Chapter 12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
物理化学英文词汇
化学专业英语词汇常用前后缀 -acetal 醛缩醇醛缩醇acetal- 乙酰乙酰 acid 酸 -al 醛 alcohol 醇 -aldehyde 醛 alkali- 碱 allyl 丙烯基丙烯基 alkoxy- 烷氧基烷氧基 -amide 酰胺酰胺 -amide 酰胺酰胺 amino- 氨基的氨基的 -amidine 脒 -amine 胺 -ane 烷anhydride 酐 anilino- 苯胺基苯胺基 aquo- 含水的含水的 -ase 酶-ate 含氧酸的盐、酯含氧酸的盐、酯 -atriyne 三炔三炔 azo- 偶氮偶氮 azo- 偶氮偶氮 benzene 苯bi- 在盐类前表示酸式盐在盐类前表示酸式盐 bis- 双 -borane 硼烷硼烷 bromo- 溴 butyl 丁基丁基 -carbinol 甲醇甲醇 carbonyl 羰基羰基 -caboxylic -caboxylic acid acid 羧酸羧酸 centi- centi- 10-2 10-2 chloro- 氯代氯代 chloro- 氯代氯代 cis- 顺式顺式condensed 缩合的、冷凝的缩合的、冷凝的 cyclo- 环 deca- 十 deci deci 10-1 10-1 二 -dine 啶dodeca- 十二十二 -ene 烯epi- 表epoxy- 环氧环氧 -ester 酯 -ether 醚 ethoxy- 乙氧基乙氧基 ethyl 乙基乙基 fluoro- 氟代氟代 form 仿 -glycol 二醇二醇 hemi- 半 hendeca- 十一十一 hepta- 七 heptadeca- 十七十七 hexa- 六 hexadeca- 十六十六 -hydrin 醇 hydro- 氢或水氢或水 hydroxyl 羟基羟基 hypo- 低级的，次低级的，次 -ic 酸的，高价金属酸的，高价金属-ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替无氧酸的盐，酰替 胺，酐胺，酐 -il 偶酰偶酰 -imine 亚胺亚胺 iodo- 碘代碘代 iso- 异，等，同异，等，同 -ite 亚酸盐亚酸盐 keto- 酮 ketone 酮 -lactone 内酯内酯 mega- mega- 106 106 meta- 间，偏间，偏 methoxy- 甲氧基甲氧基 methyl 甲基甲基 micro- micro- 10-6 10-6 milli- milli- 10-3 10-3 mono- mono- ( ( ( mon-) mon-) 一，单一，单 nano- nano- 10-9 10-9 nitro- 硝基硝基 nitroso- 亚硝基亚硝基 nona- 九 nonadeca- 十九十九 octa- 八octadeca- 十八十八 -oic 酸的酸的 -ol 醇 -one 酮ortho- 邻，正，原邻，正，原 -ous 亚酸的，低价金属亚酸的，低价金属 oxa- 氧杂氧杂 -oxide 氧化合物氧化合物 -oxime 肟 oxo- 酮 oxy- 氧化氧化 -oyl 酰 para- 对位，仲对位，仲 penta- 五 pentadeca- 十五十五 per- 高，过高，过 petro- 石油石油 phenol 苯酚苯酚 phenyl 苯基苯基 pico- pico- 10-12 10-12 poly- 聚，多聚，多 quadri- 四 quinque- 五 semi- 半 septi- 七 sesqui 一个半一个半 sexi- 六 sulfa- 磺胺磺胺 sym- 对称对称 syn- 顺式，同，共顺式，同，共 ter- 三 tetra- 四 tetradeca- 十四十四 tetrakis- 四个四个 thio- 硫代硫代trans- 反式，超，跨反式，超，跨 tri- 三 thio- 硫代硫代trans- 反式，超，跨反式，超，跨 tri- 三 trideca- 十三十三 tris- 三个三个 undeca- 十一十一 uni- 单，一单，一unsym- 不对称的，偏位不对称的，偏位 -yl 基-ylene -ylene 撑撑(二价基，价在不同原子上二价基，价在不同原子上))-yne -yne 炔炔Bunsen burner 本生灯本生灯 product 反应产物反应产物 flask 烧瓶烧瓶 apparatus 设备设备PH indicator PH 值指示剂，氢离子（浓度的）负指数指示剂负指数指示剂 matrass 卵形瓶卵形瓶 litmus 石蕊石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒，量杯量筒，量杯 reagent 试剂试剂 test tube 试管试管 burette 滴定管滴定管 retort 曲颈甑曲颈甑 still 蒸馏釜蒸馏釜 cupel 烤钵烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚坩埚 pipette 吸液管吸液管 filter 滤管滤管 stirring rod 搅拌棒搅拌棒丙酮：acetone 异丙醇：isopropyl alcohol 叔戊醇：amylene alcohol 杂质：impurity 水分：water content moisture content ;water content ;watercontent 硅烷：silicane 苯甲腈：cyanobenzene 丙烷基, 丙基propyl 氰基胍, 二聚氨基氰dicyandiamide 物理化学英语词汇物理化学英语词汇 BET 公式公式 BET formula DL VO 理论理论 DLVO theory HLB 法 hydrophile-lipophile balance method pVT 性质性质 pVT property ζ电势电势 zeta potential 阿伏加德罗常数阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro ’number 阿伏加德罗定律阿伏加德罗定律 Avogadro law 阿累尼乌斯电离理论阿累尼乌斯电离理论 Arrhenius ionization theory 阿累尼乌斯方程阿累尼乌斯方程 Arrhenius equation 阿累尼乌斯活化能阿累尼乌斯活化能 Arrhenius activation energy 阿马格定律阿马格定律 Amagat law 艾林方程艾林方程 Erying equation 爱因斯坦光化当量定律 Einstein ’s law of photochemical equivalence 爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程 Einstein-Stokes equation 安托万常数安托万常数 Antoine constant 安托万方程安托万方程 Antoine equation 盎萨格电导理论盎萨格电导理论 Onsager ’s theory of conductance 半电池半电池 half cell 半衰期半衰期 half time period 饱和液体饱和液体 saturated liquids 饱和蒸气饱和蒸气 saturated vapor 饱和吸附量饱和吸附量 saturated extent of adsorption 饱和蒸气压饱和蒸气压 saturated vapor pressure 爆炸界限爆炸界限 explosion limits 比表面功比表面功 specific surface work 比表面吉布斯函数 specific surface Gibbs function 比浓粘度比浓粘度 reduced viscosity 标准电动势标准电动势 standard electromotive force 标准电极电势标准电极电势 standard electrode potential 标准摩尔反应焓标准摩尔反应焓 standard molar reaction enthalpy 标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数 standard Gibbs function of molar reaction 标准摩尔反应熵标准摩尔反应熵 standard molar reaction entropy 标准摩尔焓函数标准摩尔焓函数 standard molar enthalpy function 标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数 standard molar Gibbs free energy function 标准摩尔燃烧焓 standard molar combustion enthalpy 标准摩尔熵标准摩尔熵 standard molar entropy 标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation enthalpy 标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数 standard molar formation Gibbs function 标准平衡常数标准平衡常数 standard equilibrium constant 标准氢电极标准氢电极 standard hydrogen electrode 标准态标准态 standard state 标准熵标准熵 standard entropy 标准压力标准压力 standard pressure 标准状况标准状况 standard condition 表观活化能表观活化能 apparent activation energy 表观摩尔质量表观摩尔质量 apparent molecular weight 表观迁移数表观迁移数 apparent transference number 表面表面 surfaces 表面过程控制表面过程控制 surface process control 表面活性剂表面活性剂 surfactants 表面吸附量表面吸附量 surface excess 表面张力表面张力 surface tension 表面质量作用定律表面质量作用定律 surface mass action law 波义尔定律波义尔定律 Boyle law 波义尔温度波义尔温度 Boyle temperature 波义尔点波义尔点 Boyle point 玻尔兹曼常数玻尔兹曼常数 Boltzmann constant 玻尔兹曼分布玻尔兹曼分布 Boltzmann distribution 玻尔兹曼公式玻尔兹曼公式 Boltzmann formula 玻尔兹曼熵定理玻尔兹曼熵定理 Boltzmann entropy theorem 玻色－爱因斯坦统计玻色－爱因斯坦统计 Bose-Einstein statistics 泊 Poise 不可逆过程不可逆过程 irreversible process 不可逆过程热力学不可逆过程热力学 thermodynamics thermodynamics of of of irreversible irreversible processes 不可逆相变化不可逆相变化 irreversible phase change 布朗运动布朗运动 brownian movement 查理定律查理定律 Charle ’s law 产率产率 yield 敞开系统敞开系统 open system 超电势超电势 over potential 沉降沉降 sedimentation 沉降电势沉降电势 sedimentation potential 沉降平衡沉降平衡 sedimentation equilibrium 触变触变 thixotropy 粗分散系统粗分散系统 thick disperse system 催化剂催化剂 catalyst 单分子层吸附理论 mono molecule layer adsorption 单分子反应单分子反应 unimolecular reaction 单链反应单链反应 straight chain reactions 弹式量热计弹式量热计 bomb calorimeter 道尔顿定律道尔顿定律 Dalton law 道尔顿分压定律道尔顿分压定律 Dalton partial pressure law 德拜和法尔肯哈根效应德拜和法尔肯哈根效应 Debye Debye and and and Falkenhagen Falkenhagen effect 德拜立方公式德拜立方公式 Debye cubic formula 德拜－休克尔极限公式德拜－休克尔极限公式 Debye-Huckel ’s limiting equation 等焓过程等焓过程 isenthalpic process 等焓线等焓线 isenthalpic line 等几率定理等几率定理 theorem of equal probability 等温等容位等温等容位 Helmholtz free energy 等温等压位等温等压位 Gibbs free energy 等温方程等温方程 equation at constant temperature 低共熔点低共熔点 eutectic point 低共熔混合物低共熔混合物 eutectic mixture 低会溶点低会溶点 lower consolute point 低熔冰盐合晶低熔冰盐合晶 cryohydric 第二类永动机第二类永动机 perpetual perpetual machine machine machine of of of the the the second second kind 第三定律熵第三定律熵 third-law entropy 第一类永动机第一类永动机 perpetual machine of the first kind 缔合化学吸附缔合化学吸附 association chemical adsorption 电池常数电池常数 cell constant 电池电动势电池电动势 electromotive force of cells 电池反应电池反应 cell reaction 电导电导 conductance 电导率电导率 conductivity 电动势的温度系数 temperature coefficient of electromotive force 电动电势电动电势 zeta potential 电功电功 electric work 电化学电化学 electrochemistry 电化学极化电化学极化 electrochemical polarization 电极电势电极电势 electrode potential 电极反应电极反应 reactions on the electrode 电极种类电极种类 type of electrodes 电解池电解池 electrolytic cell 电量计电量计 coulometer 电流效率电流效率 current efficiency 电迁移电迁移 electro migration 电迁移率电迁移率 electromobility 电渗电渗 electroosmosis 电渗析电渗析 electrodialysis 电泳电泳 electrophoresis 丁达尔效应丁达尔效应 Dyndall effect 定容摩尔热容定容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant volume 定容温度计定容温度计 Constant voIume thermometer 定压摩尔热容定压摩尔热容 molar heat capacity under constant pressure 定压温度计定压温度计 constant pressure thermometer 定域子系统定域子系统 localized particle system 动力学方程动力学方程 kinetic equations 动力学控制动力学控制 kinetics control 独立子系统独立子系统 independent particle system 对比摩尔体积对比摩尔体积 reduced mole volume 对比体积对比体积 reduced volume 对比温度对比温度 reduced temperature 对比压力对比压力 reduced pressure 对称数对称数 symmetry number 对行反应对行反应 reversible reactions 对应状态原理对应状态原理 principle of corresponding state 多方过程多方过程 polytropic process 多分子层吸附理论 adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers 二级反应二级反应 second order reaction 二级相变二级相变 second order phase change 法拉第常数法拉第常数 faraday constant 法拉第定律法拉第定律 Faraday ’s law 反电动势反电动势 back E.M.F. 反渗透反渗透 reverse osmosis 反应分子数反应分子数 molecularity 反应级数反应级数 reaction orders 反应进度反应进度 extent of reaction 反应热反应热 heat of reaction 反应速率反应速率 rate of reaction 反应速率常数反应速率常数 constant of reaction rate 范德华常数范德华常数 van der Waals constant 范德华方程范德华方程 van der Waals equation 范德华力范德华力 van der Waals force 范德华气体范德华气体 van der Waals gases 范特霍夫方程范特霍夫方程 van ’t Hoff equation 范特霍夫规则范特霍夫规则 van ’t Hoff rule 范特霍夫渗透压公式范特霍夫渗透压公式 van ’t t Hoff Hoff equation equation of of osmotic pressure 非基元反应非基元反应 non-elementary reactions 非体积功非体积功 non-volume work 非依时计量学反应 time independent stoichiometric reactions 菲克扩散第一定律菲克扩散第一定律 Fick ’s first law of diffusion 沸点沸点 boiling point 沸点升高沸点升高 elevation of boiling point 费米－狄拉克统计费米－狄拉克统计 Fermi-Dirac statistics 分布分布 distribution 分布数分布数 distribution numbers 分解电压分解电压 decomposition voltage 分配定律分配定律 distribution law 分散系统分散系统 disperse system 分散相分散相 dispersion phase 分体积分体积 partial volume 分体积定律分体积定律 partial volume law 分压分压 partial pressure 分压定律分压定律 partial pressure law 分子反应力学分子反应力学 mechanics of molecular reactions 分子间力分子间力 intermolecular force 分子蒸馏分子蒸馏 molecular distillation 封闭系统封闭系统 closed system 附加压力附加压力 excess pressure 弗罗因德利希吸附经验式弗罗因德利希吸附经验式 Freundlich Freundlich empirical empirical formula of adsorption 负极负极 negative pole 负吸附负吸附 negative adsorption 复合反应复合反应 composite reaction 盖·吕萨克定律盖·吕萨克定律 Gay-Lussac law 盖斯定律盖斯定律 Hess law 甘汞电极甘汞电极 calomel electrode 感胶离子序感胶离子序 lyotropic series 杠杆规则杠杆规则 lever rule 高分子溶液高分子溶液 macromolecular solution 高会溶点高会溶点 upper consolute point 隔离法隔离法 the isolation method 格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律 Grotthus-Draoer ’s law 隔离系统隔离系统 isolated system 根均方速率根均方速率 root-mean-square speed 功 work 功函功函 work content 共轭溶液共轭溶液 conjugate solution 共沸温度共沸温度 azeotropic temperature 构型熵构型熵 configurational entropy 孤立系统孤立系统 isolated system 固溶胶固溶胶 solid sol 固态混合物固态混合物 solid solution 固相线固相线 solid phase line 光反应光反应 photoreaction 光化学第二定律 the second law of actinochemistry 光化学第一定律光化学第一定律 the first law of actinochemistry 光敏反应光敏反应 photosensitized reactions 光谱熵光谱熵 spectrum entropy 广度性质广度性质 extensive property 广延量广延量 extensive quantity 广延性质广延性质 extensive property 规定熵规定熵 stipulated entropy 过饱和溶液过饱和溶液 oversaturated solution 过饱和蒸气过饱和蒸气 oversaturated vapor 过程过程 process 过渡状态理论过渡状态理论 transition state theory 过冷水过冷水 super-cooled water 过冷液体过冷液体 overcooled liquid 过热液体过热液体 overheated liquid 亥姆霍兹函数亥姆霍兹函数 Helmholtz function 亥姆霍兹函数判据亥姆霍兹函数判据 Helmholtz function criterion 亥姆霍兹自由能亥姆霍兹自由能 Helmholtz free energy 亥氏函数亥氏函数 Helmholtz function 焓 enthalpy 亨利常数亨利常数 Henry constant 亨利定律亨利定律 Henry law 恒沸混合物恒沸混合物 constant boiling mixture 恒容摩尔热容恒容摩尔热容 molar molar heat heat heat capacity capacity at at constant constant volume 恒容热恒容热 heat at constant volume 恒外压恒外压 constant external pressure 恒压摩尔热容恒压摩尔热容 molar molar heat heat heat capacity capacity at at constant constant pressure 恒压热恒压热 heat at constant pressure 化学动力学化学动力学 chemical kinetics 化学反应计量式 stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction 化学反应计量系数化学反应计量系数 stoichiometric stoichiometric coefficient coefficient coefficient of of chemical reaction 化学反应进度化学反应进度 extent of chemical reaction 化学亲合势化学亲合势 chemical affinity 化学热力学化学热力学 chemical thermodynamics 化学势化学势 chemical potential 化学势判据化学势判据 chemical potential criterion 化学吸附化学吸附 chemisorptions 环境环境 environment 环境熵变环境熵变 entropy change in environment 挥发度挥发度 volatility 混合熵混合熵 entropy of mixing 混合物混合物 mixture 活度活度 activity 活化控制活化控制 activation control 活化络合物理论活化络合物理论 activated complex theory 活化能活化能 activation energy 霍根-华森图华森图 Hougen-Watson Chart 基态能级基态能级 energy level at ground state 基希霍夫公式基希霍夫公式 Kirchhoff formula 基元反应基元反应 elementary reactions 积分溶解热积分溶解热 integration heat of dissolution 吉布斯－杜亥姆方程吉布斯－杜亥姆方程 Gibbs-Duhem equation 吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程 Gibbs-Helmhotz equation 吉布斯函数吉布斯函数 Gibbs function 吉布斯函数判据吉布斯函数判据 Gibbs function criterion 吉布斯吸附公式吉布斯吸附公式 Gibbs adsorption formula 吉布斯自由能吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy 吉氏函数吉氏函数 Gibbs function 极化电极电势极化电极电势 polarization potential of electrode 极化曲线极化曲线 polarization curves 极化作用极化作用 polarization 极限摩尔电导率极限摩尔电导率 limiting molar conductivity 几率因子几率因子 steric factor 计量式计量式 stoichiometric equation 计量系数计量系数 stoichiometric coefficient 价数规则价数规则 rule of valence 简并度简并度 degeneracy 键焓键焓 bond enthalpy 胶冻胶冻 broth jelly 胶核胶核 colloidal nucleus 胶凝作用胶凝作用 demulsification 胶束胶束 micelle 胶体胶体 colloid 胶体分散系统胶体分散系统 dispersion system of colloid 胶体化学胶体化学 collochemistry 胶体粒子胶体粒子 colloidal particles 胶团胶团 micelle 焦耳焦耳 Joule 焦耳-汤姆生实验汤姆生实验 Joule-Thomson experiment 焦耳-汤姆生系数汤姆生系数 Joule-Thomson coefficient 焦耳-汤姆生效应汤姆生效应 Joule-Thomson effect 焦耳定律焦耳定律 Joule`s law 接触电势接触电势 contact potential 接触角接触角 contact angle 节流过程节流过程 throttling process 节流膨胀节流膨胀 throttling expansion 节流膨胀系数节流膨胀系数 coefficient of throttling expansion 结线结线 tie line 结晶热结晶热 heat of crystallization 解离化学吸附解离化学吸附 dissociation chemical adsorption 界面界面 interfaces 界面张力界面张力 surface tension 浸湿浸湿 immersion wetting 浸湿功浸湿功 immersion wetting work 精馏精馏 rectify 聚（合）电解质聚（合）电解质 polyelectrolyte 聚沉聚沉 coagulation 聚沉值聚沉值 coagulation value 绝对反应速率理论绝对反应速率理论 absolute reaction rate theory 绝对熵绝对熵 absolute entropy 绝对温标绝对温标 absolute temperature scale 绝热过程绝热过程 adiabatic process 绝热量热计绝热量热计 adiabatic calorimeter 绝热指数绝热指数 adiabatic index 卡诺定理卡诺定理 Carnot theorem 卡诺循环卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 开尔文公式开尔文公式 Kelvin formula 柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律 Konovalov-Gibbs law 科尔劳施离子独立运动定律 Kohlrausch ’s s Law Law of Independent Migration of Ions 可能的电解质可能的电解质 potential electrolyte 可逆电池可逆电池 reversible cell 可逆过程可逆过程 reversible process 可逆过程方程可逆过程方程 reversible process equation 可逆体积功可逆体积功 reversible volume work 可逆相变可逆相变 reversible phase change 克拉佩龙方程克拉佩龙方程 Clapeyron equation 克劳修斯不等式克劳修斯不等式 Clausius inequality 程克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 控制步骤控制步骤 control step 库仑计库仑计 coulometer 扩散控制扩散控制 diffusion controlled 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程 Laplace ’s equation 拉乌尔定律拉乌尔定律 Raoult law 兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism 兰格缪尔吸附等温式 Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula 雷利公式雷利公式 Rayleigh equation 冷冻系数冷冻系数 coefficient of refrigeration 冷却曲线冷却曲线 cooling curve 离解热离解热 heat of dissociation 离解压力离解压力 dissociation pressure 离域子系统离域子系统 non-localized particle systems 离子的标准摩尔生成焓离子的标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation of ion 离子的电迁移率离子的电迁移率 mobility mobility of of of ions ions 离子的迁移数离子的迁移数离子的迁移数 transport number of ions 离子独立运动定律 law of the independent migration of ions 离子氛离子氛 ionic atmosphere 离子强度离子强度 ionic strength 理想混合物理想混合物 perfect mixture 理想气体理想气体 ideal gas 接触电势接触电势 contact potential 接触角接触角 contact angle 节流过程节流过程 throttling process 节流膨胀节流膨胀 throttling expansion 节流膨胀系数节流膨胀系数 coefficient of throttling expansion 结线结线 tie line 结晶热结晶热 heat of crystallization 解离化学吸附解离化学吸附 dissociation chemical adsorption 界面界面 interfaces 界面张力界面张力 surface tension 浸湿浸湿 immersion wetting 浸湿功浸湿功 immersion wetting work 精馏精馏 rectify 聚（合）电解质聚（合）电解质 polyelectrolyte 聚沉聚沉 coagulation 聚沉值聚沉值 coagulation value 绝对反应速率理论绝对反应速率理论 absolute reaction rate theory 绝对熵绝对熵 absolute entropy 绝对温标绝对温标 absolute temperature scale 绝热过程绝热过程 adiabatic process 绝热量热计绝热量热计 adiabatic calorimeter 绝热指数绝热指数 adiabatic index 卡诺定理卡诺定理 Carnot theorem 卡诺循环卡诺循环 Carnot cycle 开尔文公式开尔文公式 Kelvin formula 柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律 Konovalov-Gibbs law 科尔劳施离子独立运动定律 Kohlrausch ’s s Law Law of Independent Migration of Ions 可能的电解质可能的电解质 potential electroly 可逆电池可逆电池 reversible cell 可逆过程可逆过程 reversible process 可逆过程方程可逆过程方程 reversible process equation 可逆体积功可逆体积功 reversible volume work 可逆相变可逆相变 reversible phase change 克拉佩龙方程克拉佩龙方程 Clapeyron equation 克劳修斯不等式克劳修斯不等式 Clausius inequality 程克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程 Clausius-Clapeyron equation 控制步骤控制步骤 control step 库仑计库仑计 coulometer 扩散控制扩散控制 diffusion controlled 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程 Laplace ’s equation 拉乌尔定律拉乌尔定律 Raoult law 兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理 Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism 兰格缪尔吸附等温式 Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula 雷利公式雷利公式 Rayleigh equation 冷冻系数冷冻系数 coefficient of refrigeration 冷却曲线冷却曲线 cooling curve 离解热离解热 heat of dissociation 离解压力离解压力 dissociation pressure 离域子系统离域子系统 non-localized particle systems 离子的标准摩尔生成焓离子的标准摩尔生成焓 standard molar formation of ion 离子的电迁移率离子的电迁移率 mobility of ions 离子的迁移数离子的迁移数 transport number of ions 离子独立运动定律 law of the independent migration of ions 离子氛离子氛 ionic atmosphere 离子强度离子强度 ionic strength 理想混合物理想混合物 perfect mixture 理想气体理想气体 ideal gas 理想气体的绝热指数理想气体的绝热指数 adiabatic index of ideal gases 理想气体的微观模型理想气体的微观模型 micro-model of ideal gas 理想气体反应的等温方程理想气体反应的等温方程 isothermal isothermal equation equation equation of of ideal gaseous reactions 理想气体绝热可逆过程方程理想气体绝热可逆过程方程 adiabatic adiabatic reversible reversible process equation of ideal gases 理想气体状态方程理想气体状态方程 state equation of ideal gas 理想稀溶液理想稀溶液 ideal dilute solution 理想液态混合物理想液态混合物 perfect liquid mixture 粒子粒子 particles 粒子的配分函数粒子的配分函数 partition function of particles 连串反应连串反应 consecutive reactions 链的传递物链的传递物 chain carrier 链反应链反应 chain reactions 量热熵量热熵 calorimetric entropy 量子统计量子统计 quantum statistics 量子效率量子效率 quantum yield 临界参数临界参数 critical parameter 临界常数临界常数 critical constant 临界点临界点 critical point 临界胶束浓度临界胶束浓度 critical micelle concentration 临界摩尔体积临界摩尔体积 critical molar volume 临界温度临界温度 critical temperature 临界压力临界压力 critical pressure 临界状态临界状态 critical state 零级反应零级反应 zero order reaction 流动电势流动电势 streaming potential 流动功流动功 flow work 笼罩效应笼罩效应 cage effect 路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则 Lewis-Randall Lewis-Randall rule rule rule of of fugacity 露点露点 dew point 露点线露点线 dew point line 麦克斯韦关系式麦克斯韦关系式 Maxwell relations 麦克斯韦速率分布 Maxwell distribution of speeds 麦克斯韦能量分布麦克斯韦能量分布 MaxwelIdistribution of energy 毛细管凝结毛细管凝结 condensation in capillary 毛细现象毛细现象 capillary phenomena 米凯利斯常数米凯利斯常数 Michaelis constant 摩尔电导率摩尔电导率 molar conductivity 摩尔反应焓摩尔反应焓 molar reaction enthalpy 摩尔混合熵摩尔混合熵 mole entropy of mixing 摩尔气体常数摩尔气体常数 molar gas constant 摩尔热容摩尔热容 molar heat capacity 摩尔溶解焓摩尔溶解焓 mole dissolution enthalpy 摩尔稀释焓摩尔稀释焓 mole dilution enthalpy 内扩散控制内扩散控制 internal diffusions control 内能内能 internal energy 内压力内压力 internal pressure 能级能级 energy levels 能级分布能级分布 energy level distribution 能量均分原理 principle of the equipartition of energy 能斯特方程能斯特方程 Nernst equation 能斯特热定理能斯特热定理 Nernst heat theorem 凝固点凝固点 freezing point 凝固点降低凝固点降低 lowering of freezing point 凝固点曲线凝固点曲线 freezing point curve 凝胶凝胶 gelatin 凝聚态凝聚态 condensed state 凝聚相凝聚相 condensed phase 浓差超电势浓差超电势 concentration over-potential 浓差极化浓差极化 concentration polarization 浓差电池浓差电池 concentration cells 帕斯卡帕斯卡 pascal 泡点泡点 bubble point 泡点线泡点线 bubble point line 配分函数配分函数 partition function 配分函数的析因子性质配分函数的析因子性质 property that partition function to be expressed as a product of the separate partition functions for each kind of state 碰撞截面碰撞截面 collision cross section 碰撞数碰撞数 the number of collisions 偏摩尔量偏摩尔量 partial mole quantities 平衡常数平衡常数（理想气体反应）（理想气体反应）（理想气体反应） equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases 平动配分函数平动配分函数 partition function of translation 平衡分布平衡分布 equilibrium distribution 平衡态平衡态 equilibrium state 平衡态近似法平衡态近似法 equilibrium state approximation 平衡状态图平衡状态图 equilibrium state diagram 平均活度平均活度 mean activity 平均活度系统平均活度系统 mean activity coefficient 平均摩尔热容平均摩尔热容 mean molar heat capacity 平均质量摩尔浓度平均质量摩尔浓度 mean mass molarity 平均自由程平均自由程 mean free path 平行反应平行反应 parallel reactions 破乳破乳 demulsification 铺展铺展 spreading 普遍化范德华方程 universal van der Waals equation 其它功其它功 the other work 气化热气化热 heat of vaporization 气溶胶气溶胶 aerosol 气体常数气体常数 gas constant 气体分子运动论气体分子运动论 kinetic theory of gases 气体分子运动论的基本方程气体分子运动论的基本方程 foundamental foundamental equation equation of kinetic theory of gases 气溶胶气溶胶 aerosol 气相线气相线 vapor line 迁移数迁移数 transport number 潜热潜热 latent heat 强度量强度量 intensive quantity 强度性质强度性质 intensive property 亲液溶胶亲液溶胶 hydrophilic sol 氢电极氢电极 hydrogen electrodes 区域熔化区域熔化 zone melting 热 heat 热爆炸热爆炸 heat explosion 热泵热泵 heat pump 热功当量热功当量 mechanical equivalent of heat 热函热函 heat content 热化学热化学 thermochemistry 热化学方程热化学方程 thermochemical equation 热机热机 heat engine 热机效率热机效率 efficiency of heat engine 热力学热力学 thermodynamics 热力学第二定律 the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第三定律热力学第三定律 the third law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律热力学第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics 热力学基本方程 fundamental equation of thermodynamics 热力学几率热力学几率 thermodynamic probability 热力学能热力学能 thermodynamic energy 热力学特性函数 characteristic thermodynamic function 热力学温标热力学温标 thermodynamic scale of temperature 热力学温度热力学温度 thermodynamic temperature 热熵热熵 thermal entropy 热效应热效应 heat effect 熔点曲线熔点曲线 melting point curve 熔化热熔化热 heat of fusion 溶胶溶胶 colloidal sol 溶解焓溶解焓 dissolution enthalpy 溶液溶液 solution 溶胀溶胀 swelling 乳化剂乳化剂 emulsifier 乳状液乳状液 emulsion 润湿润湿 wetting 润湿角润湿角 wetting angle 萨克尔－泰特洛德方程萨克尔－泰特洛德方程 Sackur-Tetrode equation 三相点三相点 triple point 三相平衡线三相平衡线 triple-phase line 熵 entropy 熵判据熵判据 entropy criterion 熵增原理熵增原理 principle of entropy increase 渗透压渗透压 osmotic pressure 渗析法渗析法 dialytic process 生成反应生成反应 formation reaction 升华热升华热 heat of sublimation 实际气体实际气体 real gas 舒尔采－哈迪规则舒尔采－哈迪规则 Schulze-Hardy rule 松驰力松驰力 relaxation force 松驰时间松驰时间 time of relaxation 速度常数速度常数 reaction rate constant 速率方程速率方程 rate equations 速率控制步骤速率控制步骤 rate determining step 塔费尔公式塔费尔公式 Tafel equation 态－态反应态－态反应 state-state reactions 唐南平衡唐南平衡 Donnan equilibrium 淌度淌度 mobility 特鲁顿规则特鲁顿规则 Trouton rule 特性粘度特性粘度 intrinsic viscosity 体积功体积功 volume work 统计权重统计权重 statistical weight 统计热力学统计热力学 statistic thermodynamics 统计熵统计熵 statistic entropy 途径途径 path 途径函数途径函数 path function 外扩散控制外扩散控制 external diffusion control 完美晶体完美晶体 perfect crystalline 完全气体完全气体 perfect gas 微观状态微观状态 microstate 微态微态 microstate 韦斯顿标准电池韦斯顿标准电池 Weston standard battery 维恩效应维恩效应 Wien effect 维里方程维里方程 virial equation 维里系数维里系数 virial coefficient 稳流过程稳流过程 steady flow process 稳态近似法稳态近似法 stationary state approximation 。
墨菲物流学英文版第12版课后习题答案
PART IIANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONSCHAPTER 14: INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS14-1. Discuss some of the key political restrictions on cross-border trade.Political restrictions on cross-border trade can take a variety of forms. Many nations ban certain types of shipments that might jeopardize their national security. Likewise, individual nations may band together to pressure another country from being an active supplier of materials that could be used to build nuclear weapons. Some nations restrict the outflow of currency because a nation,s economy will suffer if it imports more than it exports over a long term. A relatively commonpolitical restriction on trade involves tariffs, or taxes that governments place on the importation of certain items. Another group of political restrictions can be classified as nontariff barriers, which refer to restrictions other than tariffs that are placed upon imported products. Another political restriction involves embargoes, or the prohibition of trade between particular countries.14-2. How might a particular country,s government be involved in international trade?Governments may exert strong control over ocean and air traffic because they operate as extensions of a nation,s economy and most of the revenue flows into that nation's economy. In some cases, import licenses may restrict movement to a vessel or plane owned or operated by the importing country. In addition, some nations provide subsidies to develop and/or maintain their ocean and air carriers. Governments also support their own carriers through cargo preference rules, which require a certain percentage of traffic to move on a nation,s flag vessels. Although federal governments have often owned ocean carriers and international airlines, some government-owned international carriers are moving toward the private sector.14-3. Discuss how a nation,s market size might impact international trade and, in turn,international logistics.Population is one proxy for market size, and China and India account for about one-third of the world's population. As such, these two countries might be potentially attractive markets because of their absolute and relative size. Having said this, India has a relatively low gross domestic product per capita, and because of this some customers buy singleuse packets of products called sachets. From a logistical perspective, single-use packets require different packaging, and are easier to lose and more prone to theft than products sold in larger quantities.14-4. How might economic integration impact international logistics?Potential logistical implications of economic integration include reduced documentation requirements, reduced tariffs, and the redesign of distribution networks. For example,Poland and the Czech Republic have become favorite distribution sites with the eastward expansion of the European Union.14-5. How can language considerations impact the packaging and labeling of international shipments?With respect to language, cargo handlers may not be able to read and understand the language of the exporting country, and it would not be unusual for cargo handlers in some countries to beilliterate. Hence, cautionary symbols, rather than writing, must be used. A shipper,s mark, which looks like a cattle brand, is used in areas where dockworkers cannot read but need a method to keep documents and shipments together.14-6. What is a certificate of origin, a commercial invoice, and a shipper,s export declaration?A certificate of origin specifies the country or countries in which a product is manufactured .This document can be required by governments for control purposes or by an exporter to verify thelocation of manufacture. A commercial invoice is similar in nature to a domestic bill of lading in the sense that a commercial invoice summarizes the entire transaction and contains (or should contain) key information to include a description of the goods, the terms of sale and payment, the shipment quantity, the method of shipment, and so on. A shipper,s export declaration contains relevant export transaction data such as the transportation mode(s), transaction participants, and a description of what is being exported.14-7. Discuss international terms of sale and Incoterms.International terms of sale determine where and when buyers and seller will transfer 1) the physical goods; 2) payment for goods, freight charges, and insurance for the in-transit goods; 3) legal title to the goods; 4) required documentation; and 5) responsibility for controlling or caring for the goods in transit. The International Chamber of Commerce is in charge of establishing, and periodically revising, the terms of sale for international shipments, commonly referred to as Incoterms. The most recent revision, Incoterms 2010, reflects the rapid expansion of global trade with a particular focus on improved cargo security and new trends in cross-border transportation. Incoterms 2010 are now organized by modes of transport and the terms can be used in both international and domestic transportation.14-8. Name the four methods of payment for international shipments. Which method is riskiest for the buyer? For the seller?Four distinct methods of payment exist for international shipments: cash in advance, letters of credit, bills of exchange, and the open account. Cash in advance is of minimal risk to the seller, but is the riskiest for the buyer-what if the paid-for product is never received? The open account involves tremendous potential risk for the seller and minimal risk for the buyer.14-9. Discuss four possible functions that might be performed by international freight forwarders.The text describes eight functions, such as preparing an export declaration and booking space on carriers, so discussion of any four would be appropriate.14-10. What is an NVOCC?An NVOCC (nonvessel-operating common carrier) is often confused with an international freight forwarder. Although both NVOCCs and international freight forwarders must be licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission, NVOCCs are common carriers and thus have common carrier obligations to serveand deliver, among other obligations. NVOCCs consolidate freight from different shippers and leverage this volume to negotiate favorable transportation rates from ocean carriers. From the shipper's perspective, an NVOCC is a carrier; from an ocean carrier,s perspective, an NVOCC is a shipper.14-11. What are the two primary purposes of export packing?One function is to allow goods to move easily through customs. For a country assessing duties on the weight of both the item and its container, this means selecting lightweight packing materials. The second purpose of export packing is to protect products in what almost always is a more difficult journey than they would experience if they were destined for domestic consignees.14-12. Discuss the importance of water transportation for international trade.A frequently cited statistic is that approximately 60 percent of cross-border shipments move by water transportation. Another example of the importance of water transportation in international trade involves the world,s busiest container ports as measured by TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) handled; 9 of the 10 busiest container ports are located in Asia, with 7 of the busiest ports located in China.14-13. Explain the load center concept. How might load centers affect the dynamics of international transportation?Load centers are major ports where thousands of containers arrive and depart each week. As vessel sizes increase, it becomes more costly to stop at multiple ports in a geographic area, and as a result, operators of larger container ships prefer to call at only one port in a geographic area. Load centers might impact the dynamics of international trade in the sense that some ports will be relegated to providing feeder service to the load centers.14-14. Discuss the role of ocean carrier alliances in international logistics.In the mid-1990s, ocean carrier alliances, in which carriers retain their individual identities but cooperate in the area of operations, began forming in the container trades. These alliances provide two primary benefits to participating members, namely, the sharing of vessel space and the ability to offer shippers a broader service network. The size of the alliance allows them to exercise considerable clout in their dealings with shippers, port terminal operators, and connecting land carriers.14-15. How do integrated air carriers impact the effectiveness and efficiency of international logistics?Integrated air carriers own all their vehicles and the facilities that fall in-between. These carriers often provide the fastest service between many major points. They are also employed to carry the documentation that is generated by—and is very much a part of— the international movement of materials. The integrated carriers also handle documentation services for their clients.14-16. How do open-skies agreements differ from bilateral agreements?Bilateral agreements generally involved two countries and tended to be somewhat restrictive in nature. For example, the bilateral agreements would specify the carriers that were to serve particular city pairs. By contrast, open skies agreements liberalize aviation opportunities andlimit federal government involvement. For example, the Open Aviation Agreement between the United States and 27 European Union (EU) member states allows any EU airline as well as any U.S. airline to fly between any point in the EU and any point in the United States.14-17. Discuss the potential sources of delays in certain countries with respect to motor carrier shipments that move across state borders.One source of delays is that certain countries limit a motor carrier,s operations to within a particular state,s borders; as a result, multi-state shipments must be transferred from one company,s vehicle to another company,s vehicle whenever crossing into another state. Another source of delays is that certain countries conduct inspections of trucks as they move from one state to another. This can include physical counting and inspection of all shipments, inspection of documentation, and vehicle inspection, as well as driver inspection.14-18. Define what is meant by short-sea shipping (SSS), and discuss some advantages of SSS.Short-sea shipping (SSS) refers to waterborne transportation that utilizes inland and coastal waterways to move shipments from domestic ports to their destination. Potential benefits to SSS include reduced rail and truck congestion, reduced highway damage, a reduction in truck-related noise and air pollution, and improved waterways utilization.14-19. What are some challenges associated with inventory management in cross-border trade?Because greater uncertainties, misunderstandings, and delays often arise in international movements, safety stocks must be larger. Furthermore, inventory valuation on an international scale isdifficult because of continually changing exchange rates. When a nation,s (or the world's) currency is unstable, investments in inventories rise because they are believed to be less risky than holding cash or securities.Firms involved in international trade must give careful thought to their inventory policies, in part because inventory available for sale in one nation may not necessarily serve the needs of markets in nearby nations. Product return policies are another concern with respect to international inventory management. One issue is that, unlike the United States where products can be returned for virtually reason, some countries don,t allow returns unless the product is defective in some respect.14-20. What is the Logistics Performance Index? How can it be used?The Logistics Performance Index (LPI) was created in recognition of the importance of logistics in global trade. The LPI measures a country,s performance across six logistical dimensions:•Efficiency of the clearance process (i.e., speed, simplicity, and predictability of formalities) by border control agencies, including customs;•Quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure (e.g., ports, railroads, roads, and information technology);•Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments;•Competence and quality of logistics services (e.g., transport operators and customs brokers);•Capability to track and trace consignments;•Timeliness of shipments in reaching the destination within the scheduled or expected delivery time.The LPI is a potentially valuable international logistics tool because the data can be analyzed from several different perspectives. First, the LPI can be analyzed for all countries according to the overall LPI score as well as according to scores on each of the six dimensions. Second, the LPI can be analyzed in terms of an individual country's performance over time, relative to its geographic region, and relative to its income group.PART IIICASE SOLUTIONSCASE 14-1: Nurnberg Augsburg Maschinenwerke (N.A.M.)Question 1: Assume that you are Weiss. How many viable alternatives do you have to consider regarding the initial shipment of 25 buses?The answer to this question can vary depending on how students define “viable alternatives.” If we take a broad perspective and just focus on the primary cities, Bremerhaven does not appear to be an option because there is no scheduled liner service in the desired time frame. That leaves us with Prague to Santos through Hamburg and Prague to Santos through Rotterdam. Several of the vessel departure dates for both alternatives are not feasible. For example, the 18-day transit time from Hamburg eliminates both the October 31 and November 3 departures; likewise, the 17-day transit time from Rotterdam eliminates the November 2 departure. And although the October 27 departure from Hamburg or the October 28 departure from Rotterdam should get the buses to Santos by November 15, neither departure leaves much room for potential transit delays (e.g., a late season hurricane). As such, it appears that Weiss has but two viable alternatives: the October 24 departure from Hamburg and the October 23 departure from Rotterdam.Question 2: Which of the routing alternatives would you recommend to meet the initial 90-day deadline for the 25-bus shipment? Train or waterway? To which port(s)? What would it cost?If one assumes that rail transport is used from Prague to either Hamburg or Rotterdam, then thetotal transportation costs of the two alternatives are virtually identical. Although rail costs to Rotterdam are €300 higher than to Hamburg, the shipping costs from Rotterdam are €300 lower than from Hamburg (based on €6000 x .95). Because the total transportation costs are essentially the same, the decision likely needs to be based on service considerations. The initial shipment is extremely important. It might be suggested that Prague to Hamburg by rail and Hamburg to Santos by ocean vessel is the preferred alternative. Our rationale is that the provided transit times with Hamburg are definitive— that is, 3 days by rail and 18 days by water. With Rotterdam, by contrast, the rail transit time is either 4 or 5 days, although water transportation is 17 days.Question 3: What additional information would be helpful for answering Question 2?A variety of other information would be helpful for answering Question 2. For example, the case offers no insight about port congestion issues and how this congestion might impact the timeliness of shipment loadings. There also is no information about port performance in terms of loss and damage metrics. In addition, although the case indicates that rail transit time from Prague iseither four or five days, it might be helpful to know what percentage of shipments is completed in four days. Students are likely to come up with more suggestions.Question 4: How important, in fact, are the transport costs for the initial shipment of 25 buses?Clearly, with ocean shipping costs of either €5700 or €6000 per bus, transportation costs cannot be ignored. Having said this, the initial shipment holds the key to the remainder of the order (another 199 buses) and appears to be instrumental in securing another order for 568 buses (for a total of 767 more buses). As such, N.A.M might be somewhat flexible with respect to transportation costs for the initial shipment. Suppose, for example, that N.A.M. can earn a profit of €5000 per bus (such profit on a €120000 bus is by no means exorbitant). A profit of €5000 x 767 buses yields a total profit of €3,835,000. Because of such a large upside with respect to additional orders,N.A.M. might focus on achieving the specified metrics for the initial shipment without being overly concerned with transportation costs.Question 5: What kinds of customer service support must be provided for this initial shipment of 25 buses? Who is responsible?Although a number of different constituencies is involved in the initial shipment (e.g., railroads, dock workers, ocean carrier, etc.), the particular customers—the public transit authorities—are buying product from N.A.M. Because of this, N.A.M. should be the responsible party with respect to customer service support. There are myriad customer service support options that might be provided. Real-time shipment tracking should be an option so that the customers can know, at any time, the location of the shipment. N.A.M. might also provide regular updates of shipment progress; perhaps N.A.M. could email or fax important progress points (e.g., the shipment has left Prague; the shipment has arrived in Hamburg, etc.) to the customers. Because successful performance on theinitial shipment is crucial to securing future business, N.A.M. might have one of its managers actually accompany the shipment.Question 6: The Brazilian buyer wants the buses delivered at Santos. Weiss looks up theInternational Chamber of Commerce,s Incoterms and finds three categories of “delivered” terms:DAT (Delivered at Terminal). In this type of transaction, the seller clears the goods forexport and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods and unloading them at the terminal at the named port or place of destination. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks from this point forward including clearing the goods for import at the named country of destination.DAP (Delivered at Place). The seller clears the goods for export and bears all risks and costs associated with delivering goods to the named place of destination not unloaded. The buyer is responsible for all costs and risks associated with unloading the goods and clearing customs to import goods into the named country of destination.DDP (Delivered Duty Paid). The seller bears all risks and costs associated with delivering the goods to the named place of destination ready for unloading and clearing for import.How should he choose? Why?Again, given the importance of the initial shipment, it would appear that the more control thatN.A.M. has over the process, the better. Although the DDP option is likely the costliest option, it also affords N.A.M. more control later into the shipment process. Moreover, a willingness by N.A.M. to take on the additional costs associated with DDP might be viewed in a positive fashion by the customers.Question 7: Would you make the same routing recommendation for the second, larger (199 buses) component of the order, after the initial 90-day deadline is met? Why or why not?Time pressures do not appear to be as critical for the larger component of the order, so this might argue for use of water transportation between Prague and Hamburg. The rationale would be that even though water transportation is slower, it saves money (€48 per bus) over rail shipments. Alternatively, given that the selling price per bus is likely to be around €120000, trading off three days of transit time in exchange for a savings of €48 might not be such a good idea.Question 8：How important, if at all, is it for N.A.M. to ship via water to show its support of the European Union,s Motorways of the Seas concept?This question may generate a variety of opinions from students. For example, some students might argue that Question 75s answer also applies to Question 8. Having said this, the case doesn,t delve too deeply into potential environmental considerations associated with water transportation, so a pure cost-benefit analysis (such as Question 7) might be insufficient. Furthermore, because the European Union (EU) continues to be a contentious issue for many Europeans, the answer to Question 8 might depend upon one,s view of the EU. Thus, someone who is supportive of the EU might lean toward supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept, while someone not supportive of the EU might lean against supporting the Motorways of the Seas concept.。
chemicalreactionengineering3ededition作者octavelevenspiel课后习题答案
Corresponding Solutions for Chemical Reaction EngineeringCHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING .......................................... 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 2 KINETICS OF HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS ........................................................ 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 3 INTERPRETATION OF BATCH REACTOR DATA ..................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO REACTOR DESIGN ............................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 5 IDEAL REACTOR FOR A SINGLE REACTOR........................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN FOR SINGLE REACTIONS ....................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
CHAPTER 10 CHOOSING THE RIGHT KIND OF REACTOR ....................................................... 错误!未定义书签。
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT课件-第七章-股票市场、理性预期理论与有效市场假说
FinanceChapter2 Financial MarketsInterest Rates and Calculation of Interest RatesThe Behavior of Interest RatesThe Risk and Term Structure of Interest RatesThe Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market HypothesisLecture 7The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market Hypothesis •What Is a Stock?•Computing the Price of Common Stock•How the Market Sets Stock Prices•The Theory of Rational Expectations•The Efficient Market Hypothesis •Behavioral FinanceLearning ObjectivesCalculate the price of common stock.Recognize the impact of new information on stock prices.Compare and contrast adaptive expectations and rational expectations.Identify and explain the implications of the efficient market hypothesis for financial markets.Summarize the reasons why behavioral finance suggests that the efficient market hypothesis may not hold.What Is a Stock?1.1 What Is a Stock?A stock (also known as equity) is a security that represents the ownership of a fraction of a corporation.This entitles the owner of the stock to a proportion of the corporation’s assets and profits equal to how much stock they own.Units of stock are called “shares”.股票（也称为股权）是代表公司一部分所有权的证券。
Chapter 16- Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Chapter 16- Solids, Liquids, and GasesI.Kinetic Theorya.States of matter- solid, liquid, and gasi.Kinetic theory- explains how particles in matter behave.1.All matter is composed of small particles.2.Particles are in constant, random motion.3.Particles collide with each other and walls of their containers.ii.Thermal energy- total energy of a material’s particles; causes particles to vibrate in place.iii.Average kinetic energy- temperature of the substance, or how fast the particles are moving; the lower the temperature, the slower the particles motion.iv.Solid state- particles are closely packed together in a specific type of geometric arrangement.v.Liquid state- a solid begins to liquefy at the melting point as the particles gain enough energy to overcome their ordered arrangement.1.Energy required to reach the melting point is call the heat of heat of fusion.2.Liquid particles have more space between them allowing them to flow andtake the shape of their container.vi.Gaseous state- a liquid’s particles have enough energy to escape the attractive forces of the other particles in the liquid1.Heat of vaporization is the energy required for a liquid to change to a gas.2.At the boiling point, the pressure of the liquid’s vapor is equal to the pressureof the atmosphere, and that liquid becomes a gas.3.Gas particles spread evenly throughout their container in the process ofdiffusion.vii.Heating curve of a liquid- as a solid melts and a liquid vaporizes, the temperature remains constant; the temperature will increase after the attractive forces of the earlier state havebeen overcome.viii.Plasma- state of matter consisting of high-temperature gas with balanced positively and negatively charged particles.b.Thermal expansion- increase in the size of a substance when the temperature increasesi.The size of a substance will then decreases when the temperature decreases.ii.Expansion and contraction occur in most solids, liquids, and gases.iii.Water is an exception because it expands as it becomes a solid.c.Some substances do not react as expected when changing states.i.Amorphous solids- lack the tightly ordered structure found in crystals2.Glass and plasticii.Liquid crystals do not lose their ordered arrangement completely upon melting; used in liquid crystal displays in watches, clocks, calculators, and some notebook computers.II.Properties of Fluidsa.Bouyancy- ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.i.An object in a fluid will float if its weight is lass than the buoyant force acting on it fromthe fluid.ii.An object in a fluid will sink if its weight is more than the buoyant force acting on it from the fluid.iii.Archimedes’ principle- buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.iv.An object will float if its density is less than the density it is placed in.b.Pascal’s principle- pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid.i.Pressure is force exerted per unit area.ii.Hydraulic machines use this principle to lift heavy loads.c.Bernoulli’s principle- as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluiddecreases; airplanes use this principle to fly.d.Viscosity a liquid’s resistance to flowi.Molecular stucture determines a f luid’s viscosity.ii.Increased temperature will lower viscosity.III.Behavior of Gasesa.Pressure is measured in units called Pascal (Pa).i.Collisions of particles in air result in atmospheric pressure.ii.Moving particles colliding with the inside walls of a container result in gas pressure.b.Boyle’s Law- relates pressure and volumei.Volume decreases as pressure increases.ii.Pressure decreases as volume increases.iii.Pressure multiplied by volume is always equal to a constant if the temperature is constant.c.Charles’s Law- relates volume and temperaturei.At a constant pressure, volume increases as temperature increases.ii.At a constant pressure volume decreases as temperature decreases.。
新编金融英语教程 Chapter12 Commercial Banks
liquidator [ˈlɪkwɪdeɪtə(r)] 清算者
spread [spred] 价差
receiver [rɪˈsi:və(r)] 接收者
redemption [rɪˈdempʃn] 赎回
regulate [ˈregjuleɪt] 监管
12.3 Language Notes
II. Phrases
12.3 Language Notes
II. Phrases
• make loans • middle business • money multiplier effect • mortgage loans • mutual funds • net interest income • non-interest incomes • off-balance-sheet assets • origination fee
introduce the working mechanism in which a commercial bank creates money and makes money. Finally, it will introduce the regulations of commercial banks in the USA.
A. 国家银行 B. 地方银行 C. 州政府监管的 D. 并购申请 E. 商业结构 F. 商业银行 G. 存款利息 H. 贷款利息 I. 国家监管的 J. 投资机构
12.3 Language Notes
III. Sentences
4. The amount of money earned by a commercial bank is determined by the spread between the interest it pays on deposits and the interest it earns on loans, which is known as net interest income.
固体在液体中的溶解度
固液相平衡的準據
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
標準狀態的逸壓
溶液溫度與蒸氣壓下降的 關係
4
Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
理想溶解度
固氣平衡曲線的斜率與液 氣平衡曲線的斜率的關係
建構中
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
建構中
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
建構中Biblioteka 8Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
建構中
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
建構中
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
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Chapter 11 Solubilities of Solids in Liquids
财务会计英文版课后习题答案Ch12
CHAPTER 12 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS1.There are several reasons for a firm to makeinvestments in assets not directly related to the primary operations of its business (that is, investments in assets other than property, plant, equipment, and inventory). Companies usually make short-term investments be-cause of a temporary surplus of cash. They make long-term investments either because they believe that purchased investments provide a good return on money invested or because they want to gain influ-ence or control over investee companies.2.The risk and return trade-off of investmentsis that investors must usually decide whether they want a potentially higher return with more risk or a lower return with less risk.Most investments fall somewhere along a risk-return continuum. Investments that pro-vide high returns but have low risk are desir-able, but rare.3.The FASB has defined four different classifi-cations for debt and equity securities: trading securities, available-for-sale securities, held-to-maturity securities, and equity method se-curities.4. A security will be classified as trading if theinvestor is making the investment with the intent of selling the security should the need for cash arise, or to realize short-term profits should the price of the security increase.5. A security will be classified as held-to-maturity if the investor intends to hold the security until it matures. This criterion means that only debt securities can be classified as held-to-maturity, as equity securities typically do not mature. If a debt security is classified as held-to-maturity, any premium or discount associated with the security must be amor-tized over the life of the debt security.6.To be classified as an equity method securi-ty, an investor must typically own between20 and 50% of the outstanding commonstock of the investee. Ownership of between20 and 50% generally indicates the ability ofthe investor to significantly influence the operations and decisions of the investee.7.When an investor purchases debt and equitysecurities, two types of returns may be rea-lized. The first type of return is the receipt ofinterest (in the case of debt) or dividends (inthe case of equity). The second type of re-turn is from an increase in the price of thesecurity. To realize this type of return, the in-vestor must sell the security.8.When a security is sold, the seller must haveseveral pieces of information to properly ac-count for the transaction. The seller mustknow the selling price as well as the histori-cal cost of the security. The differencebetween these two amounts results in a rea-lized gain or loss on the sale.9.The difference between a realized gain orloss and an unrealized gain or loss relates tothe account ing concept of arm’s-lengthtransactions. The term ―realized‖ indicatesthat an arm’s-length transaction has takenplace and a security has been sold. A rea-lized gain indicates that the security was soldfor more than its historical cost, while a rea-lized loss means that the security was soldfor less than its original purchase price. Anunrealized gain means that the price of thesecurity being held has increased above itshistorical cost, but the security has not beensold. If the security is still being held and theprice falls below its historical cost, an unrea-lized loss has occurred.10.The account ―Market Adjustment‖ is used tovalue both trading and available-for-sale se-curities at their market value. Trading andavailable-for-sale securities are initiallyrecorded at their historical cost, and as theirvalue changes, the historical cost remainsthe same on the books. To reflect marketvalues on the books, the market adjustmentaccount is used to record both increasesand decreases in value. A separate marketadjustment account is used for both tradingand available-for-sale securities.11.Changes in the value of trading securities,both increases and decreases, are recordedon the books of the investor. Prior to 1994,only declines below historical cost wererecorded on the books. In 1994, however,434Chapter 12the rules were changed to allow companiesto record both increases and decreases invalue. At the end of each accounting period,the market value of the portfolio of tradingsecurities is compared to its historical cost,and the difference is recorded in the marketadjustment account. The offsetting credit (inthe case of increases in value) or debit (inthe case of decreases in value) is recordedin an income statement account as an un-realized gain or loss.12.Accounting for changes in the value ofavailable-for-sale securities is similar to theprocedures applied when accounting fortrading securities with one important differ-ence. Instead of recording any unrealizedincreases or decreases in value on theincome statement, unrealized increasesand decreases in value are recorded in astockholders’ equity account, UnrealizedIncrease/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity. Thus, the journalentry to record unrealized changes in valuealways contains the stockholders’ equity a c-count and the market adjustment—available-for-sale securities account.13.The market adjustment account can befurther adjusted; however, the adjustmentaccount should always report the total netchange in the value of the security. For ex-ample, if a security that cost $200 rose invalue to $300 during the first period and thento $350 during the second period, the mar-ket adjustment account would show a bal-ance of $150 at the end of the second period. 14.Premiums and discounts on available-for-sale securities are not amortized because itis assumed that trading and available-for-sale securities will not be held long enoughto warrant the need to amortize a premiumor discount.15.Changes in the value of held-to-maturity andequity method securities are not accountedfor on the books of the investor. For held-to-maturity securities, the investor intends tohold the debt security until it matures, and asa result, changes in value will not affectthe eventual maturity value of the security.For equity method securities, the investoris holding the security for the purpose ofbeing able to influence the operating deci-sions of the investee on a long-term basis.Thus, temporary changes in value of equitymethod securities are ignored for accountingpurposes.16.The only difference between the accountingfor trading securities and available-for-salesecurities lies in unrealized changes in valueof those securities. For trading securities,the changes in value are recorded on the in-come statement. For available-for-sale se-curities, the unrealized changes in value arerecorded in a stockholders’ equity a ccount. 17.*When buying a held-to-maturity security, aninvestor purchases the right to receive twodifferent types of future cash receipts. First,the investor receives periodic interest pay-ments over the life of the security; second,the investor receives the face amount (prin-cipal) of the security at maturity.18.* A company would usually be willing to paymore than the face amount (a premium) fora held-to-maturity security when the interestrate on the security is higher than the marketrate of interest for similar investments. Thepaying of a higher price reduces the statedrate of interest to a point where it approx-imates the market rate of interest.19.*The amortization of a discount increases theamount earned on a held-to-maturity securitybecause at maturity investors receive theface value, which is higher than the amountoriginally paid. These increased proceedsmust be recognized over the life of the secu-rity through amortization. The amortization ofa discount increases interest from a statedrate to a higher effective rate.20.*An investor purchasing held-to-maturitysecurities (typically bonds) between interestdates must pay for accrued interest becauseat the next interest payment date a fullpe riod’s interest will be received, eventhough the securities have been held for onlya portion of the period. Because the securi-ties are sold in relatively small denomina-tions and are usually owned by numerousindividuals, it is almost impossible for acompany to know who bought how manybonds on which dates. Therefore, with manyheld-to-maturity securities, whoever ownsthe securities on the interest payment datereceives the full period’s i nterest.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 43521.*The effective-interest amortization method istheoretically superior to the straight-lineamortization method because it takes intoconsideration the time value of money. Withthe effective-interest method, the amount ofinterest recognized is the effective interestrate times the amount of money actuallybeing borrowed at any period of time. Thestraight-line method is only an approximationof the true rate of interest.22.*The key criterion for using the equity methodis the ability of the investor to influence theoperations or decisions of the investee.23.*The accounting profession has providedguidelines to determine if the ability tosignificantly influence the operating deci-sions of an investee exists. The primaryguideline is degree of ownership. If the in-vestor owns between 20 and 50% of a cor-poration’s outstanding common stock, it isassumed that the investor is able to signifi-cantly influence the investee. Thus, unlessevidence exists to the contrary, ownership ofbetween 20 and 50% would require the useof the equity method.24.* When an investor purchases a trading secu-rity, revenue is recognized when interest ordividends are received. A gain or loss (un-re alized) is recorded when the security’sprice changes in value. For an investmentaccounted for under the equity method, rev-enue is recognized when the investee re-ports income for the period. This recognitionserves to increase the investment ac-count. The investment account is decreasedwhen dividends are received from the inves-tee. Unlike trading securities, temporarychanges in the value of equity method secur-ities are not recorded on the investor’sbooks.25.* Consolidated financial statements are pre-pared when a corporation owns more than50% of the stock of another company (acontrolling interest).26.* In the consolidated balance sheet, minorityinterest is the amount of equity investmentmade by outside shareholders to consolidat-ed subsidiaries that are not 100% owned bythe parent. In the consolidated incomestatement, minority interest income (shownas a subtraction) reflects the amount ofincome belonging to outside shareholders ofconsolidated subsidiaries that are not 100%owned.*Relates to expanded material.436Chapter 12PRACTICE EXERCISESPE 12–1 (LO1) Why Companies Invest in Other CompaniesThe correct answer is B.a. True. Most cases of companies investing in other companies are to investexcess cash.b. False. Investing in other companies will not necessarily eliminate risk in oth-er investments.c. True. By investing in other companies, the investing company can gain in-fluence over the operations of another company.d. True. When one company owns a significant portion of another company,the owner company can essentially control the operations of the owned company.PE 12–2 (LO2) Classifying a SecurityThe correct answer is C. Held-to-maturity securities are always considered debt securities. Trading and available-for-sale securities can sometimes be consi-dered debt securities. True to their name, equity method securities are always considered equity securities.PE 12–3 (LO2) Equity Method SecuritiesThe correct answer is A. An entity is presumed to have significant influence upon the operations of another company when it owns 20 to 50% of the outstanding voting stock.PE 12–4 (LO2) Disclosure of SecuritiesThe correct answers are A and C. Equity method securities are valued at cost ad-justed for changes in the net assets of the investee. Held-to-maturity securities are valued at amortized cost.PE 12–5 (LO3) Accounting for the Purchase of Trading and Available-for-Sale SecuritiesInvestment in Trading Securities ................................................... 65,400 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................................. 79,600 Cash ............................................................................................ 145,000 Purchased various securities.Chapter 12 437 PE 12–6 (LO3) Accounting for the Return Earned on an InvestmentCash ................................................................................................. 1,359 Interest Revenue (459)Dividend Revenue (900)To record interest and dividends earned on securities.PE 12–7 (LO3) Accounting for the Sale of SecuritiesCash ................................................................................................. 25,200 Realized Loss on Sale of Trading Securities ................................ 2,800 Investment in Trading Securities ............................................. 28,000 To record the sale of Security 1 with original cost of$28,000 for $25,200.PE 12–8 (LO4) Changes in Value of Trading SecuritiesMarket Adjustment—Trading Securities (750)Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income (750)To recognize the increase in value of the trading security($24,250 – $23,500 = $750).PE 12–9 (LO4) Changes in Value of Available-for-Sale SecuritiesUnrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-SaleSecurities—Equity (400)Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities (400)To record net change in value of available-for-sale securities(Security 1 increased in value by $400, and Security 2 de-clined in value by $800).PE 12–10 (LO4) Subsequent Changes in Value of Trading Securities Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......................... 1,900 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................................. 1,900 To adjust the market adjustment account to requiredending balance.Once this entry is posted, Market Adjustment—Trading Securities will have the required $800 credit balance as follows:438Chapter 12 PE 12–11 (LO5) Computing the Value of Held-to-Maturity Securities*First, we must compute the present value of the bonds as follows:Quarterly interest payment ($30,000 ⨯ 0.08 ⨯ ¼) ............... $ 600Present value of an annuity of 16 payments of $1 at 3%(Table II) ........................................................................... ⨯ 12.5611Present value of interest payments .................................... $ 7,537 Principal (face value) of bonds ........................................... $ 30,000Present value of $1 received 16 periods in the futurediscounted at 3% (Table I) .............................................. ⨯ 0.6232Present value of principal .................................................... 18,696 Total present value of investment ...................................... $26,233The value of the bonds can also be computed using a business calculator as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 30,000 Press FV.2. 600 Press PMT.3. 16 Press N.4. 3 Press I/YR.5. Press PV for the answer of $26,231.67.PE 12–12 (LO5) Accounting for the Initial Purchase of Held-to-MaturitySecurities*The journal entry to record the purchase of this security is as follows:Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 26,233 Cash .............................................................................. 26,233 PE 12–13 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Discounts*The company will record a bond discount amortization of $676.83 ($40,000 –$35,939 = $4,061; $4,061/3 years ⨯ ½ = $676.83) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 2,000.00Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .......................... 676.83 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,676.83 Received semiannual bond interest and amortizedbond discount.*Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 439 PE 12–14 (LO5) Straight-Line Amortization of Bond Premiums*The company will record a bond premium amortization of $567.90 ($68,407.39 –$65,000.00 = $3,407.39; $3,407.39/3 years ⨯ ½ = $567.90) on each date. Every six months, the company will make the following entry:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 567.90 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,682.10 PE 12–15 (LO5) Effective-Interest Amortization of Bond Premiums*The first step is to compute the market rate on bonds of similar risk as follows:a. CLEAR ALL.b. Set P/YR to 1.1. 65,000 Press FV.2. -68,407.39 Press PV.3. 3,250 Press PMT.4. 6 Press N.5. Press I/YR for the answer of 4%.The market interest rate of 4% is the semiannual rate, so the annual rate is 8%. The following amortization table shows the amount of interest earned and the amount of amortization for each period.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the first interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 513.70 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,736.30 *Relates to expanded material.440Chapter 12 PE 12–15* (LO5) (Concluded)Using the above amortization schedule, the journal entry for the second interest payment received is as follows:Cash ...................................................................................... 3,250.00 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Securities .................. 534.25 Bond Interest Revenue ................................................ 2,715.75 PE 12–16 (LO5) Accounting for the Sale of Bond Investments*Cash ...................................................................................... 67,000.00Loss on Sale of Bonds......................................................... 359.44 Investment in Held-to-Maturity Bonds ........................ 67,359.44 Sold held-to-maturity bonds for $67,359.44.The following table shows the book value of the investment at the end of the first year (after the second interest payment) is $67,359.44.InterestActually Earned(0.08 ⨯ ½ ⨯Cash Investment Amount of Investment Time Period Received Balance) Amortization Balance Acquisition date $68,407.39 Year 1, first six months $3,250 $2,736.30 $513.70 67,893.69 Year 1, second six months 3,250 2,715.75 534.25 67,359.44 Year 2, first six months 3,250 2,694.38 555.62 66,803.82 Year 2, second six months 3,250 2,672.15 577.85 66,225.97 Year 3, first six months 3,250 2,649.04 600.96 65,625.01 Year 3, second six months 3,250 2,624.99 625.01 65,000.00 *Relates to expanded material.Chapter 12 441 PE 12–17 (LO6) Accounting for Investments Using the Equity Method* Investment in Hall Company .......................................................... 32,000 Revenue from Investments ....................................................... 32,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s net income ($80,000 ⨯0.40 = $32,000).Cash ................................................................................................. 8,000 Investment in Hall Company ..................................................... 8,000 To recognize Manwill’s portion of Hall’s dividends paid ($20,000⨯ 0.40 = $8,000).No entry is made for market value adjustments under the equity method of ac-counting for investments.PE 12–18 (LO7) Consolidated Financial Statements*Parent Company will report $135 ($150 ⨯ 0.90) as Income from Sub on its own in-come statement. On the consolidated financial statements, all of Sub’s revenue and expenses will be reported. Also reported will be Minority Interest in the amount of $15.*Relates to expanded material.442Chapter 12EXERCISESE 12–19 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal Entries2008July 1 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 8,300Cash ............................................................................ 8,300 Purchased 350 shares of Bateman Companystock at $22 per share plus $600 commission.Oct. 31 Cash (700)Dividend Revenue (700)Received a $2.00 per share dividend on350 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Loss on Trading Securities—Income ......... 1,650Market Adjustment—Trading Securities .................. 1,650 To reduce trading securities to market($8,300 – $6,650).2009Feb. 20 Cash ................................................................................. 4,550Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (400)Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 4,150 Sold 175 shares of Bateman Company stock[(175 shares ⨯ $26 = $4,550); one-half oforiginal cost of $8,300 is $4,150].Oct. 31 Cash (385)Dividend Revenue (385)Received a $2.20 per share dividend on175 shares of Bateman Company stock.Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 2,575Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 2,575 To increase trading securities to market givena credit balance in the market adjustment of$1,650. Cost = $8,300 – $4,150 = $4,150;market = $29 ⨯ 175 shares = $5,075.Chapter 12 443 E 12–20 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Trading Securities—Journal EntriesJuly 16 Investment in Trading Securities ................................... 41,880Cash ............................................................................ 41,880 Purchased 4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.Sept. 23 Cash ................................................................................. 3,600Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,600 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on4,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock.28 Cash ................................................................................. 21,840Investment in Trading Securities ............................. 20,940Realized Gain on Sale of Trading Securities (900)Sold 2,000 shares of Eli Corporation stock at $11per share—paid a commission of $160. [Cash =($11 ⨯ 2,000) – $160; short-term investment =$41,880 ⨯ 1/2; gain = $21,840 – $20,940].Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Trading Securities ....................... 1,560Unrealized Gain on Trading Securities—Income .... 1,560 To increase value of securities to market [$11.25⨯ 2,000 shares – ($41,880 – $20,940) = $1,560].E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities—JournalEntriesJan. 14 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 83,200Cash ............................................................................ 83,200 Purchased 4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporationstock at $20.80 per share.Mar. 31 Cash ................................................................................. 1,000Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 1,000 Received a cash dividend of $0.25 per share on4,000 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock.Aug. 28 Cash ................................................................................. 36,160Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 33,280Realized Gain on Sale of Available-for-SaleSecurities ................................................................. 2,880Sold 1,600 shares of Pinegar Corporation stock at$22.60 per share [gain = 1,600 shares ⨯ ($22.60 –$20.80) = $2,880].444Chapter 12 E 12–21 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 7,680Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 7,680To increase value of securities to marketvalue using market adjustment account[2,400 shares ⨯ ($24.00 – $20.80) = $7,680].E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) Investment in Securities2007Jan. 17 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 89,500Cash ............................................................................ 89,500 Purchased 2,750 shares of Horner Companystock for $89,500.May 10 Cash ................................................................................. 3,575Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,575 Received a cash dividend of $1.30 per share on2,750 shares of Horner Company stock.Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value of Available-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................................... 7,000Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .7,000 To decrease value of securities to market valueusing market adjustment account (2,750 shares⨯ $30.00 = $82,500; $89,500 – $82,500 = $7,000).2008May 22 Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities .................. 30,000Cash ............................................................................ 30,000 Purchased an additional 750 shares of HornerCompany stock for $40 per share.July 18 Cash ................................................................................. 3,150Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,150 Received a cash dividend of $0.90 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Chapter 12 445 E 12–22 (LO3, LO4) (Concluded)Dec. 31 Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities ...... 34,500Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ................... 34,500To adjust portfolio of available-for-sale securitiesto market given a credit balance in the marketadjustment account from the prior period of$7,000. Market = $147,000 (3,500 shares ⨯ $42);Historical cost = $119,500 ($89,500 + $30,000);$147,000 – $119,500 = $27,500 + $7,000 = $34,500.2009June 7 Cash ................................................................................. 3,500Dividend Revenue ...................................................... 3,500 Received a cash dividend of $1.00 per share on3,500 shares of Horner Company stock.Oct. 5 Cash ................................................................................. 94,500 Realized Loss on Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities 25,000Investment in Available-for-Sale Securities ............ 119,500 To record sale of all Horner Company stock for$27 per share. Loss on sale = [$119,500 – ($27 ⨯3,500 shares)].Dec. 31 Unrealized Increase/Decrease in Value ofAvailable-for-Sale Securities—Equity ......................... 27,500Market Adjustment—Available-for-Sale Securities .27,500 Eliminate market adjustment account as allavailable-for-sale securities have been sold.Balance prior to adjustment is $27,500 ($34,500debit – $7,000 credit).E 12–23 (LO4) Investment in Equity Securities1. Market ValueSecurity Cost (December 31, 2009)A $250,000 $130,000B 160,000 169,000C 315,000 350,000Total $725,000 $649,000An unrealized loss of $76,000 ($725,000 –$649,000) would be recognized, reducing net income to $554,000 ($630,000 – $76,000).。
Boardworks Solids Liquids and Gases
have a fixed shape because the particles are held tightly together
cannot diffuse because the particles are not able to move.
The particles move around. They are described as having kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of the particles increases with temperature.
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What state is it?
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Particles
The differences between solids, liquids and gases can be explained by looking at the particles.
All substances are made up of particles.
The particles are attracted to each other. Some particles are attracted strongly to each other, and others weakly.
have no fixed shape because the particles move about rapidly in all directions
化学化工专业英语翻译2
•Coal, petroleum and natural gas now yield their bond energies to man.煤，石油和天然气现在为人类提供各种各样的结合能。
•Salts may also be found by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.盐也能通过用金属置换酸中的氢而获得。
•An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions(H+) in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions(OH-) in the same.人们曾把酸定义为在水溶液中能产生氢离子的物质，而碱则是在同样溶液中会产生氢氧根离子的物质。
•These books are packed in tens. 这些书每十本装一包。
•These products are counted by hundreds. 这些产品是成百成百计数的。
•They went out by twos and threes. 他们三三两两地出去了。
•They consulted tens of magazines. 他们查阅了几十本杂志。
•Automation helps to increase productivity hundreds of times over. 自动化使生产率提高了几百倍。
•More weight must be placed on the past history of patients. 必须更加重视患者的病史。
•The continuous process can be conducted at any prevailing pressure without release to atmospheric pressure.连续过程能在任何常用的压力下进行，而不必暴露在大气中。
The Properties of Solids and Liquids
The Properties of Solids and Liquids IntroductionThe world around us is full of different types of matter. Everything we interact with, from the clothes we wear to the food we eat, is made up of matter. The two most common states of matter we encounter in our daily lives are solids and liquids. In this article, we will explore the properties of these two states of matter and how they differ from each other.Properties of SolidsSolids are defined as materials that have a fixed shape and volume. The particles in a solid are tightly packed together and have a fixed position relative to each other. This means that solids have a definite shape and cannot be compressed easily.One of the main characteristics of solids is their rigidity. When a force is applied to a solid, it tends to resist deformation and maintain its shape. This is because the particles in a solid are held together by strong intermolecular forces.Another important property of solids is their density. Solids have a high density because their particles are tightly packed together. This means that solids are typically heavier than liquids or gases of the same volume.Other properties of solids include their ability to conduct heat and electricity. Metals are good conductors of both heat and electricity because their electrons are free to move throughout the solid. Non-metallic solids, on the other hand, are poor conductors of both heat and electricity because their electrons are tightly bound to their atoms.Properties of LiquidsLiquids are defined as materials that have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. The particles in a liquid are close together but have more freedom to move relative to each other than the particles in a solid. This means that liquids take the shape of their container.One of the main characteristics of liquids is their ability to flow. When a force is applied to a liquid, it will deform and flow to fill any available space. This is because the particles in a liquid have enough energy to move around but not enough energy to break apart from each other.Another important property of liquids is their surface tension. This is the force that holds the surface of a liquid together. Surface tension is created by the attractive forces between the particles in a liquid. The surface tension of a liquid can be measured by the force required to break its surface.Other properties of liquids include their ability to dissolve other substances. Liquids that dissolve other substances are called solvents. Water is a common solvent and is able to dissolve a wide range of substances. The ability of a liquid to dissolve another substance depends on the chemical properties of both the solvent and the solute.ConclusionIn conclusion, solids and liquids have different properties that make them useful for different applications. Solids have a fixed shape and volume, are rigid, and conduct heat and electricity well. Liquids have a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, flow, and dissolve other substances. Understanding the properties of solids and liquids is important in fields such as materials science, chemical engineering, and physics.。
TheLawofConservationofMass-CameronUniversity
General Physical ScienceChapter 12Chemical BondingThe Law of Conservation ofMassNo detectable changein the total massoccurs during achemical reactionExampleIn a chemical reaction involving carbonand oxygen, laboratory measurements showed that the complete burning inoxygen of 4.09 g of carbon produced 15.00 g of carbon dioxide as the onlyproduct. How many grams of oxygen reacted?15.00 g = 4.09 g + x gx = 15.00 -4.09 = 10.91 g oxygenThe Law of Conservation ofMassLearning Goal:State and use the Law of Conservation ofMass.Questions: 1-3Exercise: 1, 3Law of Definite ProportionsDifferent samples of a pure compound always contain the same elements in thesame proportion by mass.Atomic Mass (AM)The number below the elemental symbol.Formula Mass (FM)Sum of the atomic massesAKA formula weight/molecular weightExampleCalculate the formula mass of PbCrO4, the bright yellow compound used in paint forthe yellow lines on streets.Atomic MassesPb= 207.2; Cr = 52.0; O = 16.0207.2 + 52.0 + (4 x 16.0)323.2Percent by MassSince all compounds have the same elemental makeup, we should be able tocalculate how much of each element is present (by mass)(Mass element / FM) * 100%ExampleCalculate the percent by mass for carbon)and oxygen in dry ice (COFormula Mass = 12.0 + 16.0*2 = 44.0Formula Mass Percent Carbon(12.0 / 44.0) * 100% = 27.3%Percent Oxygen(16.0*2 / 44.0) * 100% = 72.7%Note that 27.3 + 72.7 = 100.0Limiting ReactantLaw of Definite ProportionsLearning GoalsCalculate the formula masses of compounds.State and use the Law of Definite Proportions.Questions: 4 -6Exercises: 5-11 oddDalton’s Atomic Theory3 postulatesEach element is composed of small indivisibleparticles called atoms which are identical forthat element but different from atoms of otherelementsChemical combination is the bonding of adefinite, small number of atoms of each of thecombining elements to make one molecule ofthe formed compound.No atoms are gained, lost, or changed inidentity during a chemical reaction: they arejust rearranged.Dalton’s Atomic TheoryExplains Law of Conservation of MassIf we rearrange atoms we still have the sameamount of ‘stuff’Explains Law of Definite ProportionsTest with similar compoundsCO and CO2For a fixed amount of C, the ratio of the masses ofoxygen in CO and COis a small whole number.Dalton’s Atomic TheoryLearning GoalState the postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory.Questions: 7 -8Ionic BondingValence electrons control chemical behavior.Noble gases do not react.Noble gas configuration must be stable! Octet RuleAtoms try to surround themselves with 8electronsIonic BondingOctet Rule2 methodsTransfer of electronsSharing of electronsIonic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one species(metal) to another species (nonmetal)Formation of NaClLewis SymbolsG. N. LewisUses dots to show valence electronsDots on each of the four sides of the symbolsAll single dots before any dots are pairedIonsCationspositively charged ionsFor the representative elements, the groupnumber will equal the charge on the ion. Anionsnegatively charged ionscharge = group number -8Ionic CompoundsIons are held together by electrostatic attraction between the ions.Formula for an ionic compound represents the smallest ratio of cations and anions togive a ‘neutral’speciesin reality there are no ‘molecules’of ioniccompoundsexist in a large matrixIonic CompoundsExampleWrite the formula for calcium phosphate, the major component in bones.Calcium; Group 2 (metal)charge will be +2Phosphatepolyatomic ion; charge is -3Ca3(PO4)2.Electrical ConductionElectricity can be conducted by ions.Ionic solid -no electrical conductionIons are locked into positionIonic liquid -will conduct electricityMost ionic compounds melt at temps wellin excess of 300O CSoluble ionic compound conducts elec.Ions free to move in solutionStock System NomenclatureApplies to metals that form ions with more than one chargeTypically transition elementsSome heavier post-transition representativemetals alsoName of metal (charge of ion) anioniron(II) chloridecopper(I) nitrateIonic BondingLearning GoalsWrite formulas for ionic compoundsDescribe the characteristics of ioniccompoundsName compounds containing a metal thatforms more than one ion.Questions: 19 -21Exercises: 13 -19 oddCovalent BondingSharing of electronsStable covalent bonds will give all atoms anoble gas configurationShared electrons are counted twice!H2, Cl2, H2O, NH3, CH4.Multiple bonding between 2 atomsDouble bondsTriple BondsCovalent Bond in HydrogenPolyatomic IonsContain both ionic and covalent characteristicsAtoms in a polyatomic ion are held togetherwith covalent bondsTo get enough electrons to ‘share’andcomplete all octets the polyatomic anionsneed ‘extra’electrons -gives negative charge This then forms ionic bond with metals.Prediction of Bond TypeOnly nonmetals -covalentMetals/nonmetals (generally) ionicMetals/polyatomic ions ionicGases, liquids, low mp solids covalentConduct electric current when molten (butnot when solid) ionicPolar Covalent BondingUnequal sharing of electronsLeads to partial negative and partial positiveon covalent molecule.DipoleElectronegativityLinus PaulingTendency of an element to attract an electron in a bond.ElectronegativityIncreases for representative elements from bottom left to top right.Excludes noble gasesNoble gases don’t form bonds!Fr lease electronegativeF most electronegativePolar MoleculesMust have two thingsPolar bondOccurs when elements of differentelectronegativities are bonded.Essentially, different nonmetalsNon symmetric arrangementSymmetry -tug-of-war with no winnerPolarity drives solubilityLikes dissolve likesCovalent BondingLearning GoalsWrite molecular formulas and Lewis structures for covalent compoundsDescribe the characteristics of covalentcompoundsQuestions: 22 -31Exercises: 21 -29 oddHydrogen BondingSolubility of table saltion-dipole interactionmolecules have dipole-dipole interaction energy that holds the molecule togetherhigher the energy, higher the boiling pointHydrogen bondSpecial type of dipole-dipole interaction.Large value for dipolesmall size of hydrogenHydrogen BondingOccurs when H bonded to F, O, or NHydrogen bonding about 5-10% ofstrength of covalent bondTypical molecular interaction less than 1%of covalent bond!Causes ice to be less dense than waterLeads to life on Earth!Holds DNA togetherLeads to life on Earth!Hydrogen BondingLearning GoalsPredict when hydrogen bonding will occurDescribe how hydrogen bonding affects acompound’s properties.Questions: 32, 33Key Terms; Matching, Multiple Choice, and Fill-in-the-Blank Questions; Visual Connection and Applying your KnowledgeGeneral Physical ScienceChapter 12Chemical Bonding。
answers_selected_exercises
GUAY C. LIM
University of Melbourne
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC
New York / Chichester / Weinheim / Brisbane / Singapore / Toronto
CONTENTS
Answers for Selected Exercises in: Probability Primer Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C The Simple Linear Regression Model Interval Estimation and Hypothesis Testing Prediction, Goodness of Fit and Modeling Issues The Multiple Regression Model Further Inference in the Multiple Regression Model Using Indicator Variables Heteroskedasticity Regression with Time Series Data: Stationary Variables Random Regressors and Moment Based Estimation Simultaneous Equations Models Panel Data Models Qualitative and Limited Dependent Variable Models Mathematical Tools Probability Concepts Review of Statistical Inference 1 3 12 16 22 29 36 44 51 58 60 64 66 69 72 76 29 August, 2011
Part 2 Chapter 12_2
Part 2 Chapter 12WHY THE PEASANTS FLOCK TO TOWN.The prison was a long way off and it was getting late, so Nekhludoff took an isvostchik. The isvostchik, a middle-aged man with an intelligent and kind face, turned round towards Nekhludoff as they were driving along one of the streets and pointed to a huge house that was being built there."Just see what a tremendous house they have begun to build," he said, as if he was partly responsible for the building of the house and proud of it. The house was really immense and was being built in a very original style. The strong pine beams of the scaffolding were firmly fixed together with iron bands and a plank wall separated the building from the street.On the boards of the scaffolding workmen, all bespatteredwith plaster, moved hither and thither like ants. Some were laying bricks, some hewing stones, some carrying up the heavy hods and pails and bringing them down empty. A fat andfinely-dressed gentleman--probably the architect--stood by the scaffolding, pointing upward and explaining something to a contractor, a peasant from the Vladimir Government, who was respectfully listening to him. Empty carts were coming out of the gate by which the architect and the contractor were standing, and loaded ones were going in. "And how sure they all are--those that do the work as well as those that make them do it--that it ought to be; that while their wives at home, who are with child, are labouring beyond their strength, and their children with the patchwork caps, doomed soon to the cold grave, smile with suffering and contort their little legs, they must be building this stupid and useless palace for some stupid anduseless person--one of those who spoil and rob them," Nekhludoff thought, while looking at the house."Yes, it is a stupid house," he said, uttering his thought out aloud."Why stupid?" replied the isvostchik, in an offended tone. "Thanks to it, the people get work; it's not stupid.""But the work is useless.""It can't be useless, or why should it be done?" said the isvostchik. "The people get bread by it."Nekhludoff was silent, and it would have been difficult to talk because of the clatter the wheels made.When they came nearer the prison, and the isvostchik turned off the paved on to the macadamised road, it became easier to talk, and he again turned to Nekhludoff."And what a lot of these people are flocking to the townnowadays; it's awful," he said, turning round on the box and pointing to a party of peasant workmen who were coming towards them, carrying saws, axes, sheepskins, coats, and bags strapped to their shoulders."More than in other years?" Nekhludoff asked."By far. This year every place is crowded, so that it's just terrible. The employers just fling the workmen about like chaff. Not a job to be got.""Why is that?""They've increased. There's no room for them.""Well, what if they have increased? Why do not they stay in the village?""There's nothing for them to do in the village--no land to be had."Nekhludoff felt as one does when touching a sore place. Itfeels as if the bruised part was always being hit; yet it is only because the place is sore that the touch is felt."Is it possible that the same thing is happening everywhere?" he thought, and began questioning the isvostchik about the quantity of land in his village, how much land the man himself had, and why he had left the country."We have a desiatin per man, sir," he said. "Our family have three men's shares of the land. My father and a brother are at home, and manage the land, and another brother is serving in the army. But there's nothing to manage. My brother has had thoughts of coming to Moscow, too.""And cannot land be rented?""How's one to rent it nowadays? The gentry, such as they were, have squandered all theirs. Men of business have got it all into their own hands. One can't rent it from them. They farmit themselves. We have a Frenchman ruling in our place; he bought the estate from our former landlord, and won't letit--and there's an end of it.""Who's that Frenchman?""Dufour is the Frenchman's name. Perhaps you've heard of him. He makes wigs for the actors in the big theatre; it is a good business, so he's prospering. He bought it from our lady, the whole of the estate, and now he has us in his power; he just rides on us as he pleases. The Lord be thanked, he is a good man himself; only his wife, a Russian, is such a brute that--God have mercy on us. She robs the people. It's awful. Well, here's the prison. Am I to drive you to the entrance? I'm afraid they'll not let us do it, though."到监狱路很远，时间已不早了，聂赫留朵夫就雇了一辆马车。
公司理财精要版原书第12版习题库答案Ross12e_Chapter12_TB
公司理财精要版原书第12版习题库答案Ross12e_Chapter12_TBFundamentals of Corporate Finance, 12e (Ross)Chapter 12 Some Lessons from Capital Market History1) Stacy purchased a stock last year and sold it today for $4a share more than her purchase price. She received a total of $1.15 per share in dividends. Which one of the following statements is correct in relation to this investment?A) The dividend yield is expressed as a percentage of the par value.B) The capital gain would have been less had Stacy not received the dividends.C) The total dollar return per share is $2.85.D) The capital gains yield is positive.E) The dividend yield is greater than the capital gains yield.2) Which one of the following correctly describes the dividend yield?A) Next year's annual dividend divided by today's stock priceB) This year's annual dividend divided by today's stock priceC) This year's annual dividend divided by next year's expected stock priceD) Next year's annual dividend divided by this year's annual dividendE) The increase in next year's dividend over this year's dividend divided by this year's dividend3) Bayside Marina just announced it is decreasing its annual dividend from $1.48 per share to $1.45 per share effective immediately. If the dividend yield remains at its pre-announcement level, then you know the stock price:A) was unaffected by the announcement.B) increased proportionately with the dividend decrease.C) decreased proportionately with the dividend decrease.D) decreased by $.03 per share.E) increased by $.03 per share.4) Which one of the following statements related to capital gains is correct?A) The capital gains yield includes only realized capital gains.B) An increase in an unrealized capital gain will increase the capital gains yield.C) The capital gains yield must be either positive or zero.D) The capital gains yield is expressed as a percentage of a security's total return.E) The capital gains yield represents the total return earned by an investor.5) Which of the following yields on a stock can be negative?A) Dividend yieldB) Capital gains yieldC) Capital gains yield and total returnD) Dividend yield, capital gains yield, and total returnE) Dividend yield and total return6) Small-company stocks, as the term is used in the textbook, are best defined as the:A) 500 newest corporations in the U.S.B) companies whose stock trades OTC.C) smallest 20 percent of the companies listed on the NYSE.D) smallest 25 percent of the companies listed on NASDAQ.E) companies whose stock is listed on NASDAQ.7) The historical record for the period 1926–2016 supports which one of the following statements?A) When large-company stocks have a negative return, they will have a negative return for at least two consecutive years.B) The return on U.S. Treasury bills exceeds the inflation rate by at least .5 percent each year.C) There was only one year during the period when double-digit inflation occurred.D) Small-company stocks have lost as much as 50 percent and gained as much as 100 percent in a single year.E) The inflation rate was positive each year throughout the period.8) Which one of the following time periods is associated with low rates of inflation?A) 1941–1942B) 1973–1974C) 2014–2015D) 1979–1980E) 1946–19479) For the period 1926–2016, U.S. Treasury bills always:A) provided an annual rate of return that exceeded the annual inflation rate.B) had an annual rate of return in excess of 1.2 percent.C) provided a positive annual rate of return.D) earned a higher annual rate of return than long-term government bonds.E) had a greater variation in returns year-over-year than did long-term government bonds.10) Which one of the following statements is a correct reflection of the U.S. financial markets for the period 1926–2016?A) U.S. Treasury bill returns never exceeded a return of 9 percent in any one year.B) U.S. Treasury bills had an annual return in excess of 10 percent in three or more years.C) Inflation equaled or exceeded the return on U.S. Treasury bills every year during the period.D) Long-term government bonds outperformed U.S. Treasury bills every year during the period.E) National deflation occurred in at least one year during every decade during the period.11) For the period 2009–2016, U.S. Treasury bills had an annual rate of return that was:A) between .5 and 1 percent.B) between 1 and 2 percent.C) negative in at least one year.D) negative for two or more years.E) between 0 and .25 percent.12) Which one of the following categories of securities had the highest average annual return for the period 1926–2016?A) U.S. Treasury billsB) Large-company stocksC) Small-company stocksD) Long-term corporate bondsE) Long-term government bonds13) Which one of the following categories of securities had the lowest average risk premium for the period 1926–2016?A) Long-term government bondsB) Small-company stocksC) Large-company stocksD) Long-term corporate bondsE) U.S. Treasury bills14) The rate of return on which type of security is normallyused as the risk-free rate of return?A) Long-term Treasury bondsB) Long-term corporate bondsC) Treasury billsD) Intermediate-term Treasury bondsE) Intermediate-term corporate bonds15) For the period 1926–2016, the average risk premium on large-company stocks was about:A) 12.7 percent.B) 10.4 percent.C) 8.6 percent.D) 6.9 percent.E) 7.3 percent.16) Assume that last year T-bills returned 2.8 percent while your investment in large-company stocks earned an average of 7.6 percent. Which one of the following terms refers to the difference between these two rates of return?A) Risk premiumB) Geometric average returnC) Arithmetic average returnD) Standard deviationE) Variance17) Which one of the following statements correctly applies to the period 1926–2016?A) Large-company stocks earned a higher average risk premium than did small-company stocks.B) The average inflation rate exceeded the average return on U.S. Treasury bills.C) Large-company stocks had an average annual return of14.7 percent.D) Inflation averaged 2.6 percent for the period.E) Long-term corporate bonds outperformed long-term government bonds.18) The excess return is computed as the:A) return on a security minus the inflation rate.B) return on a risky security minus the risk-free rate.C) risk premium on a risky security minus the risk-free rate.D) risk-free rate plus the inflation rate.E) risk-free rate minus the inflation rate.19) Which one of the following earned the highest risk premium over the period 1926–2016?A) Long-term corporate bondsB) U.S. Treasury billsC) Small-company stocksD) Large-company stocksE) Long-term government bonds20) What was the average rate of inflation over the period of 1926–2016?A) Less than 2.0 percentB) Between 2.0 and 2.4 percentC) Between 2.4 and 2.8 percentD) Between 2.8 and 3.2 percentE) Greater than 3.2 percent21) Assume you invest in a portfolio of long-term corporate bonds. Based on the period 1926–2016, what average annual rate of return should you expect to earn?A) Less than 5 percentB) Between 5 and 6 percentC) Between 6 and 7 percentD) Between 7 and 8 percentE) More than 8 percent22) The average annual return on small-company stocks was about ________ percent greater than the average annual return on large-company stocks over the period 1926–2016.A) 3B) 5C) 7D) 9E) 1123) Based on the period 1926-2016, the actual real return on large-company stocks has been around:A) 9 percent.B) 10 percent.C) 6 percent.D) 7 percent.E) 8 percent.24) To convince investors to accept greater volatility, you must:A) decrease the risk premium.B) increase the risk premium.C) decrease the real return.D) decrease the risk-free rate.E) increase the risk-free rate.25) Which one of the following best defines the variance of an investment's annual returns over a number of years?A) The average squared difference between the arithmetic and the geometric average annual returnsB) The squared summation of the differences between the actual returns and the average geometric returnC) The average difference between the annual returns andthe average return for the periodD) The difference between the arithmetic average and the geometric average return for the periodE) The average squared difference between the actual returns and the arithmetic average return26) Which one of the following categories of securities had the most volatile annual returns over the period 1926–2016?A) Long-term corporate bondsB) Large-company stocksC) Intermediate-term government bondsD) U.S. Treasury billsE) Small-company stocks27) If the variability of the returns on large-company stocks were to decrease over the long-term, you would expect which one of the following as related to large-company stocks to occur as a result?A) Increase in the risk premiumB) Increase in the average long-term rate of returnC) Decrease in the 68 percent probability range of returnsD) Increase in the standard deviationE) Increase in the geometric average rate of return28) Which one of the following statements is correct based on the historical record for the period 1926–2016?A) The standard deviation of returns for small-company stocks was double that of large-company stocks.B) U.S. Treasury bills had a zero standard deviation of returns because they are considered to be risk-free.C) Long-term government bonds had a lower return but a higher standard deviation on average than did long-term corporate bonds.D) Inflation was less volatile than the returns on U.S. Treasury bills.E) Long-term government bonds were less volatile than intermediate-term government bonds.29) What is the probability that small-company stocks will produce an annual return that is more than one standard deviation below the average?A) 1.0 percentB) 2.5 percentC) 5.0 percentD) 16 percentE) 32 percent30) Which one of the following is a correct ranking of securities based on the volatility of their annual returns over the period of 1926–2016? Rank from highest to lowest.A) Large-company stocks, U.S. Treasury bills, long-term government bondsB) Small-company stocks, long-term corporate bonds, large-company stocksC) Long-term government bonds, long-term corporate bonds, intermediate-term government bondsD) Large-company stocks, small-company stocks, long-term government bondsE) Intermediate-term government bonds, long-term corporate bonds, U.S. Treasury bills31) Which one of the following had the least volatile annual returns over the period of 1926–2016?A) Large-company stocksB) InflationC) Long-term corporate bondsD) U.S. Treasury billsE) Intermediate-term government bonds32) Which one of the following statements is correct based on the period 1926–2016?A) Long-term government bonds had more volatile annual returns than did the long-term corporate bonds.B) The standard deviation of the annual rate of inflation was less than 3 percent.C) U.S Treasury bills have a zero variance in returns because they are risk-free.D) The risk premium on small-company stocks was less than10 percent.E) The risk premium on all U.S. government securities is 0 percent.33) Generally speaking, which of the following best correspond to a wide frequency distribution?A) High standard deviation, low rate of returnB) Low rate of return, large risk premiumC) Small risk premium, high rate of returnD) Small risk premium, low standard deviationE) High standard deviation, large risk premium34) Standard deviation is a measure of which one of the following?A) Average rate of returnB) VolatilityC) ProbabilityD) Risk premiumE) Real returns35) Which one of the following is defined by its mean and its standard deviation?A) Arithmetic nominal returnB) Geometric real returnC) Normal distributionD) VarianceE) Risk premium36) Which of the following statements are true based on the historical record for 1926–2016?A) Risk-free securities produce a positive real rate of return each year.B) Bonds are generally a safer, or less risky, investment than are stocks.C) Risk and potential reward are inversely related.D) The normal distribution curve for large-company stocks is narrower than the curve for small-company stocks.E) Returns are more predictable over the short term than they are over the long term.37) Estimates of the rate of return on a security based on the historical arithmetic average will probably tend to ________ the expected return for the long-term and estimates using the historical geometric average will probably tend to ________ the expected return for the short-term.A) overestimate; overestimateB) overestimate; underestimateC) underestimate; overestimateD) underestimate; underestimateE) accurately estimate; accurately estimate38) The primary purpose of Blume's formula is to:A) compute an accurate historical rate of return.B) determine a stock's true current value.C) consider compounding when estimating a rate of return.D) determine the actual real rate of return.E) project future rates of return.39) The average compound return earned per year over a multiyear period is called the ________ average return.A) arithmeticB) standardC) variantD) geometricE) real40) The return earned in an average year over a multiyear period is called the ________ average return.A) arithmeticB) standardC) variantD) geometricE) real41) Assume all stock prices fairly reflect all of the available information on those stocks. Which one of the following terms best defines the stock market under these conditions?A) Riskless marketB) Evenly distributed marketC) Zero volatility marketD) Blume's marketE) Efficient capital market42) Which one of the following statements best defines the efficient market hypothesis?A) Efficient markets limit competition.B) Security prices in efficient markets remain steady as new information becomes available.C) Mispriced securities are common in efficient markets.D) All securities in an efficient market are zero net present value investments.E) All securities provide the same positive rate of return when the market is efficient.43) Which one of the following is the most likely reason whya stock price might not react at all on the day that new information related to the stock's issuer is released? Assume the market is semistrong form efficient.A) Company insiders were aware of the information prior to the announcement.B) Investors do not pay attention to daily news.C) Investors tend to overreact.D) The news was positive.E) The information was expected.44) Which one of the following is most indicative of a totally efficient stock market?A) Extraordinary returns earned on a routine basisB) Positive net present values on stock investments over the long-termC) Zero net present values for all stock investmentsD) Arbitrage opportunities which develop on a routine basisE) Realizing negative returns on a routine basis45) Which one of the following statements is correct concerning market efficiency?A) Real asset markets are more efficient than financial markets.B) If a market is efficient, arbitrage opportunities should be common.C) In an efficient market, some market participants will have an advantage over others.D) A firm will generally receive a fair price when it issues new shares of stock if the market is efficient.E) New information will gradually be reflected in a stock's price to avoid any sudden price changes in an efficient market.46) Efficient financial markets fluctuate continuously because:A) the markets are continually reacting to old information as that information is absorbed.B) the markets are continually reacting to new information.C) arbitrage trading is limited.D) current trading systems require human intervention.E) investments produce varying levels of net present values.47) Inside information has the least value when financial markets are:A) weak form efficient.B) semiweak form efficient.C) semistrong form efficient.D) strong form efficient.E) inefficient.48) Evidence seems to support the view that studying public information to identify mispriced stocks is:A) effective as long as the market is only semistrong form efficient.B) effective provided the market is only weak form efficient.C) ineffective.D) effective only in strong form efficient markets.E) ineffective only in strong form efficient markets.49) Which one of the following statements related to market efficiency tends to be supported by current evidence?A) It is easy for investors to earn abnormal returns.B) Short-run price movements are easy to predict.C) Markets are most likely only weak form efficient.D) Mispriced stocks are easy to identify.E) Markets tend to respond quickly to new information.50) Which form of market efficiency would most likely offer the greatest profit potential to an outstanding professional stock analyst?A) WeakB) SemiweakC) SemistrongD) StrongE) Perfect51) You are aware that your neighbor trades stocks based on confidential information he overhears at his workplace. This information is not available to the general public. This neighbor continually brags to you about the profits he earns on these trades. Given this, you would tend to argue that the financial markets are at best ________ form efficient.A) weakB) semiweakC) semistrongD) strongE) perfect52) The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission periodically charges individuals with insider trading and claims those individuals have made unfair profits. Given this, you would be most apt to argue that the markets are less than ________ form efficient.A) weakB) semiweakC) semistrongD) strongE) perfect53) Individual investors who continually monitor the financial markets seeking mispriced securities:A) earn excess profits on all of their investments.B) make the markets increasingly more efficient.C) are never able to find a security that is temporarily mispriced.D) are overwhelmingly successful in earning abnormal profits.E) are always quite successful using only historical price information as their basis of evaluation.54) One year ago, you purchased a stock at a price of $43.20 per share. The stock pays quarterly dividends of $.18 per share. Today, the stock is selling for $45.36 per share. What is your capital gain on this investment?A) $1.44B) $2.16C) $2.80D) $1.74E) $2.3455) Six months ago, you purchased 300 shares of stock in Global Trading at a price of $26.19 a share. The stock pays a quarterly dividend of $.12 a share. Today, you sold all of your shares for $27.11 per share. What is the total amount of your dividend income on this investment?A) $36B) $72C) $348D) $144E) $20456) One year ago, you purchased 200 shares of SL Industries stock at a price of $18.97 a share. The stock pays an annual dividend of $1.42 per share. Today, you sold all of your shares for $17.86 per share. What is your total dollar return on this investment?A) $50B) $91C) $58D) $62E) $8257) You own 850 shares of Western Feed Mills stock valued at $53.15 per share. What is the dividend yield if your total annual dividend income is $1,256?A) 2.67 percentB) 2.78 percentC) 1.83 percentD) 2.13 percentE) 2.54 percent58) West Wind Tours stock is currently selling for $52.30 a share. The stock has a dividend yield of 2.48 percent. How much dividend income will you receive per year if you purchase 600 shares of this stock?A) $824.96B) $836.20C) $724.80D) $762.00E) $778.2259) One year ago, you purchased a stock at a price of $38.22a share. Today, you sold the stock and realized a total loss of 11.09 percent on your investment. Your capital gain was –$4.68 a share.What was your dividend yield?A) 1.15 percentB) .88 percentC) 1.02 percentD) .67 percentE) .38 percent60) You just sold 427 shares of stock at a price of $19.07 a share. You purchased the stock for $18.83 a share and have received total dividends of $614. What is the total capital gain on this investment?A) $716.48B) $511.52C) $102.48D) $618.48E) $476.5261) Last year, you purchased 400 shares of Analog stock for $12.92 a share. You have received a total of $136 in dividends and $4,301 in proceeds from selling the shares. What is your capital gains yield on this stock?A) 9.09 percentB) 6.73 percentC) ?16.78 percentD) ?14.14 percentE) ?11.02 percent62) Today, you sold 540 shares of stock and realized a total return of 7.3 percent. You purchased the shares one year ago at a price of $24 a share and have received a total of $86 in dividends. What is your capital gains yield on this investment?A) 5.68 percentB) 6.64 percentC) 6.39 percentD) 7.26 percentE) 7.41 percent63) Four months ago, you purchased 900 shares of LBM stock for $7.68 a share. Last month, you received a dividend payment of $.12 a share. Today, you sold the shares for $9.13 a share. What is your total dollar return on this investment?A) $1,305B) $1,413C) $1,512D) $1,394E) $1,08064) One year ago, you purchased 100 shares of Best Wings stock at a price of $38.19 a share. The company pays an annual dividend of $.46 per share. Today, you sold for the shares for $37.92 a share. What is your total percentage return on this investment?A) 2.62 percentB) 1.93 percentC) 2.72 percentD) 1.08 percentE) .50 percent65) Suppose a stock had an initial price of $76 per share, paida dividend of $1.42 per share during the year, and had an ending share price of $81. What was the capital gains yield?A) 6.17 percentB) 6.69 percentC) 7.05 percentD) 6.58 percentE) 5.44 percent66) Suppose you bought a $1,000 face value bond with a coupon rate of 5.6 percent one year ago. The purchase price was $987.50. You sold the bond today for $994.20. If the inflation rate last year was 2.6 percent, what was your exact real rate of return on this investment?A) 4.88 percentB) 5.32 percentC) 3.65 percentD) 3.78 percentE) 4.47 percent67) Leo purchased a stock for $63.80 a share, received a dividend of $2.68 a share and sold the shares for $59.74 each. During the time he owned the stock, inflation averaged 2.8 percent. What is his approximate real rate of return on this investment?A) ?.64 percentB) ?4.96 percentC) ?2.16 percentD) 2.16 percentE) 4.96 percent68) Christina purchased 500 shares of stock at a price of $62.30 a share and sold the shares for $64.25 each. She also received $738 in dividends. If the inflation rate was 3.9 percent, what was her exact real rate of return on this investment?A) 4.20 percentB) 1.54 percentC) 1.60 percentD) 3.95 percentE) 5.50 percent69) What is the amount of the risk premium on a U.S.Treasury bill if the risk-free rate is 3.1 percent, the inflation rate is2.6 percent, and the market rate of return is 7.4 percent?A) 0 percentB) 2.8 percentC) .5 percentD) 1.7 percentE) 4.3 percent70) You've observed the following returns on Crash-n-Burn Computer's stock over the past five years: 7 percent, 13 percent, 19 percent, ?8 percent, and 15 percent. Suppose the average inflation rate over this time period was 2.6 percent and the average T-bill rate was 3.1 percent. Based on this information, what was the average nominal risk premium?A) 6.6 percentB) 6.1 percentC) 9.2 percentD) 1.2 percentE) 3.5 percent71) You bought one of Shark Repellant's 6 percent coupon bonds one year ago for $867. These bonds pay annual payments, have a face value of $1,000, and mature 12 years from now. Suppose you decide to sell your bonds today when the required return on the bonds is 7.4 percent. The inflation rate over the past year was 2.9 percent. What was your total real return on this investment?A) 6.48 percentB) 6.61 percentC) 8.18 percentD) 7.44 percentE) 9.70 percent72) You find a certain stock that had returns of 8 percent, ?3 percent, 12 percent, and 17 percent for four of the last five years. The average return of the stock for the past five-year period was 6 percent. What is the standard deviation of the stock's returns for the five-year period?A) 10.39 percentB) 4.98 percentC) 7.16 percentD) 9.25 percentE) 5.38 percent73) A stock had returns of 5 percent, 14 percent, 11 percent, ?8 percent, and 6 percent over the past five years. What is the standard deviation of these returns?A) 7.74 percentB) 8.21 percentC) 9.68 percentD) 8.44 percentE) 7.49 percent74) The common stock of Air Express had annual returns of 11.7 percent, 8.8 percent,16.7 percent, and ?7.9 percent over the last four years, respectively. What is thestandard deviation of these returns?A) 8.29 percentB) 9.14 percentC) 11.54 percentD) 7.78 percentE) 10.66 percent75) A stock had annual returns of 5.3 percent, ?2.7 percent, 16.2 percent, and 13.6 percentover the past four years. Which one of the following best describes the probability that this stock will produce a return of20 percent or more in a single year?A) Less than 2.5 percent but more than .5 percentB) More than 16 percentC) Less than .5 percentD) Less than 1 percent but more than .5 percentE) Less than 16 percent but more than 2.5 percent76) A stock has an expected rate of return of 9.8 percent anda standard deviation of 15.4 percent. Which one of the following best describes the probability that this stock will lose at least half of its value in any one given year?A) less than 16 percentB) less than .5 percentC) less than 1.0 percentD) less than 2.5 percentE) less than 5.0 percent77) A stock had annual returns of 11.3 percent, 9.8 percent, ?7.3 percent, and 14.6percent for the past four years. Based on this information, what is the 95 percentprobability range of returns for any one given year?A) ?2.4 to 17.5 percentB) ?2.60 to 11.80 percentC) ?12.5 to 26.7 percentD) ?10.4 to 12.3 percentE) ?10.9 to 25.1 percent78) Aimee is the owner of a stock with annual returns of 17.6 percent, ?11.7 percent, 5.6 percent, and 9.7 percent for the past four years. She thinks the stock may achieve a returnof 17 percent again this coming year. What is the probability that your friend is correct?A) Less than .5 percentB) Greater than .5 percent but less than 1 percentC) Greater than 1 percent but less than 2.5 percentD) Greater than 2.5 percent but less than 16 percentE) Greater than 16 percent79) A stock had returns of 3 percent, 12 percent, 26 percent, ?14 percent, and ?1 percent for the past five years. Based on these returns, what is the approximate probability that this stock will return at least 20 percent in any one given year?A) Approximately .1 percentB) Approximately 5 percentC) Approximately 2.5 percentD) Approximately .5 percentE) Approximately 16 percent80) A stock had returns of 14 percent, 13 percent, ?10 percent, and 7 percent for thepast four years. Which one of the following best describes the probability that this stockwill lose no more than 10 percent in any one year?A) Greater than .5 but less than 1.0 percentB) Greater than 1 percent but less than 2.5 percentC) Greater than 2.5 percent but less than 16 percentD) Greater than 84 percent but less than 97.5 percentE) Greater than 95 percent81) Over the past five years, a stock produced returns of 11 percent, 14 percent, 4percent, ?9 percent, and 5 percent. What is the probability that an investor in this stock。
厦门2024年09版小学三年级上册U卷英语第5单元真题试卷
厦门2024年09版小学三年级上册英语第5单元真题试卷考试时间：90分钟（总分:120）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、What color is the sky?A. GreenB. BlueC. YellowD. Red答案:B2、What do you call the distance around a circle?A. RadiusB. DiameterC. CircumferenceD. Area3、听力题：The capital of Samoa is _______.4、填空题：________ (植物保护法规) guide practices.5、填空题：The ______ (鸟) has colorful feathers and can fly.6、听力题：The chemical formula for nitric acid is ______.7、填空题：I love going to the ______ (图书馆) because it's a quiet place to read and study. There are so many ______ (书籍).8、What do we call the process of a liquid absorbing heat and turning into vapor?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. SublimationD. Freezing答案: A. Evaporation9、选择题：What do we call a person who studies literature?A. Literary CriticB. AuthorC. PoetD. All of the above10、听力题：The ____ has a shiny shell and is often found in gardens.11、填空题：My mom is a great __________ (倡导者).12、填空题：My favorite sports team is _______ (名字). 它们的表现很 _______ (形容词).13、听力题：A molecule made of two identical atoms is called a _______ molecule.14、听力题：Coral reefs are made up of tiny ______.15、填空题：The __________ was a series of wars fought in the Middle Ages. (十字军东征)16、What do you call the story of a person's life written by that person?A. BiographyB. AutobiographyC. NovelD. Memoir答案:B17、填空题：I want to draw a picture of a ________.18、Which number comes after 9?A. 8B. 10C. 11D. 1219、听力填空题：I enjoy listening to audiobooks while __________.20、听力题：I have _____ (two/three) brothers.21、听力题：The chemical formula for nitric acid is __________.22、听力题：The dog is ___ (barking/growling).23、填空题：I love to play outside on sunny ______ (日子). It makes me feel very ______ (快乐).24、填空题：My favorite animal is a ________ (小狗). It loves to play and ________ (跑).25、What is the sound a dog makes?A. MeowB. BarkC. MooD. Quack26、听力题：He is ___ a bike. (riding)27、听力题：The __________ is known for the Great Wall.28、What is the name of the first woman to fly in space?A. Sally RideB. Valentina TereshkovaC. Mae JemisonD. Eileen Collins29、填空题：My dog has a very ______ (友好的) personality.30、What do we call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. Foal答案: B. Kitten31、What is the opposite of ‘true’?A. RealB. FalseC. CorrectD. Right32、填空题：In ________, Columbus discovered America.33、听力题：My favorite fruit is _____ (banana/apple).34、听力题：The __________ is a region known for its diverse cultures.35、填空题：I call my pet rabbit “.”36、What is the capital of Ireland?A. DublinB. BelfastC. CorkD. Galway答案:A37、填空题：I have a special ______ (玩具车) that I keep on my desk.38、听力题：The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of ______.39、听力题：The chemical symbol for nickel is _______.40、听力题：Chemical bonds can be broken and formed during ______.41、填空题：I have a drawing of my ____.42、How many letters are in the English alphabet?A. 24B. 25C. 26D. 27答案:C43、填空题：Planting a variety of species can help create a resilient ______.(种植多样的物种可以帮助创造一个强韧的生态系统。
大学化学12ok
Chapter 12
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Carbon atoms have the ability to link together and form molecules made up of many carbon atoms.
Fig12.19 tannins are responsible for the brown stains in coffee mugs or on a coffee drinker’s teeth. Because tannins are acidic, they can be readily removed with an alkaline cleanser. Use a little laundry bleach on the mug, and brush your teeth with baking soda
Hydrocarbons are usually from crude oil by fractional distillation (分馏).
Fig12.3 a schematic for the fractional distillation of petroleum into its useful hydrocarbon components
• Ethanol: produced by biological method (fermentation, 发酵) or chemical method.
• The liquid produced by fermentation has an ethanol concentration no more than about 12 percent because at this concentration the yeast begin to die.
专业英语带译文
数字拉丁或希腊前缀烷烃烷基烯烃醇醛中文译名从左至右alkane alkyl alkene alcohol aldehyde 烷烃、烷基、烯烃、醇、醛one mono- methane methyl —methanol methyl aldehyde 甲烷、甲基、甲醇、甲醛two di-bi- ethane ethyl ethene,ethyleneethanol ethyl aldehyde,ethanal 乙烷、乙基、乙烯、乙醇、乙醛three tri- propane propyl propene propanol propylaldehyde 丙four tetra-Quadri-butane butyl butene butanol butyladehyde 丁five pent(a)- pentane pentyl pentene pentanol pentanal 戊six hex(a)- hexane hexyl hexene hexanol hexanal 己seven hept(a)- heptane heptyl heptene heptanol heptanal,heptylaldehyde庚eight oct(a)- octane octyl octene octanol octyl aldehyde 辛nine non(a)- nonane nonyl nonene nonanol nonyl aldehyde 壬ten dec(a)- decane decyl decene decanol decylaldehyde,decanal癸它们能与其它有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。
They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.氧的两对电子可以与两个不直接相连的碳共用而形成单键。
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Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12
4
Properties of the States of Matter: Gases
• Low densities compared to solids and liquids. • Fluid.
The material exhibits a smooth, continuous flow as it moves.
Your taste and smell organs work because molecules in the thing you are sensing interact with the receptor molecule sites in your tongue and nose.
• In this chapter, we examine the physical interactions between molecules and the factors that effect and influence them.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 13
Why Is Sugar a Solid, But Water Is a Liquid?
• The state a material exists in depends on the attraction between molecules and their ability to overcome the attraction. • The attractive forces between ions or molecules depends on their structure.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 3
Strபைடு நூலகம்cture Determines Properties
• The atoms or molecules have different structures in solids, liquids, and gases, leading to different properties.
Shape
Volume
Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite Definite
Solid
High
Definite
Definite
Strongest
15
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12
Phase Changes: Melting
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 12
Solids, Continued
• Some solids have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern. We call these crystalline solids.
• Generally, we convert a material in the solid state into a liquid by heating it. • Adding heat energy increases the amount of kinetic energy of the molecules in the solid. • Eventually, they acquire enough energy to partially overcome the attractive forces holding them in place. • This allows the molecules enough extra freedom to move around a little and rotate.
• Take the shape of their container(s). • Expand to fill their container(s). • Can be compressed into a smaller volume.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 5
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 14
Properties and Attractive Forces
Relative strength of attractive forces Weakest Moderate
Phase Gas Liquid
Density Low High
The attractions are electrostatic. They depend on shape, polarity, etc.
• The ability of the molecules to overcome the attraction depends on the amount of kinetic energy they possess.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 7
The Structure of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12
8
Gases
• In the gas state, the particles have complete freedom from each other. • The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and their container(s). • In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space between the particles.
• Keep their own shape, do not take the shape of their container(s). • Keep their own volume, do not expand to fill their container(s). • Cannot be compressed into a smaller volume.
Salt and diamonds.
• Other solids have particles that do not show a regular geometric pattern over a long range. We call these amorphous solids.
Plastic and glass.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 2
The Physical States of Matter
• Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on what properties it exhibits.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 11
Solids
• The particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position.
Though they are vibrating.
On average.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 9
Gases, Continued
• Because there is a lot of empty space, the particles can be squeezed closer together. Therefore, gases are compressible. • Because the particles are not held in close contact and are moving freely, gases expand to fill and take the shape of their container(s), and will flow.
• Take the shape of their container(s). • Keep their volume, do not expand to fill their container(s). • Cannot be compressed into a smaller volume.
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter 12 6
2009, Prentice Hall
Interactions Between Molecules
• Many of the phenomena we observe are related to interactions between molecules that do not involve a chemical reaction.
Properties of the States of Matter: Solids
• High densities compared to gases. • Nonfluid.
They move as an entire ―block‖ rather than a smooth, continuous flow.
State
Solid Liquid Gas