翻译lectures1

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The translator`s role is felt everywhere : not only in literature but also in such areas as science and technology , administration , foreign trade , cultural activities and tourism; not only in a particular country when translation or the oral form of it is called for , but also in such international bodies as the UN and the EEC where the translating and interpreting is part of routine work .
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“译者必须努力求得等值而不是同一。从 译者必须努力求得等值而不是同一。 译者必须努力求得等值而不是同一 某种意义上讲， 某种意义上讲，这是强调复制信息而不是 保留话语的形式。 保留话语的形式。”（The translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity． In a sense this is just another ． way of emphasizing the reproducing of the message rather than the conservation of the form of the utterance． ．
By Zhang Xiaobo
Translation is as old as a language itself , probably starting from thousands years ago . It has been used as an indispensable means of mediation , a useful aid to preaching and teaching , and to the social and culture , and commercial exchanges and mutual understanding between different peoples and different countries . It has become part of human life.
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1) Why do we need to study translation ? 2) What is the nature of translation ? 3) What are the criteria for adequate and acceptable translation? 4) What are the problems which a translator ought to be able to recognize and resolve in order to produce a satisfactory translation?
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钱钟书： 钱钟书： 文学翻译的最高标准是“ 文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从一 国文字转变成另一国文字， 国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹， 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全 保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境” 保存原有的风味，那就算得入于“化境”。 十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译， 十七世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原 作的“投胎转世” 作的“投胎转世”(the transmigration of souls)，躯壳换了一个， souls)，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故 换句话说， 我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至 于读起来不象译本， 于读起来不象译本，因为作品在原文里决不 会读起来象经过翻译似的。 会读起来象经过翻译似的。
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严复： 严复： 信、达、雅。 傅雷： 傅雷： 1)以效果而论 1)以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一 以效果而论， 所求的不在形似而在神似。 样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 2)即使是最优秀的译文 2)即使是最优秀的译文，其韵味较 即使是最优秀的译文， 之原文原仍不免过或不及。 之原文原仍不免过或不及。翻译时 只能尽量缩短这个距离， 只能尽量缩短这个距离，过则求其 勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。 勿太过，不及则求其勿过于不及。
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从一种语言到另一种语言》 《从一种语言到另一种语言》（From One Language to Another） （ 1986）中提出了 ） ） 内容与形式兼顾的翻译论点， 即所渭“ 内容与形式兼顾的翻译论点 ， 即所渭 “ 功 能对等” 能对等”（functional equivalent）: 在词汇、 ） 在词汇、 语法， 语义和文体等方面， 语法 ， 语义和文体等方面 ， 通过改变原文 形式表达原文内容， 形式表达原文内容 ， 用译语最切近而又最 自 然 的 对 等 语 （ the closest natural equivalent in the target language）把原文 ） 内容表达出来，以求“功能对等” 内容表达出来，以求“功能对等”．
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在论述形式和结构等值时， 在论述形式和结构等值时，奈达还提出 尽可能”在形式和内容上“ “尽可能”在形式和内容上“复制原 而不是“绝对对称” 文”，而不是“绝对对称”。…the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language to reproduce as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original． ． Nida． 1964： 159） ． ： ）
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The 21th century has been called “ the age of translation” , with rapid increase of economic contact and cultural exchange between peoples , the significance of translation has been recognized by more attached to the study of translation theories and practice.
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子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远 方来，不亦乐乎？人不知而不愠，不亦君子 乎？”
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The Master said,“Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application ？ Is it pleasant to have friends coming from distant quarter? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?” Confucius remarked, “It is indeed a pleasure to acquire knowledge and, as you go on acquiring, to put into practice what you have acquired. A greater pleasure still it is when friends of congenial minds come from afar to seek you because of your attainments. But he is truly a wise and good man who feels no discomposure even when he is not noticed of men.”
product •3) 救火 •(f) to save fire •(r) to fight fire
•4)初恋 初恋 •(f)early love •(r) puppy love •5)青春痘 青春痘 •(f)youth spot •(r) whelk •6)隐形眼镜 隐形眼镜 •(f)invisible glasses •(r) contact lenses
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美国翻译家、翻译理论家奈达博士 美国翻译家、 语言学、人类学、 语言学、人类学、通讯工程学 精通多种语言， 精通多种语言， 圣经 原作 译文读者
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奈达在论述翻译的性质时曾说： 奈达在论述翻译的性质时曾说：“翻译是指 接受语复制源语的信息的最近似的自然等值， 接受语复制源语的信息的最近似的自然等值， 首先在意义方面，其次在文体方面。 首先在意义方面，其次在文体方面。” （Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source·language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style．） ．） （Nida， 1969 12） ， ）
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•“忠实”(to be faithful to 忠实”
the original) . •“通顺”(to be smooth in 通顺” reading) •“易懂”(to be easy in 易懂” understanding).
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•“信” •(to be faithful to the original) •“达” •(to be expressive) •“切” •(to be close to the original style)