6 The Romantic Period

合集下载

英国文学浪漫主义时期

Disparity was growing between the rich and the poor;
Ideologically
The principle of Ration was giving way to an individualized, free, liberal, imaginative attitude towards life;
Exoticism: Along with Nationalism, the Romantics even developed the love of the exotic. Hence, in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period, the far off and mysterious locations were depicted. Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism, they never clashed with each other. The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations, the people did not know about the folklore of their places before, and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places. Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art, along with sentimentality and spirituality.

The Romantic period Wordsworth,_Shelley_

Wordsworth and Coleridge's <Lyrical Ballads>
William Wordsworth
1770---1850
Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Life
William Wordsworth was born in a lawyer’s family . His mother died when he was eight. His father followed her six years later. The orphan was brought up by relatives, who sent him to school at Hawkshead in the beautiful lake district in Northwestern England. Here, the unroofed school of nature attracted him more than the classroom, and he learned more eagerly from flowers and hills and stars than from his books. So the child early cherished a love of nature, which he later expressed in his poetry.
1st Stanza:

on high: in the sky. vales: valleys. all at once: suddenly; emphasizing a surprising pleasure. beneath: under. flutter: move in a quick way. breeze: light wind.

自考-《英美文学选读》作家和作品

A Tale of a Tub 桶的故事
The Battle of the books 书籍的战争
The Drapier’s Letter 德拉皮尔的信
Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议
5. Henry Fielding
The great poems: Paradise Lost (1665)
Paradise Regained (1666)
Samson Agonistes (1671) 力士参孙
The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义 8个
1. John bunyan:
Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的结合
The Book of Urizen 尤来森之书
The Book of Los 洛斯之书
The four Zoas四个左义斯
Milon弥尔顿
Tiger
2. Willian Wordsworth(Lake Poets)
The Victorian Period 6
1. Charles Dickens
Sketches by Boz 勃兹速写
Life in Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
Nicholas Nickleby 尼克拉丝尼克尔比
The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传
The History of Amelia阿米利亚
6．Samuel Johnson
Poems: London , The Vanity of human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻

英语专八人文知识考试总结

英语专八人文知识考试总结1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。

英国文学主要分为六个时期：1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。

2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。

3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。

4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。

5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。

6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。

美国文学主要分为四个时期：1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。

2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。

3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。

4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。

语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。

关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

英国文学各时期作家整理

英国文学（一）The Old&Middle Ages 中古时期449-1066 1066-13501、Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（二）The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期14th-mid 17th✧散文Essay1、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根✧诗歌Poetry1、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特2、Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德·斯宾塞3、John Lyly 约翰·李利/黎里✧戏剧drama1、Christoper Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛2、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚（三）The Period of Revolution and Restoration资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期17C1、John Donne 约翰·多恩2、John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿3、John Bunyan 约翰·班杨4、John Dryden 约翰·德莱顿（四）The Age of Enlightenment/Reason 启蒙运动时期18C 1688-17981、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特3、Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁4、Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德·谢里丹5、Joseph Addison 约瑟夫·爱迪生6、Richard Steele 理查德·斯蒂尔（五）The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1798-1832✧诗歌Poetry1、William Blake 威廉·布莱克2、Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯3、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯✧小说Novel1、Jane Austin 简·奥斯汀2、Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特（六）The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1832-19021、Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯2、William Makepeace Thackeray 威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷3、George Eliot 乔治·艾略特4、The Bronte Sisters 勃朗特三姐妹5、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生6、Robert Browning 罗伯特·勃朗宁7、Elizabeth Barrett Browning 伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁8、Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德（七）The 20th Century 二十世纪1、Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代2、John Galsworthy 约翰・高尔斯华绥3、Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德4、wrence 大卫·赫伯特·劳伦斯5、Virginia Wolf 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫6、Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德7、James Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯8、George Bernard Shaw 乔治·萧伯纳9、E.M.Forster 爱德华·摩根·福斯特10、William Golding 威廉·戈尔丁。

英国文学各个时期介绍

二、文艺复兴时期文学作品
? 托马斯·莫尔《乌托邦》（Utopia）
? 开空想现实主义小说之先河 ? 埃德蒙·斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》 ? 塑造一个能实现12种美德的完美绅士。宣
扬人文主义思想，创造“斯宾塞诗体”。
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon
? 《论说文集》（Essays） ? 58篇 ? 现代科学之父 ? 《Of Study （论读书）》 ? STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for
二、文艺复兴时期文学背景
? 中世纪结束后遍及欧洲许多国家的文化和思想运动。以复兴希腊罗马古典文化为契机，推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想，具有强烈反封建反教会倾向。核心是人文主义 humanism
? 普遍认为文艺复兴发端于14世纪的意大利，15世纪后期起，扩展到西欧各国，16世纪达到鼎盛。
一、中世纪文学作品
? 英国文学最初同其他国家一样，是口头的。
? 《贝奥武甫》（Boewulf），是英国8世纪的一部英雄史诗，该诗长达千余行，用古典语写成。
? 公元10世纪，浪漫传奇 ? 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 ? Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ? 以亚瑟王和圆桌骑士为题材
英国文学
? 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ? Old and Medieval English Literature ? 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ? The Renaissance Period ? 三、17世纪文学 ? 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） ? The Enlightenment Period ? 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ? The Romantic Period ? 六、现实主义时期文学（19世纪30年代-1918） ? 七、现代主义文学时期（1918-1945） ? 八、当代文学（1945— ）

浪漫主义时期(第九章~第十章)

九、The Romantic Period△【浪漫主义时期Romanticism，It’s a worldwide movement about art and literature,especially in Europe.It is a golden age of poetry.】浪漫主义是诗歌的黄金时代，英国的浪漫主义只要是诗歌而非小说。

【Key word:emotion,feeling】The Romantic Movement was international in the19th century.It happened differently in different countries.1.In France it occurred after the Napoleonic wars拿破仑战争were over,with such notable figures as Hugo,雨果Lamartine拉马丁,and George Sand乔治·桑on the scene.In Germany there were Geothe歌德and Schiller席勒,In Russia Pushkin普希金and Lemontov.莱蒙托夫American Romanticism came some30years later than its European counterpart.Irving欧文Cooper库珀（小说家）Poe艾伦·波Hawthorne霍桑,Melville梅尔维尔,Emerson艾默生（大白鲸）Thoreau梭罗（瓦尔登湖）Whitman惠特曼,and Dickinson狄更生were among the most familiar American Romantic writers.“All men are created equal.”人生而平等。

英美文学选读(英国)浪漫主义时期笔记

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.2.Social background:a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one.b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market.3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules.Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development.Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads.4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.Some Romantic writers reflected the thinking of those classes which had been ruined by the bourgeoisie called Passive Romantic poets represented by Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey.Others expressed the aspiration of the labouring classes called Active or Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by Byron and Shelley and Keats.5. Lake Poets:Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England6. Byronic Hero a proud, mysterious rebelling figure of noble origin rights all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and is against any kind of tyrannical rules; It appeared first in Childe H arold’s Pilgrimage and then further developed in later works as the Oriental Tales, Manfred and Don Juan; the figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.7. Main Writers:A. William Blake(1757-1827):1. Literarily, Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a comtempt for the rule of reason, opposing the calssical tradition of the 18th century,and treasuring the individual’s imagination.2. His first printed work, Poetic Skelches, is a collection of youthful verse. Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes.3. The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper,”orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. Blake experimented in meter and rhyme and introduced bold metrical innovations which could not be found in the poetry of his contemporaries.4. The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a malancholy tone. The little chinmney sweeper sings “notes of woe” while his parents go to the church and praise “God & his Priest & King”—the very intrument of their repression. A number of poems in the Songs of Experience also find a counterpart in the Songs of Experience. The 2 books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.5. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and the Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the 2 books a strong social and historical reference. The two “Chimney Sweeper”poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic ciecumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect “illusionary happiness;”the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.6. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. The poem plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy. Blake explores the relationship of the contrries. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence. The “Marriage”means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.Main works: Poetical SketchesSongs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poemsHoly Thursday reminds us terribly of a world of loss and institutional cruelty.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.Marriage of Heaven and HellThe book of UrizenThe Book of LosThe Four ZoasMilton7. Language Character: he writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.B. William Wordsworth(1770-1850) In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.Lyrical Ballads:But the Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.Short poems:According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be calssified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.Wordsworth is regarde as a “worshipper of nature.”He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is perhaps the most anthologized poem in english literature, and one that takes us to the core of Wordsworth’s poetic beliefs. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.”Wordswoth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. “The Solitary Reaper” and “To a Highland Girl” use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty. In its daring use of subject matter and sense of the authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence ” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past. To him, life is a cyclical journey. Its beginning finally turns out to be its end. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude.Wordsworth deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profoud poetry which no othr poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.Main Works:Descriptive Sketches, and Evening WalkLyrical Ballads.The PreludePoems in Two VolumesOde: Intimations of ImmortalityResolution and Independence.The ExcursionPoets: The Sparrow’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud( is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.), An Evening Walk, My Heart Leaps up, Tintern AbbeyThe ThornThe sailor’s motherMichael,The Affliction of MargaretThe Old Cumberland BeggarLucy PoemsThe Idiot BoyMan, the heart of man, and human life.The Solitary ReaperTo a Highland GirlThe Ruined CottageThe PreludeLanguage character: he can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. And he thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period. His is a voice of searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to natureC. Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas, so he held a lifelong aversion to crulty, injusticce, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemming war, tyranny and exploitation. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind. Even after a revolution, that is after the restoration of human morality and creativity, the evil deep in man’s heart might again be loosed. So he predicated that only through gradual and suitable reforms of the existing institutions couls benevolence be universally established and none of the evils would survive in this “genuin society,”where people could live together happily, freely and peacefully.Shelley expressed his love of freedom and his hatredtoward tyranny in several of his lyrics. One of the greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.” It is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to risse up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Comuunist Party.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new spring, becoms an image of Shelley himself, as he would want to be, in its freedom, its destructive-constructive potential, its universality. The whole poem had a logic of feeling,a not easily analyzable progression that leads to the triumphant, hopeful and convincing conclusion: if winter comes, can spring be far behind?Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound. The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”Main works:The Necessity of Atheism, Queen Mab: a Philosophical Poem, Alastor, or The Spirit of SolitudePoem: Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, Mont BlancJulian and Maddalo, The Revolt of Islam, the Cenci, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Hellas,Prose: Defence of PoetryLyrics:genuine society,“Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”, The Cloud, To a Shylark, Ode to the West WindPolitical lyrics: Men of EnglandElegy: Adonais is a elegy for John Keats’s early deathTerza rimaPersonal Characters: he grew up with violent revolutionary ideas under the influence of the free thinkers like Hume and Godwin, so he held a life long aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion andthe formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation. He expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics such as “Ode to Liberty”,“Old to Naples”“Sonnet: England in 1819”Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, and intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech which describe vividly what we see and feel. Or express what passionately moves us.D: Jane Austen(1755-1817): born in a country clergyman’s family:Main Works:Novel: Sense and SensibilityPride and Prejudice(the most popular)Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionThe WatsonsFragment of a NovelPlan of a NovelPersonal Characters: she holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear—sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.Her Works’ Characters: his works’s concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. It is her c onviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. Her thought is that if one wants to know about a man’s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wan ts to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home. Austen shows a human being not at moments of crisis, but in the most trivial incidents of everyday life. She write within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th century England. Concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.Her novels’ structure is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the hig hest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. Her works’ at one delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous details, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.G: Questions and answers:1. what are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.a. in poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.b. the romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration.c. they regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject.d. romantics also tend to be nationalistic.2.Make a contrast between the two generations of Romantic poets during the Romantic AgeThe poetic ideals announced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.3.what are Austen’s writing features?Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Aust en’s work has a very narrow literary field. Her novels showa wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire.4. what is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?a. Historically, it was provoked by the French Revolution and the English Industrial Revolution.b. Culturally, the publication of French philosopher Rousseau’s two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England;c. England experienced profound economic and social changes: the enclosure movement and the agricultural mechanization; the capitalist class grasped the political power and came to dominate the English society.H. topic discussion:1. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley’s poems.A. Percy Bysshe Shelly is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.B. His poems are full of classical and mythological allusions.C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speechD. He describes vividly what we see and feel, or expresses what passionately moves us.2. What does Wordsworth mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility”?This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth’s poetry c reation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth appealed directly on individual sensations, as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.3. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significance of her works?Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century through she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion, and moral principles. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Austen defined her stories within a very narrow sphere.。

美国文学期末复习笔记 (1)

美国文学笔记III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）American Transcendentalism(美国超验主义）（1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）(2). importance of individualism(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)1. Three Giants in Realistic PeriodWilliam Dean Howells –―Dean of American Realism‖Henry JamesMark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells –middle classJames –upper classTwain –lower classTechnique:Howells –smiling/genteel realismJames –psychological realismTwain –local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain (1835-1910):1. Summary:American writer, short story writer/Humorist2. Major works:The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》: All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece ―The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.‖——Ernest Hemingway3. Style:(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects(2). local colour(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical(4). humour(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)4. ContributionOne of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.Henry James (1843-1916)1. Summary:An American and British novelist, literary criticFounder of psychological realismFirst of the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication2. Major works:Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》3. His Point of view(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness(2).Psychological realism(3). Highly-refined language4. Style –“stylist”(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate(2).V ocabulary: large(3). Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Background:(1). Dar win’s theory: ―natural selection‖(2).Spenser’s idea: ―social Darwinism‖(3). French Naturalism: Zora2. Features(1). environment and heredity(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societySt ephen Crane (1881-1900)1. Summary:Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)（美国现代主义）F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. Summary:Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayistthe representative of the 1920sthe spokesman for the Jazz Ageone of the“lost generation”writers2. Major WorksThis Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrative point of view – Nick CarrawayTheme: The decline of the American Dream3. His Point of view(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called ―American Dream‖ is false innature.(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on theemotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.William Faulkner (1897-1962)1. Sumary:An American novelist and poetInitiator of American Southern RenaissanceOne of the most influential modern novelists of 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature in 19492. Major Works:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.3. Major Themes of his Works(1). history and race(2). Deterioration(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal4. Faulkner's narrative technique(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment thechronological time.(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior monologue（内心独白）：(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusionsErnest Hemingway (1899—1961)1. Summary:Novelist and short-story writerOne of the great American writers of the 20th centuryThe Spokesman of the ―Lost Generation‖Nobel Prize winner for literature in 19542. Major worksThe Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》3. Major Themes(1).The ―Nada‖(虚无) Concept(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）―Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.‖------The Old Man and the Sea(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.b.―Grace under pressure is their motto.c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.4. Artistic features(1) .The iceberg（冰山）techniqueThe dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(2). Language stylea. simple and naturalb.direct, clear and freshc. lean and economicald.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental wordse. simple sentencesf. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied thingsg.SymbolismEzra Pound (1885—1972)1. Summary:A leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement‖(意象主义运动）One of the most influential American poets and critic2. Major works:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》Cantos /《诗章》3. Imagism (1909-1917)(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japaneseliterature ―haiku‖(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expressthe these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3): Manifesto of Imagism:•Direct treatment•Economy of expression•New rhythmIn a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》: a quintessential（典型的）imagist textRobert Frost（1847-1963）1. Summary:the most popular American poetWon Pulitzer Prize four timesReceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universitiesRead ― The Gift Outright‖ at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 19612. Famous Poems:F ire and Ice《火与冰》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》Mending Wall《补墙》After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》3. Frost’s writing featureHis combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)1. Summary:America's greatest playwrightWon the Pulitzer Prize four timesWon Nobel Prize in 1936Founder of the American drama2. Major WorksBeyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》The Emperor Jones(1920) 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》Desire under the Elms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》美国文学笔记整理完整版18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism埃德加·爱伦·坡侦探小说之父Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism精神批Edgar Allan Poe 评，首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头1809-1849 Novelist小说家, poet, critic批评家good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fictionPoetryThe Raven《乌鸦》To Helen《献给海伦》Short storiesHorror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Black Cat《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;American essayist,lecturer, poetThe Founder of Transcendentalism1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verseRalph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism个人主义.纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 虚构Nathaniel Hawthorne 象征主义大师American novelist and short story writer1804-1864 The Scarlet Letter红字Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1). Evil is at the core of human life 邪恶是人类生活的中心(2).whenever there is sin 罪恶, there is punishment 惩罚. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation 代代相传(3). Evil educates. 邪恶的教育(4). He has disgust in science科学. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters聪明的特征are villains反派角色, dreadful可怕的and cold-blooded冷血的赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Main characters: Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator 叙述者Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist 主要人物Moby DickTypee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the1819-1892 end of romanticism）共和圣经Democratic Bible 美国史诗American EpicAmerican poet, essayist散文家, journalist新闻工作者, and humanist人道主义学家The father of free verse（自由诗）Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas 民主的前景One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3.Writing themes (almost everything):equality of things and beings 平等的事情和人divinity 神学of everythingImmanence（无所不在）of GodDemocracy 民主evolution of cosmos（宇宙的演化）multiplicity 多样性of natureself-reliant spirit 自力更生的精神death, beauty of deathexpansion of America 美国的扩张brotherhood 手足情谊and social solidarity（社会团结）(unity of nations in the world世界统一的国家) pursuit 追求of love and happiness4.S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern固定的韵律模式, the verse without a fixed beat 固定的节拍or regular rhyme scheme规律的格律.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition重复of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, inthe middle or at the end)(3).the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)(4).strong tendency to use oral English使用英语口语的强烈倾向(5).the habit of using snapshots 生活小照(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure语法结构(7).use of conventional image 传统的想象(8).vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(9). sentences – catalogue目录technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of GrassLeaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:无论是在内容还是在形式上,是一个划时代的作品在美国文学→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism. 其民主内容标志着从浪漫主义到现实主义的转变→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.其生发的形式从旧的诗意的约定了打开新的思路对美国诗歌。

【精品】美国文学浪漫主义时期

【关键字】精品美国文学浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。

华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。

浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。

"美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。

年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。

这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。

到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。

在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。

蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。

另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。

政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。

值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。

随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。

这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。

报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。

外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。

美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化保守,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。

欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。

这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。

英国文学考试重点(上下两册)

1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教Cynewulf 基涅武甫the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗Caedmon 凯德蒙the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-humanThe only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.The forefathers of the Jutes2、The Anglo-Norman Period盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure English language became)The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in ChaucerThree classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of BritainKing Arthur「亚瑟王」Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.English tonico-syllabic verseLondon dialectThe Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies5、Revolution & RestorationMetaphysical poets玄学诗Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.6、Enlightenment (man)Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.代表人物Joesph Addison& Richard SteelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput) Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism“Gothic Novel”Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe7、The Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.William Wordsworth’s Lyrical BalladsThe most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.“liberty, equality and fraternity”The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.Poetry is the highest form of literary expressionColeridge and Southey, Wordsworth, so-called Lake PoetsThe great literary impulse the age is the impulse of Individualism in a wonderful variety of forms.Byron拜扬（Don Juan）Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱（To the skylark-waking or asleep; teach me half the gladness）John Keats (Ode on a Grecian Urn-beauty is truth, truth beauty) Walter Scott (the father of Europe historical novel) Jane Austen (pried and prejudice) 8、The Victorian AgeCritical realismThe greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens(Oliver Twist雾都孤儿）.Another critical realist - William Makepeace Thackeray was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray’s novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society.Chartist literature宪章文学, the struggle of the proletariat for its rightsR. Browning, humanismCharlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre简爱) Emily Bronte (Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄）9、The 20th Century LiteratureThe first disturbing factor was imperialism帝国主义Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy (Tess of the D’Urebervilles)wrence (Oedipus complex 恋母情结）“art for art’s sake”with Oscar Wilde奥斯卡维尔德Anti-realistic art and literature反现实文学Oscar Wilde is the most conspicuous 颓废派writer and poet of the English decadence.Virginia Woolf & James Joyce are novelist of Stream-of-consciousness。

英国文学3

（II）William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby， and the three men became known as the“Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞，科勒律治也居住在同一地城，三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
9. Imagination， defined by Coleridge， is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination， but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration， regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLAND 英国文学浪漫主义

PART FIVE ROMANTICISM IN ENGLAND1.The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries romanticism appeared. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.18世纪末19世纪初，在英国工业革命和法国大革命的影响下，浪漫主义应运而生。

2.William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯The Prelude《序曲》Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》(与柯勒律治合著)3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》Robert Southey罗伯特·骚塞Thalaba the Destroyer《毁灭者撒拉巴》4.George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》5.Percy Bysshe Shelley波西·比西·雪莱Queen Mab《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰起义》Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》The Masque of Anarchy《专制者的假面游行》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》6.Jone Keats约翰·济慈Endymion《恩底弥昂》mb兰姆8.Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt哈兹里特和利·亨特9.De Quincey德昆西10.Scott司各特Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border《苏格兰边区歌谣集》Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》。

自考英语：英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版[3]

自考英语：英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版[3] 英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,是同时期英国内部的工业革命.2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18 世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体.5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a changeof direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

英国文学史知识点

一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格;小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来;4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴;The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展;1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式;6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离;2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人poem 诗歌 blank verse Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost 失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式, medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 特,Othello奥赛罗,King Lear李尔王,The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌;The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式;The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about theviciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致;Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足;因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段;2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德 Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes. 不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事;The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校,喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师,小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全,欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村,诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏;代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poetRobert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命;2、教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人;7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快;Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动;2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻 Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众;2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff 特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton, North and South玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段; 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society;小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照;5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展; 特点：the s ignificance of G. Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞;3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate：1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy 嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物;1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧;2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. DallowayA Room of One’s Own Woolf was much concerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。

英国文学

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1.Literature(文学分类):pagan(异教徒) 主要以oral sagas（口头传奇）为主Christian(基督徒) 主要以biblical theme（圣经主题）为主2.该时期代表作：The Song of Beowulf（贝奥武赋）is the national epic(民族史诗)3.写作手法：Alliteration押头韵二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1.Chivalric Romance (骑士传奇) （押头韵）代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿衣骑士King Arthur and his Round Table Knights (the finest piece of artistry of the English MiddleAges 英国中世纪文学最高的艺术代表之一)2.Popular Ballads(通俗民谣)代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔（押后韵）3.Geoffrey Chaucer介绍：the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父Making the dialect of London the foundation for Modern English speech代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) realism 现实主义色彩文体：heroic couplet英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)三、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期1.文学风格: humanism 人民主义2.代表人物：Thomas More 作品：Utopia乌托邦Thomas Wyatt （引入十四行诗的第一人）William Shakespeare 四大悲剧：Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tragedy of MacbethChristopher Marlowe blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格)十六世纪英国戏剧主要表现形式四、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟1.John Donne --- Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗人作品：Death be not proud， A Valediction(告别词):Forbidding Mourig2. John Milton诗体：blank verse 无韵诗作品：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained五、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动1. Daniel Defoe realistic novel 现实主义小说作品：Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记2. Jonathan Swift satirist讽刺家作品：Gulliver’s Travels分为4 parts: Lilliput小人国，Brobdingnag大人国，Flying Island飞岛国，Houyhnhnm马岛《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议3. William Blake 前浪漫主义代表人物作品：London, The Tiger4. Robert Burns 前浪漫主义代表人物The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.作品：A Red Red Rose六、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义ke poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge，Southey，Wordsworth2.William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge ---- the Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集Characterize by 5 “I”: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality3.George Gordon Byron byronic hero拜伦式英雄作品：When We Two Parted，She Walks In Beauty4. Persy Bysshe Shelley作品：Ode to the West Wind西风颂5. Jane Austen作品：Pride and Prejudice, Northger Abbey七、Victorian Period 维多利亚时期（critical realism 批判现实主义humanism人文主义）1. Charles Dickens Oliver Twis雾都孤儿，A Tale of Two Cities双城记2. Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre简爱3. David Herbert Lawrence Sons And Lovers (Autobigraphical 自传)。

英国文学The_Romantic_Period

menu break end
• • • •
③Gothic novelists Ann Radcliffe and Mary Shelley Gothic novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic Movement • Its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion.
menu break end
• 1．Introduction: • English poet, artist, & philosopher, born in London England, Nov 28, 1757, and died in London, Aug 12,1827. • Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. • He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets.
menu break end
• ②Duration: • Beginning time: 1798 marked by the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge. • Ending time: 1832 marked by the death of Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill.

The Romantic Period (真题答案)

Multiple Choices(200504)1. In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,” William Blake expresses his perception of the “fearful symmetry” of the big cat. The phrase “fearful symmetry” suggests ( )A. the tiger’s two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically s etB. the poet’s fear of the predatorC. the analogy of the hammer and the anvilD. the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation2. “What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of la rge fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”The above dialogue must be taken from ( ).A. Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceB. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering HeightsC. John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte SagaD. George Eliot’s Midd lemarch3. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except ( ).A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the humble and rustic life as subject matterD. elegant wording and inflated figures of speech4. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is an epigrammatic line by（）.A. J. KeatsB. W. BlakeC. W. WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley5. The poems such as “The Chimney Sweeper” are found in both Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by ( ).A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. John KeatsD. Lord Gordon Byron(200604)6. In subject matter, William Wordsworth’s poems have two major concerns. One is about nature. The other is about ( ).A. French RevolutionB. literary theoryC. deathD. common life of ordinary people7. Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of ( ) for women.A. marriageB. physical attractivenessC. independence and self-confidenceD. submissive character8. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. Which of the following is not a couple that appeared in Pride and Prejudice?A. Catherine and HeathcliffB. Lydia and WickhamC. Jane and BinleyD. Charlotte and Collins9. The sentence “three or four families in a country village are the very thing to work on” can best reflect the writer’s personal knowledge and range of writing. This writer is ( ).A. Walter ScottB. Thomas HardyC. Jane EyreD. Jane Austen(200607)10. In contrast to the Enlighteners, Romanticists regarded man as ( ).A. a social animalB. an evil creatureC. an individual with potential qualitiesD. a brutal animal11. “As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”This part of stanza is taken from ( ).A.P.B. Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”B.G.G. Byron’s “Song for the Luddites”C.S.T. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”D.W. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper”12. It is the publication of ( ) that brought George Gordon Byron fame. Byron himself once commented on it by saying “I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”A. Hours of IdlenessB. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage P193C. Don JuanD. Manfred(200704)13. It is generally regarded that Keats’ s most important and mature poems are in the form of______________.A．ode P217B．elegyC．epic D．sonnet14. Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry?A．Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge P175B．“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William WordsworthC．“Remorse ”by Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD．Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman15. The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is______________.A．prose B．dramaC．novel D．poetry(200707)16. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”?A. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind”?B. “For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love.”C. “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/Are sweeter”P220D. “The Child is father of the Man.”17. Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets”?A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SoutheyC. William WordsworthD. George Gordon Byron P17518. The four great odes of John Keats include the following EXCEPT ______.A. “Ode on Melancholy”B. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to the West Wind”(200804)19. William Blake’s central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is_______, which givesthe two books a strong social and historical reference.A．youthhood B．childhoodC．happiness D．sorrow20. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good for-tune, must be in want of a wife.” The quoted part is taken from ______.A．Jane Eyre B．Wuthering HeightsC．Pride and Prejudice D．Sense and Sensibility21. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, ______ has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity.A．Charlotte Brontë B．Jane AustenC．Emily Brontë D．Ann Radcliffe22. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama ______, which is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential.A．Adonais B．Queen MabC．Prometheus Unbound P208D．A Defence of Poetry23. The assertion that poetry originates from “emotion recollected in tranquility” belongs to ______. A．William Wordsworth B．Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC．Robert Southey D．William Blake24. All of the following poems by William Wordsworth are masterpieces on nature EXCEPT __D____.A．“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”B．“An Evening Walk”C．“Tintern Abbey”D．“The Solitary Reaper”P17725. English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have ended in 1832 with______.A．the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament P157B．the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical BalladsC．the publication of T．S．Eliot’s The waste LandD．the passage of the Bill of Rights in the Parliament(200807)26.The major British Romantic poets Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley and Keats started a rebellion a gainst the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _____.A. the poetic romanceB. the poetic movementC. the poetic revolutionD. the poetic reformation?27. Jane Austen’s main literary concern is about ______.A. human beings in their personal relationships P223B. the love story between the rich and the poorC. maturity achieved through the loss of illusionsD. the daily country life of the upper-middle-class English28. Among the following British Romantic poets ______ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats29. All of the following poets are regarded as “Lake Poets” EXCEPT _D_____.A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SoutheyC. William WordsworthD. William Blake30. The declaration that “I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision，” and that “The Nat ure of my work is visionary or imaginative’’ belongs to ______.A. William Blake P170B. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. George Gordon Byron31. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’’ The quoted line comes from ______.A. Shelley’s“Ode to the West Wind’’B. Walt Whitman’s Leaves of GrassC. John Milton’s Paradise LostD. John Keats’“Ode on a Grecian Urn”(200904)?32. “Byronic hero” is a figure of the following traits EXCEPT ______.A. being proudB. being of humble origin P195C. being rebelliousD. being mysterious(200907)36. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is_____.A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage37. Wordsworth’s_____ is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.A. “To a Skylark”B. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”P177C. “An Evening Walk”D. “My Heart Leaps Up”38. William Blake’s work ______ marks his entry into maturity.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Marriage of Heaven and Hell P169C. Songs of InnocenceD. The Book of Los39. Best of all the Romantic well- known lyric pieces is Shell ey’s_____.A. “The Cloud”B. “To a Skylark”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to the West Wind”P20740. English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have begun with the publication of Wordsworth and Co leridge’s_____.A. Poetical SketchesB. A Defence of PoetryC. Lyrical BalladsD. The Prelude(201004)41. Shelley’ s political lyrics ______ is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.A. “Ode to Liberty”B. “Ode to Naples”C. “Ode to the West Wind”D. “Men of England”42. Jane Austen’ s practical idealism is that love should be justified by ______ and di sciplined by self-control.A. reasonB. senseC. rationalityD. sensibility（容易犯错的，不可靠的）？43. “Where intelligence was fallible, limited, the Imagination was our hope of contact with eternal forces, with the whole spiritual world.” was said by ______.A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. John Keats44. Because of her sensitivity to universal pattens of human behavior, ______ has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity.A. Charlotte BronteB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Henry Fielding45. Poetry is defined by ______ as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. Robert Southey(201007)46. The major theme of Jane Austen's novels is ______ toward which she holds on a practical idealism.A. love and moneyB. marriage and moneyC. love and familyD. love and marriage47. In ______ , Shelley created a Platonic symbol of the spirit of man, a force of beauty and regeneration.A. "To a Skylark"B. "The Cloud"C. "Ode to Liberty"D. Adonais48. Wordsworth's ______ is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.A. "To a Skylark"B. "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud"C. "An Evening Walk"D. "My Heart Leaps Up"49. The major representatives of the poetic revolution in English Romantic period were Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ______.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. John KeatsD. Percy Bysshe Shelley50. The declaration that "I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision," and that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative" belongs to ______.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. George Gordon Byron(201104)51. One of Shelley’ s greatest political lyrics is ________, which was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.A. “Ode to Liberty”B. “Ode to Naples”C. “Sonnet: England in 1819”D. “Men of England”52. Jane Austen’ s first novel ________ tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs.A. Sense and SensibilityB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Northanger AbbeyD. Mansfield Park53. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” the quoted line comes from ________.A. Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”B. Walt Whitman’ s Leaves of GrassC. John Milton’s Paradise LostD. John Keats’“ Ode on a Grecian Urn”54. All of the following poems by William Wordsworth are masterpieces on nature EXCEPT________.A. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”B. “An Evening Walk”C. “Tinter Abbey”D. “The Solitary Reaper”55. William Blake’s ________ marks his entry into maturity.A. Poetical SketchesB. Songs of InnocenceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Songs of Experience56. The work ________ by William Blake is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy world, though not without its evils and sufferings.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Poetical SketchesD. Lyrical Ballads(201107)57. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four - act poetic drama ____________ , which is an ex- ultant work in praise of humankind’s potential.A. AdonaisB. Queen MabC. Prometheus UnboundD. Kubla Khan58. Among the Romantic poets ____________ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats59. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is____________.A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage60. According to the subjects, William Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two gr oups, poems about____________.A. nature and human lifeB. happiness and childhoodC. symbolism and imaginationD. nature and common life？61. William Blake’s ____________ composed during the climax of the French Revolution playsthe double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.（预言，预言书）A. The Book of UrizenB. The Book of LosC. Poetical SketchesD. Marriage of Heaven and Hell P169Reading Comprehension(200704)1.“For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upon that inward eye”Questions:A．Identify the author and the title.B．What does the phrase “inward eye” mean?C．Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.Answer:A.The title of poem is “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” whose author is William Wordsworth.B.The phrase “inward eye” refers to human soul.C.This passage mainly expresses the poet’s love for the daffodils. The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollectthe beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude.(200807)2.“The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep； And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth’s“Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)Questions：A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?B. What does “that mighty heart” refer to?C. What does the poem describe? ？Answer:A.The quoted lines employ personification.B.“That mighty heart” refers to London.C.This poem describes the beauty of London in early morning seeing from the Westminster Bridge.3.“When the stars threw down their spears,And water’d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”Questions：A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are takenB. Whom does the “he’’ refer to?C. What does the “Lamb” symbolize? ？Answer:A.This title of this poem is “The Tyger” written by William Blake.B.The word “he” refers to the God, the Creator.C.“Lamb” symbolizes peace and purity.4.(200904)“Wherefore feed and clothe and saveFrom the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat- nay, drink your blood?”Questions:A. Identify the poet and the title of the poem from which the stanza is taken.B. What figure of speech is used in Line 2?C. Whom does “drones” refer to?Answer:A.The title of this poem is “A Song: Men of England” written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.B.Metonymy (转喻) is used in Line 2.C.“Drones” mean the male of the honey-bees that do not work, referring here to the parasitic class inhuman society. ？5.(200907)“Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! For the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.”Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. What’s the rhyme scheme fo r the stanza?C. What’s the theme of the poem?Answer:A.The author of this poem is William Wordsworth.B.It is an iambic verse. The rhyme scheme for this stanza is ababccdd.C.This poem uses the rural figure – the “Highland lass” to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowfulhumanity and its radiant beauty. ？6.(201004)“Wherefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weapon, chain, and scourge,That these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your toil?”Questions:A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the lines are taken.B. What do you know about the poem’ s writing background?C. What do you think the poet intends to say in the poem?Answer:A.It’s Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “A Song: Men of England”.B.This poem was written in 1819, the year of the Peterloo Massacre.C.The poet intends to call upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors,while pointing out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. ？7.(201007)"Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,And saw in sleep old palaces and towersQuivering within the wave's intenser day,All overgrown with azure moss and flowersSo sweet, the sense faints picturing them! ThouFor whose path the Atlantic's level powers"(From Shelley's" Ode to the West Wind")Questions:A. In what form is the poem written?B. What does the quotation" the sense faints picturing them" mean?C. What idea does Shelley express in this poem?Answer:A.The poem is written in the terza rima form, deriving from Shelley’s reading of Dante.B.It means that seeing the images so beautiful one feel faint to describe them.C.Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedomfrom the reality.8.(201104)“When the stars threw down their spears,And water’ d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”Questions:A. Who’s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what’s the t itle of the poem?B. Whom does the “he” refer to?C. What does the “Lamb” symbolize?Answer:D.This title of this poem is “The Tyger” written by William Blake.E.The word “he” refers to the God, the Creator.F.“Lamb” symbolizes peace and purity.9. (201107)“Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendor, valley, rock or hill;Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep !The river glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(From Wordsworth’s sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge)Questions:A. What does this sonnet describe?B. What does the phrase “mighty heart” refer to?C. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form of sonnet? Answer:A.The sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London.B.“Mighty heart” refers to London.C.There is a clear division between the octave and the sestet; the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd.Questions and Answers1.(200604) English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworthand Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballad s.Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestone to mark the beginning of English Romanticism? Answer:A.In Lyrical Ballads,Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques inpoetic writing.B.The preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school andWordsworth sets forth his own critical creed of poetry and poet.C.In this work, Wordsworth employs a different style from his early works, that is, simplicity in language,sympathy for the poor, and expressions of inward states of mind.2.(200807) As a leading Romanticist,Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “By ronic Hero”.Briefly explain the literary term “Byronic Hero’’. (See the third paragraph on Page 195 and the first paragraph on Page196).3.(200907)What’s the literary style of Shelley as a Romantic poet?Answer:A.Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics.B.Shelley is regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all English poets.C.See the second paragraph on page 209.4.(201004) Briefly introduce Blake’ s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.Answer:A.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though notwithout its evils and sufferings.B.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone.C.Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.Topic Discussion1.(200504) Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine in Pride and Prejudice, is often regarded as the most successfulcharacter created by Jane Austen. M ake a brief comment on Elizabeth’s character.Answer:A. Elizabeth is clever，alert，observant．She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizing the Characters of Bingley`s sisters．She recognizes Mr．Collins’ character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and With dignity his patronizing proposal．She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam，earning their respect and admiration．B．Fearless and frank，not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh，she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed．She is independent but not infallible in her judgment--taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham．She cannot be blamed for misjudging Darcy．C．She shows flexibility，discernment，and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy's defense in his letter and admits the justice of mach of what he says．Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him．She recognizes and values true worth when She encounters it in Jane，the Gardiners，and，near the end of the novel，in Darcy．She sees more clearly than her father the danger of sending Lydia to Brighton．D．She is able to control her emotions at times of stress-when she first encounters Darcy at Pemberley；when she realizes that she loves Darcy and has good reason to fear that She has lost him，She waits without repining for time to bring a solution．She is witty，fun—loving，recognizes humor in herself and in others，but ridicualing only folly，nonsense，and inconsistencies. She recognizes the follies of her own family and their shortcomings as well as their virtues．E．She is considerate of others but quite capable of asserting herself when occasion demands．She has a playful and unaffected manner，sunny disposition，natural animation，sense of fun，and sweet reasonableness．She is ready to laugh at herself and everything save "What is Wise and good．"She shows a sense of humor by telling what Darcy has said about her at the Meryton ball2.(200604) Under the influence of the leading romantic thinkers life Kant and the Post-Kantians, Romanticistsdemonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century’s Neoclassicists. Discuss, in relation to the works you know, the difference between Romanticism and Neoclassicism.Answer:A. Neo-classicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proporti on, unity, harmony and grace. Pope’s An Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit, and simplicity in language; Fielding’s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instruction.B. Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,” and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were (Wordsworth’s “I Wandered as a Cloud,’’ or “The Solitary Reaper,” or Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.C. In a word, Neo-classicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience…) .3.(201007) Please elaborate Wordsworth's theory of poetry, taking examples from the poems you havelearned to support your ideas.Answer:A.Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates inemotion recollected in tranquillity”. (Take “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” as an example. See PPT).B.Wordsworth also maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary peoplewere the raw material of which poetry could and should be made. (Take “The Solitary Reaper”as an example. See page 178 & PPT).。