ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语的用法1
英语动词-ing作表语、定语、宾语补足语
英语动词-ing作表语、定语、宾语补足语笔记整理一、非谓语动词分类Doing作主语/宾语—→动名词Doing 作表/定/补语—→现在分词Done 作表/定/补语—→过去分词To do 作主语/宾语—→不定式二、doing 作表语动名词作表语（判断标准：主语和表语可以换位）e.g. Reading is learning. 阅读是一种学习。
现在分词作表语（判断标准：主语与表语不可换位，且现在分词是形容词性的，表示主语的性质与特征）e.g. This food smells inviting. 这种食物香味怡人。
三、doing 作定语动名词作定语（仅作前置定语，用于表示用途）e.g. a reading room 阅览室a sleeping car 一辆停下的车现在分词作定语（单个现在分词作前置定语，现在分词短语作后置定语，强调表示动作正在进行）e.g. a flying bird 一只正在飞的小鸟The man speaking to the teacher is my father. 那个正在和老师说话的男人就是我父亲。
a sleeping boy. 一个正在睡觉的男孩。
四、doing 作宾语补足语（仅有现在分词）感官动词后（如：see/hear/smell/feel/find/watch/notice等）e.g. I heard someone knocking at the door.使役动词后（如：have/make/let/get/keep等）e.g. She made us waiting here for an hour. 她让我们白白等了一个小时。
注意：使役动词后接现在分词作为宾语补足语强调让某人一直在做，后接不定式作为宾语补足语强调让某人做某事。
With 的复合结构中e.g. With time going by. 随着时间的流逝。
PartⅡGrammar——动词ing形式作表语定语和宾语补足语
PartⅡGrammar——动词ing形式作表语定语和宾语补⾜语Part ⅡGrammar——动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补⾜语[思维导图]⼀、动词-ing形式作表语作表语的动词-ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。
1．现在分词作表语，往往具有形容词的性质，说明主语的性质、特征等。
The result of the game was disappointing.⽐赛结果令⼈失望。
His life story sounds very moving.他的⼈⽣故事听起来很感⼈。
[名师点津]作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表⽰⼈们某种感情或情绪的动词变化⽽来的。
常见的有：moving，interesting，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing...这类分词有“令⼈……的”的含义，常修饰物。
2．动名词作表语多表⽰抽象性的或习惯性的动作，⼀般说明主语的内容。
What I am tired of is waiting here alone.我厌烦独⾃在这⾥等。
My hobby is collecting stamps.我的爱好就是集邮。
⼆、动词-ing形式作定语动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但有所区别。
1．动名词作定语表⽰被修饰词的某种性能或⽤途，相当于for引导的介词短语。
No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室⾥不准⼤声说话。
2．现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主动关系，表⽰所修饰词进⾏的动作，相当于⼀个定语从句。
The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.＝The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.在操场上踢⾜球的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
ing 形式作定语
-ing 形式作定语, 宾语补足语和表语的用法李笑寒学习材料一、v-ing形式作定语1. 单个v-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面，可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能。
如：building materials= materials for building 建筑材料drinking water= water for drinking 饮用水a walking stick= a stick for walking 手杖a reading room= a room for reading 阅览室a writing desk= a desk for writing 写字台2. 说明名词的动作，特征或性质，v-ing 与名词之间是逻辑上的主动关系，可转化为定语从句。
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga drinking horse= a horse which is drinkinga dancing girl= a girl who is dancingThe man standing there is Peter’s father.= The man who is standing there is Peter’s father.They lived in a room facing the street.= They lived in a room that faces the street.3.v-ing形式作定语，看作是形容词，常翻译为“令人……的”。
a boring speech= a speech that is boringa surprising result= a result that is surprising一个惊人的结果4. v-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。
如：His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.= His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing.他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。
动词-ing形式作定语表语和宾补
tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐 a surprising resቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱlt = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果 2. -ing形式短语作定语时, 放 在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思 上相当于一个定语从句。如：
4. Peter received a letter just now _______ his grandma would come to see him soon. (四川2007) A. said B. say C. saying D. to say 5. I smell something _______ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? (2007全国卷 I) A. burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt
*Can you smell anything burning? *As he spoke, he observed
everybody looking at him curiously.
*Listen to the birds singing. *I didn’t notice him waiting.
We sat an hour and watched the teacher make the experiment.
我们坐了一个小时，看老师做实验
（一个小时之内一直在看老师作实验）
② 如果宾语补足语是短暂性动词，动词不定
式短语表示一次动作，而-ing形式则表示
反复动作。如：
We heard the door slam. (一次动作) We heard the door slamming. (反复动作)
Grammar动词的ing形式作定语表语和宾语补足语
Grammar 动词的-ing形式作定语、表语和宾语补足语一、作定语：动词的-ing形式作定语时起下列作用：1.说明被修饰名词的功能或用途，这时，一般是单个v.-ing 而不是短语，放在被修饰的名词前面。
可以转换成“for + v.-ing”短语修饰该名词。
这时的v.-ing是动名词。
e.g. a sleeping bag = a bag for sleeping 睡袋a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a drinking cup = a cup for drinking饮用杯a writing desk = a desk for writing写字台a washing machine 洗衣机a swimming pool 游泳池a dancing hall 舞厅2.说明名词的动作、特征、或性质。
这时的v.-ing 是现在分词，它与被修饰的名词是逻辑上的主动关系。
①单个的现在分词作定语时放在被修饰名词的前面，常可转换成定语从句。
e.g. a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleepinga drinking horse = a horse which is drinkinga moving story = a story which moves peoplea terrifying sound = a sound which terrifies peoplean inspiring leader = a leader who inspires people②现在分词短语作定语时要后置，即放在被修饰名词的后面。
常可转换成定语从句。
e.g. The girl swimming in the river (who is swimming in the river) is good at dancing.Do you know the man standing / (who is standing ) at the door?The boy studying / (who is studying) in the classroom is our monitor.＊作定语用的v.-ing 是动名词还是现在分词并不重要。
高一英语必修4动词ing形式作表语、定语、宾语、补足语和状语
Unit 4动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her jobHis hobby is painting. = Painting is his job.2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词），作表语用的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。
常见的有：astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising, puzzling, exciting等（这类分词表示“令人….的”含义）。
如：The problem is quite puzzling.The news sounds encouraging.二、动词-ing形式作定语1.单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for readingrunning shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法reading material 阅读材料No one is allowed to speak loud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school.②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
动词的ing形式作表语
动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job)她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词）The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令困惑。
3.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
全析提示：动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)二、动词-ing形式作定语1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
动词-ing形式的用法
V-ing形式的用法动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语【知识点拨】一、动词-ing形式作表语动词-ing形式可用在系动词后面作表语，说明主语的性质或情况，多表示一般性的或抽象的行为。
例如：The news that our school won the game was exciting.注意：动词-ing形式作表语与进行时态的区别：进行时态表示主语正在做什么，而动词-ing形式作表语只是说明主语的特性或情况。
试比较：Mike is listening to music. 迈克正在听音乐。
(当前正在进行的动作) Mike’s favorite hobby is listening to music.迈克最大的爱好是听音乐。
(说明主语的情况)二、动词-ing形式作定语动词-ing形式作定语有两种用法，即：1.表示所修饰名词的用途或功能，意为“供……用的”。
例如： a reading room, a swimming pool, a singing competition, drinking water等。
2.表示主动和正在进行，相当于一个定语从句。
例如：falling leaves (=leaves that are falling), the rising sun (=the sun that is rising)。
单个的动词-ing形式作定语通常放在所修饰的名词之前，而短语则一般被放在所修饰的名词之后。
例如：exciting news, the students talking about the problem。
三、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语动词-ing形式作宾语补足语，即用来补充说明宾语的动作或情况。
常用的跟动词-ing形式作宾补的动词有：1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词。
常见的有 see, watch, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, catch等。
动词的ing形式作表语
动词的ing形式作表语，定语，宾补和状语一、动词-ing形式作表语1. 表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job)她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。
2. 表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词）The problem is quite puzzling.这个问题很令困惑。
3.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。
全析提示：动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。
What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her)二、动词-ing形式作定语1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。
①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋a working method =a method for working 工作方法②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。
developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody困扰人的问题2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。
动词ing作表语,定语,宾补语法讲解
V-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语一V-ing形式作表语1. 动名词作表语表示抽象的、经常性、一般的行为，可与主语互换位置。
现在分词作表语表示主语的特征、性质和状态。
One of his bad habits is smoking while having dinner.Smoking while having dinner is one of his bad habit．The film we saw last night is quite moving. （现在分词）我们昨晚看的电影十分动人。
注：不定式(to do)亦可作表语，但不定式侧重某次具体的动作。
Her job is ___nursing______ (nurse) patients in the hospital; but this weekend her task is ___to look after___________ (look after) her granny.2.使人产生某种情绪或感觉的使动词，如disappoint, amuse, astonish, interest, frighten, puzzle, surprise, move, excite, bore, confuse等，V-ing表示“令人…的”, 而V-ed表示“(人)感到…的”。
I don’t think her joke is amusing at all.I am not amused at her joke at all.The film we saw last night was very moving.We were moved at the film we saw lat night.二V-ing形式作定语动名词作定语用来说明该名词的用途，不表示名词本身的动作；现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词具有逻辑上的主谓关系，即现在分词相当于所修饰名词的谓语。
B4U3语法doing作表语、定语和宾补
U2语法动词-ing的用法——作表语、定语和宾语补足语doing分为动名词和现在分词两类。
动名词相当于名词的作用，可在句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语；现在分词相当于形容词或副词的作用，可在句中充当表语、定语、补语和状语。
示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
一，doing作表语1.动名词和现在分词作表语What I am tired of is waiting here alone.My job is teaching you English.The result of the accident is shocking.The argument is very convincing.总结：动名词作表语体现的是名词的特性，用于对主语的内容进行解释说明，主语和表语是平等的并列关系，可以互换位置而意思保持不变。
现在分词作表语，起形容词的作用，表示句子的主语所具备的性质或特征，主语和表语不可换位置，意思为“令人感觉….的”2. 动名词作表语与动词不定式作表语的区别动名词作表语表示是一般性的动作；动词不定式作表语表示一次具体的动作或将要发生的事情。
His hobby is painting.Today what he wants to do is to paint.His wish is to become an artist.二，doing作定语1. 动名词和现在分词作定语No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.There is a swimming pool in our school.The father is busy making a walking stick for his son whose leg is broken.There is a sleeping baby.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.总结：动名词作定语表示名词的用途或性能，且只能作前置定语。
动词 ing的用法
动词+ing形式的用法动词的 -ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加 -ing构成，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补语、状语和定语。
一、动词-ing形式作主语动词-ing形式作主语常用来表示经常性或习惯性的动作。
如：Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.Swimming is the best sport in summer.Seeing is believing.注：有时，为了使句子保持平衡，可以用it作形式主语。
如：It’s nice talking with you.It’s a waste of time arguing with such a woman.二、动词-ing形式作宾语动词-ing形式既可作动词、短语动词的宾语，又可作介词的宾语。
1. 以下动词或短语需接动词-ing形式作宾语：admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, suggest等动词；dream of, feel like, give up, keep on, prefer… to, succeed in, think of等短语。
2. 在下列短语中，to是介词，后面应该用动词-ing形式作宾语：be / get used to, look forward to, devote … to, pay attention to等。
3. 有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语，也可以带to不定式作宾语，但在语义上却有很大的差别。
forget doing 忘记做过某事；forget to do 忘记要做某事remember doing 记得做过某事；remember to do 记住要做某事stop to do 停下来去做某事；stop doing 停止做某事mean doing 意味着做；mean to do 打算做try to do 努力做某事；try doing 试一试做某事regret doing 后悔做了某事；regret to do 遗憾要做某事can’t help doing 禁不住做；can’t help (to) do不能帮忙做chance to do 碰巧去做某事；chance doing 冒险试一试做某事go on to do 接着又做另一件事；go on doing 继续做同一件事4. 在allow, advise, permit等动词后直接跟动词-ing形式作宾语，如果这些词后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后要用动词不定式作宾语补足语。
动词ing形式的用法归纳
动词ing形式的用法归纳
动词ing形式是一种非谓语动词形式，它可以充当多种句子成分，如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。
以下是动词ing形式的主要用法归纳：
1.动词ing形式作主语：动词ing形式可以作为句子的主语，表示一种概念、
习惯或经验。
常见句型有“It be no use doing something”（做某事没有用）等。
2.动词ing形式作宾语：动词ing形式可以用作动词、介词或短语动词的宾语。
例如，在动词finish、enjoy、mind、miss等后接动词ing形式作宾语。
3.动词ing形式作定语：动词ing形式可以用来表示被修饰的词的某种用途，
也可以用来修饰名词。
例如，“a sleeping child”（一个睡觉的孩子）和“a sleeping bag”（一个睡袋）。
4.动词ing形式作状语：动词ing形式可以用作状语，表示行为或状态的特征
或方式。
例如，“He came running to the house”（他跑着来到房子前）。
5.动词ing形式作宾语补足语：在感官动词后，如see、hear、feel、notice
等，可以用动词ing形式作为宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。
1/ 1。
动词ing形式作表语,定语和宾语补足语
动词ing形式作表语，定语和宾语补足语编稿：张桂琴审稿：梁晓概念引入：The music they are playing sounds so exciting .We watched three boys sharing their food with eachOur job is playing all kinds of music .The girl singing now is a classmate of mine语法讲解【高清课堂：356774 ，非谓语动词之-ing形式，非谓语动词之ing形式】非谓语动词中的ing形式包括两种：一种是动名词，另外一种是现在分词。
•基本形式：1、-ing形式作表语1) -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后，用来泛指某种动作或行为，以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。
如：Her hobby is painting.她的业余爱好是画画。
My job is looking after the children.我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。
2) –ing用来表示主语所具有的特征，如：His concern for his mother is most touching.他对母亲的关爱很感人。
His words are encouraging.他的话很鼓舞人。
2、-ing形式作定语1). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：building materials= materials for building 建筑材料drinking water= water for drinking 饮用水a reading room= a room for reading 阅览室2). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途，如：tiring music= music that is tiring 烦人的音乐a surprising result= a result that is surprising一个惊人的结果3). 表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作，如：正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。
18.动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语
动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语吴国斌一、动词-ing形式作表语1.表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。
My job is teaching you English.=Teaching you English is my job.我的工作是教你们英语。
My favorite sport is swimming.=Swimming is my favorite sport.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
2.表示主语的某种性质和特征，这时通常可以看作形容词。
The story she told us was very interesting.她给我们讲的这个故事很有趣。
The news is quite shocking.这个消息很令人震惊。
二、动词-ing形式作定语1.表示被修饰名词的用途。
We are not allowed to speak aloud in the reading room.阅览室里不准我们大声说话。
If you really want to smoke, you may go to the smoking room.如果你确实想吸烟，可以去吸烟室。
2.表示所修饰的名词的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。
当分词单独作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语作定语，则放在该名词后。
Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child.少弄出点噪音，有个孩子在睡觉。
The men working here are all from the rural areas.在这里工作的那些人都来自农村。
三、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，与宾语之间是主谓关系，即宾语是其逻辑上的主语。
它主要用于以下两类动词后作宾语补足语。
1.感官动词，如see，hear，feel，smell，watch，find，listen to，look at，notice，observe 等。
-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语的用法
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- ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语的用法1. 动词的ing形式包括动名词和现在分词，二者都可作表语。
如：Our job is playing all kinds of music . ( 动名词)The music they are playing sounds so exciting . ( 现在分词)注：一般来讲，动名词( 短语) 作表语，主表可互换，即：Playing all kinds of music is our job .现在分词作表语，表明主语的性质和特征，主表不可互换。
2. - ing形式做定语可以表示1 ) 所修饰名词的用途a waiting room ( = a room for waiting ) / a walking stick ( = a stick for walking )2 ) 所修饰名词正在进行的动作，可以换成定语从句形式a waiting man ( = a man who is waiting ) / a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping )3 . 在see , hear , feel , watch , notice等感观动词后可以用- ing形式做宾语补足语。
这时- ing形式和句子的宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，并且- ing形式表示宾语正在进行的动作。
如：He saw a girl getting on the tractor. ( = He saw a girl and the girl was getting on the tractor . )Do you hear someone knocking at the door?1).做宾语补足语We watched three boys sharing their food with each other.2).做主语补足语She was heard singing in the next room.3).做表语和定语My job is teaching English. /a walking stick/a waiting room当-ing分词做定语的时候，常常放在被修饰名词的后面The girl singing now is a classmate of mine.4).做伴随、原因、时间、结果状语He sat at the desk reading a magazine.Being very young, he can't dress himself.Having finished all the work, they went to the shore.Her parents died, leaving her a big house.Attention to the following word order.1. food and clothing2. track and field3. northwest4. young and old5. sooner or later6. land and water7. you and I8. back and forth9. heavy and light 10. old and new 11. right and left 12. heat and cold 13. fire and water 14. rain or shine 15. rich and poor 16. eat and drink 17. long and thin 18. sweat and blood 19. back and belly 20. bed and board 21. flesh and blood 22. joy and sorrow 23. iron and steel 24. water and mountain 25. short and long 26. arms and hands 27. life and death 28. baby boy 29. ourselves and the enemy 30. hard and soft 31. chemistry and physics 32. loss and gain 33. month and year 34.East China 35. here and now 36. bride and bridegroom 37. art and science 38. north , south , east and west 39. twos and threes 40. small and medium sizes动名词、分词和不定式都能作定语，它们在用法上区别如下：※动名词作定语只表示被修饰词的用途，不定式作定语通常表示未来的动作或含情态意味，现在分词作定语表示正在发生的动作或存在的状态，过去分词表示已经完成的动作或无时间性的行为。
This is a sleeping car. (动名词,表示用途，=This is a car for sleeping . )A sleeping child is in the room . (现在分词,一个正在进行的动作=A child who is sleeping is in the room . )I‘m not sure which is the road leading to the hospital . (现在分词短语,存在的状态=I’m not sure which is the road that leads to the hospital . )The fallen leaves . (过去分词,完成的动作，The leaves that have fallen . )I have two letters to write . (不定式,将来的动作)※不定式作定语，一般只能放在被修饰词之后，分词作定语即可放在被修饰词之前，也可以放在被修饰词之后；通常单个的词放前，短语放在后，现在分词的被动形式放后。
例如：I have a friend living in London . (短语)/ China belongs to the developing country . (单个的词)The building being built now is a hospital . (现在分词的被动式)The man dressed in a new suit is our manager . (短语)Only by practice will you be able to improve your spoken English . (单个的词)Mary needs a dictionary to refer to . (不定式)※分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。
若被修饰的名词与分词之间存在着逻辑上的主动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的执行者，则用现在分词，若是被动关系，即被修饰的名词是动作的承受者，可用现在分词的被动式或过去分词。
它们俩主要从时间上区别，现在分词被动式表示正在进行的动作；过去分词表示完成的动作或无时间性，只表被动关系。
例如：There is a river running around our school . (主动关系)The watch being repaired now is hers . (被动关系，正在进行的动作) He is an English teacher liked by all his students . (表被动关系)Japan is a developed country . (表完成，表被动)※心理反应状态动词，如：excite , fright , move , tire , interest , puzzle , disappoint等，同现在分词作定语，表示‚令人……‛，被修饰的词通常是物，用过去分词作定语，被修饰的词通常是人。
例如：What disappointing news it is! / Don‘t make fun of the frightened child .注意：puzzling expression ‚令人迷惑的表情‛；puzzled expression (本身)迷惑的表情。
※下列情况下常用不定式作定语。
1. 在被修饰的词前有形容词最高级、序数词以及the last , the only , the next等He is always the first to come . / The next man to come was Tom .This is the largest ship to be serving as a seaside hotel in our country .2. have +宾语的句型中I have a lot of questions to ask . / He has nothing to worry about .3. 在way , pleasure , chance , plan等名词后常用不定式或of +动名词，但在ability , failure , promise后只能用不定式I had no chance to speak (或of speaking) to him . / His failure to pass the exam surprised us .4. 表示未来的动作He has two letters to write .5. 与被修饰的词有同位、动状关系的通常只能用不定式作定语I have the ability to speak a foreign language . (同位关系)/ I’m not sure which restaurant to eat at .A good place to eat at is the Peace Restaurant .Step 7Grammar---the –ing form as Attribute and Adverbiala表示主动动作Hearing the cry for help, they rushed out of the room. 听到呼救声，他们都冲出了房间。
如果表示被动，则用被动形式being done和having been done，这时having been done可以由过去分词done所代替Being asked what her name was, she was let in. / (Having been) Givensuch a good chance, he wouldn’t miss it.b如果表示原因，时间，条件时一般在句首，结果状语放在句末，而表示伴随的状语则前后均可。