A valediction
John Donne A Valediction Forbidding Mourning
Lecture 6The 17th CenturyThe Period of Revolution and Restoration(II)John Donne ---A V alediction: Forbidding MourningI. Teaching Aims1. The literal meaning of the poem2.The theme3.The imagery4. The unity of the form and the contentII. Key Points:The imageryIII. Difficulties:The metaphorsIV. Teaching methods:1.Direct Method & Communicative Method2.Authorware PresentationV. Teaching Procedures:1.Check the assignment2.Authorware Presentation.3.Read the poem and explain3.1 The reasoning process in the nine quatrains(see Textbook)The theme: The wholeness, oneness and unity of love.The style---The regular form go well with the loyalty of love.The other aspect (cf. Song)of Donne---loyal and serious to love .4.The circle imagery on three levels4.1Theme---Traveling Modestarting ---destination---ending(the starting and the ending points coincide to make a circle) 4.2 Structure---The beginning and the ending echo with circle imagesThe beginning : a virtual circle image---dying(living)-death-rebirth(活-死-活)---endless, eternal4.3 Specific images: gold beaten to extreme thinness to form a circle without the circumference5.The attribute of a circle?Endless, constant, cyclical(无始无终, 连绵不绝, 周而复始)---wholeness, oneness and unity of love6. Discussion1.The circle imagery and the metaphorical meaning2. Why is the form regular?VI. HomeworkGet ready for the mid-term exam.References :1. 李正栓等, 英国文学学习指南, 北京: 清华大学, 20002. Encyclopedia Britannica V ol 33.卞之琳.卞之琳译文集[C].合肥：安徽教育出版社，2000.4.T. S. Eliot. The Metaphysical poets[A]. In William R. Keast (ed.) Seventeen Century English Poetry[C] . OUP , 1962.。
A Valediction_John Donne英美文学选读张伯香
约翰·多恩《别离辞·莫悲伤》JOHN DONNE (1572-1631)A V ALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNINGAs virtuous men pass mildly away, 正如有德行的人安详别逝And whisper to their souls, to go, 轻声向灵魂辞安Whilst some of their sad friends do say, 悲伤的友人或伤逝"The breath goes now," and some say, "No:" 叹其气，绝其魂，亦有说不然So let us melt, and make no noise, 就让我们轻声说话，不要喧哗，No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; 不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声哀鸣；'Twere profanation of our joys 那是对我们欢乐的亵渎，To tell the laity our love. 让俗人知道我们的爱。
Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears; 地动带来伤害，叫人害怕，Men reckon what it did, and meant; 人们推其为断其意But trepidation of the spheres, 天体震动，虽然威力更大Though greater far, is innocent. 却对什么都没有损伤。
Dull sublunary lovers' love 乏味的凡情俗爱(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit （感官为上）最忌Absence, because it doth remove 别离，因为情人分开，Those things which elemented it. 爱的根基就会破碎支离。
a valediction forbidding mourning
Whilst some of their sad friends do say,
―Now his breath goes,‖ and some say, ―No.‖ B
indistinct onomatopoeia
Symbolism: “death‖
君子安详辞世的时候，
会对自己的灵魂轻轻地道一声：走， 有些悲伤的朋友会说：
1.2 Life Experience
1615 Ordained into the Church of England; awarded an honorary doctorate（荣誉博士） in divinity from Cambridge University;
became a Royal Chaplain(牧师);
就让我们默哀吧，肃穆， 没有泪眼汪汪，没有嚎啕大哭； 把我们的爱情告诉俗人 无异于对我们的欢愉进行亵渎。
※ Line 7-8:
•
• •
’Twere= it were
Profanation: desecration(亵渎) Laity: lay people, commoners
3. Analysis
※ Line 3-4: • The debate of friends
“断气了，”而有些则会说“还没有。”
3. Analysis
Analysis
※ Line 5-6: • So: ―analogy & metaphor‖ Melt & tear-floods & sightempest: ―nature metaphors‖ • Tear-floods & sigh-tempest: ―hyperbole‖
John Donne’s A Valediction
On John Donne’s A Valediction: Forbidding MourningBy AnnieA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is a magnificent poem written in 1611 by John Donne, one of famous Elizabethan poets. It’s said that John Donne wrote it to his wife as a farewell speech when he was about to travel to France and Germany. The poem tenderly comforts the speaker's lover at their temporary parting, asking that they separate calmly and quietly, without tears or protests. The speaker justifies the desirability of such calmness by developing the ways in which the two share a holy love, both sexual and spiritual in nature. Donne treats their love as sacred, elevated above that of ordinary earthly lovers. He argues that because of the confidence the ir love gives them, they are strong enough to endure a temporary separation.The most outstanding linguistic feature of this poem is its innovative metaphysical conceit. As we know, in English literature conceit is generally associated with the 17th century metaphysical poets, an extension of contemporary usage. In the metaphysical conceit, metaphors have a much more purely conceptual, and thus tenuous, relationship between the things being compared. Helen Gardner observed that “a conceit is a comparison whose ingenuity is more striking than its justness” and that “a comparison becomes a conceit when we are made to conce de likeness while being strongly conscious of unlikeness.”Reading through the whole poem, it’s not difficult to find there is bizarre and unexpected imagery and symbolism used by Donne. At the beginning of this poem, the poet compared his departing with his lover to the death of the noble man. “As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls, to go”. As a virtuous man dies, he knows that he has reconciled himself to God and will therefore be accepted into heaven. Thus he dies in peace and calm, and the people surrounding him at his deathbed are sad, but not anguished. In the same way, when two virtuous lovers part, there is no pain, because they know that each will be true to the other, even when they are apart. The people surrounding the dying man are quiet partly so as not to disturb him. In the same way, Donne said that too much outward show of emotion on the part of one lover would just disturb the other. He presented his own opinion of departing for the first time in this poem: true love can endure the trial of departing. And the departing between lovers should be calm and peaceful, “So let us melt, and make no noise”, because true love is built on the communication of the two souls but not on physical connection. Although departing is bitter, the souls of the two have melt together. They should separate from each other by making no noise and not explain love by tear-flood and sigh-tempest just as the laity do.In the third stanza, the poet used two peculiar images to describe the difference between true love and love of the laity. To the common people, separation with the lovers is like the moving of the earth, which means the end of everything including love. The poet compared the departing between true loves to the movement of the celestial bodies. Although its influence is bigger than the moving of the earth, it is mysterious.In the sixth stanza, “A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat”.Here we may find the important symbolism of gold. The poet used the properties of gold as a symbol to tell the reader that gold is very malleable which means it can be beaten to airy thinness. It is also the most precious of all the metals, the least reactive of all metals, which ties in with Donne's placing of the lovers above the emotional “laity”. In terms of alchemy, gold is also the most noble metal, and the most difficult to destroy.Finally, “A V alediction: Forbidding Mourning” ends with one of Donne's most famous metaphysical conceit, in which he argued for the lovers' closeness by comparing their two souls to the feet of a drawing compass. The two lovers are likened to the two points of a compass. At first it seems ridiculous, but Donne showed how it made sense. As far as we know, a compass has two legs. When we are drawing a circle, one leg of the compass is standing on one location and the other turn around the standing one until it come back to the starting point. The poet used the very feature of the compass to describe the true love. The lovers are dependent on each other, and as long as they cooperate with each other perfectly, can they draw the circle that stands for perfect love. At the same time, the poet explained the main idea of this poem more clearly: departing is not the end of love buy the evaporation of the love’s emotions.。
A Valediction forbidding Mourning
DONNE’S POETRYJohn Donne“A Valediction: forbidding Mourning”page 1 of 2SummaryThe speaker explains that he is forced to spend time apart from his lover, but before he leaves, he tells her that their farewell should not be the occasion for mourning and sorrow. In the same way that virtuous men die mildly and without complaint, he says, so they should leave without “tear-floods”and “sigh-tempests,”for to publicly announce their feelings in such a way would profane their love. The speaker says that when the earth moves, it brings “harms and fears,”but when the spheres experience “trepidation,”though the impact is greater, it is also innocent. The love of “dull sublunary lovers”cannot survive separation, but it removes that which constitutes the love itself; but the love he shares with his beloved is so refined and “Inter-assured of the mind”that they need not worry about missing “eyes, lips, and hands.”Though he must go, their souls are still one, and, therefore, they are not enduring a breach, they are experiencing an “expansion”; in the same way that gold can be stretched by beating it “to aery thinness,”the soul they share will simply stretch to take in all the space between them. If their souls are separate, he says, they are like the feet of a compass: His lover’s soul is the fixed foot in the center, and his is the foot that moves around it. The firmness of the center foot makes the circle that the outer foot draws perfect: “Thy firmness makes my circle just, / And makes me end, where I begun.”FormThe nine stanzas of this Valediction are quite simple compared to many of Donne’s poems, which utilize strange metrical patterns overlaid jarringly on regular rhyme schemes. Here, each four-line stanza is quite unadorned, with an ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.Commentary“A Valediction: forbidding Mourning”is one of Donne’s most famous and simplest poems and also probably his most direct statement of his ideal of spiritual love. For all his erotic carnality in poems, such as “The Flea,”Donne professed a devotion to a kind of spiritual love that transcended the merely physical. Here, anticipating a physical separation from his beloved, he invokes the nature of that spiritual love to ward off the “tear-floods”and “sigh-tempests”that might otherwise attend on their farewell. The poem is essentially a sequence of metaphors and comparisons, each describing a way of looking at their separation that will help them to avoid the mourning forbidden by the poem’s title.First, the speaker says that their farewell should be as mild as the uncomplaining deaths of virtuous men, for to weep would be “profanation of our joys.”Next, the speaker compares harmful “Moving of th’earth”to innocent “trepidation of the spheres,”equating the first with “dull sublunary lovers’love”and the second with their love, “Inter-assured of the mind.”Like the rumbling earth, the dull sublunary (sublunary meaning literally beneath the moon and also subject to the moon) lovers are all physical, unable to experience separation without losing the sensation that comprises and sustains their love. But the spiritual lovers “Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss,”because, like the trepidation (vibration) of the spheres (the concentric globes that surrounded the earth in ancient astronomy), their love is not wholly physical. Also, like the trepidation of the spheres, their movement will not have the harmful consequences of an earthquake.The speaker then declares that, since the lovers’two souls are one, his departure will simply expand the area of their unified soul, rather than cause a rift between them. If, however, their souls are “two”instead of “one”, they are as the feet of a drafter’s compass, connected, with the center foot fixing the orbit of the outer foot and helping it to describe a perfect circle. The compass (the instrument used for drawing circles) is one of Donne’s most famous metaphors, and it is the perfect image to encapsulate the values of Donne’s spiritual love, which is balanced, symmetrical, intellectual, serious, and beautiful in its polished simplicity.Like many of Donne’s love poems (including “The Sun Rising”and “The Canonization”), “A Valediction: forbidding Mourning”creates a dichotomy between the common love of the everyday world and the uncommon love of the speaker. Here, the speaker claims that to tell “the laity,”or the common people, of his love would be to profane its sacred nature, and he is clearly contemptuous of the dull sublunary love of other lovers. The effect of this dichotomy is to create a kind of emotional aristocracy that is similar in form to the political aristocracy with which Donne has had painfully bad luck throughout his life and which he commented upon in poems, such as “The Canonization”: This emotional aristocracy is similar in form to the political one but utterly opposed to it in spirit. Few in number are the emotional aristocrats who have access to the spiritual love of the spheres and the compass; throughout all of Donne’s writing, the membership of this elite never includes more than the speaker and his lover—or at the most, the speaker, his lover, and the reader of the poem, who is called upon to sympathize with Donne’s romantic plight.。
论约翰·邓恩的诗歌写作特点
论约翰·邓恩的诗歌写作特点约翰.邓恩（John Donne 1572-1631）被公认为是伊丽莎白一世和詹姆斯一世统治时期英国最著名的诗人。
他是玄学派诗歌的创始人和主要代表人物，是现代派诗歌的先驱。
他打破了传统诗歌所采用的彼待拉克式的甜美、娇柔的诗风，对诗歌进行了大胆的变革，“通过逻辑、类比、科学参照的暗示，运用独创性的比喻复杂事物意象的手法，展现了沉博绝丽的诗歌形式和起伏跌宕的节奏”。
他的诗歌凝聚着智慧、幽默、激情、哲理；语言生动、格律多变、意象夸张，具有浓厚的思辨特征。
托马斯.德.昆西（Thomas De Quincey）认为邓恩“以极富热情的庄严感融合了别人不曾做到过的------辩证之精妙和谈吐的最高升华。
”玄学奇喻（metaphysical conceit）是邓恩的诗歌最显著和最出名的特征。
所谓玄学奇喻，也就是“将很明显的两个毫不相关的主题以一种奇妙的、匪夷所思的方式联系在一起，进行比喻”，即“a combination of dissimilar images,or discovery of occult resemblances in things apparently unlike.”（塞缪尔.约翰逊Samuel Johnson），如他将夫妻比喻为圆规的两个腿；将死亡和拯救比喻为地图上的东方和西方，甚至将跳蚤比喻为恋人的婚床、婚姻的殿堂等。
邓恩的诗歌类比独特，诡异新颖。
不同的思想、情感、意象的交织，赋予了他的诗歌一种清新、独特、奇异的美。
本文拟以邓恩在诗歌中的戏剧性独白的元素及口语体为视角，探讨邓恩的玄学奇喻所带来的戏剧性对比及语言口语化的效果。
一、新颖的比喻、奇特的意象约翰·邓恩的诗歌以想象大胆、独特，比喻新颖、别致而著称。
奇思妙喻（metaphysical conceit）是其诗歌最显著的特征。
诗人从自然界和人类社会各个领域中可知可感的具体事物中获取意象，并借助于它们来表达抽象的思想和情感。
关于悲伤的英文诗歌阅读
关于悲伤的英⽂诗歌阅读 诗歌朗读、学习诗歌、并进⾏诗歌创作和翻译过程中都是⼀种美的感受,能够让学⽣体会其特有的韵律美,尽情发挥想象,驰骋在诗歌的海洋中。
店铺整理了关于悲伤的英⽂诗歌，欢迎阅读! 关于悲伤的英⽂诗歌篇1 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 别离辞：莫悲伤 As virtuous men pass mildly away 正如贤⼈安然辞世 And whisper to their souls to go 轻声呼唤灵魂离去 Whilst some of their sad friends do say 悲伤的有⼈或伤逝 "Now his breath goes," and some say "no" 叹其⽓绝魂离，亦⼜说不然 So let me melt, and make no noise 就让我们悄然别离，不要喧哗 No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move 不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声叹息 They were profanation of our joys 那是对我们欢乐的亵渎 To tell the laity of our love 向俗⼈宣⽰我们的爱 Moving of the earth brings harms and fears 地动带来伤害与恐惧 Men reckon what it did, and meant ⼈们推其为断其义 But trepidation of the spheres ⽽天体运转震动，威⼒虽⼤ Though greater far, is innocent 却对什么都没损伤 Dull sublunary lovers' love 乏味的烦情俗爱 -whose soul is sense- cannot admit 建⽴在感官之上，⽆法承受 Of absense, 'cause it doth remove 别离，因为别离 The things which elemented it 使爱的根基破碎⽀离 But we by a love so much refined 但我和你拥有如此纯洁的爱 Though ourselves know not what it is 连我们都⽆法理解 Inter-assured of the mind ⼼⼼相印、相许 Careless，eyes,lips and hands to miss 岂在乎眼、唇和⼿的交融 Our two souls therefore, which are one 我们俩的灵魂合⽽为⼀ Tought I must go, endure not yet 我纵须远离 A breach, but an expansion ⾮违爱诺，实是延展 Like gold aery thinness beat 宛若黄⾦锤炼成轻飘韧箔 If there be two, they are two so 若我们的灵魂⼀分为⼆ As stiff twin compasses are two 应如坚定的圆规般 Thy suol, the fied foot, makes no show 你的⼼灵是定脚，坚守不移 To move, but doth, if the other do 但另⼀只脚起步，你便随之旋转 And though it in the centre sit 尽管⼀直端坐中央 Yet, when the other far doth roam 但当另⼀只脚四周漫游 It leans, and hearkens after it 它亦会侧⾝，细听周详 And grows erect, when that comes home 待它归来，便挺直如旧 Such wilt thou be to me, who must 这便是你之于我，我⼀直 Like the other foot, obliquely run 如同那另⼀只脚，侧⾝转圈 Thy firmness makes my circle just 你的坚贞使我的轨迹浑圆 And makes me end where it begun 也让我的漫游在起跑线终⽌ 关于悲伤的英⽂诗歌篇2 On Joy and Sorrow By Kahill Gilbran 欢乐与忧伤---纪伯伦 Then a woman said, “Speak to us of Joy and Sorrow.” And he answered: Your joy is your sorrow unmasked. And the selfsame well from Which your laughter rises was oftentimes filled with your tears. ⼀位妇⼈说：请给我们谈谈欢乐和忧伤。
Metaphysical Poetry complete 李婷
What is Metaphysics?
Metaphysics is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.
What is metaphysical poetry？
complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. It usually sets up an analogy between one entity’s spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world.
George Herbert: is called “the saint of the Metaphysical school”. He is a devout Anglican clergyman who believes that a poet should sing the glory of God. His works: The Altar《祭坛》 Easter Wings 《复活节的翅膀》
Origin
Time : 17th century
Leading figure: John Donne
Other metaphysical poets：George Herbert，Andrew Marvell and Richard Crashaw. Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory(贬损的 term invented by John Dryden 最早使用“玄学”这个词的人是德莱顿(John Dryden),他在 1693年评论邓恩时写道:“他喜弄玄学,不仅在他的讽刺诗中,在爱情 诗中也如此。爱情诗本应言情,他却用哲学的微妙的思辨,把女性们的 头脑弄糊涂了“。
tan amy人物简介
Amy Tan人物简介:谭恩美（Amy Tan），著名美籍华裔女作家，1952年出生于美国加州奥克兰，曾就读医学院，后取得语言学硕士学位。
作品有《喜福会》、《灶神之妻》(又译《灶君娘娘》)、《接骨师之女》、《沉没之鱼》等。
谭恩美三十三岁开始写小说，后出版第一部长篇小说《喜福会》，自此奠定了她在文学界的声誉。
《喜福会》生动地描写了母女之间的微妙的感情，这本小说不仅获得该年度国家书卷奖，还被改编成了电影，创下了极高的票房佳绩。
谭恩美在《喜福会》之后，还出版了《灶神之妻》(The Kitchen God's Wife)及《百种神秘感觉》(The Hundred Secret Senses)，两部都是畅销书。
曾就读医学院，后取得语言学硕士学位。
她因处女作《喜福会》而一举成名，成为当代美国的畅销作家。
著有长篇小说《灶神之妻》、《灵感女孩》和为儿童创作的《月亮夫人》、《中国暹罗猫》等，作品被译成20多种文字在世界上广为流传。
艾米·谭是当代讲故事的高手。
她是一个具有罕见才华的优秀作家，能触及人们的心灵。
异样人生:谭恩美在《命运的反面》里自述曾在十六岁时，为了新交的男友，和母亲发生了激烈争吵。
母亲把她到墙边，举着切肉刀，刀锋压在她喉咙上有20分钟。
最后，她垮了下来，哭泣着求母亲：“我想活下去，我想活下去。
”母亲才把切肉刀从她脖子上拿开。
在叛逆的青春期，她出过两次车祸；被人用枪指着抢劫，几乎被强奸；受到死亡威胁，几乎被泥石流冲走。
20多岁那年，她最好的朋友在生日那天被入室抢劫者捆绑勒死，她被叫去辨认尸体，从此中途辍学，放弃博士学位。
晚年的母亲还告诉她一个秘密：她在中国大陆有3个同母异父的姐姐。
这个秘密深深震撼了谭恩美，成了她创作的主题。
作品描述:1987年，谭恩美根据外婆和母亲的经历，写成了小说《喜福会》，并于1989年出版该书。
该书一出版就大获成功，连续40周登上《纽约时报》畅销书排行榜，销量达到500万册，并获得了“全美图书奖”等一系列文学大奖，还被好莱坞拍成了电影，创下了极高的票房佳绩。
metaphor used in A Valediction Forbidding Mourning
Metaphor used in A Valediction: Forbidding MourningAs one of the seventeenth century poets, John Donne, the precursor of the metaphysical poetry, is well known for his unexpected metaphor, usually called conceit. Sometimes the employing of distinctive metaphor makes his poems obscure and bizarre. However, it is witty and ingenious metaphor that turns abstract concept into concrete one and attracts readers to go deep into the theme. In the poem A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne reveals his insights on the condition of human love and its relationship to the soul by employing unexpected metaphors. He metaphorically eulogizes spiritual love and soul unit of lovers in spite of physical distance.At the beginning of the poem, Donne shows the parallel between a positive way to meet death and a positive way to separate from lovers. When the virtuous man died, he whispered his soul to go. The death of the man and the departure of the lovers are not the ending but the beginning of a new cycle. The common lover usually sorrowful when they depart from each other, but the poet and his lover will "make no noise, no tear-floods, nor sigh-tempes t move”. Here Donne compares the death of the virtuous man with the departure of the lovers. They share some similarities in two points: on the first level, it refers to the separation of the dying man from the world or his intimate people in the world and the separation of the lovers; on the second level, it refers to the separation of body from soul. The soul of the dying man is apart from his body to get the union with another world, heaven or God. As for the lovers, they can achieve the spiritual union after their souls are separated from bodies. Although they separate physically, their souls still get together. In the third and fourth lines of the first stanza, the sad friends are incapable of detecting the exact moment of death. This may be resulted fr om their anxiety and affection, but “it is obviously the first and literal meaning” (Allen, 1953:70). In fact, it implies that the sad friends do not understand the spiritual world of the virtuous man, or laity cannot understand the spiritual love between the poetry and his lover. “……man at the moment of death, lovers at the moment of spiritual union……beyond the understanding of the “laity”who have not had these ultimate experiences” (Allen, 1953:70). So the poet does not want the laity to know their spiritual love because this will profane the joy of love.In the three stanzas there is a complex comparative relationship. The element of the earth is introduced. It is acknowledged that earthquakes are omens of misfortune because of their potential to bring inevitable devastation to the land. The departure of secular lovers is likened to “moving of th’earth”---the earthquake. The secular lovers feel sorrowful when they are separated as if men are fearful about the damages of earthquakes. Here it refers to the physical love of secular lovers. However, when it comes to the poet and his lover, spiritual love between them is viewed in a different light by employing the “trepidation of the spheres”, which metaphorically refers to the departure of the poet and his lover. The “trepidation of the spheres” cannot bring harms to the land as the spheres are extremely far away from the earth. It implies that separation between the poet and his lover cannot bring sorrow to them in that there is a great gap between spiritu al love and physical love of secular lovers. “Trepidation, though a much more violent motion than an earthquake, is neither destructive norsinister” (M. Logan 1248). The “trepidation of the spheres” is more violent than “moving of th’earth” implies that spiritual love is greater than physical love.In the last three stanzas the poet turns his concentration from spiritual love to physical love. Donne’s most famous metaphysical conceit is introduced.The two separate lovers are likened to the legs of “geometer’s compass” (Yang 240). The image is said to be “the ingenious and playful though nonsensical conceit” (Chen 224). “The metaphor is apt if the readers take into account the fact that the compass is a emblem of firmness and perfection of love”(Chang 78). Without the firmness of the fixed point, he would be unable to complete the journey and make the circle just. We can see that the poet takes compass as the symbol of the perfection of his love. He proves the point by drawing the circle with the compass. The legs of the compass move together as the two souls in love do, and part and unite as one of these “roams” to draw but always “come home” on finishing its job. The last stanza also emphasizes the position of women. Men “obliquely run”. Donne compares his wife as standing and leaning firm in center and himself as the roaming leg eager to get back to the end of the circle. The poem ends with the image of a circle, implying the union of two souls in a love relationship. This perfection is attained by parting at the beginning of the circle and reuniting at the point where the curves reconnect. The circle in the “Valediction” represents the journey during which two lovers endure the trial of separation, as they support each other spiritually, and eventually merge in a physically and spiritually perfect union.To sum up, in A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, John Donne expresses his deep understanding on love in his metaphysical wring style. Instead of physical love, he emphasizes spiritual love. Although two l overs’ bodies are separated due to long distance, they can also achieve spiritual union. Donne employs surprising metaphor effectively to convey his ideas, not only thought-evoking, but also striking.Works CitedGeorge, M. Logan. The Norton Anthology of English Literature from 1600 to 1700.York: W.W. Norton, 2006.Tate, Allen. Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Jr, Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. 常耀信(Chang Yaoxin). 英国文学简史. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008.陈嘉(Chen Jia). 英国文学史. 北京：商务印书馆，1999.杨周翰(Yang Zhouhan). 英国文学名篇选注. 北京：商务印书馆，1983.浅谈《别离辞：节哀》中的隐喻修辞作为一个诗人,约翰·多恩于十七世纪,玄学派诗歌的先导,他以令人意想不到的隐喻修辞的运用而著称,这种隐喻通常被称为幻想。
英语诗歌鉴赏论文
Term Paper—— A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning by John DonneA Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of the most typical and well-known poems of John Donne’s poems. It is a well-organized poem with elaborate conceits, condensed meanings and numerous dramatic contrasts. In the winter of 1611, the poet left for a journey and written this poem to his wife Ann More. In this poem, the poet cleverly uses a series of analogies step by step in order to revel the theme that true love between them can only be deepened rather than faded because of separation and tells us what is true love.John Donne is one of the representatives of English Metaphysical poetry in the early 17th century. He elucidates love and religion in an unconventional and intellectual way which makes him the symbol of Metaphysical. He is also called as a typical example of “uniting thoughts and feelings” by T.S. Eliot. He was born in a Catholic family, London. He was unconventional and unrestrained when he was young. While there were extreme strong anti-Catholic trends at that time, so his family was not favorable for Donne. Although he went to both Oxford and Cambridge for education and he did well, he did not receive any degree because of his family background and Catholic belief. Fortunately, there was hardly no hitch in his later official career until he secretly married with Ann More, the niece of Lady Egerton and was thrown into prison by Ann’s father. After many years in jail, in searching for secular reputation and raising his family, he had to convert from Catholic which he believed in from birth to Anglicanism and began writing poems. On account of his peculiar experience and wisdom, he has distinctive cognition on love, religion and life, which expands his creation of sermons and devotional poems. As a pioneer of Metaphysical, he adds novel and strange metaphors, dramatic structure, vivid embellishment and scientific discoveries into his poms, which make Donne’s poetries filled with philosophy and personal emotion. A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is the most typical poems of John Donne’s poems.This poetry is divided into nine stanzas.In the first two stanzas, the poet compares the love between himself and his lover to “As virtuous men pass mildly away”, persuading his beloved to keep herself calm. He holds that their farewell should be as mild as the uncomplaining deaths of the virtuous men. “And some say, ‘No'” seems to convey the truth that he is forced to leave away from his lover Ann. And, he writes this poem to tell her that there is no need to feel sad for the farewell. As virtuous men die imperturbably and mildly, they also should leave without “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests”. Thepoet wants to publicly declare their love and avoids laity’s profanation. He separates this love from the ordinary love of laity.In the third stanza, in order to emphasize the distinction of their love, the poet uses the image of earthquake and trepidation of the spheres. He points out that when the earthquake happens, it brings “harms and fears” to human beings, but when the spheres experience “trepidation”, no matter how great the impact is, it is also harmless.In the latter two stanzas, the poet reckons that the love between “dull sublunary lovers” cannot survive any separation, because it is based on the sense. Once they leave each other, they are not able to see, kiss, touch and care about each other and the love between the laity will soon fade away. While the true love the poet shares with his lover is so “Inter-assured of the mind” that they do not care so much about the absence of “eyes, lips, and hands”, they can always feel that their souls are tied together. In this metaphor, the poet declares that owing to that the lovers’ two souls are one, his departure will only expand the area of the unified soul, rather than cause a separation between them.In the sixth stanza, the poet employs a different metaphor that the love between them is something just “like gold” literally. Even though he must go, their souls are still like one. In reality, they are even not undergoing the separation, instead, they are experiencing the “expansion” of their love just like the same way that gold is being stretched to “aery thinness”, never be broken. The love is analogous to the beat gold, and it is fulfilled with persistence and constancy.In the following three stanzas, the poet eventually uses the well-known analogy of the compass. The compass (the instrument that used for drawing circles) is the perfect image to encapsulate the value of the poet’s spiritual and true love, which is symmetrical, balanced, intellectual, and beautiful in its polished simplicity. He compares a long-distance husband and a stay-at-home wife to the two feet of a compass: his beloved one’s soul is the fixed foot in the center, keeping still and his soul is the foot that always move around his beloved’s. Only when the center foot remains stable can the outer foot draw a perfect circle. The poet clearly demonstrates the sharpness of his wit and gives us his view. Perfect love is the result of the joint efforts of both people. The “circle” here in this poem is not only a hint of the happy ending of their love, but also represents the perfection of the soul and the eternity of life.The mentioned nine stanzas of this poetry seem that it is quite simple compared to many poems of John Donne’s. Compared with this poem, most poetries that written by Donne are composed of strange metrical patterns, and overlaid jarringly on regular rhyme schemes. However, in this poem, each four-line stanza is quite unadorned, with an ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambic tetrameter meter.Here, l would like to give some of my humble commentaries after chewing this poem thoroughly:A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning is one of John Donne’s most renowned and simplest poems. It is may be also his most direct expression and statement of his ideal and spiritual love. The styles of Donne’s love poems can be divided into two groups. In the first group, he eulogizes the passion of true love, while in the other group, he conveys his doubts and worries about the romantic relationship between lovers. This poem belongs to the first group. It sings how persistent and constant the true love is. And it praises the love between Ann and Donne to a great extent in peculiar. In his other poems, sometime Donne adds erotic carnality in them, such as The Flea. Compared with these two poems, we can figure out that he professed a devotion to the mentioned kind of spiritual love that transcended over the physical. When the poet goes though a physical separation from his wife, he expects that the “tear-floods” and “sigh-tempests” that might happens when they have to leave each other can be avoided when speaks of the spiritual love. I supposed that the poem is a combination of series of metaphors and comparisons in essence. The poet uses them to describe different methods to view the separation that will help him and his beloved to avoid the mourning and sorrow.Just like many of Donne’s love poems including The Sun Rising and The Canonization, this poem defines a boundary between the common affair of the ordinary people and world and the uncommon, special love between himself and his wife, Ann. Taking the background of the poet’s marriage in to consideration, he was sent to the jail due to the secret marriage with a young girl with distinctive religion faith and born in a family with discrepant religion background. They should not be allowed to married with each other in that time, and their marriage was not popular among people of that time. In a word, his spiritual, true love was challenged by the common love and secular sort, which made him an outcast. So, here in this poem, the poet claims that to tell the laity or the common people who were disapproving of his love: he is definitely contemptuous of the “dull sublunary love” of other ordinary lovers, and his love should not be profane in others’ eyes. In the comparison of himself and his wife to the two feet of the compass, although some people think it is not suitable, and even cold and mechanical for love poems, it shows the specific characteristics of the poem and the love value of the poet that makes them unparalleled and incomparable. To some extent, his emotional is similar in form to the political aristocracy but utterly opposed to it in spirit. As a aristocrat, Donne conveys the spiritual love of the spheres and the compass, which few aristocrats can have access to. As far as l am concerned, the ingenious analogy shows the poet’s intellectual strain instead of the conceit. It is not a display of ingenuity, instead, it is a profound understanding of the world and of life. And it is why A Valediction:Forbidding Mourning attracts me so deeply.Poetry is a kind of exquisite literature and art. Many scholars and readers with cultural connotation like poetry. Now people are paying more and more attention to the study of English. When we learn English, we should also have a certain understanding of English poetry. In Chinese literature, poetry has made great achievements, and in English literature, poetry is also rich and colorful. achievement. Among the many language arts, the highest form of expression is poetry, but if we only know the practical English, if we only learn some English such as business English and legal English, it will not help English.If you don’t know anything about English poetry, it will be a great regret, and it will also affect the development and improvement of the aesthetic ability of English poetry. Learning English without understanding English poetry is not only a regret from an aesthetic point of view , And from the perspective of learning English, if you don’t learn some English poetry, your English proficiency will not be improved.For exemple, Poetry features: The whole poem consists of 4 verses, which can be divided into two levels: 1-3 verses are the first level. In the woods, "I" faces two roads, and after thinking, I decided to choose an inaccessible road. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. At this level, the poet described that choosing the path of inaccessibility is not sloppy, but experienced a complicated psychological process. Describes "I" standing at a fork in the road, regretting not being able to dabble in two roads at the same time, "I stood there for a long time", writing "I" hesitation and long-term thinking: a road is smooth and smooth, and you can see it The end of the road; and the other road is lonely and desolate, full of tempting exploration, but "infinite beauty is in the dangerous peak", "I" finally chose the road with less people, let the other road be left for the future This is obviously a kind of self-consolation after the author makes his choice, because "I know that the path is endless, / I'm afraid I can't return", although so, but still no return. Section 4 is the second layer, which is the sigh of the author after many years, "I chose the one with fewer people, / since then decided the path of my life."This tells us that a person's life is faced with countless choices, and each choice will have an important impact on life; how a person's life is spent depends on what choice he makes at the fork in his life. The choice is different. Destiny will be different.One of Frost’s greatest characteristics in poetic style is simplicity, imposing meaning, and deep thinking and philosophy in the plain content and concise poetry. This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception.This poem is a model in this respect. The language of this poem is simple and natural, but it is very clever in conception. It is not difficult to see that the fork in the poem is a symbol of the fork in life. It shows that in the journey of life, we often have to choose between two roads, two thoughts, or two actions. Different choices will determine different directions in life. Whenfaced with choices, we often become hesitant, weigh up and down, and make up our minds. In the end, we will choose one of them. This poem depicts a person facing a choice and his mentality when making a choice. As for the specific content of the choice, he has not written it. The poet's focus is on the choice itself. Every reader can discover his life experience in this poem and appreciate the philosophy. Because this poem has rich connotation, it leaves the reader with room for imagination, which is touched and triggers deep thinking. This kind of complex psychological experience that everyone has had was sensitively captured by Frost and written as a popular masterpiece. I chose a barren road, experienced pain and suffering, and constantly recalled the unselected road during the journey. "If I take that unselected path, maybe I won't be so painful?" The poet wrote all kinds of confusion and melancholy in the long road of life. The whole poem didn't point out the final ending after the poet chose that path, only said "And that has made all the difference"...This man is from New England and is contemporary with Edgar Lee Masters. He finally failed to become a first-rate poet, perhaps because he was too isolated and obscure in his adult age, or because of his lack of character, hesitant to respond to the times, and many picks. He was very interested in Zola and Hardy at first, wanted to write novels, and later tried; failed; gradually separated from the novel, and formed his own poetic style in the process of pondering. For him, it was a painful and aggrieved process. Although his first collection of poems was published at his own expense as early as 1896, it was only as late as the 1920s that people blamed him. At that time, his achievements were already considerable, winning three Pulitzer Prizes before and after. Perhaps this fact is enough to explain why he didn't really make it. He has not changed much in the past two decades. With the interest of ordinary readers, he cannot accept other "modern" poets at this time, but he can already generally accept his poems. His sad, thoughtful, and pessimistic poems are similar to those of Xi Jian, but much better. He had many poems in the early days. He wrote people who were lonely, willful, at a loss, and lack of security. The writing was extremely meticulous, and sometimes he could get the true fun of the simple spoken language of New England.Richard Cory- Edwin Arlington Robinson -" The Children Of The Night " 理查.珂利Whenever Richard Cory went down town, 每当理查.珂利走进闹市We people on the pavement looked at him: 我们,街上的人,两眼瞪圆He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 他从头到脚都是地道的绅士Clean favored, and imperially slim. 潇洒纤瘦,风度翩翩And he was always quietly arrayed, 他衣着永远淡雅素净,And he was always human when he talked; 他谈吐永远文质彬彬,But still he fluttered pulses when he said, 当他向人问好,人们不禁"Good-morning," and he glittered when he walked. 怦然心动,他走路光彩照人And he was rich - yes, richer than a king - 他有钱---是的,富比王侯And admirably schooled in every grace; 令人钦佩的读遍各种学问In fine we thought that he was everything 总而言之,他是无所不有,To make us wish that we were in his place. 谁都盼望有他的福份So on we worked, and waited for the light, 我们苦干,等着福光降临And went without the meat, and cursed the bread; 整月没肉吃,面包讨人嫌And Richard Cory, one calm summer night, 而理查.珂利,在宁静的夏夜Went home and put a bullet through his head. 回家朝自己脑袋放一颗子弹The wealth and talent a person has are not proportional to his happiness. Many people work hard to become the people of the upper class, but who knows that the people of the upper class are also sad in their own world. The main reason is to explain this truth... It is said that this poem originated from a personal experience of Williams as a doctor: one day, he stood in the ward, lying next to a critically ill young girl, unconscious, hovering on the line of life and death. At this point, Williams looked out the window and saw a red wheelbarrow parked under the breeding. So there was this poem. "This short and powerful poem is unique in form. If we restore this poem to an independent sentence, that is: so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens. We will find this sentence very strange. First of all, it lacks a subject, it does not convey to us what is so much depends upon, which seems to imply that this is possible, and that the poet consciously created an imaginary space, that is, all Possibilities are contained in personal interpretation.。
英美文学名词解释整理版 (1)
❖American Transcendentalism A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超验主义：一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握❖English Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe.❖ode in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.❖conceit 奇喻A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 。
A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
John-Donne诗歌隐喻赏析(共15张)
•GO and catch a falling star,
•去吧，去抓一颗流星
•Get with child a mandrake root,
•去让曼德拉草的根长成婴儿
•Tell me where all past years are, •告诉我，哪里可以找回逝去的年华
•Or who cleft the devil's foot,
foot sitting at the centre after a circle is down,which
implied that the poet will return to his lover after the
journey.
第14页，共15页。
Thank you
第15页，共15页。
• 乏味的凡情俗爱 • （感官为上）最忌 • 别离(biélí)，因为情人分开，
• 爱的根基就会破碎支离。
sublunary: below the moon,i.e.,earthly
admit: stand
第9页，共15页。
• But we /by a love /so much /refin'd, • That our/selves /know not /what it is, • Inter/-assured /of the mind, • Care less, /eyes, lips, /and hands /to miss.
•可以提高老实人地位的风
第3页，共15页。
• Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare • 噢，住手！一只跳蚤可是三条生命啊 • Where we almost, nay more than married are. • 它的身体不仅是见证(jiànzhèng)我们的婚约 • This flea is you and I, and this • 还是你和我
英国文学简要笔记
1.John Donne 多恩--- Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗人Major works: The Canonization/A V alediction: Forbidding Mouring/Song 2.John Milton 弥尔顿---Paradise Lost失乐园The epic is written in blank verse.The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed（纲领）.3.John Bunyan班扬--- The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程Thackeray’s the Vanity Fair an excerpt from the Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Pilgrim’s Progress is an allegory寓言Theme：the Puritan struggle of freedom of worship, the eternal struggle of man to find unity with God.His language is concrete, living and colloquial.4.Daniel Defoe笛福---Moll Flanders /Robinson Crusoe笛福18世纪的小说家5.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特---A Modest Proposal /Gulliver’s Travels /ATale of TubHe is a satirist讽刺家.“Proper words in proper place ,makes the true definition of a style”6.Alexander Pope蒲柏---the first one introduce rationalism to England.He is the great poet of the classical in the first half of the 18th century.He is a master of heroic couplets.Major works：The Rape of the Lock劫发记/An Essay on Man人论7.Fielding菲尔丁---The father of English novelFirst to write a “Comic epic in prose”散文体史诗Adopted” the third-person narration”Masterpiece: The Story of Tom Jones ,A Foundling8.Thomas Gray格雷---Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓畔挽歌The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day.9.Robert Burns彭斯---His poem written in the Scottish dialect.<A Red, Red Rose>(1)How does the narrator in the love song express his love?To use many figures of speeches: simile, metaphor, repetition.(2)Why is this poem so touching to the readers?A: directly passionateB: artistic recreation; imagery presentationC: in repetition to stir on echoing effect.10.William Blake布雷克---poet & engraver雕刻家Major works: The Song of Innocence & the Song of Experience<The Chimney Sweeper>扫烟囱的小孩(1)What is the young child speaks of his “father and mother” whom doeshe refer to?The indifference & ruthlessness of the adults.(2)What is the “little black thing” in the poem?Sweeper(3)What is the theme of poem?To satire the indifference & ruthlessness of the adults, and the society. 11．The Age of Romance(1798-1835)Background：A. three revolution (Industrial, American, French).B. the abolition of slavery in British colonies.C. the introduction of system of national education.D. the Factory Acts工厂法案by which the employment children under nine was forbidden by the law.E. the Lyrical Ballads----Wordsworth & ColeridgeCharacterize by 5 “I”: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality12.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人---- Wordsworth & Coleridge & Southey骚塞The Satanic school 撒旦派诗人---- Byron & Shelly & Keats13.Wordsworth 华兹华斯----“emotion recollected in tranquility”Lyrical Ballads 抒情民谣：Theme：Sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.14. <I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud>Rhyme scheme: ab ab cc, iambic tetrameter抑扬格四音步(1)What does the image of cloud suggest to you?Loneliness, isolation, solitude, aimlessness, aloofness.Cloud represents the feelings of the speaker essentially.(2)What has the poet meditated from what he has described? And thetheme?In loneliness or in low spirit, the recollection of the nature beauty brings him “the bliss” and “pleasure”in his heart. Therefore, the idea of going back to nature is advocated and clearly expressed in this poem.(3)Pay a attention to the tense(时态) used in this poem, what does itindicate?Past tense(过去时)The recollection of the past experience will arouse a new sense of the old memories.15. <The Solitary Reaper>孤独的割麦女Each ending with a couplet. Written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme is ab ab cc dd.The theme: this poem uses rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity & its radiant beauty.16.Coleridge柯勒律治----The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏/ Kubla khan忽必烈汗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏是《抒情民谣》里唯一一首Coleridge所做。
离别辞·节哀
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
The last three parts
By Yokei
the souls of the poet and his lover
In such a way
If they be two, they are two so
As stiff twin compasses are two
slantingl y
对于我，你就是这样，我像 另一只脚 必须倾斜着身子转圈
complete
Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end where I begun
The foot that draws the circumference returns to the foot sitting at the center of the circle after a circle is drawn
As stiff as the two legs of a compass
我们的灵魂即便是两个， 那也和圆规的两只脚相同
The fixed foot remains at the center of the circle
Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, it th’ other do
a valediction forbidding mourning解析
a valediction forbidding mourning解析'A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning' is a poem written by John Donne, a prominent English poet of the 17th century. The poem explores the theme of love and separation, and Donne uses various conceits and metaphors to convey his ideas.The title itself suggests that the poet is bidding farewell to his lover and discouraging any kind of mourning or sadness. Instead, Donne proposes that love should be a spiritual and transcendental experience, unaffected by physical distance or temporary separation.The poem begins with the speaker addressing his beloved, reassuring her that their parting is not a cause for grief. He compares their love to a virtuous man's soul, which remains constant and unwavering even in the face of death. Donne argues that their love is so strong that it can withstand any physical separation and will remain unchanged.Donne uses the metaphor of a compass to describe the nature of their love. He compares the beloved's soul to the fixed foot of the compass, while his own soul is the moving foot. As the moving foot draws a circle, the fixed foot remains rooted and steady. This metaphor symbolizes the unbreakable connection between the two souls, despite their physical separation.The poem also explores the idea of a spiritual love that transcends the physical realm. Donne suggests that their souls are united even when they are apart, and their love is not dependent on physical presence. He argues that their love is so pure and divine that it should be free from the constraints of earthly emotions like jealousy or possessiveness.Moreover, Donne emphasizes the importance of a balanced and composed approach to love. He advises his beloved not to shed tears or indulge in excessive emotions at their parting. Instead, he urges her to remain calm and composed, just as the virtuous man faces death with dignity and grace. Donne believes that excessive mourning is a sign of weakness and insecurity, whereas true love should elevate the soul and bring inner peace. In conclusion, 'A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning' is a beautiful and complex poem that explores the nature of love and separation. Donne presents a vision of love that is spiritual, eternal, and independent of physical presence. He encourages his beloved to embrace their parting with strength and composure, affirming that their love will remain unchanged despite the distance between them.。
专八考试英国文学复习资料(整理)
专八考试英国文学复习资料（按时间顺序）整理一The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)1代表作：The Song of Beowulf贝奥武夫（民族史诗national epic）采用了隐喻手法2写作手法：押头韵例子：to his kin the kindest ,kennest for praise二The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)1 Canto 诗章romance传奇文学（romance was a prevaliling form of literature in the medieval period）2代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士，是一首押头韵的长诗三Geffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期1 he is the father of English poetry 他是英国诗歌之父2 heroic couplet 英雄体对句Pentameter 五步抑扬格3代表作：the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集（英国文学史的开端）、小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner ,thus revealing his own views and charactors.小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.he is anxious to see man freed from superstitons and a blind belief in fate.4大众民谣popular ballads:a story hold in 4-lines stanzas with second and foruth line rhymed.ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.代表人物：Bishot Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕西主教Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林戴尔四Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期DramaCanto1 key words:humanism人文主义：admire the bueaty and huamn achievement2 代表人物：1）Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2）Francis Bacon 佛朗西斯.培根，他是第一个散文家，“the trumpeter of a new age”(his essaies invlve bueaty,love and studies)3)Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特，他是引入十四行诗的第一人（另外写十四行诗的还有Henry Howard ,Sidney,Spenser）4)John Lyly 约翰.黎里Eupheus夸饰文体5)Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞被称作诗人中的诗人poet’s poet，代表作有the fairy queen仙后，The Shepherd’s Calendar牧羊人日志。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Ballad: a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. 3．Heroic Couplet: a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6．Blank verse: poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism: it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11．Lake Poets: the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.12．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.13．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail. 14．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.15．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.16．Dramatic Monologue: a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.17．Iambic Pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.18．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.19．Elegy: a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.20．Canto: a section of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem21．Ode: a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.22．Song: a short poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music.23．Lyric: a poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker's personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, song and ode are all forms of lyrics.24．Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.25．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史中古时期1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people; Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements2.Sir Gawain and Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.Geoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)文艺复兴时期1.Thomas More: Utopia《乌托邦》- the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.Francis Bacon: the first English Essayist; Essays《随笔集》- Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literary works)3.Thus Wyatt: first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.Edmund Spenser: Poet's poet; The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)5.William Shakespeare:Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)四大悲剧：Hamlet (revenge of the Prince HamletKing Lear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。
英文信的几种常用落款和用法
英文信的几种常用落款和用法泛瑞翻译在英文书信里，落款的写法大有讲究，远近亲疏，各有不同。
小编今天就给大伙聊一聊几种常用落款（sign-off）的来源及用法。
Regards[ri'ga:dz]▌来源The word regard comes to us from the Old French regarder meaning "to look at."单词“regard”源于古法语“regarder”，意为“看，望”。
This definition is still evident in its senses today, which range from "to look upon or think of with a particular feeling" to "respect, esteem, or deference."其现代词义从“以特殊感情看待或考虑”到“尊敬、尊重、敬重”，至今“看，望”的定义依然存在。
When used as a valediction, regards is intended to indicate sentiments of esteem or affection, and often follows kind, warm, or best. “Regards”用作落款时表示尊重或喜爱的感情，前面常跟“kind”、“warm”或“best”。
Some consider variations such as warm regards ideal for conveying a balanced tone of friendly professionalism.有些人认为其变体如“warm regards”可以完美传达出一种能平衡友好与专业化的语气。
▌用法商务往来或者正式文书。
如果你和收信人没有在现实中打过交道，就用这个。
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∙ A VALEDICTION: FORBIDDING MOURNING. (别离辞：节哀)∙[The poem contains nine quatrains of iambic tetrameter (四步抑扬格). The rhyming scheme of each quatrain is abab. The title means: A Farewell: Don’t Grieve over my Leave-taking]by John DonneAS virtuous men pass mildly away (die peacefully),And whisper to their souls to go,(As men are dying, they whisper to their souls,asking the souls to leave the world with their bodies.Here the image of the body and the soul is referring tothe relation between the poet and his lover.They are as inseparable as the soul is inseparable from the body)Whilst some of their sad friends do say,"Now his breath goes,"(They have died) and some say, "No."So let us melt, and make no noise,(The love between the poet and his lover is so intense that they melt into each other. The image of “death” in the previous stanza is taken over by the word “melt”)No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move (stir up);(The exaggerated expressions are conceitsthat were popular during the time of Donne.The meaning of the sentence isthat the lovers ought to part like virtuous menbidding farewell to the world, without any outward show of grief)'Twere profanation(blasphemy) of our joysTo tell the laity our love.(laity: one, who is not a clergyman.Here the poet is regarding love as a sacred thing.)Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears;(Moving of th' earth: Earthquake. In Donne’s time,earthquakes were believed to be caused by God’s anger.)Men r eckon (count up, calculate) what it did, and meant; But trepidation of the spheres,[a libration (抖动、摇动) of one of the celestial spheres (天体)adduced under the Ptolemaic (托勒密) system toexplain small changes in position of the ecliptic (太阳轨迹) and the stars.“trepidation” means “trembling”.]Though greater far, is innocent (harmless).(The trepidation of the spheres is a far greater happeningin nature than the earthquake.)Dull sublunary lovers' love(sublunary: below the moon, i.e., earthly.The poet regards the love of other lovers as earthbound, gross, and physical.) —Whose soul is sense(physical)—cannot admit(stand)Of absence, 'cause it(absence) doth remove Those things which elemented it.(Those things: things that are related to senses.elemented: composed. it: physical love)But we by a love so much refined(purified),That ourselves know not what it is,Inter-assurèd(Mutually assured) of the mind,Care less, eyes, lips and hands to miss.(The regular order of the sentence is“Care less, to miss eyes, lips, and hands”,meaning “We do not care much to miss eyes, lips, and hands.)Our two souls therefore, which are one,Though I must go, endure not yet(endure not yet :yet not suffer. The objects of “endure” are“breach” and “expansion” in the following line.)A breach, but an expansion,(breach: breaking: here separation.expansion: The simile of beating gold into very thin sheetsis used to describe the parting.)Like gold to airy thinness beat.(Like gold beaten into extremely thin sheets, which weigh as lightly as air.)If they be two, they are two so(in such a way)(they: the souls of the poet and his lover)As stiff twin compasses are two ;( As stiff as the two legs of a compass .)Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show(the fixed foot: the fixed foot remains at the center of the circle)To move, but doth(moves), if th' other do.(if th' other do: if the foot that draws the circumference of the circle moves.)And though it in the centre sit,Yet, when the other far doth roam,It leans, and hearkens after it,(The first and second “it” refers to the fixed foot at the center of the circle. hearken: leans to as if listening to attentively)And grows erect, as that comes home.(The third “it” and “that” refer to the foot that draws the circumference of the circle.)Such wilt thou be to me, who must,Like th' other foot, obliquely run;(th' other foot: the foot that draws the circumference obliquely: slantingly)Thy firmness makes my circle just (complete), And makes me end where I begun.(The foot that draws the circumference returns to the foot sitting at the center of the circle after a circle is drawn. The implied meaning is that the poet will return to his lover after he ends his journey.)。