Elevated Body Burdens of PBDEs,Dioxins, and PCBs on Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis
仿生假肢英语作文
仿生假肢英语作文Bionic limbs are truly amazing technological advancements that have transformed the lives of many individuals. Imagine someone who's lost a limb due to an accident or illness. Before the invention of bionic limbs, they might have felt helpless and limited. But now, with these innovative prosthetics, they can regain their confidence and lead a normal life.One of the coolest things about bionic limbs is how they mimic the functions of natural limbs. They're designed to move and feel like real limbs, allowing users to perform tasks that were once unimaginable. Whether it's picking up a cup or playing a sport, bionic limbs make it possible for people to do what they love without limitations.Another great thing about these prosthetics is how customizable they are. Each bionic limb is tailored to fit the unique needs and preferences of the user. This ensures that they feel comfortable and natural, like an extensionof their own body. Plus, with advancements in technology, bionic limbs are becoming more and more realistic, making it harder to distinguish them from the real thing.Of course, bionic limbs aren't perfect. They can be expensive, and some users may experience discomfort or difficulty adapting to them. But despite these challenges, the benefits of having a bionic limb far outweigh the drawbacks. They give people a sense of freedom and independence that they might have never thought they'd。
关于预防骨质疏松症得英语作文
关于预防骨质疏松症得英语作文Osteoporosis, also known as brittle bone disease, is a condition that weakens bones and makes them more susceptible to fractures. It is a common and serious health concern, especially for older individuals, and can have a significant impact on quality of life. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of preventing osteoporosis, as well as various strategies for doing so.First and foremost, it is crucial to understand the risk factors for osteoporosis. While aging is a major risk factor, there are also several other factors that can increase one's likelihood of developing the condition. These include a family history of osteoporosis, certain medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle. By being aware of these risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to reduce their risk of developing osteoporosis.One of the most effective ways to prevent osteoporosis is through proper nutrition. Calcium and vitamin D are essential for maintaining strong and healthy bones, so it is important to consume a diet that is rich in these nutrients. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods, while vitamin D can be obtained from sunlight as well as from certain foods such as fatty fish and egg yolks. For those who are unable to obtain sufficient calcium and vitamin D from their diet alone, supplements may be recommended.In addition to proper nutrition, regular exercise is also crucial for preventing osteoporosis. Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, and dancing, help to strengthen bones and reduce the risk of fractures. Strength training exercises, using weights or resistance bands, can also help to improve bone density and reduce the risk of falls. By incorporating a variety of exercises into their routine, individuals can improve their overall bone health and reduce their risk of osteoporosis.Another important aspect of osteoporosis prevention is avoiding behaviors that can weaken bones. Smoking has been shown to accelerate bone loss, so quitting smoking is an important step in preventing osteoporosis. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with the body's ability to absorb calcium, so it is important to drink alcohol in moderation. Additionally, certain medications, such as corticosteroids and some anticonvulsants, can also contribute to bone loss, so it is important to discuss the potential effects of medications with a healthcare provider.Finally, it is important for individuals to be proactive about their bone health by seeking regular medical care. This includes discussing any concernsabout osteoporosis with a healthcare provider, as well as scheduling regular bone density screenings as recommended. By being proactive about their bone health, individuals can identify any potential issues early on and take steps to address them before they become more serious.In conclusion, preventing osteoporosis is an important aspect of maintaining overall health and well-being, especially as we age. By understanding the risk factors for osteoporosis and taking proactive steps to address them, individuals can reduce their risk of developing this debilitating condition. Through proper nutrition, regular exercise, and proactive medical care, individuals can take control of their bone health and reduce their risk of osteoporosis. It is nevertoo early to start taking steps to prevent osteoporosis, and the efforts made now can have a significant impact on one's quality of life in the future.。
关于饮食英语作文高中生
When it comes to writing an essay on diet for high school students, its important to consider several key aspects that make up a balanced and healthy diet. Heres a sample essay to guide you:Title: The Importance of a Balanced Diet for High School StudentsIn todays fastpaced world, the significance of a balanced diet cannot be overstated, especially for high school students who are in a critical phase of growth and development.A wellrounded diet not only supports physical health but also plays a crucial role in cognitive development and academic performance.IntroductionHigh school is a period of significant changes, both physically and mentally. Students require a diet rich in nutrients to fuel their bodies and minds. However, with the lure of junk food and the pressures of schoolwork, maintaining a balanced diet can be challenging.The Components of a Balanced Diet1. Proteins Essential for growth and repair of body tissues. Sources include lean meats, fish, eggs, and plantbased options like beans and tofu.2. Carbohydrates The bodys primary source of energy. Whole grains, fruits, and vegetables provide complex carbohydrates that release energy slowly, preventing energy crashes.3. Fats Not all fats are bad. Healthy fats, such as those found in avocados, nuts, and fish, are vital for brain function and hormone production.4. Vitamins and Minerals Crucial for a range of bodily functions, from immune system support to bone health. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables ensures adequate intake.5. Fiber Found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, fiber aids digestion and helps maintain a healthy weight.6. Water Often overlooked, hydration is essential for all bodily functions and can impact mood and concentration.The Impact of Diet on Academic PerformanceResearch has shown a correlation between a balanced diet and improved academic performance. Students who consume a variety of nutrientdense foods tend to have better focus, memory, and overall cognitive function.Challenges and SolutionsDespite the benefits, high school students face several obstacles in maintaining a balanced diet:Time Constraints: Busy schedules can lead to the consumption of quick, unhealthy meals. Planning and preparing meals in advance can help overcome this issue.Budget Limitations: Healthy food options can sometimes be more expensive. Making smart choices, such as buying in bulk or choosing seasonal produce, can help manage costs.Lack of Knowledge: Education on nutrition is key. Schools can play a significant role by offering nutrition classes or workshops.ConclusionIn conclusion, a balanced diet is fundamental for the overall wellbeing of high school students. It not only supports their physical health but also enhances their cognitive abilities, contributing to better academic outcomes. By understanding the importance of each dietary component and addressing the challenges faced, students can take charge of their diet and set themselves up for success in all areas of life.This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of diet for high school students, including the components of a balanced diet, its impact on academic performance, and strategies to overcome common challenges.。
高二英语阅读理解强化训练附解析Day 24
高二英语阅读理解强化训练附解析Day 24Passage 1Derek Rabclo is not the only surfer to conquer Hawaii' s famous Pipeline big wave break, but while all others use their sight to do it, this young professional surfer must rely only on his other senses. That's because he is completely blind.When Derek was born, over 24 years ago, he got his name from Derek Ho, the first Hawaiian surfing world champion. A surfing enthusiast himself, Emesto dreamed that his son would share the talent of his uncle, a professional surfer. Unfortunately, Derek was born completely blind, but this didn't slop his family from believing lhat he could do anything he wanted, even if that meant becoming a surfer.At age 2, Derek received a bodyboard and the beaches of Guarapari, Brazil, became his backyard. He was always comfortable in the water and surfing was in his blood, but he didn’t actually try riding a wave until he turned 17, when his father bought him a surfboard. His father taught him the basics and encouraged him to keep practicing, but after successfully standing up on the surfboard, Derek knew he needed to become much better if he was going to achieve Emesto's dream and become a professional surfer. So he joined the Praia do Moroo surf school, where he studied under coach Fabio Maru.Standing up on a surfboard and conquering small waves is one thing,while gathering the courage to take on Hawaii's board-breaking Pipeline is another. But that’s exactly what Derek Rabelo set out to do just months after learning how to surf. Everyone told him it was too dangerous, but he felt he could do it. And he did, earning the praise of famous professional surfers like Kelly Slater and Mick Fanning. Now 24, Rabelo has been surfing the Pipeline every winter since.1. What does the first paragraph tell us?A. Good eyesight is necessary for becoming good suffers.B. Nobody has ever conquered Hawaii’s big wave break.C. Derek Rabelo dreams to conquer Hawaii's big wave break.D. Derek Rabelo is the only blind professional surfer to conquer Hawaii’s big wave break.2. How did Ernesto behave after Derek was born?A. He named him after his uncle.B. He never lost confidence in him.C. He sent him to a surfing champion.D. He started his own interest in surfing.3. After Derek was able to stand up on the surfboard, he_______________.A. began to try riding a waveB. was no longer afraid of waterC. realized he still had a long way to goD. knew his father’s dream had come true4. Which of the following words can best describe Derek according to the last paragraph?A. Brave and confident.B. Skillful but proud.C. Thoughtful and modest.D. Courageous but stubborn.Passage 2Sticking to a vegan diet might sound difficult, especially with many popular dishes containing meat or other animal products. Yet in recent years, veganism (素食主义) has become one of the fastest-growing lifestyle trends in the world. According to HuffPost, more than 3 million people in the United States are vegans. In the UK, about 542,000 people have chosen veganism over the past decade.What is driving this growth in veganism? One reason may be that people want to protect the environment. Producing meat and dairy products is known to be stressful for the environment. According to a 2013 study by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, global meat manufacturing causes about 18 percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. This figure is higher than all the world’s cars, trains and planes combined. According to BBC News, another reason is that many of today’s young people believe it’s wrong to kill animals for food. Jess Murray, 22, a student at University College London, said she chose to become vegan when she realized that eating animals is a choice people make, rather than somethingwe must do to survive. “Becoming vegan was an ethical(伦理的) decision,” she told the Guardian.For many people, veganism simply means eating no meat, cheese or eggs, but going animal-free also applies to fashion and manufacturing. For example, leather is used to make shoes and clothing. Every year more than a billion animals, from cows to horses to snakes, are killed to make leather products from their skins. Now, many brands are looking for other materials. The sports brand Puma, for example, has made shoes out of pineapple leaves. Tesla, the US car maker, is said to be removing animal-based leather from its seats. Earlier this year, US singer Lady Gaga created the vegan makeup brand Haus Laboratories. On the brand’s Instagram account, it says: “Cruelty-free and vegan, because we love animals and you.” So, if you’re interested in protecting animals and saving the environment, you might want to give veganism a try.1. Which can be the reason for people being vegetarians according to the text?A. They want to survive on earth.B. They pursue fashion in the world.C. They try to adopt a green lifestyle.D. They worry about their own health.2. What can you infer from the last paragraph?A. Going animal-free means letting go of the animals.B. Veganism simply means boycotting goods from animal skins.C. Lady Gaga created her makeup brand out of pineapple leaves.D. Many brands are seeking substitutes for animal-based leather.3. What’s the author’s attitude to veganism?A. Supportive.B. Ambiguous.C. Skeptical.D. Prejudiced.4. From which part of a newspaper is the text probably taken?A. Science.B. Fashion.C. Entertainment.D. Life.Passage 3It is a dangerous time to be a child in Yemen. Besides facing war, hunger and poverty, more than 25 percent of children are not in school.But eight-year-old singer Amr Muqbel, known as “The Water Seller,” is different. He attends school in the morning. In the afternoons, he used to sell water to help support his family. Now, he makes extra money singing for weddings, fans and several major Arabic news channels.“I'm proud he has become a singer,” said Ahmed Muqbel, Amr's 70-year-old father, with tears in his eyes. One of their relatives is a soldier, he added, and Amr used to sing war songs. Now, he sings about love and peace in a country where other children can be forced to join military groups.Amr first became well-known this year when a local hiker recordedhim singing to a group of people. The hiker posted the recording on Facebook, where it received 20,000 likes, loves and sad faces. Since then, the boy appears on Arab media regularly.Amr's family remains poor, however. He, his mother and his four siblings (兄弟姐妹) still struggle to survive in a small house. But as Amr gains the attention of music professionals, the family hopes his voice will help lift them further out of poverty.His father wants to go to Lebanon so Amr can try to get into the professional music business. His mother wants Amr to continue to be mentored (指导) locally, so he can sing more often at weddings to increase the family's income. “His songs come out from his heart,” said Mohammed al-Adaimi, a 23-year-old who listens to Amr's songs on YouTube. “He should stay and sing for us and we will support him.” Other local people said they are proud that a young Yemeni is getting international attention. “He is a talented boy” said Mabrouk al-Baqash, who has been listening to Amr sing for eight months. “It's fine to travel to Lebanon.”1. Why is Amr different from many other children?A. He has been selling water locally.B. He can go to school all the time.C. He can sing to support his family.D. He doesn’t suffer from poverty.2. What can we know about Amr?A. He can’t go to school and is in danger in Yemen.B. He can’t help his family out of poverty at present.C. He makes his father disappointed as a local singer.D. He has to serve in army because of singing war songs.3. Who supported Amr to go to Lebanon?A. His parents.B. Ahmed and Mohammed.C. Ahmed and Mabrouk.D. His mother and Mabrouk.4. Which of the following can best describe Amr?A. Gifted.B. Proud.C. Far-sighted.D. Well-educated.Passage 4Two weeks before my 12th birthday, my teacher asked me to conduct an experiment. When I mixed some powder together, they exploded. Molten liquid hit me in the face, but I felt no pain.I vividly remember standing there in a state of calm. I thought I was in a dream, but however hard I struggled to swim to the surface of consciousness, I couldn't wake up. I didn't understand how terrifying it was until I heard people saying, "Who's that？" That's when I knew I was unrecognizable.I was taken to hospital, but the doctors didn't know what to do with me. Later I was flown to Houston for surgery. Between the ages of 13 and 16, I had 40 operations. As each operation came and went, my vision would come back, then fade again. Eventually, it faded completely and Ihad what was left of my eyes removed for cosmetic (整形的) reasons.Since then, I have lived in total darkness. Most blind people, even if they don't have any sight they're aware of, are still able to perceive light. That gives them a sense of day and night. But not me. I absolutely lost that sense of time passing.For many years, I felt my sight loss darkening my life like the loss of my parents from which I would never recover. But when I was in my 40s, I realized I had to find a way to live. I trained to become a counselor, and that has helped me see my experiences in a different way. I can't fix people's broken lives ﹣just like I can't fix my sight ﹣but I can help them find a way to manage.Sometimes it feels as if all the struggles and negative experiences I've lived through were in fact a kind of preparation for helping others to make their own way towards the light.1. How did the writer feel when the mixed powder exploded？________A. Painful.B. Cool.C. Desperate.D. Frightened.2. What can we know from the passage？________A. The author is now living a meaningful life.B. The author lost her sight but her eyes remained.C. The author recovered from her sight loss soon afterwards.D. The author still has difficulty waking up from her dream.3. What does the underlined word "perceive" probably means？________A. Predict.B. Distinguish.C. Sense.D. Watch.4. What is the passage mainly about？________A. Encouraging the blind to cheer up.B. Telling her own experience.C. Calling on people to care for the blind.D. Warning students doing experiments is dangerous.Passage 5HIV is a tricky virus that escapes typical immune responses. During a successful immune system response to a foreign body, white blood cells produce antibodies that target the foreign body. These antibodies then mark the foreign body for destruction by other immune cells. For the most part, HIV escapes these immune defenses, but rare individuals develop antibodies that effectively block the virus. Researchers are now showing that these antibodies can also act as treatments in other HIV patients.HIV has several ways of escaping the immune response. Unlike most viruses, HIV specifically attacks a type of white blood cell that is critical to our immune system. During reproduction, the HIV virus also picks up many new mutations(变异), which often change it enough that any antibodies produced earlier during the infection no longer recognize it.These rare antibodies can also keep the virus from infecting new cells, which could make them an effective treatment. In animal studies, injection of low concentrations of these antibodies could act as a vaccine(疫苗) and provide protection against infection. Injections can even control active infections when combined with additional antibodies that target other molecules(分子) on the HIV surface. These findings led to humans phase 1 clinical trials to evaluate a specific antibody that targets HIV. This study revealed that a single injection of the antibody typically reduced the presence of HIV in the blood of patients who have viruses that were sensitive to the antibody.After performing test-tube studies showing the effectiveness of the antibody, the researchers evaluated its safety in humans in a small trial. The study included two groups of participants: 14 uninfected individuals and 19 individuals with an HIV-1 infection. The researchers then tracked the clearance of the antibody by following its levels in the participants' blood. Consistent with previous studies, HIV-1 infected individuals exhibited faster clearance of the antibody, with a half-life of 12. 8 days compared to 24. 0 days for uninfected participants. Despite the fast clearance, however, the antibody appeared to be effective.Thirteen HIV-1 infected participants with the highest levels of virus received the highest dose(剂量) of the antibody. Eleven of them showed a rapid decline in HIV levels. Tracking the infection through the first weeksafter treatment revealed the evolution of multiple viruses that were no longer affected by the antibody. However, these new variants(变体) generally remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other virus surface molecules.Overall, this investigation shows the safety of injections of antibody 10-1074 in humans. Thus, researchers may be able to build a cocktail of antibodies that effectively block active HIV infections.1. HIV escapes immune responses by ________ .A. removing the foreign bodyB. identifying the immune systemC. attacking a certain white blood cellD. reproducing some effective antibodies2. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to?________A. The immune system.B. A type of white blood cell.C. An antibody.D. The HIV virus.3. The purpose of the further study of antibodies is to ________ .A. prove the safety and effectiveness of antibodies in humansB. confirm the reduction of HIV in the blood of the patientsC. track a faster clearance of antibodies in uninfected subjectsD. introduce a vaccine protecting humans against infection4. What can we infer from the passage?________A. Antibodies remain ineffective against most HIV viruses.B. Researchers feel optimistic about a new cure for HIV.C. Researchers get contradictory findings from a series of studies.D. Antibodies can evolve with HIV viruses from infected patients.参考答案Passage 11. D段落大意题。
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇(第六期)(含解析)
备战高考英语名校模拟真题速递(江苏专用)第六期专题06 阅读理解之说明文10篇（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large.So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use.Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies tousing it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication.So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song.Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia.1．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound?A．To help him fight boredom.B．To develop his creative ability.C．To make his drug more powerful.D．To aid the process of his experiments.2．What can we learn about Temple’s system?A．Its effect remains to be seen.B．It failed to work as expected.C．It is too complicated to operate.D．It has produced satisfying results.3．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it?A．To get rid of public fear of the virus.B．To show h1s talent in producing music.C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science.D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation.4．What does the text mainly talk about?A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music.B．How scientists help the public understand science.C．Why music can be the best way to present science.D．How music helps scientists conduct their research.（2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）Phonics, which involves sounding out words syllable (音节) by syllable, is the best way to teach children to read. But in many classrooms, this can be a dirty word. So much so that some teachers have had to take phonics teaching materials secretly into the classroom. Most American children are taught to read in a way that study after study has found to be wrong.The consequences of this are striking. Less than half of all American adults were efficient readers in 2017. American fourth graders rank 15th on the Progress in International Literacy Study, an international exam.America is stuck in a debate about teaching children to read that has been going on for decades. Some advocate teaching symbol sound relationships (the sound k can be spelled as c, k, ck, or ch) known as phonics Others support an immersive approach (using pictures of cat to learn the word cat), known as “whole language”. Most teachers today, almost three out of four according to a survey by EdWeek Research Centre in 2019, use a mix of the two methods called “balanced literacy”.“A little phonics is far from enough.” says Tenette Smith, executive director of elementary education and reding at Mississippi’s education department. “It has to be systematic and explicitly taught.”Mississippi, often behind in social policy, has set an example here. In a state once blamed for its low reading scores, the Mississippi state legislature passed new literacy standards in 2013.Since then Mississippi has seen remarkable gains., Its fourth graders have moved from 49th (out of 50 states) to 20th on the National assessment of Educational Progress, a nationwide exam.Mississippi’s success is attributed to application of reading methods supported by a body of research known as the science of reading. In 1997 experts from the Department of Education ended the “reading war” and summed up the evidence. They found that phonics, along with explicit instruction in phonemic (音位的) awareness,fluency and comprehension, worked best.Yet over two decades on, “balanced literacy” is still being taught in classrooms. But advances in statistics and brain imaging have disproved the whole-language method. To the teacher who is an efficient reader, literacy seem like a natural process that requires educated guessing, rather than the deliberate process emphasized by phonics. Teachers can imagine that they learned to read through osmosis(潜移默化) when they were children. Without proper training, they bring this to classrooms.5．What do we learn about phonics in many American classrooms?A．It is ill reputed.B．It is mostly misapplied.C．It is totally ignored.D．It is seemingly contradictory.6．What has America been witnessing?A．A burning passion for improving teaching methods.B．A lasting debate over how to teach children to read.C．An increasing concern with children’s inadequacy in literacy.D．A forceful advocacy of a combined method for teaching reading.7．What’s Tenette Smith’s attitude towards “balanced literacy”?A．Tolerant.B．Enthusiastic.C．Unclear.D．Disapproving.8．According to the author what contributed to Mississippi’s success?A．Focusing on the natural process rather than deliberate training.B．Obtaining support from other states to upgrade teaching methods.C．Adopting scientifically grounded approaches to teaching reading.D．Placing sufficient emphasis upon both fluency and comprehension.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）A satellite is an object in space that orbits around another. It has two kinds — natural satellites and artificial satellites. The moon is a natural satellite that moves around the earth while artificial satellites are those made by man.Despite their widespread impact on daily life, artificial satellites mainly depend on different complicated makeups. On the outside, they may look like a wheel, equipped with solar panels or sails. Inside, the satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments, which include whatever tools the satellites need to perform their work. Among them, high-resolution cameras and communication electronics are typical ones. Besides, the part that carries the load and holds all the parts together is called the bus.Artificial satellites operate in a systematic way just like humans. Computers function as the satellite’s brain, which receive information, interpret it, and send messages back to the earth. Advanced digital cameras serve asthe satellite’s eyes. Sensors are other important parts that not only recognize light, heat, and gases, but also record changes in what is being observed. Radios on the satellite send information back to the earth. Solar panels provide electrical power for the computers and other equipment, as well as the power to move the satellite forward.Artificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits. Earth’s gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet. To stay in the earth’s orbit, the speed of a satellite must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity. The satellite’s speed works against earth’s gravity just enough so that it doesn’t go speeding into space or falling back to the earth.Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits, based on the tasks they need to perform. Satellites closer to the earth are in low-earth orbit, which can be 200-500 miles high. The closer to the earth, the stronger the gravity is. Therefore, these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour to keep from falling back to the earth, while higher-orbiting satellites can travel more slowly.9．What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A．The appearance of artificial satellites.B．The components of artificial satellites.C．The basic function of artificial satellites.D．The specific mission of artificial satellites.10．What is the role of computers in artificial satellites?A．Providing electrical power.B．Recording changes observed.C．Monitoring space environment.D．Processing information received.11．How do artificial satellites stay in their orbits?A．By relying on powerful rockets to get out of gravity.B．By orbiting at a fixed speed regardless of gravity’s pull.C．By changing speed constantly based on the pull of gravity.D．By resisting the pull of gravity with advanced technologies.12．Why do satellites in higher-earth orbit travel more slowly?A．They are more affected by earth’s gravity.B．They take advantage of rockets more effectively.C．They have weaker pull of gravity in higher orbits.D．They are equipped with more advanced instruments.（2024·江苏泰州·一模）The human body possesses an efficient defense system to battle with flu viruses. The immune system protects against the attack of harmful microbes (微生物) by producing chemicals called antibodies, which are programmed to destroy a specific type of microbe. They travel in the blood and search the body for invaders (入侵者). When they find an invasive microbe, antibodies attack and destroy any cell thatcontains the virus. However, flu viruses can be a terrible enemy. Even if your body successfully fights against the viruses, with their ability to evolve rapidly, your body may have no protection or immunity from the new ones.Your body produces white blood cells to protect you against infectious diseases. Your body can detect invading microbes in your bloodstream because they carry antigens in their proteins. White blood cells in your immune system, such as T cells, can sense antigens in the viruses in your cells. Once your body finds an antigen, it takes immediate action in many different ways. For example, T cells produce more antibodies, call in cells that eat microbes, and destroy cells that are infected with a virus.One of the best things about the immune system is that it will always remember a microbe it has fought before and know just how to fight it again in the future. Your body can learn to fight so well that your immune system can completely destroy a virus before you feel sick at all.However, even the most cautious people can become infected. Fortunately, medical scientists have developed vaccines (疫苗), which are weakened or dead flu viruses that enter a person’s body before the person gets sick. These viruses cause the body to produce antibodies to attack and destroy the strong viruses that may invade during flu season.13．Why does flu pose a threat to the immune system?A．Microbes contain large quantities of viruses.B．Antibodies are too weak to attack flu viruses.C．The body has few effective ways to tackle flu.D．It’s hard to keep pace with the evolution of viruses.14．What does the underlined word “antigens” refer to in Paragraph 2?A．The cell protecting your body from viruses.B．The matter serving as the indicator of viruses.C．The antibodies helping to fight against viruses.D．The substance destroying cells infected with viruses.15．How do vaccines defend the body against the flu viruses?A．They strengthen the body’s immune system.B．They battle against weakened or dead viruses.C．They help produce antibodies to wipe out viruses.D．They expose the body to viruses during flu season.16．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A．Antibodies Save Our Health.B．Vaccines Are Of Great Necessity.C．Infectious Flu Viruses Are Around.D．Human Body Fights Against Flu Viruses.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）A recent study, led by Professor Andrew Barron, Dr. HaDi MaBouDi, and Professor James Marshall, illustrates how evolution has fine-tuned honey bees to make quick judgments while minimizing danger.“Animal lives are full of decisions,” says Professor Barron. “A honey bee has a brain smaller than a sesame (芝麻) seed. And yet it can make decisions faster and more accurately than’ we can. A robot programmed to do a bee’s job would need the backup of a supercomputer.”Bees need to work quickly and efficiently. They need to make decisions. Which flower will have a sweet liquid? While they’re flying, they face threats from the air. While landing, they’re vulnerable to potential hunter, some of which pretend to look like flowers.Researchers trained 20 bees to associate each of the five different colored “flower disks” with their visit history of reward and punishment. Blue flowers always had sugar juice. Green flowers always had a type of liquid with a bitter taste for bees. Other colors sometimes had glucose (葡萄糖). “Then we introduced each bee to a ‘garden’ with artificial ‘flowers’. We filmed each bee and timed their decision-making process,” says Dr. MaBouDi. “If the bees were confident that a flower would have food, they quickly decided to land on it, taking an average of 0.6 seconds. If they were confident that a flower wouldn’t have food, they made a decision just as quickly. If unsure, they took on average 1.4 seconds, and the time reflected the probability that a flower had food.”The team then built a computer model mirroring the bees’ decision-making process. They found the structure of the model looked very similar to the physical layout of a bee brain. “AI researchers can learn much from bees and other ‘simple’ animals. Millions of years of evolution has led to incredibly efficient brains with very low power requirements,” says Professor Marshall who co-founded a company that uses insect brain patterns to enable machines to move autonomously, like nature.17．Why does Professor Andrew Barron mention “a supercomputer”?A．To illustrate how a honey bee’s brain resemble each other.B．To explain how animals arrive at informed decisions fast.C．To demonstrate how a robot could finish a honey bee’s job.D．To emphasize how honey bees make decisions remarkably.18．Which of the following can best replace “vulnerable to” underlined in paragraph 3?A．Easily harmed by.B．Highly sensitive to.C．Deeply critical to.D．Closely followed by.19．What influenced the speed of trained bees in making decisions?A．Their judgments about reward and punishment.B．Their preference for the colors of flower disks.C．Their confirmation of food’s presence and absence.D．Their ability to tell real flowers from artificial ones.20．What message does Professor James Marshall want to give us?A．The power of bee brains is underestimated.B．Biology can inspire future AI.C．Autonomous machines are changing nature.D．AI should be far more efficient.（23-24高三下·江苏扬州·开学考试）Are you frequently overwhelmed by the feeling that life is leaving you behind, particularly when you look through social media sites and see all the exciting things your friends are up to? If so, you are not alone.FOMO, or Fear of Missing Out, refers to the perception that other people’s lives are superior to our own, whether this concerns socializing, accomplishing professional goals or generally having a more deeply fulfilling life. It shows itself as a deep sense of envy, and constant exposure to it can have a weakening effect on our self-respect. The feeling that we are always being left out of fundamentally important events, or that our lives are not living up to the image pictured by others, can have long-term damaging psychological consequences.While feelings of envy and inadequacy seem to be naturally human, social media seems to have added fuel to the fire in several ways. The reason why social media has such a triggering effect is tied to the appeal of social media in the first place: these are platforms which allow us to share only the most glowing presentations of our accomplishments, while leaving out the boring aspects of life. While this kind of misrepresentation could be characterized as dishonest, it is what the polished atmosphere of social media seems to demand.So how do we avoid falling into the trap of our own insecurities? Firstly, consider your own social media posts. Have you ever chosen photos or quotes which lead others to the rosiest conclusions about your life? Well, so have others and what they’ve left hidden is the fact that loneliness and boredom are unavoidably a part of everyone’s day-to-day life, and you are not the only one feeling left out. Secondly, learn to appreciate the positives. You may not be a regular at exciting parties or a climber of dizzying peaks, but you have your health, a place to live, and real friends who appreciate your presence in their lives. Last of all, learn to shake things off. We are all bombarded daily with images of other people’s perfection, but really, what does it matter? They are probably no more real than the most ridiculous reality TV shows.21．What can frequently experiencing FOMO lead to?A．Harm to one’s feeling of self-value.B．A more satisfying and fulfilling social life.C．Damage to one’s work productivity.D．Less likelihood of professional success.22．What does the author suggest in the third paragraph?A．The primary reason for FOMO is deeply rooted in social media.B．Our own social media posts help us feel much more confident.C．People who don’t share posts on social media are more bored.D．Social media’s nature enhances envious feelings and self-doubt.23．Why does the author mention reality TV shows in the last paragraph?A．To emphasize how false what we see on social media can be.B．To indicate how complicated social media has turned to.C．To figure out how popular and useful social media has been.D．To point out how educational value reality TV shows reflect.24．Which is the best title for the text?A．Myths and misconceptions about FOMO B．FOMO: what it is and how to overcome itC．How FOMO is changing human relationships D．We’re now all in the power of “FOMO addiction”（23-24高三上·江苏泰州·阶段练习）While Huawei’s official website does not call Mate 60 Pro a 5G smartphone, the phone’s wideband capabilities are on par with other 5G smartphones, raising a related question: As a leader in 5G technology, has Huawei managed to develop a 5G smartphone on its own?The answer is not simple. Huawei, as a pioneer in global 5G communication equipment, has played a leading role in the commercialization of 5G technology, with its strong system design and fields such as baseband chips (基带芯片), baseband processors and 5G modems.However, basebands and modems are not the only aspects that define 5G wireless communication. The stability and high-quality signals of a 5G smartphone also depend on other critical components such as RF transceivers (射频收发器) and RF front ends and antennas (天线) . These components are largely dominated by four US high-tech giants—Qualcomm, Avago Technologies, Ansem and Qorvo—which account for a surprising global market share.Huawei has faced significant challenges in getting critical components because of the sanctions imposed by the United States which are primarily responsible for the inability of the Chinese company to launch 5G smartphones in the past three years. However, Mate 60 Pro, despite not being labeled a 5G device, exhibits mobile network speeds comparable to Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices, offering a stable communication experience. This suggests Huawei has, over the past three years, overcome the 5G development and production limits due to the US sanctions by cooperating with domestic partners, and establishing an independent and controllable stable supply chain.Considering that Huawei has not explicitly marketed this device as a 5G smartphone, it is possible that it isyet to fully overcome some key core technological and componential shortcomings. For the time being, we can consider Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro as 4.99G. But when combined with the satellite communication capabilities of Mate 60 Pro, it is clear Huawei has been trying to find more advanced wireless communication solutions for smartphones and making significant progress in this attempt. This should be recognized as a remarkable endeavor, even a breakthrough.25．What do the underlined words “on par with” mean in Paragraph 1?A．as poor as.B．as good as.C．worse than.D．better than.26．Why was it tough for Huawei to develop a 5G smartphone three years ago?A．Its system design and fields needed to be updated.B．It only focused on the commercialization of 5G technology.C．It was unwilling to cooperate with high-tech giants in America.D．It lacked critical components mainly controlled by US high-tech giants.27．What does Paragraph 4 centre on?A．The US sanctions.B．Critical components.C．Apple’s latest 5G-enabled devices.D．Progress in Mate 60 Pro.28．What is the text mainly about?A．Huawei faced with significant challengesB．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a 5G smartphoneC．Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro—a remarkable breakthroughD．Huawei leading in global 5G communication equipment（23-24高三上·江苏无锡·期末）Blue-light-filtering glasses (滤蓝光眼镜) have become an increasingly popular solution for protecting our eyes from electronic screens’ near-inescapable glow — light that is commonly associated with eyestrain (眼疲劳). In recent years they’ve even become fashion statements that are recognized by celebrities and ranked in style guides. But a recent review paper shows such glasses might not be as effective as people think.The paper, published last week in Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, analyzed data from previous trials that studied how blue-light-filtering glasses affect vision tiredness and eye health. The study’s authors found that wearing blue-light-filtering glasses does not reduce the eyestrain people feel after using computers.“It’s an excellent review,” says Mark Rosenfield, a professor at the State University of New York College of Optometry, who was not involved in the study. “The conclusions are no surprise at all. There have been a number of studies that have found exactly the same thing, that there’s just no evidence that blue-blocking glasses have anyeffect on eyestrain.” He adds that the new review reinforces the fact that there is virtually no evidence that blue-blocking glasses affect eyestrain despite them being specifically marketed for that purpose. As for using blue-light-filtering eyeglasses for eye health, for now, Rosenfield says, “there’s nothing to support people buying them”.The strain we may feel while staring at our phone or computer screen too long is likely to be caused by multiple factors, such as bad habits or underlying conditions, an associate professor of vision science at the University of Melbourne, Downie says. She argues that how we interact with digital devices contributes more to eyestrain than screens’ blue light does. Changing the frequency and duration of screen usage and distancing one’s eyes from the screens might be more important in reducing discomfort, Downie says. She adds that people who experience eyestrain should see a doctor to assess whether they have an underlying health issue such as far-sightedness or dry eye disease.29．What can we know about blue-light-filtering glasses from the text?A．They can improve eyesight.B．They may not reduce eyestrain.C．They can promote eye health.D．They can help to cure eye diseases.30．What can we infer from paragraph 2?A．A great many professors were involved in the study.B．Blue-blocking glasses on the market are harmful to eyes.C．The finding of the study comes as a surprise to the public.D．Data from previous trials help the study a lot.31．What does the underlined word “reinforces” mean in paragraph 3?A．Denies.B．Opposes.C．Strengthens.D．Evaluates.32．What should we do if we suffer from eyestrain according to Downie?A．Wear blue-light-filtering glasses.B．Have an examination in the hospital.C．Stop staring at the screen for ever.D．Focus on the frequency of phone usage.（2024·江苏连云港·一模）Not all birds sing, but several thousand species do. They sing to defend their territory and croon (柔声唱) to impress potential mates. “Why birds sing is relatively well-answered,” says Iris Adam, a behavioral neuroscientist. However, the big question for her was why birds sing so much.“As soon as you sing, you reveal yourself,” Adam says. “Like, where you are and where your territory is.” In a new study published in the journal Nature Communications, Adam and her co-workers offer a new explanation for why birds take that risk. They may have to sing a lot every day to give their vocal (发声的) muscles the regular exercise they need to produce top-quality songs. To figure out whether the muscles that produce birdsongsrequire daily exercise, Adam designed an experiment on zebra finches-the little Australian songbirds.She prevented them from singing for a week by keeping them in the dark cage almost around the clock. Light is what galvanizes the birds to sing, so she had to work to keep them from warbling (鸣叫). “The first two or three days, it’s quite easy,” she says. “But the longer the experiment goes, the more they are like, ‘I need to sing.’” At that point, she’d tap the cage and tell them to stop singing.After a week, the birds’ singing muscles lost half their strength. But Adam wondered whether that impacted the quality of songs. When she played a male’s song before and after the seven days of darkness, she couldn’t hear a difference. But when Adam played it to a group of female birds, six out of nine preferred the song that came from a male who’d been using his singing muscles daily.Adam’s conclusion shows that “songbirds need to exercise their vocal muscles to produce top-performance songs. If they don’t sing, they lose performance, and their songs get less attractive to females.” This may help explain songbirds’ continuous singing.It’s a good rule to live by, whether you’re a bird or a human-practice makes perfect, at least when it comes to singing one’s heart out.33．According to Iris Adam, birds sing so much to ______.A．warn other birds of risks B．produce more songsC．perform perfectly in singing D．defend their territory34．What does the underlined word “galvanizes” in Paragraph 3 mean?A．Prepares.B．Stimulates.C．Forbids.D．Frightens.35．What do we know about the caged birds in the experiment?A．They lost the ability to sing.B．They strengthened their muscles.C．Their songs showed no difference.D．Their songs became less appealing.36．What may Iris Adam agree with?A．The songbirds live on music.B．The songbirds are born singers.C．Daily exercise keeps birds healthy.D．Practice makes birds perfect singers.（23-24高三上·江苏扬州·期末）Sometimes called “Earth’s twin,” Venus is similar to our world in size and composition. The two rocky planets are also roughly the same distance from the sun, and both have an atmosphere. While Venus’s cold and unpleasant landscape does make it seem far less like Earth, scientists recently detected another striking similarity between the two, the presence of active volcanoes.When NASA’s Magellan mission mapped much of the planet with radar in the 1990sit revealed an。
溴代阻燃剂文件
Meironyte et al 2001
PBDEs in Herring Gull Eggs - Great Lakes
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
Snake Island Lake Ontario
p<0.0001 t2=3.72 y
1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4 0 1980
致癌性
目前有关多溴联苯醚致癌性的研究报道十分 有限，只有十溴联苯醚已被测试出具有潜在的致 癌性。低溴代联苯醚还没有检测出具有致癌性， 但是Helleday等人的研究表明，低分子量的PBDEs 同类物能诱导哺乳动物细胞的基因重组，同时发 现各种组织中形成了大分子加合物。因此，低溴 代联苯醚同类物的慢性致癌性极需要进一步研究。
PBDEs的用途 PBDEs的污染状况 PBDEs的环境迁移 PBDEs的毒性及分析检测
PBDEs的用途
十溴联苯醚（DecaBDE ）
主要应用于纺织品、电子产品当中；它的主要成分是 的十溴联苯醚
八溴联苯醚（OctaBDE ）
应用于塑料产品、办公设备；它的主要成分包括六溴联 苯醚、七溴联苯醚、八溴联苯醚和九溴联苯醚
毒性机理
分析方法
Sample Homogenization Addition of Surrogate Standards
Extraction
Column Chromatography Fractionation and HPLC Clean-up Addition of Internal (Recovery) Standards Instrumental Analysis (GC/MS)
Gull Island Lake Michigan
p<0.0001 t2=2.97 y
【51Talk-双语阅读】爱自己,才能更自信
Promoting body positivity爱自己，才能更自信“Don't judge a book by its cover,”the popular saying goes.有句俗话说，不能以貌取人。
“All that glitters is not gold,”is another.另一句是，闪光的并非都是金子。
“Fine feathers do not make fine birds,”is a third.第三句则是，人不可貌相。
What do they have in common? They remind us thatsomething's appearance should not be the most important thing when determining its value. This is what the body positivity movement is all about. Its message is that we should value ourselves for who we are warts and all –accept our flaws and stop judging ourselves against our imperfections.这三句话有什么共同点？它们都在提醒我们，在确定某事物的价值时，外观不应该是最重要的。
这就是身体积极运动的意义所在。
它的主要观点是，我们应该珍惜自己，接受自己的缺陷，并停止用自己的缺点来进行自我判断。
But it's easier said than done. Despite this rise in positivity, many people still feel insecure about themselves and their appearance because it may not measure up to the objectified stereotype. So what can a person do to improve their own body positivity?但是说起来容易做起来难。
生物体中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分布及毒性效应
生物体中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的分布及毒性效应徐奔拓;吴明红;徐刚【摘要】Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a kind of fire retardant that exists widely in the living environment. PBDEs become a major focus in the environmental science due to the pollution problem. This paper introduces distribution of PBDEs in orga-nism and toxic effects including thyroid toxicity, nervous system toxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproduction and development of toxicity and immune toxicity. The corresponding toxicity mechanism is discussed, providing practical and reliable theoretical supports of biology effect caused by PBDEs, and drawing the public attention to this kind of fire retardant.%多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作为阻燃剂广泛存在于人们的生活环境中,因其存在污染问题成为当前环境科学领域研究的一大热点.通过分析近年来多溴联苯醚在生物体中的分布情况和甲状腺毒性、神经系统毒性、肝脏毒性、生殖发育毒性、免疫毒性等效应,阐述了多溴联苯醚的毒性机理.目的是为多溴联苯醚对生物体造成的影响提供切实可靠的理论支持,引起人们对此类阻燃剂的关注与重视.【期刊名称】《上海大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2017(023)002【总页数】9页(P235-243)【关键词】多溴联苯醚;阻燃剂;毒性效应【作者】徐奔拓;吴明红;徐刚【作者单位】上海大学环境与化学工程学院, 上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院, 上海200444;上海大学环境与化学工程学院, 上海200444【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R114自溴代阻燃剂(brominated flame retardants,BFRs)第一次在瑞典的环境样品中被检测出[1]之后,BFRs的来源、环境分布和行为以及环境影响引起了众多研究者的兴趣.2002年,第一个对此进行综述的是De Wit[2],之后许多研究人员对BFRs进行了较全面的调查分析和综述[2-12].多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)是一类溴代芳香族化合物,化学通式为C12H(0～9)Br(1～10)O,化学结构式如图1所示.根据溴原子取代数量和位置不同,可以将PBDEs分为10个同系组,共209种同系物[13].室温下PBDEs 的蒸汽压较低,水中溶解度较小,易溶于有机溶剂.PBDEs的化学结构稳定,难降解,因此在食物链中容易造成富集污染,对顶端生物危害较大.已有研究表明:PBDEs在环境介质中普遍存在,如河流、水体沉积物、大气、灰尘和土壤等;同时,暴露在环境中的生物也可以通过多种方式摄入PBDEs,主要包括呼吸道直接吸入、口腔食入和皮肤接触摄入.3种具有典型商业用途的PBDEs的工业品分别为五溴联苯醚(pentabromodiphenyl ethers,PeBDEs)、八溴联苯醚(octabromodiphenyl ethers, OcBDEs)和十溴联苯醚(decabromodiphenyl ethers,DeBDEs),每一种工业品都包含不同的同系物,并具有不同的毒性效应.本工作针对PBDEs在生物体内的分布情况,探讨PBDEs对生物体的毒性效应,主要包括甲状腺毒性、神经系统毒性、生殖发育毒性、肝脏毒性和免疫毒性,并阐述了各种毒性效应的致毒机理,补充和完善了PBDEs对于生物体的影响机制.1.1 环境介质PBDEs在大气中普遍存在.De Wit[2]报道了中国台湾地区和日本、美国等大气中PBDEs的含量水平.1993—1994年日本在城市大气粉尘中检测到低浓度PBDEs 的存在,其中以BDE-209最多[11].Hoh等[14]测定了美国芝加哥地区2002—2003年大气中PBDEs的含量.陈来国等[15]报道了2004年广州市大气中PBDEs 的含量,研究结果表明广州市大气中PBDEs的污染不容忽视.金军等[16]对北京市春季大气中PBDEs的水平和分布进行研究,测得PBDEs的质量浓度为31～1 049 pg/m3,BDE-209的质量浓度为8～1 016 pg/m3.沉积物是自然界中的“汇”,环境中的持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)普遍蓄积在沉积物中,因此检测沉积物中的PBDEs含量成为衡量当地该类物质污染水平的重要依据之一.Hassanin等[17]研究了欧洲土壤中PBDEs的污染情况及其在土壤中分布的影响因素,并测得挪威和英国林地以及草地土壤样品中PBDEs的质量比为0.11～12.00µg/kg.Yun等[18]对美国密歇根泛洪平原土壤及河流沉积物中的PBDEs污染状况进行调查,发现所检测的10种PBDEs的总质量比为0.02～55.10µg/kg,污染主要以BDE-209为主.另外,裴镜澄[19]测得上海市不同功能区的PBDEs质量比为1.03～112.50 ng/g.1.2 生物体1981年,瑞典的梭鱼、鳗鲡和海鳟中首次发现了PBDEs的存在[1],之后在海鱼、贻贝中也检测到PBDEs[20],接着在越来越多的生物体甚至人体中都检测到了PBDEs 的存在.生物体中PBDEs的质量比如表1所示.由表1可知,鱼类、贝类和哺乳类等生物体中都可以检测到不同浓度的PBDEs[21-28].另外,从采集的生物样品中可以发现:PBDEs在生物幼体中的富集含量比较高,例如早期斑马鱼、鲟鱼鱼卵[21-22];而成熟的生物,例如北极熊、雄性貂等,体内的PBDEs含量较低[24-25].对人体而言,PBDEs主要富集在人体的血液中[28-30].生育时的脐带血和婴儿粪便中都有一定量的累积[26-27].哺乳期的女性母乳中也检测到了PBDEs的存在[26].综上所述,PBDEs在生物体内广泛存在,而且在生物生殖期、哺乳期母体和幼体中含量较高.2.1 甲状腺毒性甲状腺激素(thyroid hormone,TH)是一种促进组织分化、生长和成熟的激素,它在生物体内的含量与机体的许多细胞、组织和器官的生理生化机能密不可分.TH包括T3(3,3＇,5-三碘甲状腺原氨酸)和T4(3,3＇,5,5＇-四碘甲状腺原氨酸).PBDEs会导致生物体的甲状腺毒性,主要包括甲状腺激素水平降低和甲状腺细胞形态结构改变[31].PBDEs的致毒机理是由于羟基化的PBDEs与甲状腺激素T3和T4有相似的化学结构(见图2),从而导致PBDEs对TH转运、代谢产生影响,并抑制TH的激活,阻碍TH与相关受体结合.PBDEs的羟基及甲氧基代谢产物在动物的血液、脂肪组织、肝脏及人类组织中均能检测到[30].刘早玲等[31]研究了BDE-47对小鼠的甲状腺毒性作用,将小鼠分为阴性对照组和低、中、高BDE-47染毒小鼠,连续4 d腹腔注射,并采用电化学发光免疫法测定小鼠的总T3,T4和促甲状腺激素.该研究结果显示:与阴性对照组相比,染毒小组小鼠T4水平降低(P＜0.01),中、高剂量染毒小组T3水平降低.该研究还用荧光定量法测定了小鼠肝脏一系列酶的信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid,mRNA)表达,发现染毒小组mRNA表达均高于对照组.这一现象说明BDE-47改变了甲状腺的信号传递机制,扰乱了大脑中甲状腺激素的响应途径. Hallgren等[32]通过类似实验,也得到相同结论.因此,PBDEs对甲状腺的毒性效应通常发生在注射剂量相对较低的情况下.2.2 神经系统毒性PBDEs的神经毒性作用主要包括神经内分泌激素、信号转导通路、神经递质受体、神经系统发育关键蛋白、神经细胞凋亡.神经内分泌激素主要包括甲状腺激素和血管升压素,其中血管升压素又称抗利尿激素,是由下丘脑的视上核和室旁核的神经细胞分泌的9肽激素,经下丘脑-垂体束到达神经垂体后叶后释放出来的.血管升压素的主要作用是提高远曲小管和集合管对水的通透性,促进水的吸收,因此是尿液浓缩和稀释的关键性调节激素.此外,血管升压素还能增强内髓部集合管对尿素的通透性.已有研究发现,BDE-47能促进大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞(PC-12)的囊泡释放抗利尿激素[33].PBDEs能够调节一些信号化学物质,从而改变生物体内的一系列生理活动.例如,PBDEs能够促使脑细胞释放花生四稀酸(arachidonic acid,AA),从而减少AA的含量,同时增加蛋白激酶的迁移,从而扰乱生物脑细胞内信号转导机制[34].PBDEs能够影响神经递质的传递.例如,多巴胺(C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2)由脑内分泌,可影响一个人的情绪.已有研究表明,PBDEs会引起细胞内多巴胺浓度的增加,在胞浆中造成损伤.另外,五溴联苯醚也能够抑制突触体囊对谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸(γ-amimobutyric acid,GABA)的摄取.PBDEs能够改变生物体大脑皮层中关键蛋白的表达,包括丝切蛋白(cofilin)、β肌动蛋白(β-actin)、微管相关蛋白Tau.例如,BDE-99能够降低脑酸溶性蛋白1(Basp1)、细胞骨架相关蛋白-23(CAP-23)和微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的表达[34].2.3 肝脏毒性肝脏是人体内以代谢功能为主的器官,具有去氧化、存储肝糖、分泌性蛋白质合成等作用.肝脏能够通过氧化还原、水解作用以及结合作用等生化反应来代谢体内的非营养物质,譬如药物、毒物或者代谢产物.肝脏的这种生物转化作用被称作“解毒功能”.肝脏中的水溶性物质最终通常以尿液和胆汁两种形式排出,而酯溶性物质则由肝脏的酶系统灭活或者转化为水溶性物质排出,否则就会在体内聚集,从而导致细胞代谢紊乱.PBDEs是一类疏水亲酯性醚类,水溶性较低,生物富集性强,进入机体后必然选择上述第二种路径.因此,PBDEs的摄入可能会在肝脏中富集,增大肝脏体积,损害肝功能.王兴华[35]通过BDE-209染毒小鼠研究PBDEs对肝脏的影响,发现对比无染毒小鼠组,染毒小鼠血清中谷丙氨酸转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartete aminotransferase,AST)明显升高.已有研究发现,BDE-209染毒后的小鼠甲状腺增生,肝脏体积增大,肾脏玻璃样变性,这表明PBDEs会对肝功能起一定的抑制作用.另外还有研究发现,用含有PeBDEs的饲料喂养大鼠13周后可导致大鼠肝脏和尿中的卟啉含量明显升高.2.4 生殖发育毒性已有研究表明,羟基化的PBDEs与雌激素受体和雄激素受体产生拮抗作用,同时还能够与前雌激素、雄性激素和黄体酮等产生拮抗或者竞争作用[36].环境中PBDEs的二级产物,如多溴化二苯对二恶英(polybrominated dibenzop-dioxins,PBDDs)、多溴化二苯并呋喃(polybrominated dibenzofurans,PBDFs)进入生物体后会诱导内分泌系统相关酶的活性,从而影响生物的内分泌系统,因此具有生殖发育毒性.PBDEs同系物对小鼠生殖发育毒性的影响如表2所示.2.5 免疫毒性生物体内的神经系统、内分泌系统和免疫系统机制复杂,系统之间相互影响、相互调节,共同促进生物体的生长发育和生理机能的调节(见图3).PBDEs会造成生物体神经毒性和甲状腺毒性,免疫系统必然会受到一定的影响.POPs会对免疫系统造成损害,可直接杀死淋巴细胞或者影响其增殖分化,其间接作用是影响激素平衡.已有研究发现,PBDEs会影响生物体脾和胸腺的结构,抑制免疫系统.研究者通过对染毒小鼠的实验发现,PBDEs染毒后小鼠体内的羊红细胞反应受到抑制,胸腺重量下降,脾细胞数量也下降.2.6 PBDEs同系物与生物毒性效应PBDEs的同系物较多,其中研究较多的是BDE-47,BDE-71以及BDE-209,因为它们能够较为明显地引起生物体内的毒性效应.PBDEs同系物的毒性效应如图4所示.由图4可以分析具体毒性效应的来源,更深入地探究PBDEs对生物体造成影响的原因.如图4所示,具有甲状腺毒性和神经系统毒性的PBDEs同系物主要为工业五溴联苯醚,其来源有家具、隔音材料和仿木材料.同样,五溴联苯醚也会造成免疫毒性和生殖发育毒性.而十溴联苯醚主要会造成肝脏毒性和生殖发育毒性,其来源有电视机、电脑等电子产品.图4中给出的PBDEs同系物较少,因此需要更多的研究来完善和论证同系物与毒性效应的关系以及来源问题.BFRs在环境中广泛存在,其中PBDEs是应用最广泛的一种化合物.由于五溴联苯醚、八溴联苯醚和十溴联苯醚在工业中的大量应用,使得它们存在于各种环境介质中,因此会对暴露在其中的生物体造成影响.由于具有疏水亲酯性和难降解性,PBDEs能够在生物链中富集,一旦被生物体摄入,便会产生蓄积.本工作主要介绍PBDEs的生物体分布和毒性效应.从鱼类到哺乳类的不同组织和器官中都能够检测到PBDEs.PBDEs造成的毒性危害主要包括甲状腺毒性、神经系统毒性、肝脏毒性、生殖发育毒性和免疫毒性.甲状腺激素所在的内分泌系统、神经系统和免疫系统构成神经免疫内分泌网络.PBDEs由于其化学结构和化学特性导致这3个系统调节出现异常,因而造成相应的毒性.肝脏作为生物体内最大的解毒器官,也是有机污染物的富集器官,大量的PBDEs堆积会造成肝细胞体积增大,使肝脏受损. 总体而言,虽然关于PBDEs在生物体内的分布和毒性效应研究的文献比较齐全,而且涉及面比较广泛,但是仍有以下缺陷:首先,因为目前只能研究PBDEs对某些激素造成的影响, 如PBDEs的摄入会造成小鼠体内甲状腺激素下降,而具体的定量浓度,即PBDEs的浓度与甲状腺激素下降之间的关系无法测得,所以无法详细了解PBDEs的变化对生物体毒性危害的程度;其次,各种毒性之间存在关联作用,如PBDEs会造成内分泌激素下降,同时影响内分泌系统和免疫系统,但是否会对神经系统造成影响却是未知,因此研究者在保持单一毒性影响的同时,也需探讨联合毒性,包括是否有拮抗、协同或者相加作用.【相关文献】[1]ANDERSSON¨O,BLOMKVIST G.Polybrominated aromatic pollutants found in fish from Sweden[J].Chemosphere,1981,10:1051-1060.[2]DE WIT C A.An overview of brominated flame retardants in theenvironment[J].Chemosphere, 2002,46:583-624.[3]ALAEE M,ARIAS P,SjODIN A,et al.An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants,their applications,their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release[J].Environ Int,2003,29:683-689.[4]BIRNBAUM L S,STASKAL D F.Brominated flame retardants:cause for concern[J].Environ Health Perspect,2004,112:9-17.[5]DOMINGO J L.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure:a review of the recent scientific literature[J].Food Chem Toxicol,2012,50:238-249.[6]HALE R C,ALAEE M,STAPLETON H M,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment[J].Environ Int,2003,29:771-779.[7]Sj¨ODIN A,PATTERSON D G,BERGMAN A.A review on human exposure to bromina ted flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers[J].Environment International,2003, 29:829-839.[8]HITES R A.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and people:a meta-analysis of concentrations[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38:945-956. 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[25]SARA P,ULF M.Environmental pollutants and alterations in the reproductive system in wild male mink(Neovison vison)from Sweden[J].Chemosphere,2015,120:237-245.[26]CHEN Y Q,WANG X Y,LI Y,et al.Persistent organic pollutants in matched breast milk and infant faeces samples[J].Chemosphere,2015,118:309-314.[27]张琳,田英,崔昌,等.上海市某医院新生儿脐带血中多溴联苯醚暴露水平及其对新生儿身长影响的相关分析[C]//2011年全国环境卫生学术年会论文集.2011:75-81.[28]FROMME,H,ALBRECHT M,APPEL M,et al.PCBs,PCDD/Fs,and PBDEs in blood samples ofa rural population in South Germany[J].International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,2015,218:41-46.[29]任国发,于志强,孙延枫,等.电子垃圾拆解工人血清中多溴联苯醚代谢产物的识别及其特征[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,16(5):331-336.[30]尹灵灵,王流林,钟玉芳,等.BDE-47的两种代谢产物对HepG2细胞中谷胱甘肽含量和P450酶活性的影响[J].上海大学学报(自然科学版),2010,16(6):587-591.[31]刘早玲,张建清.多溴联苯醚对甲状腺激素干扰毒性的研究进展[J].环境与职业医学,2010,27(2): 107-112.[32]HALLGREN S,SINjARI T,HAKANSSON H,et al.Effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)on thyroid hormone and vitamin A levels in rats and mice[J].Archives of Toxicology,2001,75(4):200-208.[33]李晋,王爱国.多溴联苯醚的神经毒性作用机制研究进展[J].环境与健康,2009,10:937-939.[34]KODAVANTI P S,WARD T R.Differential effects of commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures on intracellular signaling in rat brain in vitro[J].Toxicological Sciences,2005,85:952-962.[35]王兴华.十溴联苯醚对小鼠肝脏组织的氧化应激水平及细胞色素C表达水平影响的研究[D].合肥:安徽医科大学,2012.[36]张璟.两种多溴联苯醚对褶皱臂尾轮虫生殖与发育毒性效应及其作用机制的初步研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.。
保持健康的英语作文初二
保持健康的英语作文初二When it comes to maintaining good health there are several key practices that can be adopted by individuals especially for middle school students who are in a critical phase of their physical and mental development. Here is an essay discussing the importance of health and the steps one can take to ensure a healthy lifestyle.Title Staying Healthy A Guide for Middle School StudentsIntroductionHealth is the most precious treasure in life. For middle school students staying healthy is crucial not only for their physical wellbeing but also for their academic performance and overall quality of life.Body1. Balanced DietA balanced diet is the cornerstone of good health. Students should consume a variety of foods including fruits vegetables whole grains lean proteins and healthy fats. This ensures that they get all the necessary nutrients for growth and development.2. Regular ExerciseEngaging in regular physical activities such as sports running or swimming is essential for maintaining a healthy body weight and improving cardiovascular health. Exercise also helps to reduce stress and improve mental health.3. Adequate SleepGetting enough sleep is vital for middle school students. It helps in the consolidation of memory and learning as well as in the bodys recovery and growth. It is recommended that students aim for 810 hours of sleep per night.4. Hygiene PracticesMaintaining good personal hygiene is important to prevent the spread of diseases. This includes washing hands regularly brushing teeth twice a day and keeping the living environment clean.5. Mental HealthIts important to pay attention to mental health as well. Students should learn to managestress through relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing exercises. They should also seek support from friends family or professionals when needed.6. Avoiding Bad HabitsStaying away from harmful habits like smoking excessive drinking and drug use is crucial. These habits can have longterm detrimental effects on health.7. Regular Health CheckupsRegular medical checkups can help in early detection of any health issues and ensure timely treatment.ConclusionIn conclusion staying healthy is a combination of a balanced diet regular exercise adequate sleep good hygiene mental health care avoiding bad habits and regular health checkups. By following these practices middle school students can ensure a healthy and productive life. It is never too early or too late to start living a healthier lifestyle. Lets all take the initiative to make our lives healthier and happier.。
Bodybuilding Charmness
Title: Bodybuilding Charmness: Sculpting Perfection and ConfidenceBodybuilding is a pursuit that radiates charmness, a journey of self-transformation and aesthetic beauty in the gym. Let's explore the world of bodybuilding.The gym is a temple of dedication. The clanking of weights, the hum of machines, and the determined faces of bodybuilders create an atmosphere of purpose. Mirrors line the walls, reflecting the progress and hard work.As bodybuilders engage in their workouts, their movements are a symphony of precision and intensity. The dumbbell curls are executed with controlled grace, as the biceps bulge with effort. The bench presses are powerful displays of strength, as the chest muscles strain. The squats are deep and demanding, engaging the legs and glutes.The equipment for bodybuilding is diverse and essential. Dumbbells, barbells, and weight machines offer a variety of exercises. Resistance bands and cables add versatility. Protein shakes and supplements support the body's recovery and growth.The feeling of bodybuilding is a mix of satisfaction and confidence. As the muscles grow and the physique transforms, there's a sense of accomplishment. The hard work and discipline pay off in the form of a stronger, more attractive body. It's as if bodybuilders are sculpting a masterpiece, chiseling away at imperfections.Bodybuilding offers numerous benefits. Physically, it builds strength, muscle mass, and endurance. It improves metabolism and overall health. Mentally, it hones discipline and self-control. The pursuit of a fit body requires determination and focus. As the saying goes, "The body achieves what the mind believes." Bodybuilding challenges the mind to push the body to its limits.Socially, bodybuilding can bring people together. Gym communities and bodybuilding competitions create a sense of camaraderie. Shared goals and struggles bond bodybuilders, who support and inspire each other.In conclusion, bodybuilding is a pursuit full of charmness that enriches our lives. It offers physical, mental, and social rewards that are truly valuable. So, pick up those weights, embrace the charmness, and sculpt the body and confidence you desire.。
介绍艾灸的作文英语
介绍艾灸的作文英语Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medical practice, has been utilized for thousands of years to promote health and treat various ailments. This ancient therapy involves the burningof dried mugwort, known as Ai Ye in Chinese, on particular points on the body to stimulate the flow of Qi (energy) and blood.The process of moxibustion is quite fascinating. It can be performed directly on the skin, or more commonly, apractitioner will hold a burning cone of mugwort just abovethe skin, allowing the heat to penetrate without causing burns. This method is known as "indirect moxibustion." Theheat generated is believed to warm the meridians, dispel cold and dampness, and strengthen the body's resistance to disease.One of the key aspects of moxibustion is the selection of points, known as "Ashi points" or "trigger points," which are specific areas on the body that correspond to differentorgans and systems. The practitioner will carefully choose these points based on the individual's health condition andthe desired therapeutic effect.Moxibustion is often used to treat a wide range of conditions, including but not limited to, musculoskeletal problems, digestive disorders, gynecological issues, and respiratory conditions. It is also commonly used to support the immune system and improve overall well-being.Despite its traditional roots, moxibustion has gainedinterest in the modern world due to its holistic approach and lack of side effects compared to many pharmaceutical treatments. Many people find the experience of moxibustion to be relaxing and rejuvenating, making it a popular complementary therapy.In conclusion, moxibustion is a unique and valuable component of traditional Chinese medicine. Its ability to balance and enhance the body's natural healing processes makes it a worthwhile consideration for anyone seeking to improve their health and well-being.。
预防糖尿病英语作文
预防糖尿病英语作文英文回答：Preventing Diabetes.Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how your body turns food into energy. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2.Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which your body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose, or sugar, get from your blood into your cells. Without insulin, your blood sugar levels can get too high.Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. It occurs when your body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't make enough insulin. This can also lead to high blood sugar levels.Diabetes can lead to several health problems, including:Heart disease.Stroke.Kidney disease.Eye damage.Nerve damage.There are several things you can do to help prevent diabetes, including:Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Losing even a small amount of weight can help reduce your risk.Eat a healthy diet. Eating a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help you maintain ahealthy weight and reduce your risk of developing type 2diabetes.Get regular exercise. Exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight and improve your insulin sensitivity.Quit smoking. Smoking increases your risk ofdeveloping type 2 diabetes.Manage your blood pressure. High blood pressure can damage your blood vessels and increase your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Get regular medical checkups. Your doctor can check your blood sugar levels and other risk factors for diabetes.If you have diabetes, there are several things you can do to manage your condition, including:Take medication. There are several medicationsavailable to help lower blood sugar levels.Follow a healthy diet. Eating a healthy diet can helpyou maintain a healthy weight and control your blood sugar levels.Get regular exercise. Exercise can help you lower blood sugar levels and improve your insulin sensitivity.Monitor your blood sugar levels. Monitoring your blood sugar levels can help you make sure that they are within a healthy range.Get regular medical checkups. Your doctor can monitor your diabetes and make sure that you are getting the treatment you need.Preventing diabetes is important for your overall health. By following these tips, you can reduce your risk of developing diabetes and its complications.中文回答：预防糖尿病。
减轻肝脏负担得英文作文
减轻肝脏负担得英文作文Reducing the Burden on the Liver。
The liver is one of the most important organs in our body. It plays a vital role in detoxifying the blood, producing bile, and storing glucose. However, due to our modern lifestyle and diet, the liver is often overworked and can become damaged over time. Therefore, it isessential to take steps to reduce the burden on the liver and keep it healthy.One of the most important things we can do to reduce the burden on the liver is to maintain a healthy diet. This means avoiding processed foods, sugary drinks, and excessive amounts of alcohol. Instead, we should focus on eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. These foods provide the nutrients our liver needs to function properly and help to prevent damage from occurring.Another way to reduce the burden on the liver is to exercise regularly. Exercise helps to improve blood flowand oxygenation throughout the body, including the liver. This can help to improve liver function and reduce the risk of liver damage. Additionally, exercise can help to reduce stress, which is another factor that can contribute toliver damage.In addition to diet and exercise, there are severalother things we can do to reduce the burden on the liver. For example, we can avoid exposure to toxins and pollutants, such as cigarette smoke and chemicals in cleaning products. We can also take steps to manage chronic conditions, suchas diabetes and high blood pressure, which can increase the risk of liver damage.Overall, reducing the burden on the liver is essential for maintaining good health. By eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding toxins and pollutants,we can help to keep our liver functioning properly and prevent damage from occurring. If you are concerned aboutyour liver health, be sure to talk to your doctor for more information and guidance.。
Bodybuilding Beauty
**Bodybuilding Beauty**Bodybuilding, a sport that epitomizes discipline and dedication, is a celebration of the human form.The gym, a haven of iron and sweat, is the arena where bodybuilders sculpt their physiques. Rows of weights, mirrors that reflect determination, and the hum of fitness equipment create an atmosphere of intensity.Bodybuilders are armed with essential gear. Weightlifting gloves protect the hands. Resistance bands add an extra challenge. Protein shakes and supplements fuel the body for growth.As a bodybuilding session unfolds, the actions are a symphony of strength. Lifting weights with precision and control, each rep a step towards perfection. The curl of a bicep is like a coil tightening, a show of power. The press of a barbell over the chest is a display of upper body strength. The squat, with its controlled descent and explosive ascent, is a testament to leg power. The feeling of pushing the body to its limits is a rush of accomplishment.Bodybuilding offers a plethora of benefits. Physically, it builds muscle, increases strength, and improves overall fitness. It's like a chisel shaping a masterpiece. As the saying goes, "A strong body is the foundation of a strong mind." Bodybuilding helps create a body that can endure and perform.Mentally, bodybuilding is a test of willpower and perseverance. It teaches discipline and focus. The journey towards a better physique is a mental battle against laziness and self-doubt. As Nelson Mandela once said, "It always seems impossible until it's done." Bodybuilding shows that with determination, anything is possible.Socially, bodybuilding brings people together. Whether it's sharing tips and advice in the gym or competing in shows, there is a sense of community. Shared goals and a passion for fitness create bonds that last. It's a sport that unites people in their pursuit of beauty and strength.In conclusion, bodybuilding is a beauty of power, fitness, and friendship. So step into the gym, pick up the weights, and embark on a journey of self-transformation. Let the beauty of bodybuilding inspire you to reach for the stars.。
我的养生之道 英语作文
Title:My Path to Nurturing LifeHey there,wellness warriors and holistic health enthusiasts!Today,I want to share with you my insightful journey into the world of health preservation—a way of living that has enriched my understanding of how to nurture the body,mind,and spirit.So find your quiet corner, settle into your favorite meditation pose,and get ready to delve into the timeless practices that harmonize our being with the ebb and flow of life itself.My wellness odyssey began as an endeavor to achieve a more balanced and disease-free life,embracing the principles of moderation, appropriate exercise,and mental serenity.It was about rekindling the flame of vitality within by adopting habits that respect the body's inherent rhythms and needs.One of the most challenging aspects of my health preservation journey was adjusting my modern lifestyle to accommodate the gentle discipline of these practices,such as morning rituals and mindful eating,which sometimes clashed with the pace and convenience of contemporary living.It was a voyage of self-discipline,where every choice became an opportunity to align my daily habits with the wisdom of traditional health maintenance.The journey taught me patience,the importance of consistency,and the profound impact of small,sustainable actions on overall well-being.As I integrated these health-preserving practices into my routine,the benefits unfolded slowly but surely,like the blossoming of a lotus in still waters.I experienced increased energy,improved resistance to illness, and a newfound sense of calm and clarity.The journey was as much about physical optimization as it was about mental and emotional balance and finding peace in the hustle and bustle of modern life.If you're reading this and perhaps inspired to embark on your own health preservation adventure,remember that it's a personal path that requires tuning into your body's unique needs and embracing change with an open heart.Your dedication to healthy habits,the mindfulness in your everyday activities,and the awareness of how these practices enhance the quality of your life–they're all part of the wellness tapestry. Here's to the aspiring holistic health advocates,to the rejuvenating morning rituals and the conscious choice of nourishing foods,and to the ancient and timeless pursuit of health preservation.May we all continue to explore,to nurture,and to thrive in our holistic journey,one breath, one step,one serene moment at a time.。
预防亚健康英语作文
预防亚健康英语作文In the hustle and bustle of modern life, the term "sub-health" has emerged as a prevalent condition, characterized by a state that is neither illness nor optimal health. It is a liminal zone where one experiences fatigue, insomnia, digestive disorders, and a general sense of malaise without clinical symptoms of disease. Preventing sub-health requires a multifaceted approach, encompassing diet, exercise, mental health, and lifestyle adjustments.Dietary Habits。
A balanced diet is the cornerstone of good health. Consuming a variety of foods rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants is essential. It's important to include plenty of fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats in your meals. Hydration also plays a critical role; drinking adequate water throughout the day helps in detoxification and maintaining energy levels.Physical Activity。
食物链新环节-EnvironmentalHealthPerspectives-NIH
大气污染食品安全食物链新环节？海洋塑料污染与海产品安全调查人员正在研究海洋生物吞食塑料垃圾是否会对食用海产品的人群构成有毒物质暴露风险。
©145/Steve Outram/Ocean/Corbis大气污染食品安全近年来，海洋塑料污染已经成为世界各国政府、科学家、非政府组织以及各地民众非常关心的一个环境问题。
2014年12月，五环流研究所（5Gyres Institute）公布了一项耗时6年的研究，估计海洋中总共漂浮着5.25万亿个塑料碎片，总重量达26.9万吨。
与此同时，消费品中的塑料成分因其对人体健康的潜在影响而日益受到公众的密切关注。
聚碳酸酯塑料的成分之一双酚A（Bisphenol A）是一种疑似内分泌干扰物，是人们最为熟悉并关注的化学品之一。
然而双酚A 只是众多单体、增塑剂、阻燃剂、抗菌剂以及其它用于塑料生产的化学物质之一，这些物质均可进入环境。
这两个研究方向交叉形成了一个新兴领域，在很多层面甚至更为复杂且更鲜为人们所了解：研究已进入海洋食物链的塑料对人类暴露情况及其潜在健康影响。
有研究表明塑料物品易于吸附具有生物蓄积性的持久性有毒物质，而这些物质在几乎所有水体中都会微量存在。
塑料被海洋生物吞食后，其自身成分及其吸附的化学物质与金属进入生物体内，逐步蓄积并在食物链中不断上行，最终被人类摄食。
这个课题已经引起了美国环保署（U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA）、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA）以及美国国家科学院（National Academy of Sciences, NAS）的兴趣与资助，也吸引了世界各地的研究人员、非营利组织与机构。
英国普利茅斯大学（Plymouth University）海洋科学与工程学教授Richard Thompson 指出，目前的状况是“问题多于答案”。
身体超重英语作文高中
身体超重英语作文高中英文回答：Obesity, a pandemic sweeping the globe, has ensnared countless individuals in its insidious grasp. It is a multifaceted condition that transcends mere physicality, etching itself into the very fabric of our being—our health, our self-esteem, and our overall well-being.The relentless onslaught of media bombarding us with unrealistic beauty standards has created a societal obsession with thinness, fueling a distorted perception of what constitutes an acceptable body. This relentless pursuit of an unattainable ideal has sown seeds of dissatisfaction and inadequacy in many, leading them down a perilous path towards disordered eating and body dysmorphia.The emotional toll of obesity is often overlooked, yet it can be just as devastating as its physical manifestations. The constant barrage of negative body imagemessages can erode one's self-worth, triggering feelings of shame, guilt, and isolation. It can create a vicious cycle, where low self-esteem further exacerbates unhealthy eating habits and perpetuates the problem.Moreover, obesity poses a significant threat to our physical health. It increases the risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. The excess weight puts a strain on our joints, muscles, and organs, leading to mobility issues, pain, and a diminished quality of life.Addressing the obesity epidemic requires a multifaceted approach. It involves promoting healthy eating habits, encouraging regular physical activity, and challenging the unrealistic body ideals that permeate our culture. We need to create a more inclusive and compassionate society that values health and well-being over appearance.It is imperative that we shed the stigma associated with obesity and approach it with empathy and understanding. Weneed to foster a supportive environment where individuals feel comfortable seeking help and making positive changes in their lives. Only through collective action can we break the chains of obesity and empower people to live healthier, more fulfilling lives.The journey to overcome obesity may be arduous, but it is one worth embarking on. By embracing a holistic approach that nurtures both physical and mental health, we can unlock the potential for transformation. Let us strive to create a world where every individual feels valued and respected, regardless of their size or shape.中文回答：肥胖，一场席卷全球的流行病，已经将无数人纳入了其险恶的魔掌之中。
为了健康经常锻练英语作文
Exercise is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It not only strengthens the body but also boosts the immune system, which is essential for fighting off diseases and illnesses. Heres a brief essay on the importance of regular exercise for health:Title: The Importance of Regular Exercise for HealthIn todays fastpaced world, where technology has taken over many aspects of our lives, it is easy to forget the importance of physical activity. However, engaging in regular exercise is vital for maintaining good health and overall wellbeing.Firstly, exercise improves cardiovascular health. When we exercise, our heart works harder to pump blood throughout the body, which strengthens the heart muscles and improves circulation. This reduces the risk of heart diseases and helps in managing blood pressure.Secondly, regular physical activity aids in weight management. It helps to burn calories and fat, which is essential for preventing obesity and related health issues such as diabetes and high cholesterol levels.Thirdly, exercise is known to boost mental health. It releases endorphins, which are natural mood elevators. This can help in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, contributing to a more positive outlook on life.Fourthly, it enhances the immune system. Regular exercise can help to increase the number of diseasefighting cells in the body, making it easier to ward off infections and illnesses.Fifthly, exercise promotes better sleep. Physical activity can help to regulate sleep patterns, leading to a more restful and rejuvenating nights sleep, which is essential for recovery and overall health.Lastly, it helps in building and maintaining strong bones and muscles. Weightbearing and resistance exercises are particularly beneficial in preventing osteoporosis and maintaining muscle strength as we age.In conclusion, incorporating exercise into our daily routine is not just a choice but a necessity for a healthy life. Whether its walking, running, swimming, or any other form of physical activity, making time for exercise should be a priority. It is a small investment of time that yields significant benefits for our physical and mental health. Lets make acommitment to move more and sit less, and enjoy the journey towards a healthier, happier life.。
【高考专题辅导】高考英语 专题检测卷(三十)任务型阅读
顺抚市成风阳光实验学校任务型阅读(建议用时: 20分钟)1(2021·模拟)Simply increasing physical activity levels alone is unlikely to reduce body weight in young children, and therefore will probably not prevent obesity(肥胖), although it may set the stage for a healthier lifestyle, the results of a study conducted in Scotland suggest.Instead, a combination of increased physical activity and other lifestyle changes like sticking to a healthy diet may be needed to stop the trend of obesity.“Many children are obese, even at preschool age, 〞Dr John J. Reilly from the University of Glasgow and his colleagues note in the British Medical Journal. Considering the general lack of evidence on proper ways to prevent obesity in this age group, Reilly’s team had 545 children from 36 nursery schools in the “Movement and Activity Glasgow Intervention(干预)in Children〞 or MAGIC trial.The trial was specifically designed to see if an increase in activity could reduce body mass index(身体质量指数). Each week for 24 weeks roughly half of the preschoolers, who were an average of 4. 2 years old, participated in three 30-minute active workouts while at nursery school and their parents were encouraged to increase the child’s activity levels at home. The other half of the children, serving as contrasts, followed their usual nursery school schedule.According to the researchers, the physical activity intervention had no significant effect on body mass index of the children.However, compared with contrast children, intervention children show greater gains in body movement skills, which, the researchers say, may increase confidence in physical ability, perhaps increasing the opportunities of future participation in physical activity or sports.In a word, Reilly and his colleagues suggest that “successful interventions to prevent obesity in early childhood may require changes not just at nursery school, and home, but in the wider environment. Changes in other behaviors, including diet, may also be necessary. 〞2(2021·模拟)Could you believe that the ideal person is never the best at anything? Our heads are so full of ambitions about wealth and power that we spin our wheels until we burn ourselves out and are left hopeless and exhausted.There is great pressure to attain the highest level of achievement. By satisfying our vanity(虚荣)we do ourselves more harm than good. The only way to achieve sustainable happiness is to practice the Golden Mean(中庸之道).The idea of the Golden Mean has existed for thousands of years. It is at the centre of both Eastern and Western philosophy and has more influence than the teachings of Aristotle and Confucius. The idea is simple. Every quality has extremes at both ends. The Golden Mean is the natural balance between these extremes. At this harmonious point goodness and beauty are achieved.Socrates used the example of extreme devotion to athletics versus(与……相比)extreme devotion to music to illustrate this idea. The athlete becomes overly aggressive and cruel, while the musician becomes overly soft and womanish. The ideal is someone who practices both athletics and music and acquires a harmonious mixture of both qualities.Consider an example from modern times that I’m sure everyone has observed. The first person is extremely career driven. Each day he focuses on advancing himself. He spends long hours at the office, competes mercilessly with his coworkers, and flatters his superiors. As a result he has almost no personal life. The second person’s only pursuit is leisure. He likes to waste time with his friends watching television and playing video games.Which of these persons is superior? Many people would argue for the hard worker. But at second glance his life is rather cold. His obsession(痴迷)with success has conflicted with his coworkers and left him without a family. He may become rich, but how will he enjoy it? The second man is no better. He has wasted his life in laziness. He has refused to develop himself and exists as a lazybones. Both men are worthy of pity.I think we’d all agree the ideal would be somewhere in between these two people. So how do we find the abstract Golden Mean?It all starts with setting the right goals. Whenever you make a goal you need to do it with the right intention. Don’t set goals with the intention to command other people. Instead, try to start with a goal that is in between total selfishness and total selflessness.The next step to reaching the Golden Mean is knowing your limits. You need to know when one more project is going to stress you out. The idea is to maintain balance at all times.Another step to achieving the Golden Mean is being aware of your personal needs. Sure we need money and success, but having good relationships with friends and family is just as important.I know the Golden Mean is hard to live by, but it is the key to finding your inner confiden ce. Ben Franklin said, “The wise keep learning from the mistakes of others, fools, scarcely from their own. 〞Next time you find yourself willing to do anything to be the best of the best, take a moment to reconsider. You may find it is better to be the best “you〞you can be.答案解析11. 【解析】prevent。
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Elevated Body Burdens of PBDEs, Dioxins,and PCBs on Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis at an Electronic Waste Recycling Site in ChinaJ I A N Q I N G Z H A N G,*,†Y O U S H E N G J I A N G,†J I A N Z H O U,†B I N W U,†Y I N L I A N G,‡Z H A O Q I O N G P E N G,†D A O K U I F A N G,†B I N L I U,†H A I Y A N H U A N G,†C A I H E,†C H U N L E I W A N G,†A ND FE I N A L U†Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention,No.21, 1st road Tianbei,Luohu district,Shenzhen,Guangdong,PR China518020,and Luqiao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,No.101,Donglu qiao road,Luqiao district, Taizhou,Zhejiang Province,PR China318050Received September23,2009.Revised manuscript received March16,2010.Accepted March21,2010.A cross-sectional study of25sample sets(each set consisted of maternal serum and cord whole blood)from50pregnant women in zone A(n)25from exposed group)and zone B(n )25from reference group)was conducted to examine the associationbetweenthyroidhormone(TH)levelsandPBDE,PCDD/ F,and PCB exposures.Thyroid hormones TT3,TT4,and TSH levelsweremeasuredinmaternalserumat16weeksofgestation. The concentrations of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs were determined by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS in cord blood samples.Body burdens of the three contaminants in cord blood in zone A(median:∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs0.041,∑TEQ-PCBs0.022 pg WHO-TEQ/g,∑PBDEs23.4pg/g whole weight,respectively) were significantly higher than those from the reference area (median:∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs0.014,∑TEQ-PCBs0.0041pg WHO-TEQ/g,∑PBDEs16.15pg/g,respectively)(p<0.05).Levelsof TT4and TSH in serum in zone A were significantly lower than those in zone B(p<0.05).A negative correlation was found between TT4levels and body burdens of PCDD/Fs and PCBs. However,there was no significant association of concentration of PBDEs and levels of the three thyroid hormones.Our results suggest that electronic waste(e-waste)recycling contributes to high body burdens of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs and affects thyroid hormone homeostasis in humans.The potential health risk for neonates still needs further investigation.IntroductionPolybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs),and poly-chlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)are persistent halogenated chemicals and are ubiquitous in the environment.These three categories persistent organic pollutants(POPs)are lipophilic and can bioaccumulate in the human food chain and in humans(1).PCDD/Fs and PCBs are known persistent organic pollutants(POPs),and commercial mixtures of pentabromodiphenyl ether(Penta-BDE)and octabromo-diphenyl ether(Octa-BDE)were recently included in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants at the fourth Conference of the Parties in May of2009(2).Although PCDD/F and PCB levels in the environment and in human tissues are decreasing,PBDE levels have increased substantially during the past two to three decades in the United States and Europe(3,4).Disposal and dismantling of electronic waste(e-waste)can release per-sistent organic pollutants including PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs into the environment(5).Concurrent exposure to PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs was found in populations involved in uncontrolled e-waste recycling operations in a small town of southeastern China(6,7).Therefore,hazardous POPs including PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PAHs are released into the environment and might pose a threat to the health of local residents and workers(6-8).PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs can disturb endocrine hormone homeostasis and affect thyroid hormone(THs) equilibrium,as has been observed in rats,seals,andfish (9-11).The effects of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs on thyroid hormone homeostasis have also been studied in humans. However,there are only relatively few reports,and the results are not consistent(12-16).There is a research gap related to thyroid effects of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs coexposure in humans.Prenatal PCB and PBDE exposures were found to be associated with reduced TT4and FT4in neonates(17), and PCBs could affect THs homeostasis in neonates even at low background levels in a Mexican-American population (18).A previous report which found higher neonatal blood-TSH after prenatal exposure to TCDD demonstrated that dioxins had a long-lasting effect on neonatal thyroid function (19).Moreover,decreased total T4(TT4)and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)in plasma were reported in animals exposed to PBDEs and PCBs(10,20).Similarly, gestational and lactational exposure to2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)in rats was found to affect thyroid function(21).The objective of our study is to explore the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and the body burdens of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs in humans living near an e-waste town.Experimental SectionSampling Site Description.An e-waste recycling town in southeast China was chosen for sampling populations that are exposed to elevated levels of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs (zone A).This town has an area of274km2and420000local residents.The reference area(zone B)is located250km away from the e-waste area with a population of530000.The e-waste recycling activities in zone A have been carried out for more than25years.Uncontrolled disposal including open air burning,acid leaching,and physical dismantling has brought environmental POPs pollution that might threaten the health of local residents(8,22).The body burdens from human milk,placenta,and hair of people from the e-waste processing site showed significantly higher levels of PCDD/ Fs than those from a reference site(8).The PCDD/Fs,PCBs, and PBDEs levels in various sample matrices in zone A and comparison with other locations in the world are presented in Table S1.Study Population.In total,50pregnant women were recruited from April2007to December2007.The sampling criteria were that pregnant women had resided in the local*Corresponding author phone:+86075525617553;fax:+86075525531955;e-mail:zhjianqing95@.†Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention.‡Luqiao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine.Environ.Sci.Technol.2010,44,3956–396239569ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY/VOL.44,NO.10,201010.1021/es902883a 2010American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web04/21/2010area for at least5years in both zone A and zone B groups. Twenty-five subjects were interviewed at the obstetric clinic of two central hospitals located in zone A and zone B, respectively,during the same period.Personal questionnaire data including age,inhabitation time in the local area,and medical history were collected(Table S2).The subjects were between19and38years of age and were pregnant for thefirst time with no known complications, infectious disease,cigarette smoking,or alcohol consump-tion.The subjects who had a heredity history of thyroid disease and current or past thyroid disease were excluded.Sample Collection.Collection of blood from the donors was divided into two stages.Serum wasfirst drawn at16 weeks of maternal gestation for determination of T3,T4,and TSH,and in the second stage,30-50g of umbilical cord blood was collected in glass bottles at the time of delivery; these samples were used for the analysis of PBDEs,PCDD/ Fs,and PCBs.Each blood sample was stored at-80°C until shipment on dry ice to the laboratory.A trained nurse carefully assessed structural and functional information of the newborn babies.The Human Ethical Committee of Shenzhen Center for Disease Control&Prevention inspected,reviewed,and approved the study protocol.Each of the participants was provided informed consent document and wrote consent after receiving a detailed explanation of the study and its potential consequences.Laboratory Analysis.Concentrations of thyroid-stimulat-ing hormone(TSH,thyrotropin),total thyroxine(T4),and total triiodothyronine(T3)were measured in the50maternal serum samples by radioimmunoassay methods.TT3,TT4, and TSH commercial kits were purchased from Diagnostic Products Corporation(Los Angeles,California,U.S.A.),and the three hormones were measured according to the protocol provided by the manufacturer.Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variations(CVs)were3.1%and3.5%for T3, 4.2%and4.5%for T4,and5.6%and6.3%for TSH,respectively.The concentrations of six PBDE congeners(BDE-28,-47, -99,-100,-153,-154),seven2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and ten PCDFs,four nonortho PCBs(PCB-77,-81,-126,and-169), eight mono-ortho PCBs(PCB-105,-114,-118,-123,-156,-157, -167,-189)(combined together as dioxin-like PCBs),and six indicator PCBs(PCB-28,-52,-101,-138,-153,and-180)were determined in cord whole blood samples using isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS(high-resolution mass spectrometry, MAT95XL,Thermo Finnigan,Bremen,Germany)for iden-tification and quantification.Detailed description of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs determination,quality assurance and quality control are described in the Supporting Information(SI)and elsewhere in other literature(23,24).PCDD/F,PCB,and PBDE concentrations were reported as pg/g whole weight.Toxic equivalents(TEQs)were calculated using the toxicity equivalence factors(TEFs) recommended by the WHO(25)assuming that the nonde-tected values were equal to their limits of detection.Statistical Analysis.All statistical analysis was performed with SAS9.1(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC).Normality test (Shapiro-wilk test)was executed for all continuous variables. Those data that showed non-normal distribution were log transformed,after which the data can be approximated as normal distributed.The differences in pollutant level,thyroid hormones,maternal age,and birth weight of neonates from zone A and zone B were assessed by the Student t-test,and categorical variable(baby gender)was assessed by the chi-square test.For those parameters that did not show normal distribution even after transformation such as birth length and Apgar score,Wilcoxon nonparametric test was used for statistical analysis.A multiple linear regression model was used to explorethe relationship between factors(ΣTEQ-PCDD/Fs,ΣTEQ-PCB,ΣPBDE,maternal age)and thyroid hormone levels.Assome factors were highly correlated,principal componentanalysis(PCA)wasfirst carried out on transformed data,andthen multiple regression was performed to elucidate therelationship between the principal component(PC,pollut-ants)and thyroid hormone levels.The level of significancewas set at p<0.05(two tailed).Results and DiscussionCharacteristics of the Participants.The characteristics ofthe50mothers from zone A and zone B are described inTable S2.The results showed that there was no significant differencebetween the two groups in terms of characteristics of themothers and birth outcome of the neonates(see the SI).Body Burdens of Dioxins,PCBs,and PBDEs and theLevels of Thyroid Hormone in Mothers.Levels of∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs,∑TEQ-PCBs,and∑PBDEs and thyroid hormonelevels for zone A and zone B are presented in Table1.Thelevels of∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs,∑TEQ-PCBs(DL-PCBs),and∑PB-DEs in whole blood in zone A were statistically higher thanthose in zone B(p<0.05).The median value of∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs and∑TEQ-PCBs(DL-PCBs)in zone A(∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs:median:0.041pg WHO-TEQ/g;∑TEQ-PCBs:median:0.022pg WHO-TEQ/g)was nearly3-and5-fold higher than thosein zone B(∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs:median:0.014pg WHO-TEQ/g;∑TEQ-PCBs:median:0.0041pg WHO-TEQ/g)(p<0.01). Additionally,median concentration of∑TEQ-nonortho-PCBswas0.013and0.0025for zone A and zone B,and the medianconcentration of∑TEQ-mono-ortho-PCBs was0.0093and0.0016pg WHO-TEQ/g for zone A and zone B(p<0.0001),respectively.Moreover,median concentration of∑indicator-PCBs was171.42(range43.22-1167.01)pg/g and131.59(range3.81-321.76)pg/g in zone A and zone B(p<0.05),respectively.The results showed that there were higher bodyburdens of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in zone A,which wasconsistent with previous results reported by Chan(8)onbody loading of PCDD/Fs in placenta and hair,but differentfrom Bi’s(6)report on PCBs in serum,which showed nodifference between electronics dismantling workers at ane-waste site andfishing industry inhabitants50km away.In total,concentrations of tri-through hepta-BDE congenersranged from7.7to201.3pg/g whole blood(median:23.43pg/g)and1.58to134.3pg/g whole blood(median:16.15pg/g)inzone A and zone B,respectively.The∑PBDE concentrations inzone A was significantly higher than that in zone B(p)0.01).These results were consistent with previous studies on elec-tronics dismantling workers in China and Sweden(6,26)andwith a recent study with regards to significantly higher PBDElevels in umbilical cord blood samples from another e-wasterecycling area of China(27).These reports together with theresults of our study demonstrated that there were elevatedexposures of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs in residents at theelectronic waste recycling site.Levels of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,or PBDEs in human blood havebeen analyzed in numerous studies.Serum is the mostfrequently analyzed blood component(28),whereas onlylimited reports on PCDD/Fs,PCBs,or PBDEs concentrationshave been reported in whole blood(24,29).It is usually verydifficult to analyze and normalize the lipid content in wholeblood because the lipid content in umbilical cord blood canbe considerably lower,and the absolute level in umbilicalcord blood can be as low as20%of the maternal blood lipidabsolute concentration and thus might lead to a large errorwhen presenting concentrations on a lipid basis(30,31).Nosystematic studies have been conducted showing the affinityof the different congeners of the three persistent organicpollutants to certain components such as lipid,serum,or VOL.44,NO.10,2010/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY93957plasma in blood matrices (28);however,a previous study showed good correlations of total toxic equivalents (PCDD/Fs and PCBs)between blood and adipose tissue,breast milk,and cord blood in human (32).Thus,the concentrations of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs in cord whole blood are expected to be representative for predicting human body burden in our present study.Table 1also shows that the concentrations of TT4and TSH in serum were significantly higher in zone A than those in zone B (p )0.015),whereas the TT3levels were not statistically significant (p )0.65).Congener Profiles of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs.Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs were also analyzed (Figures 1-4).The homologue profiles showed similarity between the two groups.For PCDD/Fs,PCDD wasthe predominant group and represented 59and 60%of ∑PCDD/Fs in zone A and zone B,respectively.On average,the dominant PCDD congeners was octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD)(zone A:40%,zone B:48%),followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (zone A:7.3%,zone B:7.6%),1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (zone A:5.2%,zone B:1.8%),while the dominant PCDF congeners was OCDF (zone A:4.5%,zone B:11%),followed by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (zone A:9.3%,zone B:10%)(Figure 1).These profiles of PCDD/Fs found were similar to those in surface soil in an e-waste recycling site and the agriculture soil near an e-waste recycling site from Taizhou,China (7).PCB-118was the predominant congener among the DL-PCBs,accounting for 60%and 53%of the PCBs measured,and PCB-105was the next most abundant congener at 17%TABLE 1.Concentration of PCDD/Fs,PCBs,and PBDEs in Cord Whole Blood and Thyroid Hormone Level in Vein Serum of Maternal for zone A and zone B azone A (n )25)zone B (n )25)compounds and hormonesmedianminimum maximum95%CImedianminimum maximum95%CIp -valueTEQ-PCDD/Fs b ,l 0.0410.00170.1720.0017-0.150.0140.00120.0490.0012-0.0490.0028TEQ-PCDDs c ,l 0.0150.00110.110.0011-0.110.00700.000830.0170.00084-0.170.052TEQ-PCDFs d ,l0.0180.000620.0620.00062-0.0620.00710.000320.0330.00032-0.0330.0054ΣTEQ-PCBs e ,l0.0220.00340.0550.0034-0.0410.00410.000830.0200.00083-0.020<0.0001TEQ-nonortho PCBs f ,l0.0130.00210.0320.0024-0.0290.00250.00050.0180.00062-0.017<0.0001TEQ-mono-ortho PCBs g ,l 0.00930.00130.0230.0019-0.0190.00160.000330.00200.00054-0.0020<0.0001indicator PCBs Con.h ,l 171.4243.221167.0143.22-1167.01131.59 3.81321.76 3.81-321.760.044ΣPBDEs i ,l23.437.74201.37.74-201.3016.15 1.58134.3 1.58-134.300.01thyroid hormones TT3(nmol/L)j 1.240.39 2.290.39-2.29 1.620.40 2.580.40-2.580.65TT4(nmol/L)j112.4762.90172.1062.90-172.10138.9680.48208.7480.48-208.740.015TSH (nmol/L)k 1.150.49811.790.50-11.79 2.650.27711.800.28-11.800.015aStudent t -test was used for difference significance statistical analysis for all variables.(The detailed description refers to “Data Statistical Analysis”part.)b Includes seven 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and ten PCDFs.c Includes seven 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs,named 2,3,7,8-TCDD,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD,1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD,1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD,and OCDD.d Includes ten PCDFs,named 2,3,7,8-TCDF,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF,2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF,1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF,1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF,2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF,1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF,1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF,and OCDF.e Refers to DL-PCB congeners:includes four non-ortho PCBs and eight mono-ortho PCBs with dioxin-like activity.fIncludes four non-ortho PCBs s PCB-77,PCB-81,PCB-126,and PCB-169.g Includes eight mono-ortho PCBs s PCB-105,PCB-114,PCB-118,PCB-123,PCB-156,PCB-157,PCB-167,and PCB-189.h Includes six indicator PCBs s PCB-28,PCB-52,PCB-101,PCB-138,PCB-153,and PCB-180.i Includes six PBDE congeners s BDE-28,BDE-47,BDE-99,BDE-100,BDE-153,and BDE-154.j Expressed in mean value for TT3and TT4.k Expressed in median value for TSH.l Units arepg/g.FIGURE 1.Congener profiles of PCDD/Fs compounds in cord whole blood.39589ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY /VOL.44,NO.10,2010and 19%in samples from zone A and zone B,respectively (Figure 2).2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD,and PCB-126were the major contributors to ∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs and ∑TEQ-PCBs both in zone A (61%,64%)and zone B (45%,57%),respectively.No obvious congener difference was found in mass contribution and TEQ profiles of PCDD/Fs and PCBs for samples from zone A and zone B.Indicator PCBs contributed a large proportion to the total concentration both in zone A and zone B,accounting for 68and 89%of the concentration of the total-PCBs,respectively.PCB-28contributed to 21%of the total PCBs followed by PCB-138(21%)and PCB-153(14%)in zone A,whereas inzone B PCB-28made up 52%followed by PCB-52(11%)and PCB-101(10%)(Figure 3).The difference of PCB congener profile and proportion in the two groups may be attributed to different environmental contaminations and dietary exposure sources of the two zones.High contamination of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs in soil,biota,and plants in the e-waste recycling site (zone A)has previously been found (5).It is well-known that PCDD/Fs and PCBs exposure occurs in adults mainly through the diet (33),but the reasons and remarks for the congener profile differences need furtherinvestigation.FIGURE 2.Congener profiles of DL-PCBs compounds in cord whole blood (y -axis inlog-scale).FIGURE 3.Congener profiles of indicator-PCBs compounds in cord whole blood (y -axis inlog-scale).FIGURE 4.Congener profiles of PBDEs compounds in cord blood (y -axis in log-scale).VOL.44,NO.10,2010/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY93959Among the BDE congeners analyzed,BDE-47was found to be the predominant congener,accounting for30%and 40%in cord blood from zone A and zone B,respectively, followed by BDE-153(24%)and BDE-99(15%)in zone A and BDE-99(18%)and BDE-154(14%)in zone B(Figure4).The PBDE congener profile in this study was similar to other studies on human blood(29,30,34),human milk(35),and biota(36).Several recent studies also showed that umbilical cord blood contains a larger percentage of BDE-47(30,31). Covaci et al.showed that BDE-153and BDE-47were the predominant congeners detected in human liver and adipose tissue(37).However the PBDE congener composition in this study was different from other reports of electronics dis-mantling workers and rubber workers,in which octa-to deca-BDEs and BDE-183were reported to be the dominant congeners(6,26).Therefore,the PBDE congener profile in our study may partly be explained by biodegradation of highly brominated diphenyl ethers and possible exposure pathways. For PBDEs,diet,dust,and outdoor and indoor air contribute to human exposure(33).In addition,highly brominated congeners were not detected in our study especially BDE-183and BDE-209,which limited the result explanation.The Association between Body Burdens of Dioxins,PCBs, and PBDEs and the Levels of Thyroid Hormone.The association between the three categories of pollutants and the three thyroid hormones were further examined.We found an inverse trend between the three POPs and TT4(Figure S1).However,there were no statistically significant correla-tions between∑TEQ-PCDD/Fs,∑PBDE,and TT4,whereas a significant negative correlation was found between∑TEQ-PCB and TT4(p)0.0091).No correlation was observed between the three pollutants and the hormones TT3and TSH.The correlation of the variables including PCDD/Fs,PCBs, PBDEs,and maternal age were examined prior to multiple regressions in order to avoid misleading results due to multicolinearity of variables.The levels ofΣTEQ-PCDD/Fs were found to be positively correlated withΣTEQ-PCBs (Pearson correlation:r)0.71,p<0.0001).ΣTEQ-PCDD/Fs andΣTEQ-PCBs were also significantly positively associated with age(r)0.39,p)0.034and r)0.46,p)0.01, respectively).Therefore,a principal component analysis (PCA)was performedfirst.Thefirst two components explained79.0%of the total variance(Table S3);variables of PCDD/Fs and PCBs have the highest load on PC1(all positive), and PBDE had the highest load on PC2.Multiple regression of thefirst two components with thyroid hormone levels showed PC1(PCDD/Fs,PCBs)was negatively correlated with TT4(p)0.0052)but not with TT3 and TSH(Table S4).However,no association was found between PC2(mainly PBDEs)and the hormone levels of TT3, TT4,and TSH in this study(p>0.05).In the past two to three decades,only a few papers have been published on the effects of one or two of the three POPs on thyroid hormones in humans,but,to our knowledge,no reports have been published on the concomitant effect of these three ubiquitous POPs on thyroid hormones.Herb-stman and Wang reported similar results to ours:that prenatal PCB exposure was associated with reduced TT4levels in neonates(17)and the PCDD/Fs level was negatively associ-ated with TT4(38).Our results were also consistent with Turyk’s report,in which T4decreased with exposure to TEQ of PCDD/Fs and PCBs at a dose-dependent trend in the general U.S.population(12).For TSH,however,previous reports have been inconsistent.Several reports found no association between the sum of PCB congeners or their toxic equivalents and TSH level(18,39),but Wang et al.found a negative association of PCDDs and dioxin-like PCBs with TSH and a positive correlation of PCDFs with total T3(38).Further investigation on the associations between T3,TSH, and the three POPs is therefore warranted.Contradictory results have also been reported on PBDEs and TT4.For example,PBDE exposure was associated with increased T4in adult males at levels comparable with those of the general U.S.population(16).However,a negative correlation between PBDEs and TT4levels was also found recently(17),where no apparent correlations were found between serum PBDEs and T3and T4levels in12pairs of maternal and cord blood(34).Significant negative association between TSH and PBDEs and BDE-47and positive association between TT3and BDE-47have also been reported(14,40). Our results showedΣPBDEs levels were not associated with any of the three hormones,which might be due to the relatively small sample size,affinity of PBDE to certain components in the blood matrices,and that the level of the lipid content in cord whole blood(30)is below the method detection limit request.Thus,the correlation was more consistent and stronger between TT4and PCDD/Fs and PCBs and suggests that the effects of these two POPs on TT4may be more pronounced.In this study,maternal age was positively associated with PCDD/Fs and PCBs body burden,which was consistent with previousfindings(18,37,38).On the other hand,PBDE body burdens did not increase with increased maternal age,which was also consistent with several recent studies(35,37). Similarly,lack of correlation betweenΣPBDE concentrations and age was recently found in another e-waste recycling site in China(6).This may be attributed to recent exposure and complex exposure pathways of POPs and the narrow age range(age19-38)and small sample size of our study.Potential Health Risk for Fetus.Exposure to PBDEs, PCDD/Fs,and PCBs can disrupt thyroid hormones(THs) equilibrium in humans.However,direct evidence of as-sociation between thyroid hormone levels and coexposure to PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs in human remains limited.High body burden of PBDEs,PCDD/Fs,and PCBs in the cord blood of the pregnant mothers may arise from high exposure in fetus and infant via transplacental and lactational pathways(38,41).A study conducted in another e-waste recycling area in China found that PBDE levels significantly differed in neonates by normal birth and adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth,low birth weight,and prema-ture delivery(27).However,a difference could not be found in length,gestational age,delivery mode,and sex of the neonates between the e-waste recycling area and the control area(27).In our study,we did notfind the difference in neonates’weight,length,and sex.Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development,thus T4deficiencies can cause mental developmental delay in humans(42).There are some limitations of this study.First,the sample size is small and thus might not provide sufficient statistical power to detect potentially subtle effects from low PBDEs levels.Second,whole blood was used for predicting human body burden in this study,which might restrict comparison with other studies presenting lipid adjusted levels.Third, measurement of the three POPs body burden in the cord blood at birth and the hormones during pregnancy may cause bias.Other research found that PCB levels change signifi-cantly during pregnancy(43)and also that the transfer of different POP congeners(PCBs and PBDEs)from mother to fetus can vary(44).However,this is thefirst study on human body burden of the three POPs in an e-waste recycling site, and we found a negative correlation between TT4levels and body burdens of PCDD/Fs and PCBs.The potential health risk for neonates still needs to be investigated and evaluated in detail.39609ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY/VOL.44,NO.10,2010AcknowledgmentsWe thank the participants who donated vein blood and cord blood samples.We also would like to acknowledge the staff that provided their invaluable help during the sampling.This research is supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China,Science and Technology Bureau of Guangdong and Shenzhen,China.Supporting Information AvailableTables S1-S4and Figure S1.This material is available free of charge via the Internet at . 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