first breaks down old skin while the second makes new skin. The body breaks down the old skin with enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs. They chop up the fibers that form collagen (胶原质) – the connective tissue that makes up around 80 percent of normal skin.Akimichi Morita and his colleagues at Nagoya City University Medical School suspected that smoking disrupted the body’s natural process of breaking down old skin and renewing it. To test their idea, they first made a solution of cigarette smoke by pumping smoke through a saline (盐的) solution. Smoke was sucked from cigarettes for two seconds every minute. Tiny drops of this smoke solution were added to dishes of human fibroblasts, the skin cells that produce collagen.After a day in contact with smoke solution, the researchers tested the skin cells, to see much collagen-degrading MMP they were making. Morita found that cells exposed to cigarette smoke had produced far more MMP than normal skin cells.Morita also tested the skin cells to see how much new collagen they were producing. He found that the smoke caused a drop in the production of fresh collagen by up to 40 percent.He says that this combined effect of degrading collagen more rapidly and producing less new collagen is probably what causes premature skin ageing in smokers, in both cases, the more concentrated the smoke solution the greater the effect on collagen. “This suggests the amount of collagen is important for skin ageing,”he says, “It looks like less collagen means more wrinkle formation.”Morita doesn’t know if this is the whole story of why smokers have more wrinkles. But he plans to confirm his findings by testing skin samples from smokers and non-smokers of various ages to see if the smoking has the same effect on collagen. “So far we’ve only done this in the lab.” He says. “We don’t know exactly what happens in the body yet that might take some time.”Other dermatologists are impressed by the work. “This is fascinating,” says Lawrence Parish, director of the centre for International Dermatology at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia. “This confirms scientifically what we’ve long expected,” he says, “Tobacco smoke is injurious to skin.”81. Healthy skin lies in ______________________.A. a well-kept balance between two working processesB. the two processes of breaking down skin cellsC. a fine balance in the number of cigarettesD. the two steps of forming collagen82. For the Japanese scientists, to test their idea is _________.A. to verify the aging of human beingsB. to find out the mechanism of renewing skinC. to prove the two processes of wrinkle formationD. to confirm the hazards of smoking proven otherwise83. The Japanese scientists tested their idea using ___________.A. MMPs to for fresh collagenB. cigarette smoke to contaminate skin cellsC. human fiber blasts to produce fresh collagenD. non-smokers to be exposed to cigarette smoke84. As inferred from Morita’s results, smoking __________________.A. could stimulate the production of fresh collagenB. is unlikely to promote the production of MMPC. tends to cause skin to age prematurelyD. may cause collagen to die by 60%85. Morita implies that his findings ____________________.A. took less time than expectedB. were hard to accept in dermatologyC. were not exclusively based on the labD. need to be further verified in the human bodyPassage SixToday I sit in a surgical ICU beside my favorite Jack as he recovers from a five-hour operation to repair a massive aortic aneurysm. For me it has been a journey into the medical system as an inexperienced consumer rather than in my usual position as a seasoned provider. This journey to an urban referral center has produced some disappointing surprises for Dad, and especially for me. For the past two days, my beloved Jack has been called “Harold” (his first name: Jack is his middle name). Of course, there is nothing wrong with “Harold”- it was what he was called in the army - but Dad never – has been “Harold” except to those who really don’t know him. Telephone callers at our family home who asked for “Harold” were always。
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题
黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题一、词汇1. The motorist was ____ by the conflicting road signs.a. punishedb. bewilderedc. encouragedd. taught2. He ____ over the edge of the carpet and fell.a. lookedb. stumbledc. pushedd. impulses3. After the quarrel, he completely ____ his relations with his family.a. severedb. limitedc. closedd. ignored4. She has the gift of ____ and was rarely wrong.a. prophecyb. dreamc. praised. wish5. I found the lecture boring and ____.a. reflectiveb. relevantc. repetitived. raw6. He ____ something she didn't quite catch.a. nosedb. murmuredc. spoked. planned7. The buses shake the house so much that we feel the ____.a. movementb. collisionc. shiverd. vibration8. This apple is quite ____ ; it is neither sweet nor sour.a. tastefulb. tastyc. tastedd. tasteless9. With ____ efforts we can finish on time.a. persistentb. tiresomec. dulld. troublesome10. Man's first landing on the moon was a ____ of great daring.a. notorietyb. featurec. featd. livelihood11. Susan that was a very hot day when she looked out the window saw sown many girls wearing dresses and blouses.a. attainedb. imaginedc. associatedd. assumed12. We are more to boast how many Americans go to college than to ask how much the average college education amounts to.a. committedb. inclinedc. intendedd. subjected13. I have a little money away for the long winter.a. lainb. laidc. liedd. lay14. Many of the ideas behind television appeared in the late 19th century and early 20th century.a. ancientb. originalc. primitived. raw15. The sunset last night was a glorious of ever changing colour.a. experienceb. impressionc. pageantd. site16. The government paid the farmers for their potato .a. shortageb. surplusc. dearthd. demand17.The gravitational force ______ an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.a. being acted onb. acting onc. to be acted ond. to act on18.Before moving to another city, Frank_________ of the house and the furniture.a. dispensedb. discardedc. disposedd. discharged19. I expected him to be full of vigor and in good spirit and were disappointed by his attitude.a. energeticb. livelyc. listlessd. active20.The plan was ______ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.a. surrenderedb. releasedc. abandonedd. discussed二、填空The greatest recent social changes have been 11 the lives of women. During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the 12 of a woman’s life spent in 13 for children . A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been inher 14 twenties., and would be likely to have seven or eight children, of whom four or fivelived till they were five years old. By the time the youngest was fifteen, the mother 15 have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years, during which custom, opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get 16 work. Today women marry younger and have 17 children . Usually a woman’s youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-fiveand can be 18 to live another thirty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirementat sixty. Even 19 she has the care of children, her work is lightened by household appliancesand convenience foods.This important change in women’s life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effecton women’s economic 20 . Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity, and most of them took a full-time job. However, when they married , they usuallyleft work at once and never 21 to it. Today the school-leaving age is sixteen, many girls 22at school after that age, and though women 23 to marry younger, more married women stay at word at least until shortly before their first child is born, very many more afterwards returnto full-or part-time work, Such changes have 24 to a new relationship in marriage, with the husband accepting a greater share of the 25 and satisfactions of family life, and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money, and running the home, accordingto the abilities and interests of each of them.21. A of B for C in D to22. A amount B share C proportion D time23. A attending B caring C looking D minding24. A mid B medium C average D middle25. A could B might C should D would26. A paying B paid C payable D payment27. A less B fewer C few D a few28. A expected B hoped C likely D longed29. A if B as C while D when30. A situation B stand C position D aspect31. A came B went C returned D clung32. A are left B keep C are D stay33. A intend B tend C mean D consider34. A led up B led C resulted D caused35. A problems B issues C duties D jobs三、阅读Passage 1In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go. But some official records date from 766 B. C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain but events included boy's gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A. D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896.Nowadays. The Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities. Including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes' expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals. And it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.36. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games .A. were merely national athletic festivalsB. were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colourC. had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous positionD. were primarily national events with few foreign participants37. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games .A. only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the gamesB. all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take partC. all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in the GamesD. all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the games38. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics .A. has not definitely been establishedB. varied according to the number of foreign competitorsC. was decided by Zeus, in whose honour the Games were heldD. was considered unimportant39. Modern athletes' results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because .A. the Greeks had no means of recording the resultsB. they are much betterC. details such as the time were not recorded in the pastD. they are much worse40. Nowadays the athletes' expenses are paid forA. out of the prize money of the winnersB. out of the funds raised by the competing nationsC. by the athletes themselvesD. by contributionsPassage 2Around the earth at about latitude 30 degrees North and South and also over continents in winter, high pressure and weak winds tend to be dominant. In such regions the winds slowly spread out horizontally, and dry air sinks down from aloft to replace it. Because of the warming associated with compression of the descending air, anticyclones（高气压）generally are associated with clear weather, except locally where contact of air with a cold surface may result in fogs or low-hanging clouds.Most of the regions where anticyclones tend to prevail are quite uniform in their surface characteristics; and with the slow diverging motions, large bodies of air with uniform characteristics tend to be generated. Several large bodies of air, called air masses, with distinctive properties are formed in this way.Maritime tropical air masses form over the oceans at latitude 30 degrees north and south and may later be transported thousands of kilometers from their origin to create abnormally warm and humid periods of time and to supply abundant sources of water for clouds and rain in middle and high latitudes.Air masses tend to come together to produce zones of great temperature contrast. Such regions were given the name fronts and were recognized as narrow zones of highly active weather change. The most noticeable fronts tend to be situated in winter in the eastern coast of North America, and similarly off Asia in the Pacific. The continental polar air masses tend to sink and spread out under the warm maritime tropical air masses. The warm air masses are thus pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, and they consequently condense and cast down their moisture.41. Anticyclones .A. can occur even when there is fog or low-hanging cloudsB. can never occur when there is fog and low-hanging cloudsC. occurs only when there is a strong wind in cold weatherD. always occur when it is fine and clear42. Air masses are formed when .A. anticyclones become quite uniform in their surface characteristicsB. several large bodies of air with uniform characteristics meetC. distinctive properties are developed in the air bodyD. large bodies of air began to move in different directions43. The word "maritime" in the third paragraph means .A. hotB. strongC. moistD. oceanic44. Fronts .A. are areas where cold and hot temperature exist side by sideB. refers to the eastern coast of North AmericaC. are warm maritime tropical air massesD. refers to narrow tropical air masses45. When warm air masses are pushed up over the polar air masses along the frontal zones and are cooled by expansion, .A. it becomes extremely coldB. the air becomes moistC. the weather becomes fine and dryD. it begins to snow or rainPassage 3There were inns throughout the ancient civilized world, strategically placed to accommodate merchants, military personnel, government officials, and others whose work forced them to travel.Traveling for pleasure was almost unheard of. During the early Middle Ages, travel was infrequent and unsafe.About the 12th century traveling again became relatively safe, and inns were established along the main routes to accommodate merchants, religious pilgrims（朝圣者）, and others. Inn standards rose steadily as local economies improved. By the end of the Middle Ages there were inns throughout Europe and in the Islamic countries, meant primarily for the use of merchants. The Industrial Revolution stimulated inn building, especially in England, whose inns became a standard for the rest of the world.The first hotels in North America were Atlantic seaport inns and converted farmhouses along stagecoach routes. When canals and railroads were built in the 19th century, the wayside inn gave way to larger hotels built along the rights-of-way. As cities grew, new hotels were constructed in the business centers and theater districts. By 1800 the United States already had the largest hotels in the world, and this trend toward large size continued into the 20th century. The Stevens Hotel (now the Chicago Hilton and Towers) in chicago once boasted of being the largest in the world, with 3,000 rooms. It has since been exceeded in size by the hotel Russia in Moscow, and hotels with several hundred rooms have become common nearly everywhere.As travel for pleasure gained popularity in Europe, luxury and resort hotels were built in many countries. The Savoy Hotel in London set new standards of luxury when it opened in 1889 by having its own electricity, theater, private chapel, laundry, and printing press. The hotel was managed by Cesar Ritz, who opened his own luxury hotel in Paris in 1898. The standards set by the Savoy and the Ritz have been imitated by hotels around the world.46. Travelling for pleasure .A. can be traced back to the 12th century travellingB. became a reality in 1889 when the Savoy Hotel was builtC. was almost non-existent during the Middle AgesD. was a privilege enjoyed only by the rich in the Middle Ages47. It is implied that before the 19th century the development of hotel .A. went side by side with the development of economyB. was quicker when there was no warC. played a leading role in British expansion and colonizationD. stimulated industrial development and international exchange48. The largest hotel is .A. the Savoy Hotel in LondonB. the Ritz in ParisC. Hotel Russia in MoscowD. the Stevens Hotel in Chicago49. The Ritz is admired for .A. its important location in LondonB. its luxuries and various servicesC. its founder's leading role in hotel developmentD. its popularity among travellers50. The third paragraph focuses on .A. the growing size of hotelsB. hotel development in North America and RussiaC. the development of hotel in the 19th centuryD. the history of hotel industry in AmericaPassage 4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends. Of course on the meaning of 'future'. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H. G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable gadget to make life smooth. healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least one may be certain that bricks and mortar will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world's rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people willbe dying of starvation or, at the best, suffering from under-feeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be of light structure, or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind. and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard 'housing' of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor and disease and the spread of crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements are rising at an astonishing speed. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem. Because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may have the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.51. In first paragraph we are told that, in the opinion of the writer, housing problems .A. may be completely solved at sometime in the futureB. are unimportant and easily dealt withC. will not be solved until a new building material has been discoveredD. have been dealt with in detail in books describing the future52. The writer is certain that in the distant future .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building materialB. a new building material will have been inventedC. bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionableD. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered53. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to face the world before the end of the century .A. is difficult to foreseeB. will be how to feed the growing populationC. Will be how to provide enough house in the hottest parts of the worldD. is the question of finding enough ground space54. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts .A. standards of building are lowB. only minimum shelter will be possibleC. there is not enough ground spaceD. the population growth will be the greatest55. Which of the following sentences best summarises paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by milions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong kong's crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it harder to deal with them.Passage 5In 1575—over 400 years ago—the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a learned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what we now call the Renaissance. We even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse off than we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, damage human health. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The future is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no change from the tyranny of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. Forus, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modern societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial prohibition of pesticides, the rethinking of technologies for the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situation in which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass—witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulate behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grassroots movements rather than from official directives.56. According to the reading selection, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?A. An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitants.B. The rich will become richer and the poor poorer.C. New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D. The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankind.57. The best illustration of the meaning of "trend is not destiny" in Para.3 is .A. human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolutionB. the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brainC. critical processes can overshoot and cause catastrophesD. the earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted58. According to the passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the dangers which surround us can be found in all of the following except .A. a decrease in birth ratesB. opposition to the use of pesticidesC. public meetings to complain about dumping chemicalsD. an increase in the military budget by the president59. The author is in favor of the opinion that .A. nuclear weapons won’t play a prominent role in dealings among peoplesB. people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC. modern scientists and the public are conscious of the future dangers and ready to take measures to prevent themD. our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible.Passage 6The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100 kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath them.With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface formed a "superconentinent" called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with water. The southern one—which included the modern continents of South America, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica—is calledGondwanaland. The northern one—with North America, Europe, and Asia—is called Laurasia. North America tore away form Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is responsible for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges. Current understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the "Ring of Fire" because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the 1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.60. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?A. The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge.B. The mineral composition of the Earth's crust.C. The location of the Earth's major plates.D. The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement.61. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given sup port by the .A. upper mantleB. ocean floorC. crustD. asthenosphere62. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere to which of the following?A. Lava flowing from a volcano.B. A boat floating on the water.C. A fish swimming in a pond.D. The erosion of rocks by running water.63. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when .A. Pangaea was createdB. plate movement ceasedC. Gondwanaland collided with PangaeaD. parts of Laurasia separated from each64. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?A. It is no longer of great interest to geologists.B. It was first proposed in the 1960's.C. It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.D. It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.65. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses .A. why certain geological events happen where they doB. how geological occurrences have changed over the yearsC. the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's historyD. the latest innovations in geological measurementPassage 6For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon, a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevent the multiplication of viruses within cells.As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, search physician at Sweden's famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical pcedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatment and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate ove three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.In the United States, a large-scale project supported by American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries our time.。
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
哈尔滨工业大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Vocabulary and Structure(36points)Directions:There are30incomplete sentences in this part.Foreach sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choosethe one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1.She ought to stop work;she has a headache because she________too long.A.has been readingB.had readC.is readingD.read2.Niagara Falls is a great tourist________,drawing millionsof visitors every year.A.attentionB.attractionC.appointmentD.arrangement3.The hopes,goals,fears and desires________widely betweenmen and women,between the rich and the poor.Geng duo yuan xiao wanzheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mianfei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jiazi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.alterB.shiftC.transferD.vary4.Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.A.being cultivatedB.been cultivatedC.having cultivatedD.cultivating5.The sale usually takes place outside the house,with the audience________on benches,chairs or boxes.A.having seatedB.seatingC.seatedD.having been seated6.This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ________comfortably.A.is wornB.wearsC.wearingD.are worn7.Some diseases are________by certain water animals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted8.Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders________ will happen to her private life.A.thatB.whatC.itD.this9.—“May I speak to your manager Mr.Williams at five o’clock tonight?”—“I’m sorry.Mr.Williams________to a conference long before then.”A.will have goneB.had goneC.would have goneD.has gone10.You________him so closely;you should have kept your distance.A.shouldn’t followB.mustn’t followC.couldn’t have been followingD.shouldn’t have been following11.We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever12.It is our________policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.A.consistentB.continuousC.considerateD.continual13.Between1974and1997,the number of overseas visitors expanded________27%.A.byB.forC.toD.in14.Although many people view conflict as bad,conflict is sometimes useful________it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.A.by whichB.to whichC.in thatD.so that15.He is________about his chances of winning a gold medal inthe Olympics next year.A.optimisticB.optionalC.outstandingD.obvious16.Sometimes I wish I________in a different time and a different place.A.be livingB.were livingC.would livedD.would have lived17.The director was critical________the way we were doing the work.A.atB.inC.ofD.with18.In a sudden________of anger,the man tore up everything within reach.A.attackB.burstC.splitD.blast19.________she realized it was too late to go home.A.No sooner it grew dark thanB.Hardly did it grow dark thatC.Scarcely had it grown dark thanD.It was not until dark that20.In Britain people________four million tons of potatoes every year.A.swallowB.disposeC.consumeD.exhaust21.I’d________his reputation with other farmers and business people in the community,and then make a decision about whether or not to approve a loan.A.take into accountB.account forC.make up forD.make out22.It is essential that these application forms________back as early as possible.A.must be sentB.will be sentC.are sentD.be sent23.She cooked the meat for a long time so as to make it________enough to eat.dB.slightC.lightD.tender24.A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen.They are a thorough________.A.nuisanceB.troubleC.worryD.anxiety25.These books,which you can get at any bookshop,will give you ________you need.A.all the informationB.all the informationsC.all of informationD.all of the information26.Young people are not________to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in.A.conservativeB.contentC.confidentD.generous27.Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairlycriticized and argue that the power of the medium is________.A.grantedB.impliedC.exaggeratedD.remedied28.I have no objection________your story again.A.to hearB.to hearingC.to having heardD.to have heard29.The clothes a person wears may express his________or social position.A.curiosityB.statusC.determinationD.significance30.You will see this product________wherever you go.A.to be advertisedB.advertisedC.advertiseD.advertising31.The early pioneers had to________many hardships to settle on the new land.A.go along withB.go back onC.go throughD.go into32.Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________ overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.what33.I didn’t know the word.I had to________a dictionary.A.look outB.make outC.refer toD.go over34.The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________ his arguments in favor of the new theory.A.to be based onB.to base onC.which to base onD.on which to base35.There are signs________restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whose36.It is said that the math teacher seems________towards bright students.A.partialB.beneficialC.preferableD.liable(D)本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008医学考博英语统考真题2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. It was called off unexpectedly.B. It raised more money than expected.C. It received fewer people than expected.D. It disappointed the woman for the man’s abse nce.2. A. A thoracic case. B. A nervous disorder.C. A stomach problem.D. A psychiatric condition.3. A. In the housing office on campus. B. In the downtown hotel.C. At a rental agency.D. In the nursing home.4. A. Trilled. B. Refreshed C. Exhausted. D. Depressed.5. A. To travel with his parents. B. T o organize a picnic in the country.C. To cruise, even without his friends.D. To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A. He’s got a revert. B. He’s got nausea.C. He’s got diarrhea.D. He’s got a runny nose.7. A. To suture the man’s wound. B. To remove the bits of glass.C. To disinfect the man’s injured.D. To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A. Mr. Lindley had got injured. B. Mr. Lindley had fallen asleep.C. Mr. Lindley had fallen off his chair.D. Mr. Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A. She will apply to Duke University.B. She will probably attend the University of Texas.C. She made up her mind to give up school for work.D. She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10. A. Her boyfriend broke up with her.B. She was almost run over by a truck.C. One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D. She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.11. A. The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B. The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C. The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D. The medicine is not available to the patient.12. A. It was more expensive than the original price. B. It was given to the woman as a gift.C. It was the last article on sale.D. It was a good bargain.13. A. excited. B. Impatient. C. Indifferent. D. Concerned.14. A. She regrets buying the car. B. The car just arrived yesterday.C. She will certainly not buy the car.D. This is the car she has been wanting.15. A. He is seriously ill. B. His work is a mess.C. The weather is lousy this week.D. He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16. A. He has got bowel cancer. B. He has got heart disease.C. He has got bone cancer.D. He has got heartburn.17. A. To have a colonoscopy. B. To seek a second opinion.C. To be nut on chemotherapy.D. To have his bowel removed.18. A. A pretty minor surgery. B. A normal life ahead of him.C. A miracle in his coming years.D. A life without any inconveniences.19. A. Thankful. B. Admiring. C. Resentful. D. Respectful.20. A. It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B. It was prescribed considering possible complications.C. I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D. It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21. A. Smoking and Lung Cancer. B. Lung Cancer and the sexes.C. How to quit smoking.D. How to prevent lung cancer.22. A. Current smokers exclusively. B. Second-hand smokers.C. With a lung problems.D. At age 40 or over.23. A. 156 B. 269 C. 7498 D.942724. A. Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B. Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C. Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D. When struck by lung cancer, men seem to live longer than men.25. A. Lung cancer can be early detected.B. Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C. Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D. Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26. A. A hobby B. The whole worldC. learning experience.D. A career to earn a living27. A. Her legs were brokenB. Her arms were brokenC. Her shoulders were severely injuredD. Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28. A. She learned a foreign language B. She learned to make friends.C. She learned to be a teacher.D. She learned a living skills.29. A. She worked as a skiing coach.B. She was a college instructor.C. She was a social worker in a clinic.D. She worked as elementary school teacher.30. A. Optimistic and hard-bitten. B. Pessimistic and cynical.C. Humorous and funny.D. Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. I’m afraid that you’ll hav e to ___________ the deterioration n. 恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A. account for 对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B. call for 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C. look for 寻找D. make for 导致；有助于；走向32. Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________ of your time to the nursing home.A. affliction n. 苦难；苦恼；折磨B. alternative adj. 供选择的；选择性的；交替的n. 二中择一；供替代的选择C. allocation n. 分配，配置；安置（location n. 位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）D. alliance n. 联盟，联合；联姻33. Every product is _________ tested before being put into market.A. expensivelyB. exceptionally adv. 异常地；特殊地；例外地C. exhaustively adv. 耗尽一切地D. exclusively adv. 唯一地；专有地；排外地34. Having clean hands is one of the ___________ rules when preparing food.A. potent adj. 有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B. conditional adj. 有条件的；假定的n. 条件句；条件语C. inseparable adj. [数] 不可分割的；不能分离的n. 不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D. cardinal n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj. 主要的，基本的；深红色的35. The educators should try hard to develop the ________ abilities of children.A. cohesive adj. 有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B. cognitive adj. 认知的，认识的C. collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. 集团；集合体；集合名词D. comic adj. 喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n. 连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物。
博士考试试题及答案英语
博士考试试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The correct spelling of the word "phenomenon" is:A. fenomenonB. phenomonC. phenominonD. phenomenon答案：D2. Which of the following is not a verb?A. to runB. to jumpC. to flyD. flight答案：D3. The phrase "break the ice" means:A. to start a conversationB. to stop a conversationC. to make a decisionD. to end a conversation答案：A4. The opposite of "positive" is:A. negativeB. optimisticC. pessimisticD. positive答案：A5. Which of the following is not a preposition?A. inB. onC. atD. is答案：D6. The word "perspective" can be used to describe:A. a point of viewB. a physical locationC. a mathematical calculationD. a scientific experiment答案：A7. The phrase "a piece of cake" is used to describe something that is:A. difficultB. boringC. easyD. expensive答案：C8. The verb "to accommodate" means:A. to refuseB. to ignoreC. to provide space or servicesD. to argue答案：C9. The word "meticulous" is an adjective that describes someone who is:A. lazyB. carelessC. very careful and preciseD. confused答案：C10. The phrase "to go viral" refers to:A. to become sickB. to spread quickly on the internetC. to travel by planeD. to become extinct答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" means a sudden loud noise.答案：bang2. "____" is the term used to describe a person who is very knowledgeable.答案：savant3. The phrase "to turn a blind eye" means to ____.答案：ignore4. The word "____" is used to describe a situation that is very difficult to understand.答案：enigmatic5. "____" is a term used to describe a person who is very good at remembering things.答案：eidetic6. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very talkative.答案：loquacious7. The phrase "to ____" means to make something more complex. 答案：complicate8. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very organized and efficient.答案：methodical9. The phrase "to ____" means to make a plan or to decide ona course of action.答案：strategize10. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is verycurious and eager to learn.答案：inquisitive三、阅读理解（每题4分，共20分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
2008医学考博英语统考真题
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. A.It was called off unexpectedly.B.It raised more money than expected.C.It received fewer people than expected.D.It disappointed the woman for the man’s absence.2. A.A thoracic case.thoracic[θɔː'ræsɪk]adj.[解剖]胸的；[解剖]胸廓的B.A nervous disorder.C.A stomach problem.D.A psychiatric condition.3. A.In the housing office on campus. B.In the downtown hotel.C.At a rental agency.D.In the nursing home.4. A.Thrilled.vt.使…颤动；使…紧张；使…感到兴奋或激动n.激动；震颤；紧张vi.颤抖；感到兴奋；感到紧张B.Refreshed[rɪ'freʃ]vt.更新；使……恢复；消除……的疲劳vi.恢复精神；喝饮料，吃点心；补充给养C.Exhausted.exhausted[ɪɡ'zɔːstɪd]adj.疲惫的；耗尽的v.耗尽；用尽；使…精疲力尽（exhaust的过去式）D.Depressed.adj.沮丧的；萧条的；压低的v.使沮丧；使萧条（depress的过去式和过去分词形式）；压低5. A.To travel with his parents.B.To organize a picnic in the country.picnic['pɪknɪk]n.野餐vi.去野餐C.To cruise,even without his friends.n.巡航，巡游；乘船游览vt.巡航，巡游；漫游vi.巡航，巡游；漫游D.To take a flight to the Maldives.6. A.He’s got a revert.[rɪ'vɜːt]vt.使回复原n.恢复原状者vi.回复；重提；返祖遗传；归还B.He’s got nausea.nausea[ˈnɔ:ziə]n.恶心，晕船；极端的憎恶C.He’s got diarrhea.diarrhea[,daɪə'riə]n.腹泻，痢疾D.He’s got a runny nose.流鼻涕用的线7.A.To suture the man’s wound.suture['suːtʃə]n.缝合；缝合处；缝合状vt.缝合B.To remove the bits of glass.C.To disinfect the man’s injured.D.To take a close look at the man’s wound.8. A.Mr.Lindley had got injured. B.Mr.Lindley had fallen asleep.C.Mr.Lindley had fallen off his chair.D.Mr.Lindley had lost consciousness.9. A.She will apply to Duke University.B.She will probably attend the University of Texas.C.She made up her mind to give up school for work.D.She chose Duke University over the University of Texas.10.A.Her boyfriend broke up with her.分手；结束，打碎B.She was almost run over by a truck.C.One of her friends was emotionally hurt.D.She dumped her boyfriend’s truck in the river.adj.废弃的；被甩了的v.倾倒；猛地扔下11.A.The patient will not accept the doctor’s recommendation.B.The doctor lost control of the allergic reaction.C.The doctor finds it hard to decide what to do.D.The medicine is not available to the patient.12.A.It was more expensive than the original price. B.It was given to the woman as a gift.C.It was the last article on sale.D.It was a good bargain.13.A.excited. B.Impatient.C.Indifferent.adj.漠不关心的；无关紧要的；中性的，中立的D.Concerned.14.A.She regrets buying the car. B.The car just arrived yesterday.C.She will certainly not buy the car.D.This is the car she has been wanting.15.A.He is seriously ill. B.His work is a mess.C.The weather is lousy this week.D.He has been working under pressure. Section BPassage One16.A.He has got bowel cancer. B.He has got heart disease.C.He has got bone cancer.D.He has got heartburn.17.A.To have a colonoscopy. B.To seek a second opinion.C.To be put on chemotherapy.D.To have his bowel removed.18.A.A pretty minor surgery. B.A normal life ahead of him.C.A miracle in his coming years.D.A life without any inconveniences.19.A.Thankful. B.Admiring. C.Resentful. D.Respectful.20.A.It was based on the symptoms that man had described.B.It was prescribed considering possible complications.C.I was given according to the man’s actual condition.D.It was effective because of a proper intervention.Passage Two21.A.Smoking and Lung Cancer. B.Lung Cancer and the sexes.C.How to quit smoking.D.How to prevent lung cancer.22.A.Current smokers exclusively. B.Second-hand smokers.C.With a lung problems.D.At age40or over.23.A.156 B.269 C.7498 D.942724.A.Smoking is the culprit in causing lung cancer.B.Women are more vulnerable in lung cancer than men.C.Women are found to be more addicted to smoking than men.D.When struck by lung cancer,men seem to live longer than men.25.A.Lung cancer can be early detected.B.Lung cancer is deadly but preventable.C.Lung cancer is fatal and unpredictable.D.Smoking affects the lungs of men and women differently.Passage Three26.A.A hobby B.The whole worldC.learning experience.D.A career to earn a living27.A.Her legs were brokenB.Her arms were brokenC.Her shoulders were severely injuredD.Her cervical vertebrate were seriously injured.28.A.She learned a foreign language B.She learned to make friends.C.She learned to be a teacher.D.She learned a living skills.29.A.She worked as a skiing coach.B.She was a college instructor.C.She was a social worker in a clinic.D.She worked as elementary school teacher.30.A.Optimistic and hard-bitten. B.Pessimistic and cynical.C.Humorous and funny.D.Kind and reliable.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section A31.I’m afraid that you’ll have to___________the deterioration n.恶化；退化；堕落of the condition.A.account for对…负有责任；对…做出解释；说明……的原因；导致；（比例）占B.call for要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊C.look for寻找D.make for导致；有助于；走向32.Twelve hours a week seemed a generous adj.慷慨的，大方的；宽宏大量的；有雅量的___________of your time to the nursing home.A.affliction n.苦难；苦恼；折磨B.alternative adj.供选择的；选择性的；交替的n.二中择一；供替代的选择C.allocation n.分配，配置；安置（location n.位置（形容词locational）；地点；外景拍摄场地）distributeD.alliance n.联盟，联合；联姻33.Every product is_________tested before being put into market.A.expensivelyB.exceptionally adv.异常地；特殊地；例外地C.exhaustively adv.耗尽一切地D.exclusively adv.唯一地；专有地；排外地34.Having clean hands is one of the___________rules when preparing food.A.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的B.conditional adj.有条件的；假定的n.条件句；条件语C.inseparable adj.[数]不可分割的；不能分离的n.不可分离的事物；形影不离的朋友D.cardinal n.红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色；【鸟类】(北美)主红雀adj.主要的，基本的；深红色的35.The educators should try hard to develop the________abilities of children.A.cohesive adj.有结合力的；紧密结合的；有粘着力的B.cognitive adj.认知的，认识的C.collective adj.集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n.集团；集合体；集合名词ic adj.喜剧的；滑稽的；有趣的n.连环漫画；喜剧演员；滑稽人物36.Mortgage vt.抵押n.抵押房屋抵押贷款___________had risen in the last year because the number of low-income families was on the increase.A.defects n.缺点，缺陷；不足之处vi.变节；叛变B.deficits n.赤字；不足额C.defaults vi.拖欠；不履行；不到场n.违约；缺席；缺乏；系统默认值vt.不履行；不参加（比赛等）；对…处以缺席裁判（fault n.故障；[地质]断层；错误；缺点；毛病；（网球等）发球失误vi.弄错；产生断层）D.deceptions n.欺骗，欺诈；骗术37.The symptoms n.[临床]症状；症候；病徵may be__________by certain drugs.A.exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大B.exacerbated vt.使加剧；使恶化；激怒=aggravateC.exceeded adj.非常的；过度的；溢出的v.超过（exceed的过去分词）；越出D.exhibited adj.展出的v.展出；表现出（exhibit的过去分词）38.Her story was a complete adj.完整的；完全的；彻底的vt.完成_________from start to finish, so nobody believed in her.A.facility n.设施；设备；容易；灵巧B.fascination n.魅力；魔力；入迷（adj.fascinating迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的fascinated着迷的；被深深吸引的）C.fabrication n.制造，建造；装配；伪造物（n.fabric织物；布；组织；构造；fabricator制作者；杜撰者v.fabricated制造，组装；伪造，捏造（fabricate的过去分词）vt.fabricate制造；伪造；装配）D.faculty n.科，系；能力；全体教员39.The police investigating the traffic accident have not ruled out排除；取消；划去；反对；阻止_________.A.salvage n.打捞；海上救助；抢救财货；救难的奖金vt.抢救；海上救助B.safeguard n.[安全]保护；保卫；保护措施vt.[安全]保护，护卫C.sabotage vt.妨害；对…采取破坏行动vi.从事破坏活动n.破坏；破坏活动；怠工D.sacrifice n.牺牲；祭品；供奉vt.牺牲；献祭；亏本出售vi.献祭；奉献40.The government always_________on the background n.背景；隐蔽的位置vt.作…的背景adj.背景的；发布背景材料的of employees who are hired for sensitive military projects.A.takes up拿起；开始从事；占据(时间,地方)B.checks up检查；核对（check out检验；结账离开；通过考核；盖章，结账后离开，结帐后离开，办理退房、出院手续）C.works out解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂；锻炼D.looks into调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看Section B41.The19th century physiology n.生理学；生理机能was dominated vt.控制；支配；占优势；在…中占主要地位vi.占优势；处于支配地位by the study of the transformations of food energy into body mass体重and activity.A.boosted adj.升高的；升压的；加力的v.提高，推进；宣传（boost的过去式）erned v.管理（govern的过去式和过去分词）；统治；支配C.clarified adj.澄清的；透明的v.阐明（clarify的过去分词形式）；澄清D.pioneered v.倡导；作先驱（pioneer的过去式）42.Surely,it would be sensible adj.明智的合乎情理的通情达理的意识到的，能感觉到的to get a second opinion before taking any further action.采取进一步行动，进一步的行动A.realistic adj.现实的；现实主义的；逼真的；实在论的B.sensitive adj.敏感的；感觉的；[仪]灵敏的；感光的；易受伤害的；易受影响的n.敏感的人；有灵异能力的人C.reasonable adj.合理的，公道的；通情达理的D.sensational adj.轰动的；耸人听闻的；非常好的；使人感动的（economic sanction经济制裁）43.The Chinese people hold the ancestors n.祖先；被继承人in great veneration.n.尊敬；崇拜（Ancestor veneration祖先崇拜）A.recognition n.识别；承认，认出；重视；赞誉；公认B.sincerity n.真实，诚挚C.heritage n.遗产；传统；继承物；继承权D.honor n.荣誉；尊敬；勋章vt.尊敬；[金融]承兑；承兑远期票据44.I worked to develop the requisite skill必要技能（requisite adj.必备的，必不可少的；需要的n.必需品）for managerial adj.[管理]管理的；经理的post.n.岗位；邮件；标杆vt.张贴；公布；邮递；布置vi.快速行进A.perfect adj.完美的；最好的；精通的vt.使完美；使熟练n.完成式B.exquisite adj.精致的；细腻的；优美的，高雅的；异常的；n.服饰过于讲究的男子C.unique adj.独特的，稀罕的；[数]唯一的，独一无二的n.独一无二的人或物D.necessary adj.必要的；必需的；必然的n.必需品45.If exercise is a bodily maintenance activity维修活动and an index n.指标；指数；索引；指针vi.做索引vt.指出；编入索引中of physiological age生理年龄,the lack of sufficient exercise may either cause or hasten aging.二者择一的；要么…要么…A.instance n.实例；情况；建议vt.举...为例B.indicator n.指示器；[试剂]指示剂；[计]指示符；压力计C.appearance n.外貌，外观；出现，露面D.option n.[计]选项；选择权；买卖的特权（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）46.The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise剧烈运动.（strenuous adj.紧张的；费力的；奋发的；艰苦的；热烈的）A.arduous adj.努力的；费力的；险峻的B.demanding adj.苛求的；要求高的；吃力的v.要求；查问（demand的ing形式）C.potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的D.continuous adj.连续的，持续的；继续的；连绵不断的47.The hospital should be held accountable for负责，对…应付责任the quality of care护理质量it delivers.A.practicable adj.可用的；行得通的；可实行的B.reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的n.可靠的人C.flexible adj.灵活的；柔韧的；易弯曲的D.responsible adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的48.Greenpeace n.绿色和平组织（保护动物不遭捕猎等）has been invite to appraise vt.评价，鉴定；估价the environment costs of such an operation.A.esteem vt.尊敬；认为；考虑；估价n.尊重；尊敬B.appreciate vt.欣赏；感激；领会；鉴别vi.增值；涨价appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的C.evaluate vt.评价；估价；求…的值vi.评价；估价audit,estimate,assess,reckonD.approve vt.批准；赞成；为…提供证据vi.批准；赞成；满意49.The company still hopes to find a buyer,but the future looks bleak.adj.阴冷的；荒凉的，无遮蔽的；黯淡的，无希望的；冷酷的；单调的A.chilly adj.寒冷的；怕冷的B.dismal adj.凄凉的，忧郁的；阴沉的，沉闷的n.低落的情绪C.promising adj.有希望的，有前途的v.许诺，答应（promise的现在分词形式）D.fanatic n.狂热入迷者；盲信者；盲信adj.狂热的；盲信的50.These were vital adj.至关重要的；生死攸关的；有活力的decisions n.决定，决心；决议that bore upon（bear upon）有关；瞄准；对…施加压力the happiness of everybody.A.ensured vt.保证，确保；使安全B.ruined n.废墟；毁坏；灭亡vt.毁灭；使破产vi.破产；堕落；被毁灭C.achieved vt.取得；获得；实现；成功vi.达到预期的目的，实现预期的结果，如愿以偿D.influenced n.影响；势力；感化；有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变Part III Cloze(10%)Are some people born clever and others born stupid?Or is intelligence n.智力；情报工作；情报机关；理解力developed by our environment and our experiences（可数名词：经历；不可数名词：经验）?Strangely___51___,the answer to both these questions is yes.To some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上our intelligence is given us at birth生下来时（innate adj.先天的；固有的；与生俱来的）,and no amount of即使再大（或再多）的…（也不）special education can make a genius n.天才，天赋；精神___52____a child born with low intelligence.On the other hand另一方面,a child who lives in boring adj.无聊的；令人厌烦的environment will develop his intelligence less than the one who lives in rich and varied surrounding.Thus the___53___of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth,but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his ___54___.This view,not held by most experts can be supported in a number of ways.It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent在一定程度上；在某种程度上___55___we are born with.The closer the blood relationship血统；血缘关系between two people,the closer they are likely to be in intelligence.Thus if we take two unrelated people___56___,it is likelythat their degrees of intelligence will be completely different.If on the other hand we take two identical twins[遗]同卵双胞胎；[妇产]单卵性双胎they will likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters,parents and children,usually have___57___intelligence and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.___58___now that we take identical twins and put them in different environments.We might send one,for example to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring.We would soon find differences in intelligence developing,and this indicates vt.表明；指出；预示；象征that environment___59___birth plays a part.This conclusion is also suggested by the ___60___that people who live in close contact with each other.But who are not related at all,are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.53.A.amounts n.数量，总额（amount的复数）v.总和（amount的第三人称单数形式）B.qualities[统计]品质C.limits n.限制；限度；界线vt.限制；限定D.scores n.分数；二十；配乐；刻痕vt.获得；评价；划线，刻划；把…记下vi.得分；记分；54.A.disposition n.处置；[心理]性情；[军]部署；倾向B.perception n.知觉；[生理]感觉；看法；洞察力；获取C.endowment n.捐赠；捐助；捐款；天资56.A.in advance adv.预先，提前B.for effect为了给人良好的印象；为了得到效果C.at random胡乱地；随便地；任意地D.under way进行中；航行中；在行进57.A.similar adj.相似的n.类似物B.various adj.各种各样的；多方面的C.appropriate adj.适当的；恰当的；合适的vt.占用，拨出D.inborn adj.天生的；先天的Part IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Passage One1.Fourteen-year-old Sean MeCallum lay in a hospital bed waiting for a new heart.Without it, Sean would die.Sean’s case is not unusual.Everyday many people die because there just aren’t enough human organs to go around.四处走动；供应；（消息）流传2.Now scientists say/they can alter the genetic make-up基因组成，遗传构成of certain animals/so that their organs may be acceptable to使...可接受humans.With this gene-altering technique to overcome vt.克服；胜过vi.克服；得胜（come over过来；顺便来访；抓住）our immune rejection免疫排斥to foreign organs,scientists hope to use pig heart for transplants vt.移植；迁移；使移居n.移植；移植器官；被移植物；移居者vi.移植；迁移；移居by the year2008.3.That prospect n.前途；预期；景色vi.勘探，找矿vt.勘探，勘察,however,has stirred up激起；煽动；搅拌；唤起strong opposition n.反对；反对派；在野党；敌对among animal fight activities.They protest vi.抗议；断言vt.抗议；断言n.抗议adj.表示抗议的；抗议性的that the whole idea of/using animal organs is cruel adj.残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的and unjust.adj.不公平的，不公正的；非正义的.Some scientists also fear such transplants may transmit vt.传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传unknown diseases to humans.4.Others believe transplanting animal organs into humans is lions of/dollars spent on breeding pigs for their organs could be better spent on health education programs.They believe seventy-five percent of the heart disease cases that lead to a need for organ transplant are preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的.The key is to convince people to eat healthily,and not to smoke or drink alcohol.Scientists could also use research funds to improve artificial adj.人造的；仿造的；虚伪的；非原产地的；武断的organs.5.Still others believe that though new inventions and prevention programs may help,spending money to encourage more people to donate their organs is an even better idea.If enough people were educated about organ donations,everyone who needed an organ could be taken off起飞；脱下；离开the waiting list in a year.61.What is the problem the passage begins with?A.High mortality rate of immune rejection.B.A malpractice n.玩忽职守；不法行为；治疗不当in heart transplantation.C.An unusual case of organ transplant.D.A shortage of human organs.62.Not only is the gene-altering technique a technical issue技术问题,according to the passage but also it_________________________.A.introduces an issue of inhumanity n.不人道，无人性；残暴B.raises the issue of justice n.司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员in medicineC.presents a significant adj.重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的n.象征；有意义的事物threat to human nature人性；人类本性D.pushes the practice of organ transplant to the limits63.Doubtful of the necessity of using animal organs,some scientists___________________.A.are to narrow adj.狭窄的，有限的；勉强的；精密的；度量小的n.海峡；狭窄部分，隘路vt.使变狭窄the scope n.范围；余地；视野；眼界；导弹射程vt.审视of organ transplantsB.switch to v.切换到；转到；转变成t he development of artificial organse up with提出；想出；赶上alternatives to the current problemD.set out to打算，着手,开始purchase n.购买；紧握；起重装置vt.购买；赢得vi.购买东西better ways of treating heart disease64.It can be inferred from推断the concluding paragraph of the passage that __________________.A.the gene-altering technique will help those waiting for organ transplantsB.the present supply of human organs still has potential n.潜能；可能性；[电]电势adj.潜在的；可能的；势的（potent adj.有效的；强有力的，有权势的；有说服力的）to be explored vt.探索；探测；探险C.people prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升vi.喜欢；愿意the use of animal organs for medical purposes n.目的；用途；意志vt.决心；企图；打算D.the gene-altering technique leaves much to believed65.The information the passage carries is__________________________.A.enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.unbelievable adj.难以置信的；不可信的C.imaginative adj.虚构的；富于想象的；有创造力的（imaginable可能的；可想像的）D.factual adj.事实的Passage Two1.There is a great irony n.讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事adj.铁的；似铁的of21st century global health:While many hundreds of millions of数以亿计people lack adequate adj.充足的；适当的；胜任的food as a result of economic inequities n.不公平，不公正,political corruption政治腐败（corruption n.贪污，腐败；堕落）,or warfare n.战争；冲突,many hundreds of millions more are overweight/to the point of达到…的程度increased risk for/diet-related chronic diseases. Obesity n.肥大，肥胖is a worldwide phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/the poorest countries/to divert vt.转移；使…欢娱；使…转向scarce resources稀有资源（scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的adv.仅仅；几乎不；几乎没有）away from food security粮食安全；食品安全；食物保障to take care of people with preventable adj.可预防的；可阻止的；可防止的heart disease and diabetes.n.糖尿病；多尿症长难句：Obesity is a worldwide phenomenon,affecting children as well as adults and forcing all but/（the poorest countries）to divert away from/food security to/take care of people with /preventable heart disease and diabetes.2.To reverse n.背面；相反；倒退；失败vt.颠倒；倒转adj.反面的；颠倒的；反身的the obesity epidemic adj.流行的；传染性的n.传染病；流行病；风尚等的流行,we must address vt.演说；从事；忙于；写姓名地址；向…致辞；与…说话；提出；处理n.地址；演讲；致辞；说话的技巧；称呼the fundamental cause根本原因.Overweight comes from consuming more food energy than is expended vt.花费；消耗；用光；耗尽in activity.The cause of this imbalance also is ironic: improved prosperity.People use extra income to eat more and be less physically active.Market economies encourage this.They make people with expendable adj.可消费的；排出的；不重复使用的；可牺牲的n.消耗品income into consumers of aggressively adv.侵略地；攻击地；有闯劲地（侵略=aggress;aggression;invade;invasion）（exaggerated adj.夸张的，言过其实的v.夸张，夸大aggravate vt.加重；使恶化；激怒）marketed foods that are high in energy but low in nutritional value营养价值,and of cars,television set,and computers that promote sedentary adj.久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的behavior.Gaining weight are good business.Food is particularly business because everyone eats.3.Moreover adv.而且；此外,food is so overproduced vt.过度生产that many countries, especially the rich ones,have far more than远远超过，多得多的they need-another irony.In the United States,to take an extreme adj.极端的；极度的；偏激的；尽头的n.极端；末端；最大程度；极端的事物example,most adults--of all ages,incomes,educational levels,and census vt.实施统计调查n.人口普查，人口调查categories n.种类，分类；[数]范畴–are overweight.The U.S.food supply provides3800kilocalories per person per day,nearly twice as much as required vt.需要；要求；命令by many adults.Overabundant adj.太充足的；过多的food forces companies to compete for sales through advertising,health claims,new products,large portions.And campaigns vi.作战；参加竞选；参加活动n.运动；活动；战役directed toward children.Food marketing promotes weight gain.Indeed adv.的确；实在；真正地；甚至,it is difficult to think of any major industry that might benefit if people eat less food;certainly not the agriculture,food product, grocery n.食品杂货店,restaurant,diet or drug industries.All flourish n.兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt.夸耀；挥舞vi.繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期when people eat more.And all employ armies of lobbyists n.说客；活动议案通过者to discourage vt.阻止；使气馁government from doing anything to inhibit vt.抑制；禁止=bar；restrain；control；stay overeating.注：discourage sb from doing阻止某人做某事;阻止做某事;不鼓励;劝某人打消做某事的念头66.The great irony of21st century global public health refers to_____________.A.the cause of obesity and its counteractive adj.反作用的；抵抗的；反对的n.反作用；抵抗，对抗；反对measuresB.the insufficient and superfluous adj.多余的；不必要的；奢侈的consumption of foodC.the scarce natural resource and the negligence of food securityD.the consumption n.消费；消耗；肺痨of food and the increased risk for diet-related diseases67.To address the fundamental cause of the obesity epidemic,according to the passage,is _______.A.to improve political and economic managementB.to cope with处理，应付the energy imbalance issueC.to combat vt.反对；与…战斗n.战斗；争论adj.战斗的；为…斗争的diet-related chronic diseasesD.to increase investment in global health68.As we can learn from the passage,the second irony refers to参考；涉及；指的是；适用于_____________.A.affluence n.富裕；丰富；流入；汇聚and obesityB.food energy and nutritional valueC.food business and economic prosperity经济繁荣；发展生产（prosperity n.繁荣，成功）D.diseases of civilization n.文明；文化and pathology n.病理（学）;异常状态of inactivity69.As a result of the third irony,people_____________________.A.consume3800kilocalories on a daily basisplain about food overproductionC.have to raise their food expensesD.are driven towards朝...方向驱使（Drive Towards The Light驶向光明drive towards south照南开Drive Towards Zero零排放）weight gain70.Which of the following can be excluded vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出as we can understand based on the passage?A.The economic dimension.经济局面（层面）B.The political dimension政治方面（层面）C.The humane adj.仁慈的，人道的；高尚的dimension.人文方面（层面）D.The dietary n.饮食的规定；食谱adj.饮食的，饭食的，规定食物的dimension饮食层面注：dimension n.方面;[数]维；尺寸；次元；容积vt.标出尺寸adj.规格的3-dimension三维Passage Three1.Women find a masculine adj.男性的；阳性的；男子气概的n.男性；阳性，阳性词（muscle n.肌肉；力量vt.加强；使劲搬动；使劲挤出）face with a large jaw n.颌；下巴；狭窄入口；唠叨vt.教训；对…唠叨and a prominent adj.突出的，显著的；杰出的；卓越的brow n.眉，眉毛；额；表情more attractive when they are more likely to conceive vt.怀孕；构思；以为；持有，according to a study published in the June24Nature.Before,during,and just after menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经，however,they seem to be drawn to被…所吸引less angular adj.[生物]有角的；生硬的，笨拙的；瘦削的,more“feminine”adj.女性的；妇女（似）的；阴性的；娇柔的male faces, the researchers report.2.“Other studies of female preference n.偏爱，倾向；优先权,mainly for odors n.气味；名声,show changes across the menstrual cycle生理]月经周期,”says leading author Ian Penton-Voak of the University of St.Andrews on Scotland.“we thought/it would be interesting to look at visual adj.视觉的，视力的；栩栩如生的preferences and see if they changed also.3.The research showed39Japanese women composite n.复合材料；合成物；菊科adj.复合的；合成的；菊科的vt.使合成；使混合male faces that/emphasized masculine or feminine facial features面部特征；面容to differing degrees.The women preferred vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升images with more masculine features男性特性when they were in the fertile adj.富饶的，肥沃的；能生育的phase n.相；阶段；[天]位相vt.使定相；逐步执行of their menses n.[生理]月经；[生理]行经but favored more feminine features during their less fertile phase.4.The type of face women find attractive also seems to depend on the kind of relationship they wish to pursue vt.继续；从事；追赶；纠缠,according to another experiment.The cyclic preference for偏爱…muscular faces was evident adj.明显的；明白的=obvious/distinct/visible among23 British women asked to choose the most attractive face for a short-term adj.短期的relationship, Penton-Voak says.The26women asked to choose an attractive face for a long-term relationship 长期关系,however,preferred the more feminine features throughout their menstrual cycle.5.Another22women/who were using oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药/did not show monthly changes/in the faces they preferred even for即使对于short-term relationships, indicating that表明,正在翻译,结果表明(indicat e vt.表明；指出；预示；象征)hormones n.[生理]激素，荷尔蒙might play a role in在……起作用determining vt.决定，确定；判定，判决；限定attractiveness n.吸引力；迷惑力,Penton-Voak says.6.Men/whose faces have some feminine softness n.温柔；柔和/are perceived as“kinder’men/who may make better husbands and partners,he adds,white macho adj.大男子气概的n.强壮男子；大丈夫features may be associated with和…联系在一起；与……有关，与……有关系higher testosterone(睾丸素)levels and good genes.He cautions n.小心，谨慎；警告，警示vt.警告,however,that research hasn’t yet shown a link between a woman’s preferences in such tests and her actual behavior实际行为.71.The researchers made a study on_____________________.A.women’s menstrual cycleB.men’s preferred female imagesC.women’s visual preferences of menD.men’s masculine and feminine features72.Women are drawn to a masculine face,according to the researchers,when they___________.A.grow to be feminineB.are on oral contraceptives[药]口服避孕药C.are ready for conception n.怀孕；概念；设想；开始D.are on menstruation n.[生理]月经；月经期间；有月经73.It was found in Britain that women’s preferred male images were influenced by受…的影响___________.A.their family planningB.the years of marriage they hadC.the length of their menstrual cycle[生理]月经周期D.the term of relationship they seek74.Just because the studies of female preferences show changes across the menstrual cycle,as Penton-Voak implies,does not mean that__________________.A.visual preferences do exist vi.存在；生存；生活；继续存在B.a woman acts this way is reality n.现实；实际；真实C.a man will buy into the phenomenon n.现象；奇迹；杰出的人才D.men and women prefer vt.更喜欢；宁愿；提出；提升the same image75.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.Does a woman judge from a man’s appearance?B.Is there such a thing as beauty in the world?C.Are women more emotional than men?D.Is beauty more than meets the eye?Passage Four1.Well-do they or don’t they?For years,controversy n.争论；论战；辩论has raged n.愤怒；狂暴，肆虐；情绪激动vi.大怒，发怒；流行，风行over whether the electromagnetic fields电磁场produced by power lines电力线;输电线could cause cancer,especially leukemia白血病in young children.But in Britain last week,confusion n.混淆，混乱；困惑reached new heights达到新的高度.2.One team from Bristol announced that/it has evidence to back n.后面vt.支持；后退；背书；下赌注a controversial adj.有争议的；有争论的but plausible adj.貌似可信的，花言巧语的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的theory n.理论；原理；学说；推测which would explain how power lines might cause cancer(Electric fields attract airborne pollutants).Only to be followed/by the release of results/by another group/in London/which suggested/there is nothing to worry about.what is going on?3.Actually,the confusion may be more apparent adj.显然的；表面上的than real.There can be no doubt that/the effects/of power lines on water droplets水滴；微水滴，小水滴,pollutants and naturally occurring radon uncovered vt.发现；揭开；揭露by the Bristol team are real and interesting.But to suggest that/they have anything to do with leukemia in children is prematureadj.早产的；不成熟的；比预期早的n.早产儿；过早发生的事物.The extra n.临时演员；号外；额外的事物；上等产品adj.额外的，另外收费的；特大的adv.特别地，非常；另外exposure n.暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列to pollution for a child living near power lines would be tiny adj.微小的；很少的,and it is not obvious adj.明显的；显著的；平淡无奇的why radon-a gas normally associated with与…有关系；与…相联系lung cancer-would cause leukemia in children.4.The second study,which drew reassuring vt.使…安心，使消除疑虑blank,is the world’s biggest ever probe n.探针；调查vt.探查；用探针探测of the statistical adj.统计的；统计学的link between childhood cancers and magnetic fields of the sort produced by power lines and the electrical appliances日用电器.It is one of several recent studies近代研究that have failed to find a link.Unlike adj.不同的，不相似的earlier research,these newer studies involved vt.包含；牵涉；使陷于；潜心于going into homes to measure the electromagnetic fields.The fields they measured included vt.包含，包括(exclude vt.排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出.preclude vt.排除；妨碍；阻止) input from major power lines if they were nearby.5.Which is not to say the research is perfect.Critics n.评论家；批评者；吹毛求疵的人（critic的复数）argue that/Britain’s childhood cancer study,for example,has not yet taken into account考虑；重视；体谅(take sth into account对某事加以考虑;考虑;把;考虑某事)the surges n.汹涌；大浪，波涛；汹涌澎湃；巨涌v.汹涌；起大浪，蜂拥而来in exposure that might come from,say, switching appliances on and off.And some people might wonder n.惊奇；奇迹；惊愕vt.怀疑；惊奇；对…感到惊讶adj.奇妙的；非凡的why measurements of the electric fields that are also produced by power lines did not figure n.数字；人物；图形；价格；（人的）体形；画像vt.计算；认为；描绘；象征in last week’s study.But neither criticism n.批评；考证；苛求amounts to相当于，总计为a fatal blow.致命的打击.Electrical fields cannot penetrate vt.渗透；穿透；洞察the body significantly adv.意味深长地；值得注目地,for example.6.A more serious concern vt.涉及，关系到；使担心n.关系；关心；关心的事whether the British research provides an all-clear adj.放行；空袭警报信号解除的；无危险信号的signal for such countries such as the US where power lines carry more current and therefore adv.因此；所以produce higher magnetic fields.Pedants(书呆子)would conclude vt.推断；决定，作结论；结束that it doesn’t.But these counties will not have long to wait for answers from a major Japanese study.7.In Britain the latest epidemiological study流行病学研究can be taken as the final word on the matter.If the electromagnetic fields in Britain homes can in some unforeseen adj.未预见到的，无法预料的way increase the risk of cancer,we can now be as certain as science allows that the increase is too tiny to measure.76.Both the question“Well-do they or don’t they?”and the question“what is going on?”suggest _______________.A.the high incidence of LeukemiaB.the advent n.到来；出现；基督降临；基督降临节of bewilderment n.困惑；迷乱；慌张among peopleC.the warning of the worsening air pollutionD.the tense relation between Bristol and London77.What would the author say of the result of the first study?A.Enlightening adj.使人领悟的；有启发作用的v.启蒙；通知（enlighten的ing形式）B.Insignificant adj.无关紧要的C.Reassuring adj.安心的；可靠的；鼓气的v.使放心（reassure的ing形式）D.Apparent adj.显然的；表面上的(parent n.父亲（或母亲）；父母亲；根源)78.What can be suggested from the results of the second study?A.There does exist a danger zone near power lines.B.There is much to be improved in terms of design.。