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HCNW2611中文资料

HCNW2611中文资料

1-146HHigh CMR, High Speed TTL Compatible Optocouplers Technical Data6N137HCNW137HCNW2601HCNW2611HCPL-0600HCPL-0601HCPL-0611HCPL-0630CAUTION: It is advised that normal static precautions be taken in handling and assembly of this component to prevent damage and/or degradation which may be induced by ESD.Features• 5 kV/µs Minimum Common Mode Rejection (CMR) at V CM = 50 V for HCPL-X601/X631, HCNW2601 and10kV/µs Minimum CMR at V CM = 1000 V for HCPL-X611/X661, HCNW2611• High Speed: 10 MBd Typical • LSTTL/TTL Compatible • Low Input Current Capability: 5 mA• Guaranteed ac and dcPerformance over Temper-ature: -40°C to +85°C • Available in 8-Pin DIP,SOIC-8, Widebody Packages • Strobable Output (Single Channel Products Only)• Safety ApprovalUL Recognized - 2500 V rms for 1 minute and 5000V rms*for 1 minute per UL1577CSA ApprovedVDE 0884 Approved with V IORM = 630 V peak forHCPL-2611 Option 060 and V IORM =1414 V peak for HCNW137/26X1BSI Certified(HCNW137/26X1 Only)• MIL-STD-1772 Version Available (HCPL-56XX/66XX)Functional Diagram*5000 V rms/1 Minute rating is for HCNW137/26X1 and Option 020 (6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661) products only.HCPL-0631HCPL-0661HCPL-2601HCPL-2611HCPL-2630HCPL-2631HCPL-4661Applications• Isolated Line Receiver • Computer-Peripheral Interfaces• Microprocessor System Interfaces• Digital Isolation for A/D,D/A Conversion• Switching Power Supply • Instrument Input/Output Isolation• Ground Loop Elimination • Pulse Transformer Replacement• Power Transistor Isolation in Motor Drives• Isolation of High Speed Logic SystemsDescriptionThe 6N137, HCPL-26XX/06XX/4661, HCNW137/26X1 are optically coupled gates that combine a GaAsP light emitting diode and an integrated high gain photo detector. An enable input allows the detector to be strobed.The output of the detector IC isA 0.1 µF bypass capacitor must be connected between pins 5 and 8.CATHODEANODE GNDV V CC O ANODE 2CATHODE 2CATHODE 1ANODE 1GNDV V CC O2V E V O16N137, HCPL-2601/2611 HCPL-0600/0601/0611 HCPL-2630/2631/4661 NC NCLED ON OFF ON OFF ON OFFENABLEH H L L NC NCOUTPUTL H H H L HTRUTH TABLE (POSITIVE LOGIC)LED ON OFFOUTPUTL HTRUTH TABLE (POSITIVE LOGIC)5965-3594Ean open collector Schottky-clamped transistor. The internal shield provides a guaranteed common mode transient immunity specification of 5,000 V/µs for the HCPL-X601/X631 and HCNW2601, and 10,000 V/µs for the HCPL-X611/X661 and HCNW2611.This unique design providesmaximum ac and dc circuitisolation while achieving TTLcompatibility. The optocoupler acand dc operational parametersare guaranteed from -40°C to+85°C allowing troublefreesystem performance.The 6N137, HCPL-26XX, HCPL-06XX, HCPL-4661, HCNW137,and HCNW26X1 are suitable forhigh speed logic interfacing,input/output buffering, as linereceivers in environments thatconventional line receiverscannot tolerate and are recom-mended for use in extremely highground or induced noiseenvironments.Selection GuideNotes:1. Technical data are on separate HP publications.2. 15 kV/µs with V CM = 1 kV can be achieved using HP application circuit.3. Enable is available for single channel products only, except for HCPL-193X devices.1-1471-148Ordering InformationSpecify Part Number followed by Option Number (if desired).Example:HCPL-2611#XXX020 = 5000 V rms/1 minute UL Rating Option*060 = VDE 0884 V IORM = 630 Vpeak Option**300 = Gull Wing Surface Mount Option†500 = Tape and Reel Packaging OptionOption data sheets available. Contact Hewlett-Packard sales representative or authorized distributor for information.*For 6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31 and HCPL-4661 (8-pin DIP products) only.**For HCPL-2611 only. Combination of Option 020 and Option 060 is not available.†Gull wing surface mount option applies to through hole parts only.SchematicV FUSE OF A 0.1 µF BYPASS CAPACITOR CONNECTEDBETWEEN PINS 5 AND 8 IS RECOMMENDED (SEE NOTE 5).V CC V OGNDE6N137, HCPL-2601/2611 HCPL-0600/0601/0611V V CC V O1V V O2GNDHCPL-2630/2631/4661 HCPL-0630/0631/0661+ 0.076- 0.051(0.010+ 0.003)- 0.002)DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS AND (INCHES).*MARKING CODE LETTER FOR OPTION NUMBERS"L" = OPTION 020"V" = OPTION 060OPTION NUMBERS 300 AND 500 NOT MARKED. Package Outline Drawings8-pin DIP Package** (6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661)8-pin DIP Package with Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300(6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661)**JEDEC Registered Data (for 6N137 only).(0.025 ± 0.005)1.080 ± 0.320MAX.(0.100)BSCDIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).+ 0.076- 0.051+ 0.003)- 0.002)1-1491-150Small-Outline SO-8 Package (HCPL-0600/01/11/30/31/61)8-Pin Widebody DIP Package (HCNW137, HCNW2601/11)(0.012)MIN.DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).1.78 ± 0.15 + 0.076 - 0.0051+ 0.003) - 0.002)1-1518-Pin Widebody DIP Package with Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300(HCNW137, HCNW2601/11)Note: Use of nonchlorine activated fluxes is highly recommended.Solder Reflow Temperature Profile (HCPL-06XX and Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300 Parts)240TIME – MINUTEST E M P E R A T U R E – °C2202001801601401201008060402002601.78 ± 0.15 MAX.BSCDIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).Regulatory Information The 6N137, HCPL-26XX/06XX/ 46XX, and HCNW137/26XX have been approved by the following organizations:ULRecognized under UL 1577, Component Recognition Program, File E55361.CSAApproved under CSA ComponentAcceptance Notice #5, File CA88324.VDEApproved according to VDE0884/06.92. (HCPL-2611 Option060 and HCNW137/26X1 only)BSICertification according toBS415:1994(BS EN60065:1994),BS7002:1992(BS EN60950:1992) andEN41003:1993 for Class IIapplications. (HCNW137/26X1only)Insulation and Safety Related Specifications8-pin DIP Widebody(300 Mil)SO-8(400 Mil)Parameter Symbol Value Value Value Units Conditions Minimum External L(101)7.1 4.99.6mm Measured from input terminals Air Gap (External to output terminals, shortest Clearance)distance through air. Minimum External L(102)7.4 4.810.0mm Measured from input terminals Tracking (External to output terminals, shortest Creepage)distance path along body. Minimum Internal0.080.08 1.0mm Through insulation distance, Plastic Gap conductor to conductor, usually (Internal Clearance)the direct distance between thephotoemitter and photodetectorinside the optocoupler cavity. Minimum Internal NA NA 4.0mm Measured from input terminals Tracking (Internal to output terminals, along Creepage)internal cavity.Tracking Resistance CTI200200200Volts DIN IEC 112/VDE 0303 Part 1 (ComparativeTracking Index)Isolation Group IIIa IIIa IIIa Material Group(DIN VDE 0110, 1/89, Table 1) Option 300 - surface mount classification is Class A in accordance with CECC 00802.1-1521-153VDE 0884 Insulation Related Characteristics (HCPL-2611 Option 060 Only)*Refer to the front of the optocoupler section of the current catalog, under Product Safety Regulations section (VDE 0884), for a detailed description.Note: Isolation characteristics are guaranteed only within the safety maximum ratings which must be ensured by protective circuits in application.VDE 0884 Insulation Related Characteristics (HCNW137/2601/2611 Only)*Refer to the front of the optocoupler section of the current catalog, under Product Safety Regulations section (VDE 0884), for a detailed description.Note: Isolation characteristics are guaranteed only within the safety maximum ratings which must be ensured by protective circuits in application.Absolute Maximum Ratings* (No Derating Required up to 85°C)*JEDEC Registered Data (for 6N137 only).**Ratings apply to all devices except otherwise noted in the Package column.†0°C to 70°C on JEDEC Registration.Recommended Operating ConditionsParameter Symbol Min.Max.Units Input Current, Low Level I FL*0250µAInput Current, High Level[1]I FH**515mA Power Supply Voltage V CC 4.5 5.5VLow Level Enable Voltage†V EL00.8VHigh Level Enable Voltage†V EH 2.0V CC V Operating Temperature T A-4085°CFan Out (at R L = 1 kΩ)[1]N5TTL Loads Output Pull-up Resistor R L330 4 kΩ*The off condition can also be guaranteed by ensuring that V FL≤0.8 volts.**The initial switching threshold is 5 mA or less. It is recommended that 6.3 mA to 10 mA be used for best performance and to permit at least a 20% LED degradation guardband.†For single channel products only.1-154Electrical SpecificationsOver recommended temperature (T A = -40°C to +85°C) unless otherwise specified. All Typicals at V CC = 5 V, T A = 25°C. All enable test conditions apply to single channel products only. See note 5.*JEDEC registered data for the 6N137. The JEDEC Registration specifies 0°C to +70°C. HP specifies -40°C to +85°C.1-155Switching Specifications (AC)Over Recommended Temperature (T A = -40°C to +85°C), V CC = 5 V, I F= 7.5 mA unless otherwise specified. All Typicals at T A = 25°C, V CC = 5 V.*JEDEC registered data for the 6N137.**Ratings apply to all devices except otherwise noted in the Package column.1-156Package Characteristics= 25°C.All Typicals at T**The Input-Output Momentary Withstand Voltage is a dielectric voltage rating that should not be interpreted as an input-output continuous voltage rating. For the continuous voltage rating refer to the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table (if applicable), your equipment level safety specification or HP Application Note 1074 entitled “Optocoupler Input-Output Endurance Voltage.”†For 6N137, HCPL-2601/2611/2630/2631/4661 only.Notes:1. Each channel.2. Peaking circuits may produce transient input currents up to 50 mA, 50 ns maximum pulse width, provided average current doesnot exceed 20 mA.3. Peaking circuits may produce transient input currents up to 50 mA, 50 ns maximum pulse width, provided average current doesnot exceed 15 mA.4. Derate linearly above 80°C free-air temperature at a rate of 2.7 mW/°C for the SOIC-8 package.5. Bypassing of the power supply line is required, with a 0.1 µF ceramic disc capacitor adjacent to each optocoupler as illustrated inFigure 17. Total lead length between both ends of the capacitor and the isolator pins should not exceed 20 mm.6. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I OH of 250 µA. HP guarantees a maximum I OH of 100 µA.7. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I CCH of 15 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I CCH of 10 mA.8. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I CCL of 18 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I CCL of 13 mA.9. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I EL of –2.0 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I EL of -1.6 mA.10. The t PLH propagation delay is measured from the 3.75 mA point on the falling edge of the input pulse to the 1.5 V point on therising edge of the output pulse.11. The t PHL propagation delay is measured from the 3.75 mA point on the rising edge of the input pulse to the 1.5 V point on thefalling edge of the output pulse.12. t PSK is equal to the worst case difference in t PHL and/or t PLH that will be seen between units at any given temperature and specifiedtest conditions.13. See application section titled “Propagation Delay, Pulse-Width Distortion and Propagation Delay Skew” for more information.14. The t ELH enable propagation delay is measured from the 1.5 V point on the falling edge of the enable input pulse to the 1.5 Vpoint on the rising edge of the output pulse.15. The t EHL enable propagation delay is measured from the 1.5 V point on the rising edge of the enable input pulse to the 1.5 V pointon the falling edge of the output pulse.16. CM H is the maximum tolerable rate of rise of the common mode voltage to assure that the output will remain in a high logic state(i.e., V O > 2.0 V).17. CM L is the maximum tolerable rate of fall of the common mode voltage to assure that the output will remain in a low logic state(i.e., V O < 0.8 V).18. For sinusoidal voltages, (|dV CM | / dt)max = πf CM V CM(p-p).1-1571-158I O H – H I G H L E V E L O U T P U T C U R R E N T – µAT A – TEMPERATURE – °C1015519. No external pull up is required for a high logic state on the enable input. If the V E pin is not used, tying V E to V CC will result inimproved CMR performance. For single channel products only.20. Device considered a two-terminal device: pins 1, 2, 3, and 4 shorted together, and pins 5, 6, 7, and 8 shorted together.21. In accordance with UL1577, each optocoupler is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 3000 V rms for one second(leakage detection current limit, I I-O ≤ 5 µA). This test is performed before the 100% production test for partial discharge (Method b) shown in the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table, if applicable.22. In accordance with UL 1577, each optocoupler is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 6000 V rms for one second(leakage detection current limit, I I-O ≤ 5 µA). This test is performed before the 100% production test for partial discharge (Method b) shown in the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table, if applicable.23. Measured between the LED anode and cathode shorted together and pins 5 through 8 shorted together. For dual channel productsonly.24. Measured between pins 1 and 2 shorted together, and pins 3 and 4 shorted together. For dual channel products only.Figure 2. Typical Output Voltage vs. Forward Input Current.Figure 3. Typical Input Threshold Current vs. Temperature.Figure 1. Typical High Level Output Current vs. Temperature.1623I F – FORWARD INPUT CURRENT – mA 0V O – O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V8-PIN DIP, SO-81623I F – FORWARD INPUT CURRENT – mAV O – O U T P U T V O L T A G E – VWIDEBODY6360T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 20I T H – I N P U T T H R E S H O L D C U R R E N T – m A1458-PIN DIP, SO-86360T A – TEMPERATURE – °C20I T H – I N P U T T H R E S H O L D C U R R E N T – m A145WIDEBODY1-159706060T A – TEMPERATURE – °C5020I O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T C U R R E N T – m A400.80.460T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 0.20V O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V0.10.50.7WIDEBODY0.30.6Figure 7. Typical Temperature Coefficient of Forward Voltage vs. Input Current.Figure 4. Typical Low Level Output Voltage vs. Temperature.Figure 5. Typical Low Level Output Current vs. Temperature.Figure 6. Typical Input Diode Forward Characteristic.0.80.4T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 0.20V O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V0.10.50.78-PIN DIP, SO-80.30.6I F – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T – m A0.001V F – FORWARD VOLTAGE – V 1.010000.010.110100I F – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T – m A0.001V F – FORWARD VOLTAGE – V1.01100.010.110100d V F /d T – F O R W A R D V O L T A G E T E M P E R A T U R E C O E F F I C I E N T – m V /°C0.1110100I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA -1.4-2.2-2.0-1.8-1.6-1.2-2.48-PIN DIP, SO-8d V F /d T – F O R W A R D V O L T A G E T E M P E R A T U R E C O E F F I C I E N T – m V /°C0.1110100I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA-1.9-2.2-2.1-2.0-1.8-2.3WIDEBODY1-1604030T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 20P W D – P U L S E W I D T H D I S T O R T I O N – n s10-10Figure 8. Test Circuit for t PHL and t PLH .Figure 9. Typical Propagation Delay vs. Temperature.Figure 10. Typical Propagation Delay vs. Pulse Input Current.Figure 11. Typical Pulse Width Distortion vs. Temperature.Figure 12. Typical Rise and Fall Time vs. Temperature.10590I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA7530t P – P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n s6045OUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOOUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOI V FF*C L IS APPROXIMATELY 15 pF WHICH INCLUDES PROBE AND STRAY WIRING CAPACITANCE.10080T A – TEMPERATURE – °C600t P – P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n s4020t r , t f – R I S E , F A L L T I M E – n sT A – TEMPERATURE – °C1-161OUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOV V*C IS APPROXIMATELY 15 pF WHICH INCLUDES PROBE AND STRAY WIRING CAPACITANCE.LFigure 13. Test Circuit for t EHL and t ELH .Figure 14. Typical Enable Propagation Delay vs. Temperature.Figure 15. Test Circuit for Common Mode Transient Immunity and Typical Waveforms.V O0.5 VOV (MIN.)5 V0 V FSWITCH AT B: I = 7.5 mA FCM V HCM CM L OV (MAX.)CMV (PEAK)V Ot E– E N A B L E P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n sT A – TEMPERATURE – °C901203060+5 VOUTPUT V MONITORING NODE O PULSE GENERATOR Z = 50 ΩO+5 VOUTPUT V MONITORING NODEO PULSE GENERATOR Z = 50 ΩO1-162Figure 16. Thermal Derating Curve, Dependence of Safety Limiting Value with Case Temperature per VDE 0884.Figure 17. Recommended Printed Circuit Board Layout.O U T P U T P O W E R – P S , I N P U T C U R R E N T – I S0T S – CASE TEMPERATURE – °C400600800200100300500700ENABLE(SEE NOTE 5)OUTPUTDEVICE ILLUSTRATED.O U T P U T P O WE R – P S , I N P U T C U R R E N T – I S0T S – CASE TEMPERATURE – °C 4006008002001003005007001-163VDUAL CHANNEL DEVICE CC2*DIODE D1 (1N916 OR EQUIVALENT) IS NOT REQUIRED FOR UNITS WITH OPEN COLLECTOR OUTPUT.VCC2Figure 18. Recommended TTL/LSTTL to TTL/LSTTL Interface Circuit.Propagation Delay, Pulse-Width Distortion and Propagation Delay Skew Propagation delay is a figure of merit which describes how quickly a logic signal propagates through a system. The propaga-tion delay from low to high (t PLH) is the amount of time required for an input signal to propagate to the output, causing the output to change from low to high. Similarly, the propagation delay from high to low (t PHL) is the amount of time required for the input signal to propagate to the output causing the output to change from high to low (see Figure8).Pulse-width distortion (PWD) results when t PLH and t PHL differ in value. PWD is defined as the difference between t PLH and t PHL and often determines the maximum data rate capability of a transmission system. PWD can be expressed in percent by dividing the PWD (in ns) by the minimum pulse width (in ns) being transmitted. Typically, PWD on the order of 20-30% of the minimum pulse width is tolerable; the exact figure depends on the particular application (RS232,RS422, T-l, etc.).Propagation delay skew, t PSK, is an important parameter to consider in parallel data applica-tions where synchronization ofsignals on parallel data lines is aconcern. If the parallel data isbeing sent through a group ofoptocouplers, differences inpropagation delays will cause thedata to arrive at the outputs of theoptocouplers at different times. Ifthis difference in propagationdelays is large enough, it willdetermine the maximum rate atwhich parallel data can be sentthrough the optocouplers.Propagation delay skew is definedas the difference between theminimum and maximumpropagation delays, either t PLH ort PHL, for any given group ofoptocouplers which are operatingunder the same conditions (i.e.,the same drive current, supplyvoltage, output load, andoperating temperature). Asillustrated in Figure 19, if theinputs of a group of optocouplersare switched either ON or OFF atthe same time, t PSK is thedifference between the shortestpropagation delay, either t PLH ort PHL, and the longest propagationdelay, either t PLH or t PHL.As mentioned earlier, t PSK candetermine the maximum paralleldata transmission rate. Figure 20is the timing diagram of a typicalparallel data application with boththe clock and the data lines beingsent through optocouplers. Thefigure shows data and clocksignals at the inputs and outputsof the optocouplers. To obtain themaximum data transmission rate,both edges of the clock signal arebeing used to clock the data; ifonly one edge were used, theclock signal would need to betwice as fast.Propagation delay skew repre-sents the uncertainty of where anedge might be after being sentthrough an optocoupler. Figure20 shows that there will beuncertainty in both the data andthe clock lines. It is importantthat these two areas of uncertaintynot overlap, otherwise the clocksignal might arrive before all ofthe data outputs have settled, orsome of the data outputs maystart to change before the clocksignal has arrived. From theseconsiderations, the absoluteminimum pulse width that can besent through optocouplers in aparallel application is twice t PSK. Acautious design should use aslightly longer pulse width toensure that any additionaluncertainty in the rest of thecircuit does not cause a problem.The t PSK specified optocouplersoffer the advantages ofguaranteed specifications forpropagation delays, pulsewidthdistortion and propagation delayskew over the recommendedtemperature, input current, andpower supply ranges.1-1641-165Figure 19. Illustration of Propagation Delay Skew - t PSK .Figure 20. Parallel Data Transmission Example.I FV OI FVODATAINPUTSCLOCKDATAOUTPUTSCLOCK。

关于治疗精神分裂症的第二代抗精神病药物与第一代药物的比较 的荟萃分析(2)

关于治疗精神分裂症的第二代抗精神病药物与第一代药物的比较 的荟萃分析(2)

第二代抗精神病药与第一代抗精神病药物治疗精神分裂症的一项Meta分析摘要背景目前第二代抗精神病药物是否优于第一代抗精神病药物仍存在争议,本研究对一些随机对照试验进行Meta分析,比较两者应用于精神分裂症患者的疗效。

方法将9种二代抗精神病药与一代抗精神病药进行比较,效应指标包括药物的整体疗效(主要结果),阳性、阴性和抑郁症状,复发,生活质量,锥体外系副反应,体重增加,和镇静作用。

结果纳入150项双盲,主要是短期研究,21533名受试者。

开放研究因系统地(?)支持第二代药物而予以排除。

其中有4种药物在总体疗效上优于第一代抗精神病药物,效应值小到中度?。

氨磺必利−0.31 [95% CI −0.44 ~ −0.19,p<0.0001],氯氮平−0.52 [−0.75 ~ −0.29, p<0.0001],奥氮平−0.28 [−0.38 ~ −0.18, p<0.0001],利培酮−0.13 [−0.22 ~ −0.05, p=0.002])。

其余二代药物并未比第一代药物更有效,包括改善阴性症状的疗效。

因此目前对阴性症状的效能尚不能作为非典型抗精神病药的核心作用。

第二代抗精神病药引起的锥体外系副反应比氟哌啶醇(即使是低剂量)少。

少数药物比低效价的一代抗精神病药的锥体外系副反应少。

除阿立哌唑和齐拉西酮外,第二代抗精神病药与氟哌啶醇相比,更能引起不同程度的体重增加,但并不比低效价的一代抗精神病药物明显。

第二代药物的镇静作用也不同。

我们隐去调节变量如企业赞助,比较剂量,或抗帕金森药物的一致效应(?)。

注释第二代抗精神病药物的很多性能各异,并非同质性分类。

本项Meta分析为基于疗效、副反应、经济的个性化治疗提供数据。

资金供应国家心理健康研究所。

引言2003年第二代(非典型)抗精神病药在美国的销售额为$75亿1,如此高的成本引发了其与一代抗精神病药物获益的持续的争论。

以往研究2,3的局限性在于只分析了总体疗效一项结果,即使二代抗精神病药声称其主要优点在于其广泛的效应谱。

标准件中德对照要[1]

标准件中德对照要[1]
GB/T3277-1991
Checked plate
冷拔异形钢管-方形矩形
GB/T 3094-2000
Hollow section
DINEN10210
13900
型材
方形矩形型钢(空心-热轧
GB/T 6728-1986
Hollow section
EN 10025 (EN 10210)
14200壁厚<10mm
万向传动轴
SWC-Ⅰ150-340
张Байду номын сангаас辊
管夹
JB/ZQ4008-1997
35
非标
s-hook
WN 2336(WS2336)
插销
非标
Spring plug(cottres)
DIN 11024
20800 352
带式铰链
非标
Strap hinge
DIN 31211
13900 606
吊耳
JB/ZQ 4628-1997
trunnion
WN 2900
拉环
非标
Suspension link
GB/T802-1988
UNI 5721
环形螺母
ZCuZn40Mn2
GB/T63-1988
Lifting nut
DIN 28129
螺母
ISO4033
垫圈
垫圈(平垫圈)A级
200HV
GB/T 97.1-1985
Washer
DIN 125-1,ISO7089
DIN 125-1
Conical spring washer
螺母
8级
GB/T 6180-1986
Castle nut

卫星电视节目参数表

卫星电视节目参数表

序号节目名称下行频率符号率极化视频PID‎音频PID‎1 内蒙古 4171 9200 H 511 5122 内蒙古(蒙语) 4171 9200 H 255 2563 青海卫视 4158 8680 H 4113 41144 青海综合 4158 8680 H 4129 41305 湖北卫视 4147 6150 H 33 326 中央教育 4000 27500‎H 41 427 中央少儿 3880 27500‎H 516 6908 中央- 1 3840 27500‎H 512 6509 中央- 2 513 66010 中央- 7 514 67011 中央- 10 515 68012 中央- 11 516 69013 中央- 12 517 70014 中央音乐 518 71015 旋动卡通 3808 8800 H 6496 649916 东方卫视(SBN) 6480 648317 贵州卫视 3796 6390 H 38 3918 四川卫视 3786 5440 H 308 25619 中央- 4 3771 9370 H 1160 112020 中央- 9 1260 122021 中央- EF 1360 132022 湖南卫视 3750 10490‎H 257 25823 金鹰卡通 513 51424 东南卫视 3706 4420 H 160 8025 河北卫视 4192 6000 V 160 8026 北京卫视 3951 9520 V 308 25627 北京KAK‎U 318 26628 天津卫视 3940 5950 V 32 4429 安徽卫视 3929 8835 V 255 25730 甘肃卫视 3910 6400 V 160 8031 江苏卫视 3910 6670 V 308 25632 江西卫视 3892 4420 V 160 8033 山东教育 3885 4340 V 32 3334 陕西卫视 3871 9075 V 160 8035 陕西农林 170 9036 宁夏卫视 3861 4800 V 160 8037 山西卫视 3846 5950 V 160 8038 山东卫视 3834 5400 V 32 3339 浙江卫视 3825 6780 V 32 3340 重庆卫视 3807 6000 V 1800 180141 电视指南 4061 27501‎V 512 65042 气象频道 3679 27490‎V 3211 321043 河南卫视 3854 4420 V 160 8044 广西 3951 11403‎H 255 25645 广东 160 8047 深圳 300 39948 家有购物 3679 27490‎V 3250 325149 财富 3270 327150 家政 3280 3281中星6B 115.5°E 卫星电视数‎据参数表电视节目下行频率符号率视频音频时钟极化CCTV-1 3840 27490‎0512 0650 8190 水平CCTV-2 3840 27490‎0513 0660 8190 水平CCTV-4 3980 27490‎1160 1120 1160 垂直CCTV-7 3980 27490‎1260 1220 1260 垂直CCTV-9 3840 27490‎0514 0670 8190 水平CCTV-10 3840 27490‎0515 0680 8190 水平CCTV-11 3840 27490‎0516 0690 8190 水平CCTV-12 3840 27490‎0517 0700 8190 水平中央音乐 3840 27490‎0518 0710 8190 水平中央教育 4000 27500‎0041 0042 0041 水平CCTV少‎儿 3880 27490‎0516 0690 8190 水平中央法语 3771 9370 1360 1320 8190 水平发现之旅 3980 27490‎0516 0690 0516 垂直中视购物 3980 27490‎0512 0650 0512 垂直FEED 3771 9370 1460 1420 8190 水平炫动卡通 3808 8800 6496 6499 6496 水平SBN 3808 8800 6480 6483 6480 水平贵州卫视 3796 6930 0038 0039 0038 水平四川卫视 3786 5430 0308 0256 0308 水平湖南卫视 3750 10480‎0257 0258 0257 水平金鹰卡通 3750 10480‎0513 0514 0513 水平福建东南 3706 4410 0160 0080 0160 水平河北卫视 4192 6000 0160 0080 0160 垂直汽摩 4141 27500‎0516 0690 0516 垂直游戏竞技 4141 27500‎0517 0700 0517 垂直靓妆 4141 27500‎0512 0650 0512 垂直留学世界 4141 27500‎0515 0680 0515 垂直梨园频道 4141 27500‎0520 0730 0520 垂直孕育指南 4141 27500‎0518 0710 2322 垂直先锋记录 4141 27500‎0514 0670 0514 垂直真人秀 4141 27500‎0521 0740 2316 垂直天元围棋 4141 27500‎0513 0660 2327 垂直青年学苑 4141 27500‎0519 0720 0519 垂直电视指南 4060 27500‎0512 0650 8190 垂直育婴宝典 4020 27500‎0512 0650 0512 垂直早期教育 4020 27500‎0513 0660 0513 垂直电视节目下行频率符号率视频音频时钟极化彩民在线 4020 27500‎0516 0690 0516 垂直老年福 4020 27500‎0517 0700 0517 垂直快乐购物 4020 27500‎0515 0680 0515 垂直高尔夫 4020 27500‎0521 0740 2307 垂直英语辅导 4020 27500‎0519 0720 2306 垂直摄影频道 4020 27500‎0520 0730 0520 垂直法律服务 4020 27500‎0514 0670 0514 垂直东方物流 3980 27490‎0521 0740 0521 垂直中小学辅导‎3980 27490‎0518 0710 0518 垂直老故事 3980 27490‎0519 0720 0519 垂直书画 3980 27490‎0520 0730 0520 垂直现代女性 3980 27490‎0517 0700 0517 垂直北京卫视 3952 9520 0308 0256 0308 垂直北京-KAKU 3952 9520 0318 0266 0318 垂直天津卫视 3940 5940 0032 0044 0032 垂直安徽卫视 3929 8830 0255 0256 0255 垂直甘肃卫视 3910 6390 0160 0080 0160 垂直江苏卫视 3910 6660 0308 0256 8190 垂直江西卫视 3893 4410 0160 0080 0160 垂直山东教育 3885 4340 0032 0033 0032 垂直陕西卫视 3871 9070 0160 0080 0308 垂直陕西农林科‎技 3871 9070 0170 0090 0318 垂直宁夏卫视 3861 4790 0160 0080 0160 垂直河南卫视 3854 4410 0160 0080 0160 垂直山西卫视 3846 5940 0160 0080 0160 垂直山东卫视 3834 5390 0032 0033 0032 垂直浙江卫视 3825 6780 0032 0033 0032 垂直重庆卫视 3807 6000 1800 1801 1800 垂直湖北卫视 4147 6140 0033 0032 0033 水平青海卫视 4158 8670 4113 4114 4113 水平蒙古卫视 4147 9190 0511 0512 0511 水平青海综合 4158 8670 4129 4130 4129 水平蒙古蒙语 4171 9190 0255 0256 0255 水平============================================亚3S卫星‎数据参数表‎序号电视台本振频率下行频率符号率视频音频时钟极化方式1 CCTV-1 05150‎3904 4420 0512 0650 垂直2 CCTV-4 05150‎4131 9370 1160 1120 水平3 CCTV-9 05150‎4132 9371 1260 1220 水平4 CCTV-EF 05150‎4133 9372 1360 1320 水平5 中国教育台‎05150‎3640 27500‎0041 0042 水平6 河南卫视 05150‎4166 4420 0160 0080 垂直7 青海卫视 05150‎4067 4420 0160 0080 水平8 福建卫视 05150‎4179 4420 0160 0080 垂直9 江西卫视 05150‎4187 4420 0160 0080 垂直10 辽宁卫视 05150‎4194 4420 0255 0256 垂直11 广西卫视 05150‎3806 4420 0255 0256 垂直12 陕西卫视 05150‎3813 4420 0160 0080 垂直13 安徽卫视 05150‎3820 4420 0255 0256 垂直14 江苏卫视 05150‎3827 4420 0308 0256 垂直15 黑龙江卫视‎05150‎3824 4420 1110 1211 垂直16 湖南卫视 05150‎4082 4420 0160 0080 水平17 湖北卫视 05150‎4034 4420 0032 0033 水平18 四川卫视 05150‎4051 4420 0308 0256 水平19 吉林卫视 05150‎3672 8935 0111 0112 垂直20 山东卫视 05150‎3896 6812 0032 0033 垂直21 天津卫视 05150‎4046 5950 0032 0044 垂直22 北京卫视 05150‎4054 4760 0308 0256 垂直23 山西卫视 05150‎4074 5953 0160 0080 垂直24 凤凰卫视 05150‎4000 26850‎0517 0660 水平25 凤凰资讯 05150‎4000 26850‎0521 0676 水平26 星空卫视 05150‎4000 26850‎0514 0648 水平27 chann‎e l-v 05150‎0400 26850‎0515 0652 水平28 阳光卫视 05150‎4094 5554 0160 0080 水平29 cys 05150‎3671 8930 0768 0769 垂直30 feed 05150‎4131 9370 1460 1420 水平31 test 05150‎3729 13650‎1110 1120 水平32 tvb8 05150‎3729 13650‎1210 1220 水平33 华娱卫视 05150‎3680 26670‎1160 1120 水平34 东风卫视 05150‎3715 7000 3010 3011 水平35 Horiz‎o n TV 05150‎4110 13650‎1410 1420 水平36 fashi‎o n tv 05150‎3745 2626 0123 0133 垂直37 now tv 05150‎3760 26000‎1010 1011 水平38 bloom‎b erg 05150‎3760 26000‎1020 1021 水平39 indus‎musil‎05150‎3760 26000‎1030 1031 水平40 chann‎e l G 05150‎3760 26000‎1040 1041 水平序号电视台‎本振频率下‎行频率符号率视频音频时钟极化方式41 indus‎visio‎05150‎3760 26000‎1050 1051 水平42 MTA 05150‎3760 26000‎1070 1071 水平43 TV5 05150‎3760 26000‎1120 1121 水平44 dw-TV 05150‎3760 26000‎1300 1301 水平45 cnal.ntsc 05150‎3706 6000 1260 1220 垂直46 zee musil‎05150‎4140 27500‎0035 0034 垂直47 zee smile‎05150‎4140 27500‎0100 0101 垂直48 PTV-1 05150‎4090 13333‎0512 0650 垂直49 PTV-world‎05150‎4090 13333‎0513 0660 垂直50 ATV 05150‎4090 13333‎0514 0670 垂直51 ATV-khybe‎r 05150‎4090 13333‎0515 0680 垂直52 sahar‎a EAT 05150‎4020 27250‎0513 0660 垂直53 sahar‎a NCR 05150‎4020 27250‎0514 0670 垂直54 sahar‎a MUM 05150‎4020 27250‎0515 0680 垂直55 sahar‎a up 05150‎4020 27250‎0516 0690 垂直56 sahar‎a Bih 05150‎4020 27250‎0517 0700 垂直57 sahar‎a MP 05150‎4020 27250‎0519 0720 垂直58 star utsav‎05150‎3780 28100‎0519 0668 垂直59 BTV world‎05150‎3725 4450 0308 0256 垂直60 TV-one 05150‎3646 4340 0033 0036 垂直61 waseB‎05150‎3646 4340 0049 0052 垂直62 Tesr-new dt 05150‎3732 6500 5713 5712 垂直63 AAJ TV 05150‎3750 2820 0033 0036 垂直64 PTV usaUK‎05150‎4102 2890 0308 0256 垂直65 PTV Natio‎n nal 05150‎4111 9330 510 0610 垂直66 bloom‎b erg 05150‎3759 26000‎1020 1021 水平67 i-horiz‎o n 05150‎4111 13650‎1410 1420 水平亚太6号(134°E)卫星节目参‎数表节目名称下行频率符号率极化 FEC 备注CCTV-1/2/5/6/7/8/10/11/12/少儿12275‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4 中央40路‎广播12302‎ 5990 垂直 1/2 内蒙古、云南、贵州、四川、重庆、河南、湖南、青海、陕西、甘肃12355‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4 CNN、HBO、CINEM‎A X、CNBC、ESPN、国家地理、STARM‎O VIE、AXN、DISCO‎V ERYH‎A LLMA‎R K12435‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4 BBC、NHK、新知台、凤凰电影、TVB8、TVB星河‎、NOW、天映频道、亚洲新闻、华娱卫视12515‎ 27500‎垂直 3 /4 MTV、chann‎e l [v]、star sport‎s、凤凰中文台‎、澳亚卫视、TV5、凤凰资讯台‎、星空卫视、欧洲体育新‎闻、彭博财经12595‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4 澳门东亚卫‎视、古巴视野国‎际、阳光卫视、KBS、WORLD‎12675‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4中国教育电‎视台电视节‎目3套、全国中小学‎远程教育、全国农村党‎员干部远程‎教育、全国文化信‎息资源共享‎工程数据广‎播1239‎5 27500‎垂直 3/4高校基础教‎育等数据广‎播12475‎ 27500‎垂直 3/4山东、甘肃新疆远‎程教育数据‎广播12547‎ 14500‎垂直 3/4中星6B/鑫诺3号/亚太6号卫‎星参数表鑫诺3号参‎数表:广西卫视 3827 H 5720广东卫视、深圳卫视、南方卫视 3845 H 17778‎黑龙江卫视‎3893 H 6880吉林卫视、延边卫视 3909 H 8934云南卫视 3922 H 7250旅游卫视 3933 H 6590西藏汉语、藏语卫视 3989 H 9070新疆生产建‎设兵团 3999 H 4420辽宁卫视 4006 H 4420中央电视台‎1、2、7、10、11、12、音乐 4080 H 27500‎新疆卫视、新疆走出去‎4120 H 27500‎中央电视台‎3、5、6、8、新闻、少儿 4160 H 27500‎中星6B参‎数表:福建东南台‎3706 H 4420湖南、金鹰卡通 3750 H 10490‎中央电视台‎4套、9套、西法频道 3771 H 9375四川 3786 H 5440贵州 3796 H 6930上海东方、炫动卡通 3808 H 8800中央1、2、7、10、11、12、音乐 3840 H 27500‎中央3、5、6、8、新闻、少儿 3880 H 27500‎中国教育电‎视台 4000 H 27500‎上海文广付‎费平台(7套)4040 H 27500‎上海文广付‎费平台(9套)4080 H 27500‎上海文广付‎费平台(5套)4111 H 13330‎上海文广付‎费平台(高清1套) 4129 H1333‎0湖北 4147 H 6150青海汉语、藏语 4158 H 9200内蒙古汉语‎、蒙语 4171 H 9200北京鼎视付‎费平台(10套) 3600 V 27500‎北京鼎视付‎费平台(10套) 3640 V 27500‎电影频道付‎费平台1(标清3套,高清1套)3740 V 27500‎电影频道付‎费平台2(3套) 3769 V 9260重庆 3807 V 6000浙江 3825 V 6780山东 3834 V 5400山西 3846 V 5950河南 3854 V 4420宁夏 3861 V 4800陕西、农林科技 3871 V 9080山东教育 3885 V 4340江西 3892 V 4420江苏 3900 V 6670甘肃 3910 V 6400安徽 3929 V 8840天津 3940 V 5950北京 3951 V 9520中数传媒付‎费平台(9套) 3980 V 27500‎中数传媒付‎费平台(8套) 4020 V 27500‎中数传媒付‎费平台(10套)4060 V 27500‎中数传媒付‎费平台(高清)4100 V 27500‎中数传媒付‎费平台(10套)4140 V 27500‎中央40路‎广播 4175 V 5990河北 4192 V 6000亚太6号K‎U参数表:12275‎ V 27500‎:CCTV1‎、2、5、6、7、8、10、11、12、少儿vv 12302‎ V 5990 :中央40路‎广播:12355‎ V 27500‎:内蒙、云南、贵州、四川、重庆、河南、湖南、青海、陕西、甘肃12395‎ V 27500‎:中国教育电‎视台12435‎ V 27500‎:CNN、HBO、CINEM‎AX、CNBC、ESPN、国家地理、STARM ‎O VIE、AXN、DISCO‎V ERY、HALLM‎A RK12475‎ V 27500‎:国家高校基‎础等数据广‎播12515‎ V 27500‎:BBC、NHK、新知、凤凰电影、TVB8、TVB星河‎、NOW、天映电影、亚洲新闻台‎、华娱卫视12547‎ V 14500‎:山东、甘肃、新疆远程教‎育数据广播‎12595‎ V 27500‎:MTV、[V]、卫视体育、凤凰中文、澳亚卫视、TV5、凤凰资讯、星空卫视、欧洲体育新‎闻、彭博财经 12675‎ V 27500‎:东亚卫视、古巴视野国‎际台、阳光卫视、KBS WORLD‎。

NFE61PTxxx资料

NFE61PTxxx资料

For High Speed Signal
For Standard (Low DC
Resistance Type)
For Standard
0603
For High Speed Signal (Sharp impedance characteristics)
* Please see P.58 "Derating of Rated Current".
60 (0.5A) 60 (3A)
50 (3A)
60 (6A)
33 (3A) 30 (1A)
30 (3A)
33 (6A)
22 22
10 10 10
10 10
555
mm 0603 1005 1608 2012 1005 1608 2012 1608 2012
EIA Code 0201 0402 0603 0805 0402 0603 0805 0603 0805
47 47
1800
1000 (1.5A) 1000
1000
1
600 (1.5A)
600
600
470 (2A)
470
390 (2A)
390
330 (1.5A)
330
220 (2A)
220
220
180 (1.5A)
180 (3A)
120 (2A)
120 (3A)
120
120
100
80 (1A)
75 (3A)
4516 1806
1005
1608
0402
0603
GHz Range Noise GHz Range Noise Suppression Type Suppression Type BLM15H/E BLM18H/E/G

M41T65Q6F;M41T62Q6F;M41T62LC6F;M41T64Q6F;STEVAL-SCM001V1;中文规格书,Datasheet资料

M41T65Q6F;M41T62Q6F;M41T62LC6F;M41T64Q6F;STEVAL-SCM001V1;中文规格书,Datasheet资料
■ Oscillator stop detection monitors clock operation
■ Accurate programmable watchdog – 62.5 ms to 31 min timeout
3mm
3mm
QFN16 3 mm x 3 mm
1.5 mm
3.2 mm
Embedded crystal LCC8 1.5 mm x 3.2 mm
2.1.2 Start data transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 Stop data transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.8 Century bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.9 Output driver pin (M41T62/65) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Calibration








SQW output
✔ ✔ ✔
IRQ output


WDO output

辐射4代码大全

辐射4代码大全

控制台指令大全:示范:player.additem F 255增加255的瓶盖,"F"这段就是物品代码,空格不能少,255是数量部分指令格式为:“指令[insert number]”,意思是输入指令后空一格,输入数字。

(一般是物体/人物ID,或者数量。

)tgm(上帝模式)tcl(无碰撞,穿墙。

)tai(开关AI)tcai(开关战斗AI)killall(杀掉场景中除关键人物和队友外的人)Kill [目标ID](杀掉目标ID的人物。

)resurrect [insert ID](复活目标ID的人物。

)setgs fJumpHeightMin [整数](调整跳跃高度)player.setav speedmult [insert number here](调整移动速度。

历代B社游戏几乎必用。

) tfc(飞行摄像机模式?没试)tm(开关用户界面。

注意:连控制台都不会显示,不过还是可以用。

)setscale [number from 1 to 10](改变目标物体、人物大小)sexchange(变性)player.additem 0000000f [insert number here](加瓶盖)player.additem 0000000a [insert number here](加开锁器)coc qasmoke(传送到测试房间。

房间内有所有游戏中的物品,打开控制台,用鼠标点目标物品,就会显示物品ID。

Simple enough? 问题是怎么传送回来原文没写……) coc UFOCrashSite01 (传送出去)set timescale to [insert number here](时间加速减速。

默认是16,16倍现实时间。

)tdetect(AI看不到你。

潜行最爱。

)player.modav [skill] [number](改SPECIAL值。

例子:player.modav strength 10. 不知道能不能改perk等级)player.setlevel [insert number](改级别)caqs(完成所有主线任务。

H1164中文资料

H1164中文资料

40 TX4+ 39 TX438 CMGND 37 RX4+ 36 RX435 RX334 RX3+ 33 CMGND 32 TX331 TX3+ 30 TX2+ 29 TX228 CMGND 27 RX2+ 26 RX225 RX124 RX1+ 23 CMGND 22 TX121 TX1+
TD4+ 1 TD4- 2 CT4 3 RD4+ 4 RD4- 5 RD3- 6 RD3+ 7 CT3 8 TD3- 9 TD3+ 10 TD2+ 11 TD2- 12 CT2 13 RD2+ 14 RD2- 15 RD1- 16 RD1+ 17 CT1 18 TD1- 19 TD1+ 20
Electrical Specifications @ 25°C — Operating Temperature 0°C to 70°C
Part 2 Number RoHS5
Insertion Loss (MAX)
Return Loss (dB MIN)
Crosstalk (dB MIN)
0.1-100MHz 2-30MHz 40MHz 50MHz 60-80MHz 1kHZ 30MHz 60MHz 100MHz
USA 858 674 8100 • UK 44 1483 401 700 • France 33 3 84 35 04 04 • Singapore 65 6287 8998 • Shanghai 86 21 32181071 • China 86 769 5538070 • Taiwan 886 2 26980228
0° 8°
40X .045 .010 1,14 0,25

当代艺术家PPT1

当代艺术家PPT1

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浩老大听见了刚老大的话,一边拉着小胖子的手,一边头也不回的说道“你跟大龙虾还有六儿外面等会我。我说点事,马上就出来。” “草,还怕我们听是怎么滴?你就这么说能咋了。”大刚在一边说道。 “你说咋了,就不这么说,赶紧出去”说完了以后起来就推我和大刚,把我们两个使劲往出退,正退的时候,大龙虾到了我们边上很直接的绕了过去“浩哥,我去门口等你。”浩哥把我和大刚推出了座位以后“看看人家大龙虾,再看看你俩。真是。” 然后浩哥走到了师太边上“美女,商量点事啊。”接着又把师太求出了座位,最后四处看了看,没人了,一搂小胖子的脖子,两个人就开始在那嘀咕。低着个脑袋,也不知道干吗呢。 大刚看着我,声音很小的说道“为什么他对咱俩,跟对师太的态度不一样,对咱们这么横,跟师太像个孙子呢?” 我撇了大刚一眼“你惹的起师太么。” 大刚摇了摇头“当然惹不起。” 我两手一摊,那不得了,你浩老大也惹不起。走吧,去门口吧。大刚笑了笑,没说话。跟着我往出走。 我和大刚走到了班门口以后,大龙虾,还有抢我童子鸡的那几个哥们都在外面呢,正聊天呢。我刚一到,一个哥们就笑了笑“好了,走着,厕所。” 刚老大直接否定“不行,得等浩老大呢,你们着急什么。” 那人四处看了看“哦,对,还少一个,那继续,咱们接着聊天。” 于是大家继续在那瞎聊,无非聊游戏,还有女人。还有黄色段子。大家聊了好半天,浩哥还是没出来,这次连大刚都有点忍不住了“你们说浩老大跟嫂子聊什么呢?聊这么久了还不出来,不知道外面这么多人等着他们俩呢么。” 我们一个班的人,除了齐浩,也就只有大刚跟刘萌不叫她小胖子,而恭敬的叫嫂子了,大刚说了,为了显示对浩老大的敬佩,所以不能跟我们同流合污。 只是我听着他这话,听的很是别扭,我一直没有领会到这句话中的精髓之处,也一直很是费解,我搞不明白他的浩老大有什么可值得他敬佩的,他的身材对齐浩,那是有过之而无不及,俩人智力程度一等一,不分高低,要真比起来,齐浩还是稍微高一点,造成这个因素的最主要的原因, 其实还是我,是我把齐浩开发出来的。他们俩的普通话水平也差不多,骂人也都是一句“草你妈”。真是很费解。为什么大刚会敬佩齐浩,而不是王越呢,从哪看,王越都是最值得他敬佩的啊,是不。 “你说人家聊什么,小两口儿,在学校憋了这么长时间,摸不敢摸,做没地方做的,总不能都跟某人一样,想在哪摸从哪摸,动不动就现场直播吧。这不容易该放假了,俩人再回家之前,怎么也得多温习几次吧,要不一放假,又是两个月,俩人更没啥机会做了,又不是一个地方。你们说 是不?”一个哥们对于大刚的提问,很自然的说道“所以,多给人点时间。” 我笑了笑“恩,恩,这个大家都想的到,也就是刚哥太纯洁,所以他想不出来。”之所以不说刚哥智力有限,而改口说他纯洁,是因为,智力有限,体形无限还基本不用什么大脑思维的人,确实很可怕。当然,也有不怕这些浮云的。比如我们的大龙虾。非常擅长挑战极限。 因为刚哥听完了我们的话以后,想了想,问了一句“那你口里那个,想在哪摸从哪摸,动不动就现场直播的人是谁?” “我草,还能有谁,当然是你了,哈哈。这你都不知道”这话说完了以后,大龙虾还指着浩哥使劲乐。其实我也想乐,因为大刚说话的表情太逗,就是没敢乐。后果太严重。 紧跟着的是刚才那套话的原版作者“刚哥,我不是这个意思。大龙虾才是这个意思。” 结果大家也是知道的。刚哥的肢体语言。还有大龙虾的惨叫。 大龙虾最近的惨叫声,也越来越独具特色,不知道会不会应用到他跟小爱办事儿时候的床上叫声。太柔情。怎么来形容一下那个声音呢。我揣摩了很久,也不知道该怎么形容,只是记得,大龙虾的这个声音,很像我小时候很喜欢看的人猿泰山里,泰山的标志性嚎叫。 大龙虾嚎叫了一会儿,浩哥出来了,看着大刚在打大龙虾,想都没想,上负我刚老大。趁我不在这,你就欺负我刚老大。”看着他们三个大打闹,我突然感觉很残忍,就像两只大猩猩蹂躏一只小公鸡一样,不过可怜之人必有可恨之处。 谁让大龙虾你老敢说我们不敢说的话,嘲笑我们不敢嘲笑的人呢。 蹂躏了会大龙虾以后,浩哥拍了拍手“咱们找时间去喝一顿吧。反正也该放假了,又是老长时间见不着了”浩哥的提议得到了所有人的支持。接着这点人就开始商量时间,地点,还有人物。 大家在对于喝酒的这个人物选定里,是仔细钻研,商定,选择。很是认真,因为大家喝酒,有一个共同的毛病,很不喜欢跟不认识,不熟悉,或者关系不到位的人一起喝酒,或者你认识我不认识的,也不喜欢,要认识,就大家都认识,关系到位,就都到位,这些人,在会在一起喝酒。这 样喝酒,才会喝出来酒。 其实喝酒不是什么好事,酒后吐真言一类的话我感觉也竟是扯淡,喝酒,尤其是喝多了以后的话,最不能信了,都他妈开始胡诌了,头一次见面,喝多了以后,俩人搂一起,就能互相宣称是过命的生死兄弟了,然后第二天,两个人为了1块钱3根的油条钱墨迹来墨迹去。这样的场景,我还 真的见过。所以,我再酒桌上跟不是很熟悉的人喝酒,听他们说话,都是左耳朵进,右耳朵出。对于很多人,他在酒桌上谈笑风声。扯的柔情似水,扯的天花乱坠,其实第二天你在问他昨晚说过什么,他没准都记不得他昨天晚上说的那个版本是1。8版本的还是2。0版本的了。 扯的在辉煌。他也是流氓。而且还是小流氓,还是业余的。 看着大龙虾嚎叫,想起来他再床上的叫声,然后,顺便也就想起来了床上的女主角之一,小爱,我原本也一直以为小爱是一个很纯情的好孩子,外表虽然不是很美丽,但是确实十分可爱,又善良,又懂事。 有一次大龙虾喝多了,跟我们说了几句心里话,听了以后我也很是震惊,原来,小爱那种外表看起来那么淑女的女孩子,跟我们大龙虾上床的时候,也不是处女了。记得当时听到这个消息,让我很是郁闷。百思不得其解。小爱是百分之一百的淑女,腼腆,害羞,懂事,额,还有知书答礼 。也是很有气质的一个小女生。说实话。身边的人都挺喜欢她的。包括我跟大刚我们几个人也一样,对待小爱,都有一种发自内心的喜欢,仅仅是朋友的喜欢。 那次大龙虾喝多了,还跟我们说,他不想跟小爱好了。当时引起了众怒,我记得我下手颇狠。事后大龙虾还是有点不乐意的样子,我想想,只是搂着大龙虾说了一句话,他看着我“你说的是真的?” 我只是点了点头“我发誓,百分之一百是真的。” 大龙虾就笑了,就开心了,其实我感觉他的内心,要是真的跟小爱分手,他也会舍不得,他只是需要一个心理安慰,需要寻找一个平衡点。谁都希望自己是自己女朋友的第一个男人。 所以,我把我保守了很多年的秘密,就告诉了他,他还挺有道德,居然没有给我泄露过。 不是处女的女孩子,也不一定是坏女孩啊,其实,本来也没有什么好坏之分,只是大家对待生活的态度不一样,行为方式不一样,生活习惯不一样,难道不是么? 当初跟大龙虾急眼的时候,浩哥酒后一句话,我记忆也很深刻,浩哥把大龙虾的脑袋夹到了自己的腋窝下。先是使劲敲了一下人家脑袋“人家不爱你能跟你上床么?你找的是人,还是那层膜。”接着打了个哈欠“没有你下面那个,人家怎么能破他的处。人要你是处男了么,你就要人家是 处女。”不过说实话,这话要是别人说出来的,我也就一笑而过了,但是,是浩哥用他那并怎么清晰的思路说出来的,我就记住了,别说,说的还挺好。 其实,处男还是真不值钱。按照很多人的逻辑,在加上现在这个社会环境。处男就像野猫,处女就像大熊猫。这个就是差距。都带一个处字,都是处,也都带一个猫字。都是猫 大家在这商量了半天,也没商量出来什么结果,我看着他们,也没发表意见,反正,肯定是有我的,他们愿意叫谁叫谁。我无所谓。 我们正聊天呢,我的小灵通震了起来。我看着他们讨论的热火朝天,也笑了笑,从兜里拿出来了小灵通,看了一眼原来是臣阳这个犊子,我接起来电话“正说给你打呢。我放假不回家了。” 结果电话里面直接就嚷了一句“赶紧,去厕所,快点。”我先是楞了一下。然后冲着浩哥大刚他们嚷了一句“厕所。快点。”说完了以后很着急的就冲着厕所跑了过去。也没心思听他们胡扯了。

天文漫谈知识点总结

天文漫谈知识点总结

天文漫谈知识点总结一、宇宙概述。

1. 宇宙的概念。

- 宇宙是天地万物的总称,包含所有的物质、能量、空间和时间。

它是一个极其巨大且不断演化的系统。

- 从哲学角度看,宇宙是无限的,但现代科学所研究的可观测宇宙是有限的,其半径约为465亿光年。

2. 宇宙的起源 - 大爆炸理论。

- 大爆炸理论认为,宇宙源于一个极度高温、高密度的奇点。

在某一时刻,这个奇点发生了爆炸,释放出巨大的能量和物质。

- 最初,宇宙中只有基本粒子,如质子、中子和电子等。

随着宇宙的膨胀和冷却,这些粒子逐渐结合形成原子,主要是氢和氦原子。

- 证据支持:宇宙微波背景辐射是大爆炸的余晖,其均匀性和频谱特性与大爆炸理论的预测相符;哈勃定律表明星系在远离我们,且距离越远退行速度越快,这也支持宇宙从一个点开始膨胀的观点。

3. 宇宙的结构层次。

- 行星:是绕恒星运行的天体,自身不发光,靠反射恒星的光而发亮。

例如地球,它具有固态表面、大气层等特征,是太阳系八大行星之一。

- 恒星:是由引力凝聚在一起的一颗球型发光等离子体,主要通过氢核聚变产生能量并向外辐射光和热。

太阳就是离我们最近的恒星。

- 星系:由大量恒星、星云、星际物质等组成的天体系统。

银河系就是我们所在的星系,它呈盘状结构,包含约1000 - 4000亿颗恒星。

- 星系团:是众多星系聚集在一起形成的集团。

例如室女座星系团,包含了上千个星系。

- 超星系团:比星系团更大的结构,由多个星系团组成。

可观测宇宙包含了众多超星系团,它们构成了宇宙的大尺度结构。

二、太阳系。

1. 太阳。

- 太阳的结构:- 核心:是太阳内部进行核聚变反应的区域,温度高达1500万摄氏度,这里是太阳能量产生的源头,氢原子核聚变成氦原子核,释放出巨大的能量。

- 辐射区:核心产生的能量以光子的形式向外传递,在辐射区,光子不断地被吸收和再发射,经过漫长的路程向外传播。

- 对流区:靠近太阳表面的区域,能量主要通过对流的方式向外传递,热物质上升,冷物质下沉。

HCPL-0661中文资料

HCPL-0661中文资料

1-146HHigh CMR, High Speed TTL Compatible Optocouplers Technical Data6N137HCNW137HCNW2601HCNW2611HCPL-0600HCPL-0601HCPL-0611HCPL-0630CAUTION: It is advised that normal static precautions be taken in handling and assembly of this component to prevent damage and/or degradation which may be induced by ESD.Features• 5 kV/µs Minimum Common Mode Rejection (CMR) at V CM = 50 V for HCPL-X601/X631, HCNW2601 and10kV/µs Minimum CMR at V CM = 1000 V for HCPL-X611/X661, HCNW2611• High Speed: 10 MBd Typical • LSTTL/TTL Compatible • Low Input Current Capability: 5 mA• Guaranteed ac and dcPerformance over Temper-ature: -40°C to +85°C • Available in 8-Pin DIP,SOIC-8, Widebody Packages • Strobable Output (Single Channel Products Only)• Safety ApprovalUL Recognized - 2500 V rms for 1 minute and 5000V rms*for 1 minute per UL1577CSA ApprovedVDE 0884 Approved with V IORM = 630 V peak forHCPL-2611 Option 060 and V IORM =1414 V peak for HCNW137/26X1BSI Certified(HCNW137/26X1 Only)• MIL-STD-1772 Version Available (HCPL-56XX/66XX)Functional Diagram*5000 V rms/1 Minute rating is for HCNW137/26X1 and Option 020 (6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661) products only.HCPL-0631HCPL-0661HCPL-2601HCPL-2611HCPL-2630HCPL-2631HCPL-4661Applications• Isolated Line Receiver • Computer-Peripheral Interfaces• Microprocessor System Interfaces• Digital Isolation for A/D,D/A Conversion• Switching Power Supply • Instrument Input/Output Isolation• Ground Loop Elimination • Pulse Transformer Replacement• Power Transistor Isolation in Motor Drives• Isolation of High Speed Logic SystemsDescriptionThe 6N137, HCPL-26XX/06XX/4661, HCNW137/26X1 are optically coupled gates that combine a GaAsP light emitting diode and an integrated high gain photo detector. An enable input allows the detector to be strobed.The output of the detector IC isA 0.1 µF bypass capacitor must be connected between pins 5 and 8.CATHODEANODE GNDV V CC O ANODE 2CATHODE 2CATHODE 1ANODE 1GNDV V CC O2V E V O16N137, HCPL-2601/2611 HCPL-0600/0601/0611 HCPL-2630/2631/4661 NC NCLED ON OFF ON OFF ON OFFENABLEH H L L NC NCOUTPUTL H H H L HTRUTH TABLE (POSITIVE LOGIC)LED ON OFFOUTPUTL HTRUTH TABLE (POSITIVE LOGIC)5965-3594Ean open collector Schottky-clamped transistor. The internal shield provides a guaranteed common mode transient immunity specification of 5,000 V/µs for the HCPL-X601/X631 and HCNW2601, and 10,000 V/µs for the HCPL-X611/X661 and HCNW2611.This unique design providesmaximum ac and dc circuitisolation while achieving TTLcompatibility. The optocoupler acand dc operational parametersare guaranteed from -40°C to+85°C allowing troublefreesystem performance.The 6N137, HCPL-26XX, HCPL-06XX, HCPL-4661, HCNW137,and HCNW26X1 are suitable forhigh speed logic interfacing,input/output buffering, as linereceivers in environments thatconventional line receiverscannot tolerate and are recom-mended for use in extremely highground or induced noiseenvironments.Selection GuideNotes:1. Technical data are on separate HP publications.2. 15 kV/µs with V CM = 1 kV can be achieved using HP application circuit.3. Enable is available for single channel products only, except for HCPL-193X devices.1-1471-148Ordering InformationSpecify Part Number followed by Option Number (if desired).Example:HCPL-2611#XXX020 = 5000 V rms/1 minute UL Rating Option*060 = VDE 0884 V IORM = 630 Vpeak Option**300 = Gull Wing Surface Mount Option†500 = Tape and Reel Packaging OptionOption data sheets available. Contact Hewlett-Packard sales representative or authorized distributor for information.*For 6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31 and HCPL-4661 (8-pin DIP products) only.**For HCPL-2611 only. Combination of Option 020 and Option 060 is not available.†Gull wing surface mount option applies to through hole parts only.SchematicV FUSE OF A 0.1 µF BYPASS CAPACITOR CONNECTEDBETWEEN PINS 5 AND 8 IS RECOMMENDED (SEE NOTE 5).V CC V OGNDE6N137, HCPL-2601/2611 HCPL-0600/0601/0611V V CC V O1V V O2GNDHCPL-2630/2631/4661 HCPL-0630/0631/0661+ 0.076- 0.051(0.010+ 0.003)- 0.002)DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS AND (INCHES).*MARKING CODE LETTER FOR OPTION NUMBERS"L" = OPTION 020"V" = OPTION 060OPTION NUMBERS 300 AND 500 NOT MARKED. Package Outline Drawings8-pin DIP Package** (6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661)8-pin DIP Package with Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300(6N137, HCPL-2601/11/30/31, HCPL-4661)**JEDEC Registered Data (for 6N137 only).(0.025 ± 0.005)1.080 ± 0.320MAX.(0.100)BSCDIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).+ 0.076- 0.051+ 0.003)- 0.002)1-1491-150Small-Outline SO-8 Package (HCPL-0600/01/11/30/31/61)8-Pin Widebody DIP Package (HCNW137, HCNW2601/11)(0.012)MIN.DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).1.78 ± 0.15 + 0.076 - 0.0051+ 0.003) - 0.002)1-1518-Pin Widebody DIP Package with Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300(HCNW137, HCNW2601/11)Note: Use of nonchlorine activated fluxes is highly recommended.Solder Reflow Temperature Profile (HCPL-06XX and Gull Wing Surface Mount Option 300 Parts)240TIME – MINUTEST E M P E R A T U R E – °C2202001801601401201008060402002601.78 ± 0.15 MAX.BSCDIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS (INCHES).LEAD COPLANARITY = 0.10 mm (0.004 INCHES).Regulatory Information The 6N137, HCPL-26XX/06XX/ 46XX, and HCNW137/26XX have been approved by the following organizations:ULRecognized under UL 1577, Component Recognition Program, File E55361.CSAApproved under CSA ComponentAcceptance Notice #5, File CA88324.VDEApproved according to VDE0884/06.92. (HCPL-2611 Option060 and HCNW137/26X1 only)BSICertification according toBS415:1994(BS EN60065:1994),BS7002:1992(BS EN60950:1992) andEN41003:1993 for Class IIapplications. (HCNW137/26X1only)Insulation and Safety Related Specifications8-pin DIP Widebody(300 Mil)SO-8(400 Mil)Parameter Symbol Value Value Value Units Conditions Minimum External L(101)7.1 4.99.6mm Measured from input terminals Air Gap (External to output terminals, shortest Clearance)distance through air. Minimum External L(102)7.4 4.810.0mm Measured from input terminals Tracking (External to output terminals, shortest Creepage)distance path along body. Minimum Internal0.080.08 1.0mm Through insulation distance, Plastic Gap conductor to conductor, usually (Internal Clearance)the direct distance between thephotoemitter and photodetectorinside the optocoupler cavity. Minimum Internal NA NA 4.0mm Measured from input terminals Tracking (Internal to output terminals, along Creepage)internal cavity.Tracking Resistance CTI200200200Volts DIN IEC 112/VDE 0303 Part 1 (ComparativeTracking Index)Isolation Group IIIa IIIa IIIa Material Group(DIN VDE 0110, 1/89, Table 1) Option 300 - surface mount classification is Class A in accordance with CECC 00802.1-1521-153VDE 0884 Insulation Related Characteristics (HCPL-2611 Option 060 Only)*Refer to the front of the optocoupler section of the current catalog, under Product Safety Regulations section (VDE 0884), for a detailed description.Note: Isolation characteristics are guaranteed only within the safety maximum ratings which must be ensured by protective circuits in application.VDE 0884 Insulation Related Characteristics (HCNW137/2601/2611 Only)*Refer to the front of the optocoupler section of the current catalog, under Product Safety Regulations section (VDE 0884), for a detailed description.Note: Isolation characteristics are guaranteed only within the safety maximum ratings which must be ensured by protective circuits in application.Absolute Maximum Ratings* (No Derating Required up to 85°C)*JEDEC Registered Data (for 6N137 only).**Ratings apply to all devices except otherwise noted in the Package column.†0°C to 70°C on JEDEC Registration.Recommended Operating ConditionsParameter Symbol Min.Max.Units Input Current, Low Level I FL*0250µAInput Current, High Level[1]I FH**515mA Power Supply Voltage V CC 4.5 5.5VLow Level Enable Voltage†V EL00.8VHigh Level Enable Voltage†V EH 2.0V CC V Operating Temperature T A-4085°CFan Out (at R L = 1 kΩ)[1]N5TTL Loads Output Pull-up Resistor R L330 4 kΩ*The off condition can also be guaranteed by ensuring that V FL≤0.8 volts.**The initial switching threshold is 5 mA or less. It is recommended that 6.3 mA to 10 mA be used for best performance and to permit at least a 20% LED degradation guardband.†For single channel products only.1-154Electrical SpecificationsOver recommended temperature (T A = -40°C to +85°C) unless otherwise specified. All Typicals at V CC = 5 V, T A = 25°C. All enable test conditions apply to single channel products only. See note 5.*JEDEC registered data for the 6N137. The JEDEC Registration specifies 0°C to +70°C. HP specifies -40°C to +85°C.1-155Switching Specifications (AC)Over Recommended Temperature (T A = -40°C to +85°C), V CC = 5 V, I F= 7.5 mA unless otherwise specified. All Typicals at T A = 25°C, V CC = 5 V.*JEDEC registered data for the 6N137.**Ratings apply to all devices except otherwise noted in the Package column.1-156Package Characteristics= 25°C.All Typicals at T**The Input-Output Momentary Withstand Voltage is a dielectric voltage rating that should not be interpreted as an input-output continuous voltage rating. For the continuous voltage rating refer to the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table (if applicable), your equipment level safety specification or HP Application Note 1074 entitled “Optocoupler Input-Output Endurance Voltage.”†For 6N137, HCPL-2601/2611/2630/2631/4661 only.Notes:1. Each channel.2. Peaking circuits may produce transient input currents up to 50 mA, 50 ns maximum pulse width, provided average current doesnot exceed 20 mA.3. Peaking circuits may produce transient input currents up to 50 mA, 50 ns maximum pulse width, provided average current doesnot exceed 15 mA.4. Derate linearly above 80°C free-air temperature at a rate of 2.7 mW/°C for the SOIC-8 package.5. Bypassing of the power supply line is required, with a 0.1 µF ceramic disc capacitor adjacent to each optocoupler as illustrated inFigure 17. Total lead length between both ends of the capacitor and the isolator pins should not exceed 20 mm.6. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I OH of 250 µA. HP guarantees a maximum I OH of 100 µA.7. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I CCH of 15 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I CCH of 10 mA.8. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I CCL of 18 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I CCL of 13 mA.9. The JEDEC registration for the 6N137 specifies a maximum I EL of –2.0 mA. HP guarantees a maximum I EL of -1.6 mA.10. The t PLH propagation delay is measured from the 3.75 mA point on the falling edge of the input pulse to the 1.5 V point on therising edge of the output pulse.11. The t PHL propagation delay is measured from the 3.75 mA point on the rising edge of the input pulse to the 1.5 V point on thefalling edge of the output pulse.12. t PSK is equal to the worst case difference in t PHL and/or t PLH that will be seen between units at any given temperature and specifiedtest conditions.13. See application section titled “Propagation Delay, Pulse-Width Distortion and Propagation Delay Skew” for more information.14. The t ELH enable propagation delay is measured from the 1.5 V point on the falling edge of the enable input pulse to the 1.5 Vpoint on the rising edge of the output pulse.15. The t EHL enable propagation delay is measured from the 1.5 V point on the rising edge of the enable input pulse to the 1.5 V pointon the falling edge of the output pulse.16. CM H is the maximum tolerable rate of rise of the common mode voltage to assure that the output will remain in a high logic state(i.e., V O > 2.0 V).17. CM L is the maximum tolerable rate of fall of the common mode voltage to assure that the output will remain in a low logic state(i.e., V O < 0.8 V).18. For sinusoidal voltages, (|dV CM | / dt)max = πf CM V CM(p-p).1-1571-158I O H – H I G H L E V E L O U T P U T C U R R E N T – µAT A – TEMPERATURE – °C1015519. No external pull up is required for a high logic state on the enable input. If the V E pin is not used, tying V E to V CC will result inimproved CMR performance. For single channel products only.20. Device considered a two-terminal device: pins 1, 2, 3, and 4 shorted together, and pins 5, 6, 7, and 8 shorted together.21. In accordance with UL1577, each optocoupler is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 3000 V rms for one second(leakage detection current limit, I I-O ≤ 5 µA). This test is performed before the 100% production test for partial discharge (Method b) shown in the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table, if applicable.22. In accordance with UL 1577, each optocoupler is proof tested by applying an insulation test voltage ≥ 6000 V rms for one second(leakage detection current limit, I I-O ≤ 5 µA). This test is performed before the 100% production test for partial discharge (Method b) shown in the VDE 0884 Insulation Characteristics Table, if applicable.23. Measured between the LED anode and cathode shorted together and pins 5 through 8 shorted together. For dual channel productsonly.24. Measured between pins 1 and 2 shorted together, and pins 3 and 4 shorted together. For dual channel products only.Figure 2. Typical Output Voltage vs. Forward Input Current.Figure 3. Typical Input Threshold Current vs. Temperature.Figure 1. Typical High Level Output Current vs. Temperature.1623I F – FORWARD INPUT CURRENT – mA 0V O – O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V8-PIN DIP, SO-81623I F – FORWARD INPUT CURRENT – mAV O – O U T P U T V O L T A G E – VWIDEBODY6360T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 20I T H – I N P U T T H R E S H O L D C U R R E N T – m A1458-PIN DIP, SO-86360T A – TEMPERATURE – °C20I T H – I N P U T T H R E S H O L D C U R R E N T – m A145WIDEBODY1-159706060T A – TEMPERATURE – °C5020I O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T C U R R E N T – m A400.80.460T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 0.20V O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V0.10.50.7WIDEBODY0.30.6Figure 7. Typical Temperature Coefficient of Forward Voltage vs. Input Current.Figure 4. Typical Low Level Output Voltage vs. Temperature.Figure 5. Typical Low Level Output Current vs. Temperature.Figure 6. Typical Input Diode Forward Characteristic.0.80.4T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 0.20V O L – L O W L E V E L O U T P U T V O L T A G E – V0.10.50.78-PIN DIP, SO-80.30.6I F – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T – m A0.001V F – FORWARD VOLTAGE – V 1.010000.010.110100I F – F O R W A R D C U R R E N T – m A0.001V F – FORWARD VOLTAGE – V1.01100.010.110100d V F /d T – F O R W A R D V O L T A G E T E M P E R A T U R E C O E F F I C I E N T – m V /°C0.1110100I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA -1.4-2.2-2.0-1.8-1.6-1.2-2.48-PIN DIP, SO-8d V F /d T – F O R W A R D V O L T A G E T E M P E R A T U R E C O E F F I C I E N T – m V /°C0.1110100I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA-1.9-2.2-2.1-2.0-1.8-2.3WIDEBODY1-1604030T A – TEMPERATURE – °C 20P W D – P U L S E W I D T H D I S T O R T I O N – n s10-10Figure 8. Test Circuit for t PHL and t PLH .Figure 9. Typical Propagation Delay vs. Temperature.Figure 10. Typical Propagation Delay vs. Pulse Input Current.Figure 11. Typical Pulse Width Distortion vs. Temperature.Figure 12. Typical Rise and Fall Time vs. Temperature.10590I F – PULSE INPUT CURRENT – mA7530t P – P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n s6045OUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOOUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOI V FF*C L IS APPROXIMATELY 15 pF WHICH INCLUDES PROBE AND STRAY WIRING CAPACITANCE.10080T A – TEMPERATURE – °C600t P – P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n s4020t r , t f – R I S E , F A L L T I M E – n sT A – TEMPERATURE – °C1-161OUTPUT V MONITORING NODEOV V*C IS APPROXIMATELY 15 pF WHICH INCLUDES PROBE AND STRAY WIRING CAPACITANCE.LFigure 13. Test Circuit for t EHL and t ELH .Figure 14. Typical Enable Propagation Delay vs. Temperature.Figure 15. Test Circuit for Common Mode Transient Immunity and Typical Waveforms.V O0.5 VOV (MIN.)5 V0 V FSWITCH AT B: I = 7.5 mA FCM V HCM CM L OV (MAX.)CMV (PEAK)V Ot E– E N A B L E P R O P A G A T I O N D E L A Y – n sT A – TEMPERATURE – °C901203060+5 VOUTPUT V MONITORING NODE O PULSE GENERATOR Z = 50 ΩO+5 VOUTPUT V MONITORING NODEO PULSE GENERATOR Z = 50 ΩO1-162Figure 16. Thermal Derating Curve, Dependence of Safety Limiting Value with Case Temperature per VDE 0884.Figure 17. Recommended Printed Circuit Board Layout.O U T P U T P O W E R – P S , I N P U T C U R R E N T – I S0T S – CASE TEMPERATURE – °C400600800200100300500700ENABLE(SEE NOTE 5)OUTPUTDEVICE ILLUSTRATED.O U T P U T P O WE R – P S , I N P U T C U R R E N T – I S0T S – CASE TEMPERATURE – °C 4006008002001003005007001-163VDUAL CHANNEL DEVICE CC2*DIODE D1 (1N916 OR EQUIVALENT) IS NOT REQUIRED FOR UNITS WITH OPEN COLLECTOR OUTPUT.VCC2Figure 18. Recommended TTL/LSTTL to TTL/LSTTL Interface Circuit.Propagation Delay, Pulse-Width Distortion and Propagation Delay Skew Propagation delay is a figure of merit which describes how quickly a logic signal propagates through a system. The propaga-tion delay from low to high (t PLH) is the amount of time required for an input signal to propagate to the output, causing the output to change from low to high. Similarly, the propagation delay from high to low (t PHL) is the amount of time required for the input signal to propagate to the output causing the output to change from high to low (see Figure8).Pulse-width distortion (PWD) results when t PLH and t PHL differ in value. PWD is defined as the difference between t PLH and t PHL and often determines the maximum data rate capability of a transmission system. PWD can be expressed in percent by dividing the PWD (in ns) by the minimum pulse width (in ns) being transmitted. Typically, PWD on the order of 20-30% of the minimum pulse width is tolerable; the exact figure depends on the particular application (RS232,RS422, T-l, etc.).Propagation delay skew, t PSK, is an important parameter to consider in parallel data applica-tions where synchronization ofsignals on parallel data lines is aconcern. If the parallel data isbeing sent through a group ofoptocouplers, differences inpropagation delays will cause thedata to arrive at the outputs of theoptocouplers at different times. Ifthis difference in propagationdelays is large enough, it willdetermine the maximum rate atwhich parallel data can be sentthrough the optocouplers.Propagation delay skew is definedas the difference between theminimum and maximumpropagation delays, either t PLH ort PHL, for any given group ofoptocouplers which are operatingunder the same conditions (i.e.,the same drive current, supplyvoltage, output load, andoperating temperature). Asillustrated in Figure 19, if theinputs of a group of optocouplersare switched either ON or OFF atthe same time, t PSK is thedifference between the shortestpropagation delay, either t PLH ort PHL, and the longest propagationdelay, either t PLH or t PHL.As mentioned earlier, t PSK candetermine the maximum paralleldata transmission rate. Figure 20is the timing diagram of a typicalparallel data application with boththe clock and the data lines beingsent through optocouplers. Thefigure shows data and clocksignals at the inputs and outputsof the optocouplers. To obtain themaximum data transmission rate,both edges of the clock signal arebeing used to clock the data; ifonly one edge were used, theclock signal would need to betwice as fast.Propagation delay skew repre-sents the uncertainty of where anedge might be after being sentthrough an optocoupler. Figure20 shows that there will beuncertainty in both the data andthe clock lines. It is importantthat these two areas of uncertaintynot overlap, otherwise the clocksignal might arrive before all ofthe data outputs have settled, orsome of the data outputs maystart to change before the clocksignal has arrived. From theseconsiderations, the absoluteminimum pulse width that can besent through optocouplers in aparallel application is twice t PSK. Acautious design should use aslightly longer pulse width toensure that any additionaluncertainty in the rest of thecircuit does not cause a problem.The t PSK specified optocouplersoffer the advantages ofguaranteed specifications forpropagation delays, pulsewidthdistortion and propagation delayskew over the recommendedtemperature, input current, andpower supply ranges.1-1641-165Figure 19. Illustration of Propagation Delay Skew - t PSK .Figure 20. Parallel Data Transmission Example.I FV OI FVODATAINPUTSCLOCKDATAOUTPUTSCLOCK。

HS19264-1 液晶模块使用说明书

HS19264-1 液晶模块使用说明书

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深圳汉昇实业有限公司SHENZHEN HANSHENG INDUSTRIAL CO.,LTD地址:深圳市南山区西丽镇牛成村208栋亿莱工业大厦5楼邮编:518055公司主页:联系电话:传真:一、 HS19264-1产品主要特性● 8位并行数据接口,适配M6800系列时序。

● 拥有64×64位(512字节)的显示存储器,其数据直接作为显示驱动信号。

● 简单的操作指令。

● 低功耗(具体参数见各款产品外形文件)二、 产品外形SCALE:A0.4580.4580.050.051.6BALED B/L TYPE 8.2MAX 12.5EL B/L TYPE NO B/L TYPE5.4MAX 10.0B A项 目 标 准 尺 寸 单位 模块体积 130.0×65.0×12.5maxmm 定位尺寸 121.0×53.0 mm 视 域 104.0×39.0 mm 点 阵 192×64 位 点 距 离 0.508×0.508 mm 点 大 小0.458×0.458mm三、 接口顺序序号符号功能说明1 VSS 电源地2 VDD 电源输入(+5V )3 V0 LCD 驱动电压输入端(对比度调节)4 RS 寄存器选择端 H :数据寄存器;L :命令寄存器5 R/W 读/写信号6 E 使能信号 7-14 DB0-DB7 数据总线15 /CS1 片选信号1,低有效,选择左屏16 /RST 复位信号,低有效17 /CS2 片选信号2,低有效,选择中屏 18 /CS3 片选信号3,低有效,选择右屏 19 VOUT 负压输入输出端 20 LEDA 背光正极四、 原理简图VDDV0LEDA LEDKCS1CS2CS319264点阵系列3片选模块原理框图五、 电气特性(测试条件 Ta=25,Vdd=5.0+/-0.25V)1. 逻辑工作电压(Vcc): 4.5~5.5V2. 电源地(GND): 0V3. 输入电压: 0~Vcc4. 输入高电平(Vih): 2.0~Vcc5. 输入低电平(Vil): 0~0.8V6. 输出高电平(Voh): 2.4min7. 输出低电平(Vol): 0~0.4V8. 模块工作电流: 见相关产品外形文件 9. 白侧光工作电流: 见相关产品外形文件 10. 底黄绿光工作电流: 见相关产品外形文件 11. 工作频率: 0.4~5.5MHz六、 工作时序图KS0108的操作时序图D0-D7(WRITE)D0-D7(READ)R/W /CS1 /CS2 CS3 D/IE时序参数表(Vdd=2.7~5.5V ,Vss=0V Ta= -20℃~+75℃)项目符号最小值最大值单位E 周期时间 Tcyc 1000 - nS E 高电平宽度 Pweh 450 - nS E 低电平宽度 Pwel 450 - nS E 上升时间 Tr - 25 nS E 下降时间 Tf - 25 nS 地址建立时间 Tas 140 - nS地址保持时间 Tah 10 - nS 数据建立时间 Tdsw 200 - Ns 数据延时时间 Tddr - 320 Ns 数据保持时间(写) Tdhw 10 - nS 数据保持时间(读) Tdhr 20 - Ns七、 指令说明指令名称 控制状态 指令代码 RS R/W D7D6D5 D4 D3 D2 D1D0显示开关设置 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 D 显示起始行设置 0 0 1 1 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1L0页面地址设置 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 P2 P1P0列地址设置 0 0 0 1 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1C0读取状态字 0 1 BUSY 0ON/OFF RESET0 0 0 0写显示数据 1 0 数 据 读显示数据1 1数 据指令功能详解下面是KS0108指令写入的流程图:1. 读状态字(read status )格式 BUSY 0NO/OFF RESER 0 0 0 01) BUSY=1表示KS0108正在处理计算机发来的指令或数据。

1汽车的分类

1汽车的分类


派力奥 04款 1.3EX
品 牌:南京菲亚特
排 气 量:1242mL 指导价格:7.58
基本参数 长×宽×高(mm)3763×1615×1450 轴距(mm) 2373&nbsp; 发动机形式直列4缸,多点电喷 排气量(mL)1242 最大功率(KW(PS))44(60)/5000最大扭矩(N.m)102/2500 厂方油耗(L/100km)(90Km/h等速)5 0―100km/h加速时间(s)16.1&nbsp; 最高车速(km/h)
驱动力与附着力的关系
Ft ≤F=G
汽车状态 汽车正常行驶
Ft >F=G
汽车车轮打滑
威姿 CA7106DLX
品 牌:天津一汽
排 气 量:998mL 变 速 器:机械式手动5挡 指导价格:8.98
基本参数: 长×宽×高(mm)3640×1660×1520 轴距(mm) 2370
发动机形式直列、四缸、双顶置凸轮轴、16气门、燃油喷射汽油机
指导价格:
长×宽×高(mm)3650×1635×1410轴距(mm) 2340 发动机形式 排气量(mL)1046最大功率(KW(PS))最大扭矩(N.m) 厂方油耗(L/100km)(90Km/h等速)5.5 变速箱手动四档 最高车速(km/h)145
波罗 1.4 16V豪华型 AT 品 牌:上海大众 排 气 量:1390mL 变 速 器:自动4速变速器 指导价格:14.78
EQ4166G型牵引车 采用6×4驱动方式,装备 东风康明斯6BTA5.9型增压、中冷柴油发动机, φ380mm离合器,先进的平衡悬挂系统,HFB52型整 体式动力转向器,9吨级中、后桥。
特种用途车
*防弹高级迎宾车 *检阅车 *银行运款专用车

1例伴重度通气功能障碍肺癌病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理

1例伴重度通气功能障碍肺癌病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理

1例伴重度通气功能障碍肺癌病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理牛 芳,杨 希,顾玉炎,叶丽娟,傅晓炜摘要 总结1例伴重度通气功能障碍肺癌病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理㊂护理要点:重视肺癌伴重度通气功能障碍的护理,做好肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术的急救与护理,加强术后并发症的观察与护理,加强健康教育,做好病人及家属的心理护理㊂经过积极治疗及护理后,顺利完成放化疗后出院㊂关键词 肺癌;通气功能障碍;支气管动脉栓塞术;护理K e y w o r d s l u n g c a n c e r ;d y s f u n c t i o no f v e n t i l a t i o n ;b r o n c h i a l a r t e r y e m b o l i z a t i o n ;n u r s i n g d o i :10.12104/j.i s s n .1674-4748.2023.29.035 2020年全球癌症统计报告,2020年全球肺癌新发和死亡病例分别为220.7万例㊁179.6万例,位居恶性肿瘤发病第2位,死亡第1位[1]㊂原发性肺癌病人疾病过程中10%~30%会出现咯血,其中10%~20%表现为大咯血[2-3],肺癌致咯血病人病情多变,发生失血性休克㊁呼吸道阻塞等风险较高㊂临床研究显示支气管动脉栓塞术治疗不同严重程度咯血安全有效[4-6]㊂肺癌合并多种肺部疾病会增加临床治疗及护理的难度,临床上对此类病人的急救及护理是降低死亡率的关键㊂2021年5月6日浙江省肿瘤医院收治1例肺癌伴肺不张㊁肺气肿㊁肺大泡病人,因肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术止血治疗,经过积极治疗及护理后病情稳定,顺利完成放化疗后出院㊂现将护理总结如下㊂1 病例介绍病人,男,67岁,因 咯血28d ,诊断肺癌24d 于2021年5月6日入院㊂2021年4月9日因咯血1d 就诊于当地医院,咯血量不多,色鲜红,气短,胸部增强C T 检查提示:左肺门占位,大小约39mmˑ31mm ,左肺支气管闭塞,纵隔及左肺门数个淋巴结㊂行纤维支气管镜检查提示:左主支气管下段新生物,管腔狭窄㊂病理诊断:(左主支气管新生物)低分化癌,考虑为鳞状细胞癌㊂肺功能检查提示:存在重度限制型肺通气功能减退㊂给予吸氧㊁补液㊁抗感染治疗后好转出院㊂后病人就诊于上海肺科医院㊁上海复旦大学肿瘤医院均建议不能手术治疗㊂病人为进一步治疗入住本院胸部放疗科,入院时精神欠佳,主诉乏力,咳嗽咳痰,痰中带血,每日血痰量5~10m L ,色鲜,以夜间为主,活动后感胸闷气急明显,休息后缓解,未吸氧状态下血氧饱和基金项目 浙江省医药卫生科技计划项目,编号:2020K Y 474;浙江省肿瘤医院院级青年科研培育基金项目,编号:Q N 201805㊂作者简介 牛芳,主管护师,硕士,单位:310022,浙江省肿瘤医院;杨希㊁顾玉炎㊁叶丽娟㊁傅晓炜(通讯作者)单位:310022,浙江省肿瘤医院㊂引用信息 牛芳,杨希,顾玉炎,等.1例伴重度通气功能障碍肺癌病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理[J ].全科护理,2023,21(29):4166-4168.度维持在93%,近3个月体重减轻约9k g ㊂查体:身高158c m ,体重51k g ,体质指数(B M I )20.4k g/m 2,营养风险筛查2002(N R S 2002)评分4分;体温37.1ħ,脉搏91/m i n ,呼吸19/m i n ,血压100/59mmH g ,左肺呼吸音消失,右肺呼吸音粗,双肺未闻及干湿性啰音㊂医嘱予止血治疗,右上臂贵要静脉留置经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(P I C C )㊂2021年5月8日胸部C T 显示:左肺门占位,伴左肺不张,左侧胸腔少量积液;右肺肺气肿㊁肺大泡㊂2021年5月12日开始T P 方案化疗:白蛋白紫杉醇200m g (第1天)+顺铂40m g(第1天~第3天)㊂01:00突发咳血痰十余口,色鲜,量约50m L ,医嘱予加用酚磺乙胺止血治疗,改1级护理,暂停次日化疗,用药后仍有间断性咳血痰㊂请介入科会诊后行支气管动脉栓塞术,术后予止血㊁补液治疗㊂介入术后第1天开始出现发热,最高体温39.6ħ,实验室检查示白细胞16.8ˑ109/L ,中性粒细胞计数:15.7ˑ109/L ,超敏C 反应蛋白89.32m g /L ,予物理降温,送检痰培养和血培养,予哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠3.375g ,每天2次抗感染治疗㊂病人右侧腹股沟区穿刺处有血肿,活动或按压时感疼痛明显,局部皮肤温度偏高,经查右下肢静脉超声检查,右下肢静脉未见明显血栓,右侧大腿根部皮下血肿形成可能㊂请造口伤口小组会诊后予红外线照射每日2次,后血肿消退㊂2021年5月20日继续输注顺铂40m g (第2天~第3天)㊂2021年5月28日开始行放疗,适形调强放疗(I M R T )技术照射左肺肿物及纵隔淋巴结,处方剂量2.2G y ˑ28次㊂2021年6月17日行白蛋白紫杉醇200m g (第1天㊁第13天)+顺铂40m g(第1天~第3天)㊂2021年6月23日胸部增强C T 提示:左肺癌治疗后对照2021年5月8日C T 结果,左肺门占位较前明显缩小,左肺不张已不明显,左侧胸腔积液已不明显;右肺肺气肿㊁肺大泡㊂2021年5月31日和6月23日复查胸片后予2次重复C T 定位修改靶区㊂放化疗过程中出现3度白细胞减少,经对症治疗后好转㊂2021年7月8日病人放化疗结束,予拔除P I C C 管,出院㊂2 护理2.1 改善重度通气功能障碍的策略㊃6614㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G O c t o b e r 2023V o l .21N o .292.1.1吸氧肺癌伴肺不张大多数是因肿瘤阻塞气道引发,表现为肺部正常气体交换功能丧失,病人轻度活动后即会有气短㊁咳嗽的症状㊂而吸氧治疗可使机体肺泡和动脉血氧分压增高,增加组织供氧能力,降低红细胞㊁血液黏稠度,改善病人的呼吸困难症状㊂本例病人为老年肺癌病人,肿瘤位于左肺门,大小39m mˑ31mm,左侧支气管完全闭塞伴左肺完全不张,左侧胸腔少量积液,同时右肺肺气肿伴肺大泡,肺功能检查:存在重度限制型肺通气功能减退㊂病人坐轮椅入院,主诉活动后感胸闷气急明显,休息后能缓解,未吸氧状态下血氧饱和度维持在93%㊂为了改善病人的缺氧症状,入院后立即给予鼻导管吸氧3L/m i n,血氧饱和度数值可上升至正常㊂为了提高呼吸功能训练的效果,呼吸功能训练前后均进行至少1h的低流量鼻导管吸氧㊂为了增强肿瘤细胞的含氧量以提高放疗的敏感性,放疗前后进行至少1h的低流量鼻导管吸氧㊂放疗时间安排尽可能固定,必要时可适当前后调整呼吸锻炼的时间㊂除外出放疗㊁检查或进食外,给予持续低流量鼻导管吸氧,每日吸氧时间约20h㊂病人全程放化疗过程中护士密切监测生命体征变化,尤其是血氧饱和度的变化㊂关注病人有无胸闷㊁气急症状是否缓解㊂2.1.2加强肺康复训练研究表明,强化肺康复训练应用于重度肺通气功能障碍肺癌病人中,可显著改善肺功能,降低并发症发生率[7]㊂护士从呼吸功能㊁咳嗽能力㊁活动能力及方式等方面评估病人的功能,结合病情设定每日的锻炼目标㊂为了促进肺部扩张,协助病人由半坐卧位㊁坐位㊁床边站立逐步过渡到下床行走㊂指导病人进行呼吸锻炼的方法及有效咳嗽咳痰的方法,每日进行缩唇呼吸㊁腹式呼吸㊁屏气训练,每天3次,每次15m i n,训练结束后配合有效的咳嗽咳痰促进肺复张㊂指导及时将痰液或血痰咳出,咳痰后及时漱口,保持口腔清洁,血痰量多时注意防止误吸㊂本例病人放化疗结束时无胸闷气急,无血痰,生命体征正常,左肺呼吸音由消失变为呼吸音清㊂2.1.3抗肿瘤治疗目前关于肺癌伴肺不张的治疗方法主要包括手术㊁放疗㊁化疗㊁免疫治疗等,需结合病人的病情综合考虑,制定最佳治疗方案㊂放疗是肺癌病人的主要治疗方式之一,而非肿瘤性合并症的存在可能会增加放疗急性和晚期不良反应,影响放疗的顺利实施[8]㊂肿瘤靶区的精准勾画是肺癌放射治疗的重要保证之一,靶区漏照射可能导致照射剂量不足,从而降低肿瘤控制率,而靶区过大会导致正常组织并发症发生率增加㊂肺癌与肺不张边界在C T图像上显示不清,放疗靶区勾画具有较大的困难[9]㊂本例肺癌病人完善相关检查后不建议手术,入住胸部放疗科行同步放化疗治疗㊂入院时P E T-C T检查显示左肺完全肺不张,放疗期间根据2次C T检查显示的左肺复张情况予2次重复C T定位修改靶区,以进一步确保肿瘤靶区的精准性㊂入院时有咯血,右上臂贵要静脉留置P I C C,咯血停止后予行T P 方案化疗,药物由P I C C输注,输注过程顺利㊂行化疗1d后夜间出现咯血,行支气管动脉栓塞术及止血治疗,咯血停止后继续进行放化疗治疗㊂放化疗期间,宣教胸部放疗区皮肤保护的注意事项,化疗药物输注的注意事项,嘱其加强营养,每日饮水量在2000m L以上,密切监测生命体征的变化,观察是否出现放化疗毒副反应㊂放化疗过程中出现3度白细胞减少,医嘱予吉粒芬㊁生白合剂对症治疗,指导病人注意个人卫生,佩戴口罩预防感染,注意保暖,预防感冒,经对症治疗后白细胞计数上升至正常㊂本例病人顺利完成放化疗,未出现严重的放化疗并发症㊂2.2肺癌致咯血病人行支气管动脉栓塞术的护理2.2.1术前护理肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术前应做好术前的急救护理㊂安置病人绝对卧床休息,指导病人咯血时将头偏向一侧,以便及时咳出血痰,勿屏气或咽下血液,以保持呼吸道畅通㊂严密观察病人的意识㊁面色㊁生命体征及咯血的量㊁颜色㊁性状㊂针对不同的咯血量会有不同的止血治疗方法,咯血量的准确评估至关重要,采用做好容量刻度标记的一次性透明杯子留取痰血,以准确估算咯血量㊂床边备心电监护仪㊁负压吸引器㊁吸氧㊁抢救车等急救用品,已于右上臂贵要静脉留置P I C C管,遵医嘱予邦亭㊁酚磺乙胺㊁维生素K1止血治疗㊂完善术前相关检查,腹股沟穿刺处备皮,做好外出行支气管动脉栓塞术的转运准备㊂指导病人训练床上大小便,讲解支气管动脉栓塞术治疗的流程㊁优势,宣教疾病相关知识㊂病人咯血量增多时,表现出恐惧㊁焦虑不良情绪,医护人员及时给予心理疏导,帮助病人尽快平稳心态,以配合手术治疗㊂同时,做好病人家属工作,使病人家属尽可能多陪伴病人,为病人提供较好的社会支持㊂2.2.2术后护理影响介入病人术后局部出血的风险主要包括[10-13]:病人的年龄㊁血压等身体因素,穿刺次数㊁介入手术时间㊁鞘管大小及留置时间等血管壁受损程度,凝血功能和血小板功能是否正常,压迫位置是否准确㊁加压包扎和肢体制动时间,病人的依从性等㊂肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术后,需加强术后并发症的观察与护理,预防穿刺点出血或血肿㊂本例病人行支气管动脉栓塞术后,医嘱予邦亭㊁垂体后叶素㊁林格等止血补液治疗,改特级护理,持续心电监护监测生命体征变化,持续鼻导管吸氧3L/m i n㊂右侧腹股沟穿刺部位加压包扎止血6h,6h后取出动脉止血敷料,12h后去除包扎的纱布和绷带,局部消毒后改用无菌敷料外贴,右下肢制动12h,卧床休息24h㊂观察穿刺部位是否存在血肿或渗血,敷料包扎是否完好㊂关注病人的不适主诉症状,血痰量变化,足背动脉搏动是否良好㊂避免用力咳嗽或用力解大便,不可避免时用手用力按压住穿刺点,防止局部压力改变导致的出血㊂鼓励病人多饮水,促进造影剂的排出,同时可预防深静脉血栓㊂本例病人术后右侧腹股沟区穿刺处血肿明显,活动或按压时感疼痛明显,局部皮肤温度偏高,考虑病人长期卧床,查右下肢静脉B超排除血栓,检查结果提示右侧大腿根部皮下血肿形成可能㊂请造口伤口小组会诊,予红外线照射每日2次,后血肿消退㊂术后第1天体温过高,炎症指标偏高,考虑与肺部感染㊁介入术后肿瘤坏死吸收热有关,遵医嘱抗感染治疗,留取痰培养,鼓励病人多饮水,物理降温,出汗较多时及时更换衣服,密切监测体温变化,介入术后第5天体温降至正常㊂㊃7614㊃全科护理2023年10月第21卷第29期2.3提供多元化的健康教育本例病人为小学学历,对中文纸质宣教单㊁二维码扫描的健康宣教内容难以理解,在进行健康教育时以口头讲述㊁图片㊁视频为主,健康教育后及时收集病人的反馈,以评价健康教育的效果,及时进行强化宣教㊂病人对肺癌的知识欠缺,宣教肺癌及放化疗治疗的相关知识㊂病人右上臂贵要静脉留置P I C C 管,宣教置管相关注意事项,未出现深静脉导管相关的并发症㊂加强营养宣教,病人入院前3个月体重减轻约9k g,入院后指导病人合理膳食,食物选择多样化,多进食鱼㊁虾㊁蛋㊁奶㊁瘦肉等含优质蛋白质的食物,减少香肠㊁腌肉㊁火腿等红肉的摄入,避免吸烟㊁饮酒,避免摄入霉变㊁烧烤㊁腌制的食物及煎炸的动物性食品,多吃蔬菜㊁水果,推荐蔬菜每天摄入量为300~500g,水果每天摄入量为200~300g,多饮水㊂每周定时评估体重及实验室营养指标的变化㊂体重由51k g(入院时)上升至52k g(出院时),总蛋白由55.7g/L(入院时)上升至61.3g/L(出院时),白蛋白由26.4g/L(入院时)上升至36.6g/L(出院时),血红蛋白由93g/L(咯血时)上升至117g/L(出院时),说明营养状况较前改善㊂2.4做好心理护理肺癌作为重大负性生活事件,疾病本身以及手术㊁放疗㊁化疗等治疗会给病人带来许多困扰,病人得知病情时多会产生恐惧㊁焦虑和抑郁等心理,且在后续放化疗治疗时由于不良反应大,包括恶心㊁呕吐㊁脱发㊁骨髓抑制等,进一步加剧了病人生理和心理上的痛苦,影响病人对治疗的耐受能力,导致较多病人无法坚持治疗或疗效不佳[14-16]㊂本例病人入院时困惑较多,情绪低落,医护人员关注病人和家属的心理状态,做好病人和家属的心理护理,及时答疑解惑㊂放化疗期间及时给予全面㊁系统的护理干预来缓解病人的不良情绪,做好病人的健康宣教㊁饮食指导㊁支气管动脉栓塞术相关知识讲解㊁放化疗并发症的观察与护理,避免因肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术㊁中途暂停化疗㊁推迟放化疗时间㊁放疗过程中2次需重复C T定位修改靶区等原因加重病人和家属的心理负担㊂本例病人和家属住院期间情绪平稳,积极配合治疗,顺利出院㊂3小结咯血是常见的临床症状之一,包括痰中带血到危及生命的大咯血,其病因复杂,许多疾病都能引起咯血,肺癌是引起咯血的第二大病因,根据咯血量的不同需采取相应的止血治疗,必要时需采取支气管动脉栓塞术㊂同时,肺癌伴重度通气功能障碍病人增加了治疗及护理的难度㊂护理要点是重视肺癌伴重度通气功能障碍的护理,做好肺癌致咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术的急救与护理,加强术后并发症的观察与预防,预防肺癌放化疗治疗的毒副反应,加强健康教育,做好病人及家属的心理护理㊂参考文献:[1]刘宗超,李哲轩,张阳,等.2020全球癌症统计报告解读[J].肿瘤综合治疗电子杂志,2021,7(2):1-13.[2]严小兰,陈驰华.支气管动脉栓塞术治疗致命性咯血的疗效分析[J].中国临床医学影像杂志,2020,31(8):538-542.[3] H A N K,Y O O N K W,K I MJH,e ta l.B r o n c h i a l a r t e r y e m b o l i z a t i o nf o rh e m o p t y s i s i n p r i m a r y l u ng c a n c e r:a r e t r o s p e c t i v e r e v i e wo f84p a t i e n t s[J].J V a s c I n t e r vR a d i o l,2019,30(3):428-434. [4]刘丽萍,王宪刚,李先华,等.支气管动脉C T A与支气管动脉栓塞术在反复少量咯血患者中应用[J].临床肺科杂志,2021,26(5): 692-695.[5]黄坤林,刘玉金.肺癌介入治疗临床研究进展[J].介入放射学杂志,2019,28(10):1005-1008.[6] A Y X I,M U L L E R-W I L L ER,W O H L G E M U T H W A,e t a l.T r e a t m e n to fa c u t e h e m o p t y s i sb y b r o n c h i a la r t e r y e m b o l i z a t i o n w i t ht h e l i q u i de m b o l i ca g e n te t h y l e n ev i n y l a l c o h o l c o p o l y m e r[J].JV a s cI n t e r vR a d i o l,2017,28(6):825-831.[7]鞠晓艳.强化肺康复训练对重度肺通气功能障碍肺癌患者的影响[J].临床护理杂志,2019,18(1):48-51.[8]杨咏强,蔡尚,田野,等.非肿瘤性合并症对放疗不良反应影响的研究进展[J].中华放射肿瘤学杂志,2020,29(5):388-391. [9]张红娇,姜杰,黄伟.功能影像辅助伴肺不张肺癌放疗靶区勾画的研究进展[J].国际肿瘤学杂志,2022(1):51-55.[10]徐春静,曾莉.经股动脉行介入治疗术后穿刺点并发症预防控制的研究进展[J].全科护理,2019,17(31):3887-3891. [11]陈红,刘艳.脑血管介入术后股动脉穿刺点出血的危险因素[J].世界最新医学信息文摘(连续型电子期刊),2020,20(92):148-149.[12]田鸿福,王慧,邱峰,等.神经介入术后股动脉穿刺处出血的影响因素[J].国际脑血管病杂志,2020,28(4):255-259. [13]张晓丽.原发性肝癌患者行介入术后股动脉穿刺点止血方法的研究进展[J].当代护士(下旬刊),2021,28(10):47-49. [14]石爱兰,张秀兵,王琪,等.针对性忧郁㊁焦虑心理护理对晚期肺癌患者疼痛与生活质量的影响[J].当代护士(下旬刊),2020,27(3):109-111.[15]马千惠,关玉霞,王孟昭,等.晚期肺癌患者心理韧性现状调查及影响因素分析[J].癌症进展,2022,20(6):636-640. [16]宋秋丽,田晓晓.预见性护理对放化疗肺癌患者心理状态㊁癌痛及癌性疲乏程度的影响[J].慢性病学杂志,2022,23(2):283-285.(收稿日期:2023-05-05;修回日期:2023-09-08)(本文编辑卫竹翠)㊃8614㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G O c t o b e r2023V o l.21N o.29。

武藤VJ-1604W中文菜单

武藤VJ-1604W中文菜单

VJ-1604W中文菜单之蔡仲巾千创作5.1 Setup菜单5.1.1 MediaType 菜单5.1.1.1 Type菜单5.1.1.1.2 PF Adjust菜单(1) Init.Adj.Print菜单执行初始步进打印(2) Init.Adj.Change菜单设置初始步进更改(3) Confirm Print菜单执行确认打印(4) Micro Adj.Print菜单执行微调打印(5) Micro Adj.Change菜单设置步进微调更改5.1.1.1.7 Vacuum Fan菜单设置吸纸风扇的操纵5.1.2 Effect菜单设置打印效果菜单当需要提高打印质量时,设置此菜单5.1.3 Flushing菜单设置打印中的闪喷操纵5.1.3.1 Flushing return count菜单设置当闪喷方式被设置为“On Media”时,喷头回到原点的闪喷墨栈闪喷的频率(闪喷计数)5.1.4 Side Margin菜单设置打印时左、右页边距的空白(页边距)5.1.5 Media Initial菜单设置当介质初始化时,介质的宽度和边沿被检测的方式5.1.6Media Width/MediaWidth菜单当介质初始化设置为不检测介质时,设置从右边5mm到左边的距离(1)Media Width菜单当介质初始化完成介质检测时,显示被检测到的介质宽度(2)MediaWidth菜单5.1.7Take-up菜单5.1.8Origin菜单设置打印时的开始打印位置(原点)当需要在打印过的介质的页边距空白处再次打印时,设置此项5.1.9 Prev.Stick菜单防止打印过程中出现粘连现象5.1.10Media Cut菜单5.1.11CR Movement菜单设置打印过程中,喷头移动的范围5.1.12 Overwrite菜单设置重复打印计数5.1.13Overwrite Wait菜单设置重复打印等待时间5.1.14Slant Check菜单设置进纸时纸走斜检测5.1.15 Auto Cleaning菜单设置这台机器自动清洗的间隔时间为防止喷头阻塞,开机后即执行自动清洗操纵5.1.16 Roll Length菜单设置卷筒介质长度5.1.16.1 Roll Length菜单设置卷筒介质长度5.1.17Head Wash菜单执行墨路清洗5.1.18CR Maintenance菜单清洁刮片5.1.19 Initialization菜单使打印机的设置值恢复默认值5.1.20 Life Times菜单显示各部件的运行寿命5.1.21IPAddress菜单设置打印机的IP地址5.1.22Subnet Mask菜单设置打印机的子网掩码5.1.23 Gateway菜单设置网关5.2 TestPrint菜单执行喷头的喷孔检测及设置清单打印5.3Adjust Print菜单当需要为图片打印调整为最适宜品质时设置5.4 Cleaning菜单执行喷头清洗5.5 Selection菜单设置“Setup”的内容在打印机的正常使用情况下,你可以隐藏你不想改变设置值的设置菜单中的设置项5.6 Version menu菜单。

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41661 Product Details
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41661
Active Taper Pins and Blocks
Not EU RoHS or ELV Compliant (Find RoHS Compliant Alternates)
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?Taper Pins
?Pin Type = Formed
?Pin Style = Standard
?53 Series
?Loose Piece
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?PIN, TAPER, 53 SERIES(PDF, English)
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Product Type Features:
?Product Type = Taper Pins
?Insulation Support = Insulation Support
?Insulation Diameter (mm [in]) = 1.02 – 1.40
[0.040 –0.055]
?Finish = Bright Tin-Lead
?Comment = For use in AMP-O-LECTRIC Machine
354500-1.
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?Pin Type = Formed
?Pin Style = Standard
?Series = 53
?Wire Range (mm [AWG]) = 0.20-0.40²[24-22] ?Feed Style = End
?Overall Length (mm [in]) = 12.45 [0.490]
?Mates With = 53 Series Connector Block Industry Standards:
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