华中农大微生物题库英文

Test 1: Development of Microbiology■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit of all living organisms is the:■.membrane■.cell■.nucleus■.cell wall2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:■.fungi■.eukaryotic■.prokaryotic■.nankaryotic3. The three kingdom classification system of organisms was proposed by:■.Pasteur■.Bacon■.Winogradsky■.Woese4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan.■.chitin■.phospholipid■.protein■.glucosamine5. The first microscopes were developed by:■.Ehrlich■.Metchnikoff■.Leewenhoek■.Lister6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic is credited to:■.Lister■.Fleming■.Ehrlich■.Koch7. The term "antibiotic" means:■.a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds■.a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other microorganisms■.a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells8. The first documented use of a vaccine for smallpox was reported by the English physician:■.Lister■.Florey■.Fleming■.Jenner9. Active immunity can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the former requires:■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies■.development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens■.Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body■.development of antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies10. The process of nitrification by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:■.ammonia to nitrate ions■.nitrate ions to ammonia■.N2 to ammonia■.ammonia to urea11. The transfer of DNA from one organism to another through the use of a viral vector is referred to as:■.electroporation■.conjugation■.transformation■.transduction12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:■.RNA■.DNA■.protein■.lipid■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a true nucleus are called_______2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _______3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _______and the _______.4._______ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that can synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called _______.6. ______ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. ______ require organic compounds for growth.8. Organisms that survive only at very high temperatures are referred to as______.9. ______ are organisms that produce methane from CO2.10. ______organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a.______ b.______ c.______d.______12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_______ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _______.14. Viruses consist of ______surrounded by a protein coat.15. The scientific method utilizes deductive reasoning and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _____.16. The theory _______of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms by moderate heating is called:_______ .18. The process of tyndallization uses repeated heating to eliminate or_______ microorganisms from solutions.19.An _______is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulating the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_______.21. White blood cells that engulf foreign particles are referred to as______.22. A substance in serum that can neutralize foreign material is referred to as ______or ______.23. Cells infected with a virus produce a substance called ______ that inhibits viral replication.24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic to pathogenic strains of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of ______.25. Exchange of genetic information by direct contact is referred to as______.26. ______ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another.■Matchingl. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification4. Hans Gram d. immunization5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon11. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine12. Alick Isaacs 1. penicillin13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic technique14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet16. Carl Woese p. scientific method1.p2.g3.o4.i5.k6.n7.m8.l9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j13.c 14.h 15.f 16.eTest 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:■.transported light■.transmitted light■.reflected light■.refracted light2. The resolving power (R) of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength of light (;~) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula for R is:■.R = 0.5~. xNA■.R = 0.5;~/NA■.R = NA/0.5Jr■.R = Square root of 0.5)./NA3. The gram stain uses ~ as a mordant to fix the primary stain:■.iodine■.alcohol■.acetone■.safranin4. The acid-fast stain is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:■.Staphylococcus aureus■.Mycoplasma mycoides■.Mycobacteria tuberculosis■.Moraxella osloensis5. Botulism is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores. Which of the following genera are capable of producing spores?■.Salmonella■.Listeria■.Escherichia■.Clostridia6. Which of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams to visualize objects?■.Nomarski■.TEM■.PCM■.Confocal7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." Which type of media would you use to isolate the suspected pathogen?■.defined■.enriched■.selective■.differential8. Sterilization of material with an autoclave utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:■.15 min at 121℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 256℃at 15 lb/in2■.15 min at 121℃at 1 lb/in2■.15 rain at 121℃at 30 lb/in29. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic?■.direct count■.viable count■.turbidimetric count■.absorbance10. Identification of microorganisms can be accomplished by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?■.enzyme linked assay■.gene probe■.metabolic■.fluorescent■Fill in the Blank1. A media where all the ingredients are known is called a ______media.2. ______technique is used to maintain a pure culture and avoid contamination.3. Sterilization instrument that utilizes steam under pressure: _______.4.A______ plate utilizes a loop or needle to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture plate.5.______ identification utilizes antibodies for naming of bacterial species.6. Bacteria can be preserved for long periods of time by freeze-drying or______.7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a ______ to measure the amountof light passing througha solution.8. The viable plate count counts live bacterial colonies in the range or______ to______ .9. A counting chamber and a microscope are used in the______ count of bacteria.10. The ______technique utilizes a labeled complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.■MatchingMatching I:l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet4. Decolorize d. Malachite green5. Spore stain e. Safranin6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol8. Stains background h. MordantMatching II:1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective3. Media used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential4. Media used to enhance growth d. ComplexMatching I:1.c2.f.3.h4.g5.d.6. b7.e8.aMatching II:1.b2.d3.c4.aTest 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain____as part of the lipid component of the membrane.■.phosphates■.fatty acids■.proteins■.sterols2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:■.bilayer model■.fluid mosaic model■.trilayer model■.permeable model3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as:■.diffusion■.osmosis■.translocation■.transport4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules that enter or exit the cell and act as a ____ barrier.■.semipermanent■.semitransparent■.semipermeable■.semidiffuse5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called:■.facilitated diffusion■.passive diffusion■.osmosis■.permeation6. Which of the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes?■.active transport■.group translocation■.facilitated diffusion■.binding protein transport9. Lysozyme and penicillin have activity against the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation.■.lipopolysaccharide■.phospholipid■.peptidoglycan■.teichoic acid10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a:■.protoplast■.spheroplast■.periplast■.capsule11. A capsule can be differentiated from a slime layers since the capsule:■.is made up of complex carbohydrates and the slime layer contains protein■.is bound to the cell membrane■.is bound to the cell wall■.is bound to the outer membrane12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells is composed of DNA and____■.histone proteins■.non histone proteins■.RNA■.ribosomes13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:■.iRNA■.mRNA■.rRNA■.tRNA14. Mitochondrial ribosomes are____in size.■.40S■.60S■.70S■.80S15. The process whereby ATP is generated by the flow of protons across a membrane is:■.substrate level phosphorylation■.chemiosmosis■.protokinesis■.glycolysis16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportation of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis?■.golgi apparatus■.rough ER■.smooth ER■.microbody17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called:■.flagellin■.cilin■.spectrin■.tubulin18. Flagella are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:■.rotating around its base■.pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or mate■.waving or whipping to move the cell■.twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band19. Endospores are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of:■.peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide■.peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate■.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate■.lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan layer of later comprises____% of the cell wall.■.90■.50■.30■.10■Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in the form of______ to run the cell.2. Phospholipids of eubacterial cells are composed of a ______group and a _____on a glycerol backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called ______ proteins.4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes is derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from ______.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative bacteria and the cell wall is called the _______.6. Extrachromosomal DNA elements found in bacteria are called________.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of _______ and ______.8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the ________.9.The hereditary organelle of eukaryotic cells is called the ______.10. The process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes particles such as bacteria or other cells is called ______. ■Matchingl. prokaryotes a. hook and basal body2. eukaryotes b. end of cell3. hydrophobic c. microtubles4. hydrophilic d. pill5. permease e. eukaryotes6. eubacteria f. surrounding cell7. archeobacteria g. 9 + 2 arrangement8. cellulose h. prokaryotes9. chitin i. fatty acid10. circular chromosome j. algae11.linear chromosome k. transport protein12. 70 S ribosomes 1. lack organelles13. 80 S ribosomes m. posses nucleus14. polar flagella n. water loving15. peritrichous flagella o. fungi16.bacterial flagella p. L-amino acids17. eukaryotic flagella q. D-amino acids18. fimbria19. cilia20. cytoskeleton1.l2.m,j,o3.n4.i5.k6.p7.q8.j9.o 10.h 11.e,j,o 12.h,j,o13.e 14.b 15.f 16.a17.g 18.d 19.e 20.cTest 4 : Prokaryotes■Genus Match: (Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group)Match the Genus with the Appropriate Group:l. Spirochete a. Halococcus2. Gm- aerobic, motile, vibroid b. Clostridium3. Gm- aerobic cocci c. VeiUonella4. Gm- facultative rod d. Caulobacter5. Gm- anerobic rod e. Treponema6. Gm- anaerobic cocci f. Myxococcus7. Budding/appendaged g. Streptococcus8. Fruiting body h. Pyrobaculum9. Gm+ cocci i. Campylobacter10. Gm+ rods (no spores) j. M ethanococcus11. Gm+ rods (endospores) k. Listeria12. Gm+ irregular rod 1. Bacteroides13. Halophile m. Neisseria14. Thermophile n. Salmonella15. Methanogen o. Corynebacterial.e 2.I 3.m4.n5.16.c7.d 8.d 9.g10.k ll.b 12.o13.a 14.h 15.j■Characteristic Match: (Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group) Match the Characteristic with the Appropriate Genus or Group:l. Borrelia a. sulfur reducing2. Helicobacter b. acid fast3. Shigella c. Gm+ rod, aerobic, endospores4. Desulfovibrio d. gliding5. Chlamydia e. psedomurein6. Anabaena f. cyanobacteria7. Chemolithotrophic g. helical rod, no central fibrils8. Caulobacter h. helical rod, central fibrils9. Cytophaga i. filamentous10. Staphylococcus j. obligate intracellular parasite11. Bacillus k. Gm+ cocci in clusters12. Actimomycetes 1. Enterobacteriacea13. Mycoplasma m. Nitrobacter14. Mycobacteria n. prosthecae15. Methanogen o. fried egg1.h2.g3.14.a5.j6.f7.m 8.n 9.d10.k 11.c 12.f13.o 14.b 15.eTest 5: Eukaryotes■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)l. Fungi are considered heterotrophic because they obtain nutrition through:■. phagocytosis■. endocytosis■. adsorption■. photosynthesis2. The separation between filamentous fungal cells are referred to as:■. cell walls■. septa■. chitin■. side walls3. Fungi that can appear as a yeast or filamentous are referred to as:■. Fungi imperfecti■. Fungi perfecti■. cheterotrophic fungi■. dimorphic fungi4. Thick walled spores formed within fungal cells are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. chlamydospores5. Asexual fungal spores that are formed from fragmented hyphae are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. ascospores■. chlamydospores6. Asexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:■. arthrospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascospores7. Sexual fungal spores formed within a sac-like structure are called:■. chlamydospores■. sporangiospores■. blastospores■. ascospores8. Which of the following classes of fungi cause hypertrophy of cells similar to the bacterium A. tumifaciens?■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes9. Which of the following fungi are motile by two flagella?■. Oomycetes■. Ascomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes10. Common bread mold is caused by Rhizopus stolonifer which is a:■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycete11. Ascomycetes can be differentiated from zygomycetes since the ascomycetes have hyphae.■. septated■. aseptated12. Which of the following fungi have a sexual reproductive phase?■. Coccidiodes■. Histoplasma■. Aspergillus■. Alternaria13. Which class of fungi do not have a sexual reproductive phase?■. Deuteromycete■. Ascomycete■. Basidiomycete■. Zygomycete14. The cell structures of bracket fungi are referred to as:■. septa■. basidiocarp■. anteridium■. Zygomycet15. The toxin from which of the following mushrooms inhibits polymerase activity?■. Agaricus bisporous■. Ischnorderma resinosum■. anteridium■. Zygomycet16. The common mushroom belongs to which group of fungi?■. Ascomycetes■. Basidiomycetes■. Chytridiomycetes■. Deuteromycetes17. Which of the following Deuteromycetes are often colored green and the conidiospores are arranged in a brush shape?■. Alternaria■. Coccidiodes■. Geotrichum18. All of the following algae are green with the exception of■. Euglena■. Volvox■. Spirogyra■. Nemalion19. Which algae contain a red pigmented area known as the eyespot?■. Euglenoids■. Chlorophycophyta■. Rhodophycophyta■. Phaeophycophyta20. The outer layer of Euglena is called:■. cell wall■. fmstule■. pellicle■. blade21. Xanthophyll pigments give algae a color.■. red■. blue■. yellow■. green22. Which of the following algae are closer phylogenetically to higher plants?■. brown algae■. yellow-green algae■. red algae■. green algae23. The storage material, paramylon, is made in which of the following groups of algae?■. euglenoid■. red algae■. green algae■. brown algae24. The mouth of a ciliated protozoa is called a:■. phagosome■. cytosome■. lysosome■. porosome25. Sarcodina are protozoa that are propelled by:■. flagella■. cilia■. pseudopodia■. they are technically nonmotile26. Trypanosomes belong to which group of protozoa:■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers27. Plasmodium is grouped as a:■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers28. The mature form of spore forming protozoa are called:■. protozoites■. sporozoites■. trophozoites■. cytozoite29. Paramecium are classified as:■. flagellates■. pseudopodia formers■. ciliates■. spore formers30. The resting stage of a protozoa are called:■. trophozoites■. sporozoites■. saprozoites■. cysts■Fill in the Blank1. Unicellular fungi are called ______.2. Filamentous fungi form branching structures called ______.3. The most common form of reproduction in yeasts occurs by ______.4.Silica is found in the cell wall of ______.5. The external structures of mushrooms are referred to as _______.6. The growth of fungi can be expressed by _____.7. Red tide is caused by a toxin released by the organism, Gonyaulax, which belongs to the ______ group of fungi.8. Agar is made from this group of algae: ______.9.Trypanosoma gambiense causes the disease ______.10. A flagellate protozoa that can be found in mountain streams and causes diarrhea is ______.Test 6: Bacterial Growth and Reproduction■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. In bacterial cultures, growth can be demonstrated by an increase in:■.mass■.cell size■.cell number■.cell length2. DNA replication in bacteria is controlled by:■.cell size■.cell division■.cell separation■.cell initiation3. During which phase of bacterial growth is there an increase in cell size but not in cell number?■.lag■.log■.stationary■.exponential4. The generation time for bacteria is determined by:■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from the time the culture was initiated until the beginning of stationary phase■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from lag phase to death phase■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the end of stationary phase ■.measuring the time it takes to double the number of bacteria from log phase to the beginning of stationary phase5. Most pathogenic bacteria are considered:■.psychrophiles■.mesophiles■.thermophiles■.merophiles6. Bacteria that grow at low nutrient concentrations are referred to as:■.autotrophs■.phototrophs■.copiotrophs■.oligotrophs7. In times of nutrient deficiencies, the bacteria Clostridium produce____until conditions are permissive for vegetative growth.■.prosthecae■.spores■.stalks■.fruiting bodies8. The temperature of the incubator was raised from 15~(2 to 35~(2. The cultures in the incubator demonstrated a____fold increase in enzymatic activity.■.two■.for■.eight■.twenty9. Organisms that grow at or near their optimal growth temperature are called:■.stenothermal bacteria■.euthermal bacteria■.cauldoactive bacteria■.mesophilic bacteria10. All of the following are toxic oxygen products except:■.02■.OH-■.H20■.H20211. Catalase, which is produced by Staphylococci, catalyzes which of the following reactions?■.202+ 2H+ →2H202 + 02■.2H202→2H20 + 02■.H202 + NADH + H+→2H20 + NAD■.H202 + e- + H+→H2O + OH-12. A saturated solution of NaC1 has a water activity index of:■.1.0■.0.90■.0.80■.0.7013. Organisms that can grow at a water index at or below that of NaCI are called:■.xerotolerant■.salt tolerant■.mesotolerant■.salotolerant14. All of the following organisms will survive an environment of 0.9 Aw except:■.Lactobacillus■.Staphylococcus■.Saccharomyces■.SpiriUum15. Halophiles are classified as organisms that require ____for growth.■.sugar■.salt■.water■.air16. Osmophiles require a ____Aw for growth.■.low■.high17. The pressure exerted on a cell due to high solute concentrations is referred to as:■.osmotic pressure■.hydrostatic pressure■.barometric pressure■.surface tension18. A diver encountered a new bacterial isolate while she was diving at 1000 m. The organism will be classified as:■.marine■.barotolerant■.barophilic■.normal19. Fungi can be differentiated from most bacteria by culturing at:■.marine■.low pH■.neutral pH20. All phototacfic bacteria respond to light by:■.moving away from the source of light■.moving toward the source of light■.increasing the movement of their flagella■.creating gas vesicles to rise to the surface■Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that grow best above 40oC are called______.2. Organisms that grow best below 20oC are called______.3. Organisms that grow best between 20 and 40oC are called ______.4.Myxobacteria form unique structures called ______ to cope with nutrient deficiencies.5. Bacteria that grow only at reduced oxygen concentrations are called _______.6. Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called_____.7. Bacteria that grow at high nutrient concentrations are called ______.8. Caulobacter is an example of a ______ bacteria.9.At temperatures above the optimum, E. coli and other bacteria induce a change in gene expression called______.10. A change in hydrostatic pressure of 10 atm is experience with an increase in depth of ______ m.■MatchingCell Cycle Matching:l. C a. cell enlargement2. M b. condensation of chromosomes3. G1 c. replication of the genome4. G2 d. separation of chromosomes5. S e. cell division1.e2.d3.a4.b5.cTest 7: Control of Microbial Growth■Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Chemicals used on the body to control microorganisms are called:■.antiseptics■.disinfectants■.antibiotics■.chemotherapeutic2. The most effective way of sterilizing a solution is by:■.incineration■.pasteurization■.filtration■.moist heat3. An autoclave is an apparatus that is used to sterilize various materials. The appropriate conditions forsterilizing contaminated material is given by which of the following:■.15 min at 121℃at lpsi■.5 min at 121℃at 15 psi■.15 min at 121℃at 15 psi■.5 min at 131℃at 15 psi4. All of the following are an effect of ionizing radiation except:■.breaks hydrogen bonds■.thymine dimer formation■.generates oxygen radicals■.ring structure destruction5. A hyperbaric chamber would be useful for treating infections caused by which of the following genera:■.Treponema■.Chlamydia■.Campylobacter■.Clostridia6. Agents that are used to inhibit bacterial growth are considered:■.bacteriocidal■.bacteriostatic■.antiseptics■.disinfectants7. The term used to describe substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms are called:■.antimicrobics■.antibiotics■.chemotherapeutic agents■.antiseptics8. Antibiotics must exhibit which of the following to be effective:■.narrow spectrum■.broad spectrum■.selective toxicity■.bacteriocidal9. Which of the following tests utilizes an antibiotic impregnated disk to test for the efficacy of the antibiotic?■.MIC■.MBC■.Mueller-Hinton■.Kirby-Bauer10. The MIC assay can determine if an antibiotic agent is:■.bacteriocidal■.bacteriostatic■.aandb■.none of the above11. Penicillins are effective against:■.cells in log phase■.cells in stationary phase。