Moisture-related failures of opamps
关于路面实验的 外国文献
Contents ScienceDirect
Construction and Building Materials
journal homepage: /locate/conbuildmat
Evaluation of the induction healing effect of porous asphalt concrete through four point bending fatigue test
Quantao Liu a,⇑, Erik Schlangen a, Martin van de Ven b, Gerbert van Bochove c, Jo van Montfort d
article info
Article history: Received 8 July 2011 Received in revised form 19 September 2011 Accepted 2 October 2011 Available online 29 November 2011
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Netherlands is a densely populated country and many people live close to the motorways, so traffic noise is one of the most serious environmental issues. To reduce traffic noise, porous asphalt was first utilized as a surface wearing course in 1972 and it was decided to start applying porous asphalt surface wearing courses on a larger scale in 1987 [1,2]. Up to now, close to 90% of the Dutch motorway networks is surfaced with porous asphalt concrete and it is a government policy to apply porous asphalt on the whole motorway network [3]. Standard porous asphalt PA 0/16 is used mostly as a surface wearing course with a thickness of 50 mm and a minimum air voids content of 20%. This open structure can reduce traffic noise by 3 db [4,5]. Besides, porous asphalt also reduces spray and splash and prevents aquaplaning under wet conditions, which can improve the driving comfort and safety [6,7].
包装工艺学Chapter 2
(1) Moisture-sensitive products --WVTR(Water Vapor Transmission Rate) • Oxygen-sensitive products --OTR(Oxygen Transmission Rate) • WVTR and OTR are measurable by a variety of standard procedures. • (2) same product with different packaging.
r 2
Shelf Life
Content
• Definition of Shelf Life • Factors Influence Shelf Life • Traditional Approaches to Shelf-Life Testing • Computer Models for Shelf Life
• (4) Shelf Life Test Label of Product
• • • • • •
Product name Formulation Date of manufacture Date of test Conditions of test Principal researcher.
• 2 Package • The packaging parameters must be specified for shelf life testing are the material designation and source, the appropriate transmission rate, the surface area, and the net weight of the enclosed product.
测量词汇
测量词汇1
2006-6-18 9:44
页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】【打印】【关闭】
modeling，建模
modern control theory，现代控制理论
modern polarography，近代极谱法
modifiability，可修改性
（measure）target，（被测）目标
measured alue，被测值
（measuring）potentiometer，（测量）电位差计
（measuring）transducer，（测量）传感器
2006-6-18 9:45
页面功能 【字体：大 中 小】【打印】【关闭】
moisture sensor，湿敏元件
moiving-iron instrument，动铁式[电磁系）仪表
molecular absorption spectrometry，分子吸收光谱法
molecular beam mass spectrometer，调制分子束质谱计
modulator-demodulator；modem，调制解调器
module，模块
modulus of elasticity，弹性模量
moire frenge grating，莫尔条纹光栅
moire fringe，莫尔条纹
moisture content，含湿量；水汽含量
mulit-stage accelerating electron gun，多极加速电子枪
multi band seismograph，多频带地震仪
multi collectors mass spectrometer，多接收器质谱计
Moisture Sensitivity of Plastic Packages
pdf: 09005aef815b94e2/source: 09005aef815b9476Micron Technology, Inc., reserves the right to change products or specifications without notice.TN0001.fm -Rev. D 3/07 EN©2002 Micron Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.Technical NoteMoisture Sensitivity of Plastic PackagesIntroductionAll plastic integrated-circuit packages have a tendency to absorb moisture. Duringsurface-mount assembly, this moisture can vaporize when subjected to the heat associ-ated with solder reflow operations. Vaporization creates internal stresses that can cause the plastic molding compound to crack.Cracks in the plastic pose several reliability concerns, as they may cause broken bond wires or allow contamination to penetrate to the die and reduce the reliability of the semiconductor device. The cracking process associated with surface-mountable devices is commonly referred to as the “popcorn effect.”Since plastic packages absorb moisture, care must be taken to prevent exposure tohumid conditions greater than 10% RH for any extended period of time prior to surface-mount reflow processing. If exposed to excessive moisture, the devices should be baked to remove moisture prior to solder reflow operations.This technical note describes the shipping procedures that ensure Micron’s customers receive memory devices that do not exhibit the popcorn effect. It also discusses Micron’s recommendations for baking the devices if they are exposed to excessive moisture.Standards referenced in this discussion are available for download at the JEDEC Web site at .Absorption CharacteristicsMicron’s extensive testing empirically characterizes the moisture absorption character-istics of plastic packages. As the plastic takes on moisture, the weight of the device increases. Micron employs a standard procedure for weighing the device before and after it is exposed to moisture. We calculate the percentage of weight gain to determine the relative efficiency of different packaging techniques used for shipping devices.Storage ConditionsMicron has reduced the chance of having popcorn failures with surface-mount packages by shipping all material that is not level one (as defined in Table 1 on page 2) in sealed bags containing a desiccant. Devices stored in these bags show no measurable weight gain when subjected to a high-humidity environment for extended periods. Hence,devices stored in unopened, sealed bags at lower than 40°C and 90% R.H. have a shelf life of 24 months.Concerns about moisture absorption can be eliminated by storing the devices at the rec-ommended floor life conditions specified in Table 1.Moisture Sensitivity LevelIPC/JEDEC Test Method J-STD-020 (see the latest revision) provides a means of testing and classifying devices for a certain level of moisture sensitivity. The eight moisture sensitivity levels, according to this IPC/JEDEC standard, are described in Table 1, along with the associated floor life and soak requirements. Micron characterizes its devices to J-STD-020 levels, and the results are available upon request.Device BakingIf the seal on the shipping container has been broken or if the devices have beenremoved from their shipping containers and exposed to high levels of moisture, Micron recommends a device bake-out procedure before surface mounting.Devices not stored in sealed bags require baking before mounting if any one of the following statements is true:1.devices have been stored at >20% R.H2.the humidity indicator card is >20% R.H. when read at 23°C (+5°C)3.the product floor life has expired (specified on the packaging label)Devices may be baked for 48 hours at 125°C. If device containers cannot be subjected to high temperatures, refer to Table 2 on page 3 for low-temperature bake requirements. Table 2 outlines the bake-out requirements specified in IPC/JEDEC standard J-STD-033 (see the latest revision) and recommended by Micron. These are listed by package thick-ness and moisture sensitivity level.Notes: 1.To use the “Accelerated Equivalent” soak requirements, correlation of damage response, including electrical, after soak and reflow must be established with the “Standard” soak requirements. Accelerated soak times may vary due to material properties (mold com-pound, encapsulant, ...).2.Standard soak time includes a default value of 24 hours for the semiconductor manufac-turer’s exposure time (MET) between bake and bag plus the maximum time allowed out of the bag at the distributor’s facility.Table 1:Moisture Sensitivity LevelsLevel Floor LifeSoak RequirementsStandardAccelerated Equivalent 1TimeConditions Time (Hours)Conditions Time (Hours)Conditions1Unlimited≤30°C/85% R.H.16885°C/85% R.H.2 1 year ≤30°C/60% R.H.16885°C/60% R.H.2a 4 weeks ≤30°C/60% R.H.696230°C/60% R.H.12060°C/60% R.H.3168 hours ≤30°C/60% R.H.192230°C/60% R.H.4060°C/60% R.H.472 hours ≤30°C/60% R.H.96230°C/60% R.H.2060°C/60% R.H.548 hours ≤30°C/60% R.H.72230°C/60% R.H.1560°C/60% R.H.5a 24 hours≤30°C/60% R.H.48230°C/60% R.H.1060°C/60% R.H.6Time on Label (TOL)≤30°C/60% R.H.TOL30°C/60% R.H.®8000 S. Federal Way, P .O. Box 6, Boise, ID 83707-0006, Tel: 208-368-3900prodmktg@ Customer Comment Line: 800-932-4992Micron, the M logo, and the Micron logo are trademarks of Micron Technology, Inc. All other trademarks are the property oftheir respective owners.Notes:1.This table provides conditions that are recommended by Micron for drying components.2.BGA packages greater than 17mm x 17mm (and do not have internal planes that block the moisture diffusion path in the substrate) may use bake times based on the thickness/mois-ture level portion of the table.Table 2:Baking Component ConditionsPackage ThicknessLevel Bake at 125°CBake at 90°C ≤5% RHBake at 40°C ≤5% RHExceeding Floor Life by >72 hours Exceeding Floor Life by ≤72 hours Exceeding Floor Life by >72 hours Exceeding Floor Life by ≤72 hours Exceeding Floor Life by >72 hours Exceeding Floor Life by ≤72 hours ≤1.4mm2 5 hours3 hours 17 hours 11 hours 8 days 5 days 2a 7 hours 5 hours 23 hours 13 hours 9 days 7 days 39 hours 7 hours 33 hours 23 hours 13 days 9 days 411 hours 7 hours 37 hours 23 hours 15 days 9 days 512 hours 7 hours 41 hours 24 hours 17 days 10 days 5a 16 hours 10 hours 54 hours 24 hours 22 days 10 days >1.4mm ≤2.0mm218 hours 15 hours 63 hours 2 days 25 days 20 days 2a 21 hours 16 hours 3 days 2 days 29 days 22 days 327 hours 17 hours 4 days 2 days 37 days 23 days 434 hours 20 hours 5 days 3 days 47 days 28 days 540 hours 25 hours 6 days 4 days 57 days 35 days 5a 48 hours 40 hours 8 days 6 days 79 days 56 days >2.0mm ≤4.5mm248 hours 48 hours 10 days 7 days 79 days 67 days 2a 48 hours 48 hours 10 days 7 days 79 days 67 days 348 hours 48 hours 10 days 8 days 79 days 67 days 448 hours 48 hours 10 days 10 days 79 days 67 days 548 hours 48 hours 10 days 10 days 79 days 67 days 5a 48 hours 48 hours 10 days 10 days 79 days 67 days BGA package >17mm x 17mm (See Note 2)2–696 hoursAs above per package thickness and moisture levelNot applicableAs above per package thickness and moisture levelNot applicableAs above per package thickness and moisture levelRevision HistoryRev. D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3/07•Updated template•Changed shelf life from 12 months to 24 months•Updated Table2.Rev. C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9/04 Rev. B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rev. A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002•Initial release。
液体石蜡乳英文专业名词
液体石蜡乳英文专业名词Liquid paraffin emulsion is a type of emulsion that consists of liquid paraffin dispersed in an aqueous phase. Liquid paraffin, also known as mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, or paraffin oil, is a hydrocarbon compound derived from petroleum. It is a colorless to light yellow viscous liquid with a low melting point and good stability.Liquid paraffin emulsion is widely used in various industries due to its unique properties. In the cosmetics industry, it is commonly used as a moisturizing agent and emulsifier in creams, lotions, and other skin care products. It helps to retain moisture on the skin and gives a smooth and shiny finish.In addition to cosmetics, liquid paraffin emulsion is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as a lubricant and emulsifier in ointments, creams, and other topical preparations. It helps to improve the spreadability and stability of these products on the skin.Moreover, liquid paraffin emulsion finds applicationsin the textile industry as a finishing agent for fabrics.It provides a water-resistant coating on the fabric surface, protecting it from water and stains.The preparation of liquid paraffin emulsion involvesthe dispersion of liquid paraffin droplets in an aqueous phase using emulsifiers and stabilizers. The emulsifiers help to stabilize the emulsion by preventing the coalescence of the droplets, while the stabilizers prevent the emulsion from separating into its constituent phases.The choice of emulsifier and stabilizer depends on the desired properties of the emulsion, such as stability, viscosity, and shelf life. Common emulsifiers used in the preparation of liquid paraffin emulsion include nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, and natural emulsifiers such as lecithin.The preparation process typically involves mixing the liquid paraffin with the emulsifier and stabilizer in asuitable mixer or blender. The mixture is then gradually added to the aqueous phase while stirring vigorously to ensure uniform dispersion of the droplets. The resulting emulsion is then filtered to remove any undispersed particles and stored in suitable containers.It is important to note that the safety and stability of liquid paraffin emulsion must be carefully evaluated before its use in various applications. The presence of impurities or incorrect emulsifier selection can lead to instability and potential safety issues. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with experts in the field before using liquid paraffin emulsion in specific applications.In conclusion, liquid paraffin emulsion is a versatile product with a wide range of applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. Its unique properties make it an essential ingredient in various formulations, providing stability, moisturization, and lubrication benefits. However, its safe and effective use requires careful consideration of its preparation and application conditions.。
211251882_基于反演法计算不同温度下小麦面团的水分扩散系数
李望铭，马荣琨，贾庆超，等. 基于反演法计算不同温度下小麦面团的水分扩散系数[J]. 食品工业科技，2023，44（11）：111−117.doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070354LI Wangming, MA Rongkun, JIA Qingchao, et al. Calculation of Moisture Diffusivity of Wheat Dough at Different Temperatures Based on Inversion Method[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2023, 44(11): 111−117. (in Chinese with English abstract).doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2022070354· 研究与探讨 ·基于反演法计算不同温度下小麦面团的水分扩散系数李望铭1，马荣琨1，贾庆超1，张 杰1，赵学伟2（1.郑州科技学院食品科学与工程学院，河南郑州 450064；2.郑州轻工业大学食品与生物工程学院，河南郑州 450002）摘 要：水分扩散系数是食品加工过程中重要的物理参数。
估算水分扩散系数的主要方法是基于第二菲克定律，但在应用这些定律的方式上存在显著差异。
本研究采用Peleg 、Weibull 、双指数这三种常用的食品水分吸附动力学模型拟合了冻干面团在20、30及40 ℃时的吸湿曲线。
在此基础上，通过COMSOL 软件分别建立了瞬时平衡、对流、平行指数边界三种条件下的面团吸湿模型，并通过反演法计算出对应模型下的水分扩散系数。
结果表明，Weibull 模型和双指数模型决定系数均在0.999以上，较为适合冻干面团吸湿曲线的拟合；平行指数边界模型能较好的模拟出不同温度条件下冻干面团的吸附水分变化规律。
分析化学考研面试问题。
药物分析实验典型问题1、鉴别检查在药品质量控制中的意义及一般杂质检查的主要项目是什么? What are thepurposes of drug identification and test? What are the usual items of drug tests?.2、比色比浊操作应遵循的原则是什么? What are the standard operation procedures forthe clarity test?3、试计算葡萄糖重金属检查中标准铅溶液的取用量。
How much of the lead standardsolution should be taken for the limit test for heavy metals in this experiment?4、古蔡氏试砷法中所加各试剂的作用与操作注意点是什么? What precautions shouldbe taken for the limit test for arsenic(Appendix VIII J，method 1)? And what is the function for each of the test solutions added?5、根据样品取用量、杂质限量及标准砷溶液的浓度，计算标准砷溶液的取用量。
Figure outthe amount of the arsenic standard solution that should be taken for the limit test for arsenic(Appendix VIII J，method 1) (0.0001%) in this experiment with the specified quantity of 2.0 g of sample.6、炽灼残渣测定的成败关键是什么？什么是恒重？What is the key step during thedetermination of residue on ignition? What does ‘ignite or dry to constant weight’mean?7、盐酸普鲁卡因的鉴别原理是什么？What are the principles of the identification ofProcaine Hydrochloride.8、盐酸普鲁卡因注射液中为什么要检查对氨基苯甲酸？Why is the limit of4-aminobenzoic acid tested for Procaine Hydrochloride?9、薄层色谱法检查药物中有关物质的方法通常有哪几种类型?本实验属于哪种?与其它方法有何异同点? How many kinds of the limit tests for related compounds are there?What are the differences between them? Which one is used for the limit test of 4-amino-benzoic acid in Procaine Hydrochloride Injection?10、醋酸氢化可的松的鉴别原理是什么？What are the principles of the identification ofhydrocortisone acetate?11、甾体激素中“其它甾体”检查的意义和常用方法是什么？What are the commonly usedmethod for and the significance of the limit test for other steroids for the steroidal drugs?12、哪类甾体激素可与四氮唑蓝产生反应，是结构中的何种基团参与了反应，反应式是什么？What kind of steroidal drugs can react with the alkaline tetrazolium blue TS?What is the chemical reaction equation?13、氯贝丁酯的鉴别原理是什么？What are the principles of the identification ofclofibrate?14、氯贝丁酯中为什么要检查对氯酚？其方法及原理是什么？Why is the limit ofp-Chlorophenol tested for clofibrate? What kind of method is employed for the test and what is the principle?15、气相色谱法检查杂质有哪些方法，试比较各种方法的特点？How many types ofmethods are there for the test of related compounds by the gas chromatography?What are the differences between them?16、抗生素类药物的鉴别和检查有何特点？What are the characteristics for theidentification and tests of antibiotics?17、钠盐的焰色反应应注意什么？What precautions should be taken during the flamereaction of sodium salts?18、本品吸收度检查的意义是什么？What is the purpose of the light absorption tests forbenzylpenicillin sodium?19、药物晶型测定的常用方法有哪些，各有什么特点？What are the commonly usedmethods for the test of polymorphism? And what are the characteristics of each of them?20、吸收系数测定方法与要求？What are the standard operation procedures for theestablishment of specific absorbance?21、写出异烟肼与溴酸钾的滴定反应式和滴定度的计算过程。
非织造常用英语专业词汇
英汉非织造布专业词汇在此收集的大部分词汇是在翻译非织造布专业文献, 特别是美国《非织造布工业》月刊中遇到的不太熟悉的词汇。
非织造布专业是一个跨行业的边缘学科,因此, 有关文献涉及纺织、造纸、塑料、机械、电气、医学等领域。
为了便于阅读, 广收在此。
这些词汇有待专家确切定义。
Aabsorb吸收absorbent 有吸收能力的absorbent core 吸水芯材acquisition layer (卫生巾)集液层acrylicester emulsion 丙烯酸酯乳液activated carbon 活性碳activated charcoal filter 活性碳过滤器adhesion tension 附着强度adhesive 粘接剂adult diapers 成人失禁垫aerodynamic 空气动力学的aesthetic fabric 美观的布品aesthetics 美学affordable 买得起的affordability买力af ter treatment 后处理ageing resistance 耐老化性agriculture 农业A I DS 艾滋病air bridge 空气桥air laid 气流成网air porosity 气孔率air th rough 热风法all- in- one 全合一aluminosilicate-based fiber 铝硅酸盐玻璃纤维angi ography 血管造影术anis otropy 各向异性annual growth 年增长率ant iadherent f il m 防粘膜ant i- crease 抗皱ant istat ic f inish 防静电处理A PE (alkyl phenol ethoxylate) 烷基酚乙氧基化物aperture 网眼(布)appearance 外观app licator 涂胶机apparel 服装apron围裙aqueous liquid水溶液aquarium filter 养鱼缸过滤器area bonding 面积粘合artificial leather substrate人造革基布attenuation 钝化, 变细automation control 自动化控制automobile carburetor汽车汽化器automobile interior 汽车内装饰automotive headliner 汽车车头衬里automotive carpet 汽车用毯Bbaby diaper 婴儿尿布baby wipe 婴儿擦拭巾back sheet 底衬bacteriaproof 防菌bacteriophage噬菌体bale棉包barb (刺针)倒钩barrier 阻挡层barrier - seal medical garment密封阻挡层医用服装base cloth 基布basis weight 布品单位重量batt 棉胎batteries 电池组battery separator 电池分隔层beater 打浆机bedding 床上用品, 被褥betagauge 测试仪beverage 饮料bias 斜线bib 小儿围涎bicom ponent f iber 双组分纤维bilirubin 胆红素birth rate 出生率blanket 毯子bleaching漂白bleachplant 漂白厂blending 混合bloodborne p athogen 以血液为载体的病原菌blood spread 血液散布blouse 罩衫body cavities 体腔bond area 粘合面积bonded- face fabric 面粘合布品bonded mat 粘合纤维网bonded web 粘合纤维网bonded yarn fabric 纱线粘合布品bonding 粘合bonding pattern 粘合样式bonding pressure 粘合压力bonding roll pattern 粘合辊式样bonding temp erature 粘合温度bond point 粘合点bot tom layer (复合纤维)底层bot tom line 基线brand r ecognition 品牌识别breakin gelongation 断裂伸长Breaking strength 断裂强度breaking stretchability 断裂拉伸性breathability透气性Brown ian movement 布朗运动bulk 松密度bulk m elt ing s ys t em 整体熔融系统burn 烧痕burst strength 撕裂强度Ccable wrap 电缆包布calendering 压光, 轧制capillary force gradient 毛管力梯度card 梳理carded web 梳理成网cardiovas cularsurgery 心血管手术caregiver 保育员carpet backin g 地毯基布carpet t ile 铺地地毯块CBR puncture ( DIN 54307) 圆盘夹平面顶破压力试验穿刺CD ( cr os s direct ion) 布品(横向)cellulose acetate fiber 醋酸纤维素纤维cellulose fiber 纤维素纤维cellulose wadding 纤维素填絮challenge 挑战challenge tracer 挑战示踪剂charring 烧焦chemical bin der 化学粘合剂chemical bonding 化学粘合chemical finishing 化学后整理chemical resistance 耐化学特性chemical stability 化学稳定性chemical-to-fiber process 化学成纤工艺child care 保育clay 粘土cleaning 除杂cleanroom 净化车间clinical experience 临床经验clothlike 仿棉布coastal protection w ork 海岸防护工程coast line 海岸线coated 涂浆的coefficient offriction 摩擦系数coherent bonded web 粘接纤维网cohesive soil 粘性土壤cold compress plaster base material 冷压膏基材料collision 碰撞coloration 着色comfort 舒适comforter 盖被commercial wipe 商用擦拭巾commitment of large capital expenditures 大量资本开支投commodity 商品compacting machine (打包)压实机comparative aesthetic property 比较美学性competition 竞争composite materia 复合材料composite structure 复合结构compressive force 压缩力conductive shoe cover 导电性鞋套conf ormable 顺从consolidation 凝固constituent fiber 组成纤维contact anglemeter 接触角测试仪containment 遏制continuous filament 长丝continuous travelling screen 连续移动筛网coordinated bedding set 配套床上用品copolymer 共聚物core 芯材coreless 无芯材的corrugat ed cardboard box 瓦楞纸板箱cosmet ic 化妆品cost- eff ect ive 有成本效益的cot ton- rich 富含棉花的( 70%棉, 30%涤纶)coverall 连裤工作服cover factor 覆盖系数cover gow n 遮挡罩衣coverstock (卫生巾、尿布)包布crease- resist finishing 防皱整理creat ivity 创造性crimp 卷曲crimped bulking fiber 卷曲膨松纤维crit eria 准则cross contaminat i on 交叉污染cross direct ion 横向cross- laid w ebs 交叉铺置纤网cross lapper 交叉(折叠)铺网机cross- laying 交叉铺网cross- laying process 交叉铺网工艺crosslinked 交联的cross- over 重叠交叉cross section 截面积cross- w eb prof ile 纤网横向剖面crot ch area 裤裆, 两腿交叉部位crystalline quartz fiber 结晶石英纤维cystoscopy 膀胱镜Dday care I. D. (儿童)日托标志degradation 降解de- inked paper 去除油墨的纸delta 三角洲denier 旦数(纤度单位)dental 口腔科deposition 沉积diagnostic procedure 诊断过程dialysis drape 透析帘diaper elastic 尿布松紧带diaperless 不戴尿布diaper machine 尿布机diaper rash 尿布皮疹die 喷丝板die assembly 模具dif fusion 扩散dimensional stabilit y 尺寸稳定性diminish 递减dip bonding 浸渍粘合法directional 定向的direct polymer to web system 聚合物直接成网discard 丢弃discharge 排放discont inuous filam ent 不连续丝disentanglement 解缠disposable 用即弃的disposable apparel 用即弃服装disposable diaper 用即弃尿布disposable masks and respirators 用即弃面具和呼吸器dissipate 消散, 耗散diversit y 差异性down- web profile 纵向纤网剖面drainag e composite system 排水复合系统drain sponge 引流纱布drape (手术室里) 消毒被单，消毒盖布drapery 帐,帘drawing 牵伸dressing sponge 包扎纱布dry cleaning fastness 耐干洗牢度dry feel 滑爽感drying 烘燥drylaid 干法成网durability 耐用性dust cage 尘笼dyeing 染色dynamics 动态Eeasy pelf- opening (包装袋) 方便开孔elasticated mob cap 带松紧的帽子elastic bandage 弹性绷带elastomeric proper ties 弹胶性elastomeric thread 弹力松紧带elastomeric web 弹胶性纤网elderly population 老年人口electrostatic laid 静电法成网elong ation to break 断裂伸长embossing 凹凸轧花embossing roller 轧花辊筒emerg ency room 急诊室endoscopic 内窥镜的end product 最终产品engraved roll 雕刻辊environmental friendliness 与环境友好的EPA ( US EnvironmentalProtection Ag ency) 美国国家环境保护局ergody namics 人机动力学ergonomics 人机工程学erodible 易受冲蚀的erosion 冲蚀European Pharmaco peas Standards 欧洲药典标准exhume 发掘expenditure 消耗extruder 挤出机extrusion 挤出Ffabric advance per stroke 每一针刺行程布品移动量fabric basis weight 布品基本重量fabric filter media 布品过滤介质fabric softener sheet 含有织物软化剂的片材facewear 面具, 面罩fake fur 人造毛皮fashion apparel 流行时装fastening tape 扣紧带fatal 致命的fecal 粪便feminine care 妇女用品feminine hygiene 妇女卫生巾feminine hygiene application 妇女卫生巾应用fenestration ( 耳科手术)开窗术fiber ar rangement 纤维排列fiber clump 纤维束fiber cr imp 纤维卷曲fiber denier 旦数( 纤度单位)fiber density 纤维密度fiber diameter 纤维直径fiberfill web 填丝纤网fiber fineness 纤维细度fiber geometry 纤维几何形状fiberglass mat 玻璃纤维垫fiber orientation 纤维取向fiberous filter media 纤维状过滤介质fiber str ength 纤维强度fiber- to- fiber contact 纤维间接触fiber- to- fi ber frictional properties 纤维间摩擦特性fiber- to- fiber fusion 纤维间融合fiber tuft 纤维簇fiber type 纤维类型fiber web 纤( 维)网fibrillate 原纤化fibrillation 原纤化filament 长丝filament area bonding 长丝热熔粘接法filament sheet 长丝片材fiscal year 财政年度, 会计年度flame retardancy 阻燃性flame retardant chemicals阻燃化学品flame retardant finishing阻燃整理flammability 可燃性flexibility 柔韧性floorcovering地板覆盖材料floor personal一线工人fluffless diaper无短纤尿布fluff pulp绒毛浆fluidproof防液体渗漏foam-to-fabric process泡沫成布法folding eqiupment折叠设备Food service wipe 食品专用擦拭巾Food soaker pad食品浸渍垫footwear 鞋袜类fomaldehyde甲醛foster鼓励fray绽裂Full span moisture analyzer全量程水分分析Full time nurse 专职护士Functional fabric 功能织物Functional group 官能团functionality功能性furniture家具fusion融合GGamma gauge伽马射线仪gauze纱布geotextile 土工布geotextile filter 土工过滤材料glass microfiber 玻璃微纤glass transition 玻璃化转变glazed surface 轧光表面glued- in 浸胶式gown 罩衣g rab strength ( ASTM D4632) 抓样强力grade specification 等级规格g ranular super absorbent polymer颗粒状超级吸水聚合物gravel 砾石groin 腹股沟GUI( g raphical user inter face) 图形用户接口Hhalf time 半场hand feeling 手感health care 保健heat bonding 热粘合heat co nduct ivity 热传导性heat setting bonding 热定形粘合heavyw eight 重型hepatitis vir us 肝炎病毒herbicides 除锈剂heritage 遗产,传统heterofil filament 异质丝high density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯high- dutyflow- through dryer 大型直通式烘燥机higher melting fiber 高熔点纤维higher melting polymer 高熔点聚合物highloft 高膨松的highper formance 高性能high pressure water jet 高压水喷嘴hightech fiber 高技术纤维high value- added 高附加值的HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus) 艾滋病病毒home furnishings 家具布horticulture 园艺学hosiery 袜类hot air drying 热风烘燥hot calendering 热轧光hot flue dryer 热风烘燥机hot melt laminator 热熔层压机hot melt system 热熔系统hospital- acquired infectio n 医院得的传染病hospital sheet 医院用床单household application 家庭应用household items 家庭用品housew rap 家用毯子hybrid 混杂物hydraulic entanglement 水力缠结法hydraulic properties 水力特性hydrogen- bond 氢键hydrogen bonding 氢键键合hydrophilic 亲水的hydrophobic 疏水的hyg ienic finishing 卫生整理hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血Iice replacement 换冰image analysis software 图像分析软件imbalance 不平衡immobilization 固定不动immunodeficiency 免疫缺陷impair 损害impregnated 浸渍的impregnating bonding 浸渍粘合法impregnation 浸渍incision (手术) 切口incont inence underpad 失禁垫industrial dedusting 工业除尘industrial tex tile 产业用纺织品industr ial wipe 工业用擦拭巾indwelling dev ice (手术) 留置装置inertia 惯量inertial impaction 惯性碰撞infant 婴幼儿infant diaper 幼儿尿布infant training pant 幼儿训练裤infection contro l goods 控制传染用品infrared drying 红外线烘燥infrared sensor 红外传感器ingenuity 精巧in redient 配料inhospital patient days 病人住院天数initial modulus 初始模量innovation 创新inpatient admission kit 住院病人入院用品inplane flow 面内滑动instability 不稳定性integrated process 组合工艺intensity 强度interception 交叉interfiber bonding force 纤维间粘合力interfiber entanglement 纤维间缠结interfiber fr iction 纤维间摩擦interfolder 中间折叠机interlining 衬里interlocking ( 纤维)缠合intersperse 分散, 点缀intimate apparel 内衣intr avenous catheter 静脉导管intr insic properties 固有特性investigation 调查irregular 不规则的irrigation 灌溉irritation 刺激( 皮肤)发炎island in the sea matrix fiber 海岛式基质纤维isolated testing 隔离试验isolation ward 隔离病房isophthalic acid 异肽酸isotactic 全同立构isotropy 各向同性Jjaundice 黄疸judicious 明智的,审慎的jumbo bag 大袋子Llab co at 实验室工作服labour intensive 劳动密集型的laminated 层压的laminate 层压片材lap 棉卷laparotomy 剖腹术laparoscopy 腹腔镜检查laser 激光latex 胶乳latex bonding 胶乳粘合laydown 铺网leading brand 领先品牌leak proof 防漏leg cuff 裤腿翻边leg elastics ( 长统袜) 袜口橡筋level wind 匀整卷绕life cycle 生命周期light stability 光稳定性lightweight web 轻质纤网linear low density polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯lint fr ee 不起绒lint residue 棉绒残余liquid bar rier 液体阻挡层liquid penetr at ion 液体渗透liquid repellency 液体排斥liquid wicking 液体吸取longevity 长寿lower melting polymer 低熔点聚合物low Oformaldehyde 低甲醛含量lucrative 可赢利的lump 团块Mmachine direction 纵向magic towel (遇水变大的)魔术毛巾mandate 命令manOmade f iber 人造纤维mar ine clay 海洋粘土mar ket penetration 市场渗透率mar ket shar e 市场份额mask 面具,口罩mat lining 垫衬材mattress 褥垫MD (machine direct ion) (布品)纵向mechanical bonding 机械粘合法mechanical drawing process 机械牵伸法mechanical finishing 机械后整理mechanical needling 机械针刺mechanical properties 机械特性medical bandage 医用绷带medical dressing 医用绷带medical establishments 医疗机构medical eyepad 医用眼垫medical gauze 医用纱布medical mask 医用口罩medical nonwovens 医用非织造布medical supplies 医疗用品medical swab 医用拖把medical wrap 医用包布melding 熔合meltblown 熔喷法meltblown web 熔喷纤网meltObonded web 热熔粘合纤维网melter 熔胶器melting point 熔点menswear 男服metering pump 计量泵MFI ( melt f low index) 熔融流动指数microbreak 细微断丝microdenier 细旦microfiber 微细纤维micro fine glass fiber 微细玻纤microor ganism 微生物microporous polyolefin membrane 微孔聚烯烃薄膜microw ave absorbing product 微波吸收制品microw ave moisture monitor 微波水分监视仪miction 排尿migration 泳移mob cap 松紧帽modular equipment 模块设备modulus 模量moisture 水分molycular by molycular examination 逐个分子检验molecular weight distribution 分子量分布monofilament 单丝monolit hic membrane 单片薄膜monomer 单体mor phology 形态学mouldability 可塑性multibonded binding 多重粘合multi module application 多头成形机multi national links 多国网络MVTR ( moistur e v apor transmission rate)湿气传透率Nnapping 起绒nasal analysis 嗅觉分析NBC( nuclear/ biolog ical/ chemical) protective apparel核工业、生物工程、化工用防护服needlebonding 针刺结合法needle felt 针刺毡needlepunched 针刺法needlepunching 针刺needling bo nding 针刺结合法NET(nonwovens engineering technology )非织造工程技术neurolo gical 神经病学的niche 领域Non Contact/ Non Wear ultr asonic bonding无接触、无磨损超声波粘合nondirectional 无定向的non irritating 无刺激性的nonisotropic 非各向同性non negotiable 无商议余地的nonwoven fabr ic softener 富含软化剂的非织造布片材nonwovens 非织造布, 无纺布Nonwovens Industry !非织造布工业nonwovens matr ix 非织造布基体nonwovens towel非织造布毛巾nozzle 喷嘴nursing home 小型疗养院nylon 尼龙Oopacity 不透明odor 嗅味offset 抵消, 补偿oil spill absorber溅油吸收材料one- step manufactur ing process 一步法生产工艺opener 开包机opening 开松operating room 手术室ophthalmic 眼科的optical proper ties 光特性order of mag nitude 数量级orientation 定向oriented web定向纤维网orthog onal相互垂直的orthopedic 矫形术orthopedic padding 矫形术用纱布块ostomy bag filter 造口术袋形过滤器outdoor clothing 户外服装outpatient 门诊病人own- label mar ket 采用自己商标的市场o xidat ion氧化作用Ppackaging 包装pallet 码垛盘pant diaper 裤样尿布pants 裤子panty shield裤裆垫布pantistocking 连袜裤paper- like纸一样的手感papermaking 造纸paper pulp 纸浆, 浆粕patient room utensil 病房用具patter n roll 雕花辊pediatric 儿科performance 性能pesticides 杀虫剂PET ( polyethylene ter ephthalate) 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯phosphorus- based flame r etardant 磷基阻燃剂pillow case枕套pilot plant 中试装置planar- isotropic 平面各向同性plastic pellet 塑料粒料point bond点粘合point bonding 点粘合polybag 塑料袋polyester 涤纶polyethylene terephthalate 聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯polymer 聚合物polymer-to- fabric process 聚合物成布工艺polypropylene 聚丙烯polyurethane 聚氨酯polyviny lalcohol fiber 聚乙烯醇纤维poresize 孔径po rosity 孔隙度post- consum erwaste resin 消费者用过的废树脂powder bonding 粉末粘合poer- to- weight ratio 功率- 重量比PP( po lypropy lene) 聚丙烯premature baby 早产婴儿premoistened to welettes 湿纸巾pressure drop 压力降primary health care 初级保健processability 加工性能productivity 生产率pro tecti ve apparel 防护服puncture resi stance 耐针刺Rradiant dryer 辐射烘燥机railroad track absorbent matting 铁轨减震垫randoen tangled web无定向缠结纤网random - laid web 无定向纤网random shock 无规电击random web 无规纤网Rando w ebber 兰多成网机rayon 粘胶丝recovery 复原regenerated fiber 再生纤维reinforcement fabric (加厚)增强布品resiliency properties 弹性resistance to tear propagation 抗扯裂传播retraction strength 收缩强度retractive force 收缩力reusables 可重复使用的(布品)rheological characteristics 流变特性robe长袍roll good 卷材roofing 屋面材料roofingm embrane 屋面防水材料(油毡)roofing sheet 屋面防水材料(油毡)Ssafety apparel 安全服sandiwich structure 夹层结构sanitary napkin 卫生巾SAP( superabsorbent polymer)超级吸水聚合物saturating- bonding 饱和浸渍粘合法saturation bonding 饱和浸渍粘合scrubdress清洁工服装sealable可密封的sealing machine封口机seam strength 密封强度self- bonding (纤网)自身粘合法sem i- durab le textile 半耐用性纺织品share force剪切力sheath皮材sheet 床单sheet integrity 片材完整性shingle 压合short cellulose fiber 短纸浆纤维shot- free ceramic oxide fiber 无疵氧化陶瓷纤维shrinkage 收缩率singeing 烧毛skin friendly不伤皮肤的sku ( stock keepi ng un its)库存单位slitti ng 分切SMS(spunbond-meltblown- spunbond)纺粘- 熔喷- 纺粘复合工艺soft hand 柔软手感softness 柔软度soil retardant 防污整理剂sonicvelocity 声速Spandex 氨纶spinneratte 喷丝板spinning 纺丝splice- free roll 免切割布卷split film 裂膜法sponge 外科用纱布spray bonding 喷洒粘合法spray spinning喷纺成形spunbond 纺粘法spunbonds 纺粘布制品spunbonded nonwovens纺粘法非织造布spunlaced 纺络法spun web 分丝成网squeezing roller 压液辊stability 稳定性staff appar el 员工服staple fiber 短纤维static shock 静电电击steam sterilization pack 蒸汽消毒组合装置step winding 分步卷绕sterile 无菌的, 消毒的sterile wrap 消毒包布stiff 刚硬手感stiff structure 刚性结构stitchbond 缝编法stitchbonder 缝编制品厂stitchbonding 缝编stress strain curve 应力应变关系曲线stretch 拉伸strip tensile str ength 带材抗张强度submicron fibr il 亚微原纤维suede 人造麂皮superabsorbent 超级吸水材料supermarket chain 超市连锁店surface abrasion resistance 表面耐磨性surface activeag ent 表面活性剂surface energy 表面能surgical drape 手术帘surgical footw ear 手术鞋袜surgical gown 手术罩衣surgical headwear 手术帽surgical mask 手术口罩surgical table 手术台surv ivability 耐久性suspension 悬浮swelling 溶胀swimsuits 游泳衣synthetic fiber 合成纤维synthetic leat her 合成Ttable cover台布tack 定位缝合tactile 触觉talc云母tea bag 泡茶袋tear resistance 抗撕裂性tear st rength 撕裂强度temperature resistance 耐温性tensile st reng th 拉伸强度terephthalic acid 对苯二酸tex tile like 类纺织品therapeutic pr ocedure 治疗过程thermal behav ior 热力特性thermal bonded 热粘合thermal calendering 热轧法thermal insulation 绝热thermoplastic 热塑性thermoplastic elastomer 合成橡胶thermoplastic r esin 热塑性树脂thermoplastic matrix 热塑性基体thickness 厚度three dimensions 三维through air 热风法throughput 产量toddler 学步的儿童top sheet 面材total randomization 完全无规化toughness 韧性traditional textile fabr ic 传统纺织品training pants 儿童训练裤transfer layer ( 卫生巾) 液体转移层transpar ent 透明的traverse w ind 横动卷绕triboelectric property 摩擦电特性tri folded sanitary napkin 三折卫生巾tri lingual 三种文字的trouble free 无故障的twist ing 加捻Uultrafine 超细、超优ultra low formaldehy de 超低甲醛含量ultrasonic bonding 超声波粘合ultrasonic fabric sealing system 超声波布品密封系统ultrasonic fusing 超声波熔合ultra thin 超薄ultravio let photot herapy 紫外线疗法underpad 垫子unifo rmity 均匀性unisex 单一性别(专用)universal w ind 万向卷绕unor iented 无定向的unr av eling 散开upholstery 室内装饰urine 尿UV light r esistance 抗紫外线UV stabilized green fiber 紫外线稳定的绿色纤维Vventuri feed tube 文丘里喂入管versatility 多样性, 通用性vinyl acetate ethylene binder 醋酸乙烯酯粘接剂。
moisture proof和moistureproof -回复
moisture proof和moistureproof -回复Moisture-Proof vs Moistureproof: What's the Difference?Moisture is a common enemy, causing damage and deterioration to various materials, structures, and products. That's why manufacturers and engineers often focus on creating moisture-resistant or moisture-proof solutions to protect their products from the detrimental effects of moisture. In this article, we will delve into the differences between "moisture-proof" and "moistureproof" and discuss their importance in different industries.1. Definition and Meaning:Starting with the definition, "moisture-proof" refers to the ability of a material or product to resist the passage or penetration of moisture. It implies that the material or product is designed to prevent moisture from getting inside or affecting its integrity. On the other hand, "moistureproof" also refers to the ability of a material or product to resist moisture but the term is mostly used in engineering and construction industries.2. Usage and Applications:When it comes to practical applications, "moisture-proof" is typically associated with consumer products, such as electronics, furniture, or packaging materials that need protection from moisture. For instance, the packaging for electronic devices often boasts being "moisture-proof" to ensure the inner components are not affected by moisture during transportation or storage.In contrast, "moistureproof" is commonly used in the construction industry to describe materials, such as paints, coatings, sealants, or membranes, that provide protection against moisture intrusion in buildings and structures. Moistureproof materials are essential in areas prone to high humidity, water leaks, or flooding, as they help maintain the structural integrity of the building.3. Materials and Techniques:Both moisture-proof and moistureproof solutions employ a range of materials and techniques to ensure protection against moisture.- Moisture-Proof: To achieve moisture-proofing, materials such as waterproof films, coatings, or barriers are commonly used. These materials prevent moisture from seeping into the product or material, keeping the contents safe and dry. For instance, amoisture-proof barrier in packaging can prevent water vapor from permeating through, preventing damage to the enclosed product.- Moistureproof: In construction, moistureproofing methods involve using materials that create a barrier against water and moisture intrusion. Techniques include applying waterproof coatings on surfaces, utilizing moisture barriers in walls, or installing vapor barriers to prevent condensation. Moistureproof materials are also employed to provide protection in areas like basements, bathrooms, or kitchens, which are exposed to increased moisture levels.4. Importance and Benefits:Both moisture-proof and moistureproof solutions offer significant benefits across various industries.- Moisture-Proof: Moisture-proof products are crucial in preserving the quality and functionality of goods during storage, transportation, or even daily use. Moisture can lead to corrosion, mold, mildew, and degradation of materials, which can ultimately affect the performance and lifespan of the product. By ensuring moisture-proof packaging or materials, manufacturers canenhance customer satisfaction, reduce product loss, and maintain the reputation of their brand.- Moistureproof: Moistureproof construction techniques play a vital role in safeguarding buildings and structures from moisture-related damages. Moisture intrusion can weaken structural integrity, support mold growth, or cause materials to rot. By incorporating moistureproof materials and techniques, builders can extend the lifespan of the structure, minimize maintenance costs, and provide a safe and healthy environment for occupants.5. Standards and Testing:To claim moisture-proof or moistureproof properties, manufacturers and suppliers generally adhere to industry standards and perform rigorous testing.- Moisture-Proof: In consumer products, manufacturers might conduct tests such as water immersion, humidity chamber, or moisture barrier tests to evaluate the moisture resistance of their products. Adhering to standards set by organizations like ASTM International ensures that moisture-proof claims are backed by empirical evidence.- Moistureproof: In construction, various international and national standards govern moistureproof solutions. These standards may include testing procedures for materials and systems, such as ASTM C171, ASTM E96, or DIN 4108. Testing involves assessing the material's ability to resist water penetration, water vapor transmission, or dynamic water pressure to ensure their effectiveness against moisture intrusion.In conclusion, while both "moisture-proof" and "moistureproof" refer to resistance against moisture, they are often differentiated by their application and context. Moisture-proof typically refers to consumer products and packaging materials, while moistureproof is predominantly associated with construction materials and techniques. Regardless of the terminology used, the underlying objective remains the same – protecting products and structures from the detrimental effects of moisture.。
静电纺丝薄膜的孔隙率表征
静电纺丝薄膜的孔隙率表征英文回答：Poreosity is a critical parameter for characterizing electrospun thin films. It refers to the percentage of void space or empty volume within the film. It is an important factor to consider in various applications such as filtration, tissue engineering, and drug delivery, as it affects the permeability, porosity, and mechanical properties of the film.There are several methods to determine the poreosity of electrospun thin films. One commonly used technique is the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). MIP involves immersing the film in a mercury-filled chamber and applying increasing pressure to force the mercury into the pores. The pressure required for mercury intrusion is then measured, and the pore size distribution and total pore volume can be calculated. This method provides information on both the size and distribution of the pores within thefilm.Another method is the bubble point test. In this test, a liquid is forced through the film and the pressure at which bubbles start to form is recorded. This pressure is known as the bubble point pressure and is related to the pore size and pore connectivity of the film. By measuring the bubble point pressure, one can determine the average pore size and the extent of pore interconnectivity within the film.In addition to these techniques, there are alsoindirect methods to estimate the poreosity of electrospun thin films. For example, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to analyze the surface morphology of the film and provide qualitative information about the pore structure. Image analysis software can then be used to quantify the poreosity based on the SEM images.中文回答：孔隙率是表征静电纺丝薄膜的关键参数之一。
保湿成分Aqualance
Variation of number of cells (%)
Homarine
Erythritol
Aqualance™ 3 %
Erythritol + betaine
160
140
120
100
+ 8 6 %*
80
60
40
+ 3 9 %*+ 3 3 %*
+ 3 1 %*
20
0 Day 5
+ 1 5 1 %*
™
Ø提高细胞渗透调节能力 Ø确保最佳的皮肤水分平衡 Ø提高细胞的吸水能力 Ø维持细胞水分含量的最佳状态 Ø修复皮肤的保水功能 Ø达到上佳的皮肤滋润效果
keratinocyte normal
dry “aquafilled”
™™
™
SEDERMA 29 rue du Chemin Vert F-78612 Le Perray en Yvelines cedex +33 1 34 84 10 10 +33 1 34 84 11 30 sedermasederma.fr sederma.fr
Aqualance™ 可以有效辅助这项功能，保护受UV照射压力影响后的细胞不会凋亡。
™
IN VIVO TEST
年龄在23-67岁的20名女性每天在小腿部分别使用两次含有 3% AQUALANCE™ 和安慰剂的凝胶。 在使用24小时和8天后分别用Corneometer® (Courage&Kazaka), MoistureMeter-D™ (Delfin), near infra-red来测量皮肤的含水量。
+ 6 2 %* + 2 6 %* Day 7
Sunbrella 防湿火焰抗抵抗阳光力特型布料护理指南说明书
Try this first... With a new spill or stain on your Sunbrella fabric.• Blot (don’t rub) liquid spills with a clean, dry cloth. For oil-based spills, apply an absorbent such as corn starch, then remove with a straight edge.• Spray on a mild cleaning solution of soap (such as Dawn or Woolite) and water. • Rinse the fabric thoroughly to remove all soap residue.• Air dry.Upholstery Care and CleaningOne of the best ways to keep Sunbrella ® fabrics looking good is to brush off dirt before it becomes embedded in the fabrics and wipe up spills or clean soon after a stain occurs. The quicker you clean spills and stains, the easier they can be to remove.Outdoor UpholsteryCleaning Removable FabricHand WashingSoak fabric in a solution of ¼ cup mild soap per gallon of lukewarm water. Use a sponge or very soft bristle brush to lightly agitate the stain. Then rinse thoroughly to remove all soap residue, and allow fabric to air dry.Machine washingSome removable casings can be washed in the washing machine, however consult the furniture manufacturer before removing the casing as cushion construction may vary. To wash, first close all zippers. Machine wash in cold water on the delicate cycle with normal amounts of mild laundry detergent. For severe mold or mildew, add 1 cup of bleach. Allow fabric to air dry. Cleaning Non-Removable FabricPrepare a solution of ¼ cup mild soap per gallon of lukewarm water. Use a soft bristle brush to clean, allowing the cleaning solution to soak into the fabric. Rinse thoroughly to remove all soap residue and allow fabric to air dry.Mold and mildew stainsSunbrella fabrics do not promote mildew growth, however, mildew may grow on dirt and otherforeign substances if not removed from the fabric. To remove mold or mildew:• Prepare a solution of 1 cup of bleach and ¼ cup mild soap per gallon of water.• Spray on entire area and allow to soak into the fabric for 15 minutes.• Clean entire surface area with a sponge, clean towel or very soft bristle brush.• Rinse thoroughly to remove all soap residue.• Air dry.For severe mold/mildew growth, bleach quantities may be increased.It is best to clean the entire surface area of the fabric to avoid water rings and stains.For information on cleaning other popular stains, see our Stain Chart. /stainchartIndoor Upholstery• Apply a light mist of mild soap and water using a spray bottle.• Work the solution into the stain by lightly agitating the entire surface area of the fabric, moving from seam to seam, with a sponge or very soft bristle brush. Avoid scrubbing, and do not use a hard bristled brush or anything that will abrade the fabric.• Rinse the entire fabric thoroughly to remove all soap residue.• Blot excess moisture with a clean, soft towel or sponge.• Blot or wet-vacuum excess water from the entire surface area of the fabric, moving from seam to seam.• Air dry. Repeat rinsing and blotting until all soap residue is removed.For severe stains, see our Stain Chart for removal instructions of specific stains. /stainchart Professional CleanersInquire about a firm’s experience working with Sunbrella fabrics and knowledge of cleaning and re-treatment requirements.Machine WashingSome removable casings can be washed in the washing machine, however consult the furniture manufacturer before removing the casing ascushion construction may vary. To wash, first close all zippers. Machine wash in cold water on thedelicate cycle with normal amounts of mild laundry detergent. Allow fabric to air dry. Oil-Based StainsImmediately apply an absorbent such as cornstarch directly on the oil-based stain. Let sit for 10 minutes and remove the excess using a straight edge or ruler. This helps remove the stain and prevents it from being pressed into the fabric. Then proceed with the cleaning process.Seam-To-Seam CleaningWhen cleaning upholstered pieces, clean the entire surface area of the fabric, from seam to seam, instead of rubbing the fabric in a circular motion on the stain. This method, along with an extractor, may be required in order to avoid water rings and stains.SUNBRELLA® IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF GLEN RAVEN, INC. REV . 08-2015 Try this next... If your first try doesn’t get the stain completely out.Though Sunbrella fabrics can be used both outdoors and in, your cleaning methods should differ slightly indoors and out because of the fabrication and manufacturing of the furniture. We recommend using the appropriate cleaning instructions for your application.。
水分吸附等温线Moisture Sorption Isotherms概要
In gels or cellular systems, bulk-phase water is physically entrapped so that macroscopic flow is impeded. In all other respects this water has properties similar to that of water in a dilute salt solution. This is reasonable, since a typical water molecule added in Zone III is “insulated” from the effects of solutes molecules by several layers of Zone I and Zone II water molecules. The bulk-phase water of Zone III, either entrapped or free, usually constitutes more than 95% of the total water in a high-moisture food, a fact that is not evident from Figure 19.
FIGURE 18 Schematic moisture sorption isotherm encompassing abroad range of moisture contents
Shown in Figure 18 is a schematic MSI for a high-moisture food plotted to include the full range of water content from normal to dry. This kind of plot is not very useful because the data of greatest interest— those in the low-moisture region—are not shown in sufficient detail. Omission of the high-moisture region and expansion of the lowmoisture region, as is usually done, yields an MSI that is much more useful (Fig. 19).
纺织品各种检测相关术语英文版
纺织品各种检测相关术语英文版色牢度试验项目COLOUR FASTNESS TESTS皂洗牢度 washing摩擦牢度 rubbing/crocking汗渍牢度 perspiration干洗牢度 drycleaning光照牢度 light水渍牢度 water氯漂白 chlorine bleachspotting非氯漂白 non-chlorinebleach漂白 bleaching实际洗涤 actual laundering氯化水 chlorinated water酸斑 acid spotting碱斑 alkaline spotting水斑 water spotting有机溶剂 organic solvent染料转移 dye transfer热压 hot pressing印花牢度 print durability由酚类引起的黄化 phenolicyellowing唾液及汗液 saliva andperspiration尺寸稳定性（缩水率）及有关试验项目（织物和成衣） DIMENSIONAL STABILITY （SHRINKAGE） AND REL ATED TESTS （FABRIC & GARMENT）皂洗尺寸稳定性 dimensionalstability to washing手洗后的外观 appearance afterlaundering热尺寸稳定性 dimensionalstability to heating熨烫后外观 appearance afterironing蒸汽尺寸稳定性 dimensionalstability to steaming松弛及毡化 dimensionalstabilty to relaxation and felting缝纫线形稳定性 dimensionalstability for sewing thread强力试验项目 STRENGTH TESTS拉伸强力 tensile strength撕破强力 tear strength顶破强力 bursting strength接缝性能 seam properties单纱强力 single threadstrength缕纱强力 lea strength钩接强力 loop strength纤维和纱的韧性 tenacity offibres and yarn织物机构测试项目 FABRIC CONSTRUCTION TESTS织物密度 threads per unitlength纱线支数 counts of yarn纱线纤度（原样） denier counts asreceived织物幅宽 fabric width织物克重 fabric weight针织物线圈长度 loop length ofknitted fabric纱线卷曲或织缩率 crimp or take-upof yarn割绒种类 type of cut pile织造种类 type of weave梭织物纬向歪斜度 distortion inbowed and skewed fabrics圈长比 terry to groundratio织物厚度 fabric thickness成份和其他分析试验项目 COMPOSITION AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TESTS纤维成分 fibre composition染料识别 dyestuffidentification靛蓝染料纯度 purity of indigo含水率 moisture content可萃取物质 extractablematter淀粉含量 starch content甲醛含量 formaldehydecontent甲醛树脂 presence of formaldehyderesin棉丝光度 mercerisation incottonPH值 PH value水能性 absorbance可燃性试验项目 FLAMMABILITY TESTS普通织物的燃烧性能：flammability ofgeneral clothing textiles布料的燃烧速率：burning rate ofcloth瑞典成衣燃烧性能：Sweden fireproperties of apparel textile织物性能试验项目 FABRIC FERFORMANCE TESTS耐磨性 abrasionresistance抗起毛起球性 pillingresistance拒水性 water repellency抗水性 water resistance折痕回复力 wrinkle recovery布料硬挺度 fabric stiffness弹性及回复力 stretch &recovery成衣附件试验项目 GARMENT ACCESSORY TESTS （LACE，ZIPPER，BUTTON，BUCKLE，ETC.）洗涤后外观 appearanc afterlaundering贮存后外观 appearance afterstorage耐烫性能 resistance toironing拉链强力 zipper strength拉链的往复性 reciprocatingtest拉链耐用性 durability ofzipper拉链的使用性能 operability ofzipper金属抛光物的锈蚀/变色试验 corrosion /tarnish test on metallic finishes 按钮分开强力 unsnapping ogsnap fasteners金属钮扣、铆钮的紧固试验 security ofmetallics buttons，rivets，ets.按钮的紧固试验 security of snapbutton钮扣强力 strength ofbuttons耐洗液腐蚀性 resistance to washliquor钮扣撞击测试 button impacttest钮扣拉力试验 button tensiontest钮扣钮力试验 button torquetest按钮附着力 snap attachmentstrength装饰物附着力 trim attachmentstrength纤维和纱的试验项目 FIBRE & TESTS短纤维长度 fibre staplelength线形密度 linear density纤维直径 fibre diameter单根纤维强力 single fibrestrength纤维韧性 tenacity of fibre纱支 yarn count纱线纤度（原样） denier count asreceived每卷经纱长 length of threadper roll纱线净重 net weight ofthread单纱强力 single threadstrength绞纱强力 lea strength线圈强力 loop strength纱线韧性 tenacity of yarn纱捻度 twist per unit填充棉试验 BATTING TESTS重量 weight厚度 thickness纤维含量 fibre content树脂含量 resin content压缩与回复试验 compresssion andresilience test样品分析前准备：sample dissectionfor analysis preparation皂洗尺寸稳定性 dimensionalstability to washing机洗/水洗后的外观 appsitionof pile & back地毯试验项目 CARPET TESTS摩擦色牢度 colour fastness to rubbing光照色牢度 colour fastnessto light水渍色牢度 colour fastnessto water毛束联结牢度 tuft withdrawalforce （tuft bind）毛束经密度 pitches per unitlength毛束纬密度 rows per unitlength底布密度 threads per unitlength of backing单位面积重量 weight per unitarea表面毛绒密度 surface piledensity起绒纱股数 ply of pile yarn割绒种类 type of cut pile毛绒或毛圈长度 pile or looplength毛绒或底部的纤维成分 fibre compositionof pile & back。
微乳液国外翻译归纳资料
∆Gform = ∆Aγ12 − T∆Sconf
(3.2.2)
其中 ∆A 是界面面积 A 的改变量 (半径为 r 的液滴面积为 4πr2) γ12 是在温度 T (Kelvin)的 1 相和 2 相(如油相和水相)之间界面张力 用方程 3.2.2 取代方程 3.2.1
给出了求得 1 相和 2 相之间最大界面张力的表达式 分散时 小液滴数增加且
5
R 比理论
R 比理论首先是被 Winsor 在说明两亲分子和溶剂对界面曲率的影响时提出 的[21] 最初的概念是与两亲分子层和油 水区域之间的相互作用的能量联系在 一起的 这样 R 比就将两亲分子分散于油中的趋势与溶解于水中的趋势进行了 比较 如果有利于其中一相 界面区域就呈现一定的曲率 下面是这个概念的简 单描述 在其它部分也有详尽的说明[26]
3.2 形成和稳定性理论
3.2.1 微乳的界面张力
描述微乳液形成的一个简单形式是把分散相部分考虑成很小的液滴 构型熵
发生变化 ∆Sconf 可近似的表示为[8]
∆Sconf = −nkB[lnφ + {(1 − φ )/φ}ln(1 − φ )]
(3.2.1)
其中 n 为分散相的液滴数 kB 为 Boltzmann 常数 φ 是分散相的体积分数 缔合 自由能的改变可表示为增加的新界面面积所需的自由能 ∆Aγ12,和构型熵之和[9]
i
i
(3.2.3)
其中 Ci 是 I 组分在混合物中的摩尔浓度 Γi 是表面过剩 (mol m-2) 假定浓度
分别为 Cs 和 Cco 的表面活性剂和共表面活性剂是仅有的吸附组分 即 Γwater= Γoil
= 0 则 3.2.3 式就变为
dγo / w = −ΓsRTd ln Cs − ΓcoRTd ln Cco
god is in the details-jim.eyre
Like most architects, I have a great reverence for Mies van der Rohe. When I think of him, his exquisitely detailed and extraordinarily elegant buildings come immediately to mind. He is also known for two famous sayings. The first – 'Less is more' – is now so much part of common parlance that perhaps few people know where or when it originated. These three small words have been the focus of great debate ever since; they have even received the dubious accolade of a mocking misquotation – 'Less is a bore.' Perhaps they have become an easy target because the phrase is so widely recognized; yet their simplicity is profound, and they summarize an entire architectural manifesto. Mies’s second famous dictum is that 'God is in the details.' This latter reveals the absolute nature of Mies’s architecture, which displays such clarity that our perception of his buildings is elevated to an almost spiritual experience. There is also a strong hint that working out details requires great application – something akin to religious fervour. It is always worth remembering these two sayings when things are getting a little complicated, particularly with regard to detailing on buildings. It is often worth going back and reminding yourself what it is that the details should speak of. A concise expression is usually more enduring.At Wilkinson Eyre we recognize the importance of good detailing. An ingenious concept is not enough on its own. Indeed, in my view, however striking the concept, it will stand or fall on the quality of its detailing. Considered alongside the Miesian approach, which values clarity and simplicity, a very careful and studied look at this aspect becomes even more crucial. Our architecture, which I see as being broadly founded on the Miesian tradition, would be very unforgiving to clumsy details or poor workmanship. In order to be considered complete designers, architects need to be interested in how to make things, how all the different components function together. We express ourselves by working out the configuration of the various components and it is anathema to hand over control of this element to anyone else. It is our responsibility as architects to try to retain control wherever possible in order to safeguard good design and avoid unnecessary compromise – with its inevitable loss of quality.At Wilkinson Eyre we promote an architecture whichconcerns itself (amongst many other things) with thesurfaces, edges and lines of structural form. This meansthat the junctions between components require specialcare. It was Charles Eames who said 'When two materialscome together, brother, watch out', and however fantasticthe technological developments that have have taken placesince then, the statement still holds true. It doesn't get anyeasier.Today detailing has become a rather more complex issuethan it was in Mies's time. Some of the pioneering modernbuildings were unfortunately prone to problems of durabilityand there can be little doubt that in the spirit of progresscertain fundamental principles to do with weathering,moisture and thermal behaviour were overlooked (though Ibelieve this tended to afflict lesser buildings). Now the issueof sustainability means that our concerns are more focusedon energy usage, pollution and the renewability ofmaterials. A building's thermal performance is becomingincreasingly important as a more holistic approach toenergy usage and broader environmental issues movescentre stage. Unfortunately, this means that some of themore beautifully simple details of yesteryear need moreattention in the contemporary context. We have to workeven harder in order to express what we want to in abuilding's architecture while at the same time making itperform and being economical with the use of preciousmaterials.I think it is interesting that often, while buildings are said tohave been 'designed', the details are deemed to have been'worked out'. It may seem a curious use of languagebecause similar skills are needed for both; with detailing,however, the technical requirements mean there is lessroom for pure creative thought. The implication is somehowthat the design of the building possesses a set of detailsand the architect is charged with finding out what they are.Obviously, as an argument, this line of thought isidiosyncratic; nevertheless, there is some truth in the notionthat there is a 'right' set of details that go with any givenconcept. To develop these details and go through theprocess of designing them successfully requires an abilityto think in three dimensions about the assembly of a range0103040201 Detail drawing: Isometric of wall andstructure, South Gable, StratfordMarket Depot, London UK, 1996 –Wilkinson Eyre Architects02 Detail: Column head, StratfordMarket Depot, London UK, 1997 –Wilkinson Eyre Architects03 Detail: Wind truss, StratfordRegional Station, London UK,1999 – Wilkinson Eyre Architects04 Detail: Rib base casting, StratfordRegional Station, London UK,1999 – Wilkinson Eyre Architects1Wilkinson Eyre•Architectsof components and the various junctions between them. In a sense, at this stage the architect is undertaking a form of 'planning' akin to laying out a series of spaces, but working with and laying out a series of solid components of a different scale. There is something of the jigsaw about the process, the pieces being a mix of standard products and, where none exists, purpose-designed components. And at the same time there are all the other considerations – like keeping the weather out, preventing corrosion and constructing something durable.The ultimate luxury would be to work out all the key details of a building in three dimensions using physical models, for only in this way can the physical appearance and the relationship between the various elements be fully explored. There are some architectural practices that are able to do this, and in particular I have great admiration for the work of Renzo Piano; he is unequalled in this respect. At Wilkinson Eyre details are formulated by being sketched out repeatedly on paper; we rely on vision and imagination and experience to predict what the end result will look like. The most easily overlooked aspect of building design is that of tolerances. It is such an important consideration although, unless something goes wrong, it is not usually apparent in the finished work. Every component of a building is manufactured to a designated set of dimensions, whether on- or off-site, and each one can vary a certain amount. Such tolerances are set by what a human being can reasonably achieve, or by what is economically viable in a mechanical manufacturing process. The accuracy with which components can be placed into the works on site at installation varies too, depending both on the care taken by the person responsible for the placing and also on the positional accuracy of the component which it adjoins. The architectural detail drawing is thus a snapshot of where a series of components is ideally intended to be in space; in reality, each piece defines a space around itself within which it could actually end up. Naturally, an understanding of this moving three-dimensional jigsaw requires some special skills, both spatial and technical.Dealing with tolerances seriously challenges the youngarchitect in particular because he/she has been brought upin a technological age in which computers foster an illusionof accuracy. The temptation to believe in fractions of amillimetre is as alluring as the Sirens were to Aeneas. Infact, computers have had a hugely liberating effect inWilkinson Eyre’s offices and in our whole approach todesign; they have encouraged freedom of thought andallow us to represent quite complex forms possessinggeometries that previously would have been preventativelydifficult to draw. However, the precision that the computeroffers is very seductive and being divorced from the realityof a building site can create serious problems. There is nobetter way to overcome these problems than spending timeactually on a building site or at a manufacturing plant.Architects in our office are encouraged to gain hands-onexperience wherever possible, following the detail rightthrough from the original drawing – seeing how theserepresentations are translated into reality on site.Linked with the issue of accuracy of detailing and what isachievable on site is the real problem of diminishing craftskills. The number and availability of skilled site operativesin the various trades is definitely in decline, a shift that goeshand in hand with the drive, now becoming a necessity,towards off-site manufacture. The fabrication of buildingcomponents is usually better undertaken in factoryconditions by specialists. As a consequence newopportunities are opening up for the architect because themachines of manufacture, controlled by computers, aremaking it increasingly possible to make one-offcomponents. At the same time the increasing specializationmeans that architects need to have a good understandingof what can be achieved, before defining the architecturalintent as a series of profiles on drawings. To retain controlone has to explore fully what is possible even if, ultimately,the fabricator is to produce the specialist design.At Wilkinson Eyre we have been fortunate to be involved ina wide range of building and structure types. Some of thesehave involved large-scale and very public spaces which,because they are unheated, are not tied by the challengesof having to insulate everything. In these structures wehave been able to enjoy a certain bold freedom in our0103020401 Detail: Canopy support, DysonHeadquarters, Malmsbury UK,1999 – Wilkinson Eyre Architects /Photographer - Richard Davies02 Detail: Front truss glazing, StratfordRegonal Station, London UK, 1999– Wilkinson Eyre Architects /Photographer - Morley vonSternberg03 Diagrid roof structure, StratfordMarket Depot, London UK, 1997 –Wilkinson Eyre Architects /Photographer - Dennis Gilbert/View04 Detail: cable connections to mast,South Quay Footbridge, LondonUK, 1997 – Wilkinson EyreArchitects / Photographer - Morleyvon Sternberg2Wilkinson Eyre•Architectstreatment of detailing, a freedom that allows material connections to be made in a simple, sculptural way, displaying the properties of the respective materials and using them expressively. Stratford Station is the obvious example but many of the wide range of bridge projects we have undertaken display the same characteristics. Other buildings have demanded different approaches: the self-build aspect of the Princes Club Ski-Tow Pavilion imposed constraints on our design, for example, as did the economic considerations of large-scale industrial cladding in play at Dyson Headquarters and at Stratford Market Depot.In all our projects the firm endeavours to achieve a consistency in the detailing. Nothing is left to chance. Every aspect of the building must be worked out and predicted. The very nature of the architecture relies on a disciplined approach. Though it is difficult to generalize, we look carefully at surfaces, thicknesses, modulation, contrasts in mass and lightness, simple framing and uncomplicated junctions between materials. For us, 'Less' is more work. My admiration for Mies van der Rohe's work extends particularly to his economy of means. The intentions are always clear and, by considering very carefully what appears at the surfaces of construction, he emphasizes planar qualities, or lightness, or proportions. The profiles of his details are masterly in the way that the play of light and shade works to accentuate the qualities of the architecture. In this respect – in our approach to architecture – I believe that Wilkinson Eyre shares strong spiritual ties with Mies. Our concerns about proportions, planes, lines and expressing lightness are concerns that preoccupied Mies, though our overall conceptual approach to architecture embraces a greater vocabulary of form. Whether God hasbeen anywhere near our details, only time will tell.010201 Detail: Cladding and eaves, DysonHeadquarters, Malmsbury UK,1999 – Wilkinson Eyre Architects /Photographer & copyright - RichardDavies02 Detail: Tensegrity supportedglazing, Stratford Regional Station,London UK, 1999 – Wilkinson EyreArchitects / Photographer - DennisGilbert/View3Wilkinson Eyre•Architects。
基于累计耗散能量比的改性沥青疲劳性能
基于累计耗散能量比的改性沥青疲劳性能孟勇军;张肖宁【摘要】In this paper, the rheological properties of different modified asphalts are experimentally investigated, and the fatigue performance index based on the cumulative dissipated energy ratio ( DER) is analyzed. Then, the fatigue performances of modified asphalts with different block ratios are discussed and compared according to the DER. Moreover, according to the fatigue performances of modified asphalts, some bending fatigue tests are carried out. The results show that DER is effective in evaluating the fatigue performances of modified asphalts and can be used as a reference index of the fatigue performances of modified asphalts.%通过对不同改性沥青的流变性能试验,分析了基于累计耗散能量比(DER)的改性沥青疲劳性能指标,研究了不同嵌段比的改性沥青的疲劳性能,并根据DER进行对比分析.基于改性沥青的疲劳性能特点,在室内通过弯曲疲劳性能试验进一步验证了用DER 评价改性沥青疲劳性能的有效性,为改性沥青的疲劳性能判定提供了新的参考指标.【期刊名称】《华南理工大学学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(040)002【总页数】5页(P99-103)【关键词】改性沥青;累计耗散能;流变理论;疲劳性能【作者】孟勇军;张肖宁【作者单位】华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东广州 510640;华南理工大学土木与交通学院,广东广州 510640【正文语种】中文【中图分类】U414.75随着交通事业的迅猛发展，很多新技术、新设备、新材料应用到道路行业，采用特殊工艺制备的改性沥青也逐渐受到行业的认可，进入了道路施工中［1-2］．尤其在优质石料来源有限的情况下，研究发掘改性沥青的性能成为了道路工作者研究的重点［3-4］．沥青路面在使用过程中，除了受到车辆的反复作用外，还受到环境温度交替变化时路面所产生的温度应力的作用，使得沥青混合料的强度逐渐衰减，当荷载作用次数超过一定次数之后，路面出现疲劳破坏．道路研究者观察到，在沥青混合料的应力控制和应变控制试验中，对材料加载一定的循环次数后，耗散能的改变均具有突然性，与其在何种模式下无关［5］．其假设耗散能的改变与试样内疲劳裂纹的发展相关．在疲劳损伤产生裂纹的初始阶段向裂纹扩展阶段发展转变时，引起疲劳损伤的每次加载循环施加的耗散能都将有显著的改变，这个变化叫做裂纹扩展疲劳寿命Np，被定义为裂纹的初始阶段到裂纹的扩展阶段的转折点，即达到裂纹扩展阶段时的疲劳寿命．研究证明这个耗散能的变化点对应的加载次数是每个加载循环中的耗散能的函数，并被确认为与加载模式无关．基于此，可以尝试研究改性沥青的疲劳特性．文中主要是通过对不同改性沥青进行流变性能试验，基于累计耗散能量比研究改性沥青的疲劳性能指标，从而分析不同嵌段比(S/B)的改性沥青的疲劳性能，然后通过累计耗散能量比(DER)进行对比分析，最终为改性沥青的疲劳性能判定提供新的指标参考．1 试验方案试验材料分别选取埃索SBS改性沥青、高模量改性沥青和高弹性改性沥青3种材料，其中埃索SBS改性沥青采用嵌段比为30/70的SBS改性剂配伍，高模量改性沥青采用S/B比为60/40的SBS改性剂配伍，高弹性改性沥青采用S/B比为18/82的SBS改性剂配伍，SBS改性剂中S/B比不同，对改性沥青的流变性能有显著影响．材料的特性见表1．采用应力控制的改进型流变仪Advanced Rheometer-2000(AR2000)，在控制应力中，可以任意施加或释放应力，并能直接测量样品的实际特性．表1 3种沥青材料的特性Table 1 Characters of three kinds of asphalt materials指标延度(5cm/min)/cm针入度(100g，5s，25℃)/( ×0．1mm)软化点/℃PG分级特殊指标埃索SBS改性沥青37．2(5℃条件下) 56 74．6 PG76-22—高模量改性沥青(5℃条件下) 40 77．5 PG76-28 60℃时G*＞10kPa 20．5高弹性改性沥青55．3(5℃条件下) 59 ＞80 PG76-28 25℃，3min内的弹性恢复＞90%结合我国南方地区的气候特点，确定试验温度为20℃，加载频率为10Hz，施加应变水平为2%，对高模量改性沥青、高弹性改性沥青和埃索SBS改性沥青进行动态时间扫描试验研究，分析累计耗散能量比．2 基于累计耗散能量比的评价沥青材料的流变性能试验以正弦波形式施加交替循环的应变，响应的应力仍是交替循环的，但沥青的粘弹性质引起滞后现象，即应力响应比应变输入滞后相位角δ，随着应变输入增大，应力响应也增大．加荷过程的应力－应变曲线与卸荷过程的应力－应变曲线形成图1所示的首尾相接的环线，一般称为滞后环线．外力做的功可以用应力－应变曲线所包围的面积表示，沥青在加荷过程得到的能量与卸荷过程释放的能量并不平衡，前者大于后者，其面积差(即滞后环线所包围的面积)代表一个加荷循环过程中能量的损耗［6-7］，不同应变水平下的滞后环大小不同．在能量损耗中既有永久变形转化为热能的部分，也有暂时消耗在延迟弹性变形中、具有阻尼作用的能量，称为阻尼能．其中前者是真正损失了而不可恢复的，后者则没有真正耗散，在无限长的时间内可以完全恢复．由Pronk和Hopman提出的累积耗散能量比DER［8］是基于耗散能变化的概念提出的用于疲劳性能变化的破坏定义评价方法，已有的研究选用Np(20)作为沥青的疲劳寿命，即以DER与加载次数关系曲线偏离DER=N(N表示加载次数)直线20%的加载次数作为疲劳寿命，认为这个偏离的比例对应的加载次数与疲劳破坏的转折点NP非常接近，同时证明了影响混合料疲劳的主要因素与引起沥青胶浆损伤的因素相关，且这种疲劳定义方式独立于加载模式，因此可采用次循环加载次数来代替疲劳的转折点寿命．图1 Superpave沥青规范的能量概念Fig．1 Energy concept of Superpave asphalt specification在动态剪切流变仪的加载过程中，每一个振动周期内，应变总是落后于应力一定的相位角，应力－应变关系不再是直线，而是形成稳定的滞后圈．滞后圈的面积就是在每个振动周期内以热的形式耗散的能量W，单位体积的每次加载循环的耗散能为应力－应变曲线所包围的面积．基于耗散能理论的耗散能计算如式(1)所示:式中，σ(t)为应力，ε(t)为应变．积分后得到累积耗散能量比的定义如下:式中，Wn为第n次循环消耗的耗散能．如果材料在每一个加载循环中的损伤很小，可以忽略不计，这样每个加载周期的耗散能Wi近似于一个常数，令Wi=Wn，则材料的累积耗散能可以写为因此当材料没有损伤或者损伤很小的时候，DER等于加载次数N．若材料在第N+1次加载循环中出现微裂纹或者损伤，由于裂纹或者新的损伤出现消耗了能量，Wi不再是常数，DER就不再等于相应的加载次数N+1，表明材料进入裂纹发生与扩展过程．对于应变加载模式，由于每个循环耗散的能量是递减的，因此DER是随着加载次数的增加而增大的．文献［8］中Pronk规定，基于应力加载模式下的DER曲线有一个明显的反弯点，从这个反弯点位置作DER曲线的切线，该切线与DER=N的直线相交，交点处对应的加载次数即为应力模式下的转折点;在应变加载模式下从DER曲线末端作切线与DER=N的直线相交，定义这个交点为材料由疲劳初始阶段转向扩展阶段的转折点．3 试验结果及分析图2给出了应变控制模式下高弹性改性沥青的累积耗散能量比与加载循环曲线，并按照指数的形式对曲线进行拟合，从DER曲线末端作切线与初端的直线相交，从而确定沥青由疲劳阶段向扩展阶段的转变点．从图中可以看出，在初始的加载阶段，DER与加载次数的关系近似为一条直线，斜率接近于1，这样可以理解为曲线的第一部分即近似斜率为1的直线部分为每次加载循环的能量以粘弹衰减的模式逸散，此时损伤可以忽略不计;随着加载次数的逐渐增加，DER逐渐偏离了直线，这表明裂纹的产生消耗掉了更多的能量，随着裂纹的逐渐扩张，每个循环下的耗散能有了显著的增加，沥青已经进入了完全破坏期．图2 高弹性改性沥青的累计耗散能量比与加载循环曲线Fig．2 Cumulative dissipated energy ratio and loading cycles of high-elasticity modified asphalt图3表示3种不同嵌段比的改性沥青的累计耗散能量比与加载次数的关系．由图3可知，采用疲劳破坏转折点Np作为评价改性沥青的疲劳性能指标时，在20℃、应变为2%的条件下，高弹性改性沥青的疲劳寿命是151323次，埃索SBS改性沥青的疲劳寿命是109877次，高模量改性沥青的疲劳寿命是81361次，高弹性改性沥青的疲劳寿命明显高于埃索SBS改性沥青和高模量改性沥青．这也说明了嵌段比越低的改性沥青疲劳寿命越好，即改性沥青中的弹性成分比例越大，疲劳寿命越好．图3 3种改性沥青的累计耗散能量比与加载循环曲线Fig．3 Cumulative dissipated energy ratio and loading cycles of three kinds of modified asphalts4 沥青混合料室内疲劳试验验证沥青混合料的疲劳性能是指其在特定荷载环境与气候环境条件下抵抗重复荷载作用而不产生破裂的能力．文中通过沥青混合料的室内疲劳试验，研究沥青混合料的疲劳性能与沥青自身疲劳性能指标的关系，根据SHRP M-009标准所要求的试件尺寸(长度(381±6．35)mm，宽度(63．5 ±6．35)mm，高度(50．8±6．35)mm)，将通过参考 Strata沥青混合料推荐的级配范围、在各自最佳沥青用量下制备的沥青混合料试件，放入芬兰生产的高精度金刚石双面锯内，采用双面同步切割技术，将试件切割成385mm×65mm×50mm的四点弯曲小梁．将小梁置入Cooper机的环境温控箱内，在试验温度下养护4 h以上，以确保在进行疲劳试验之前达到试验温度．所采用的环境温控箱为气冷式，通过垂直方向循环输入一定温度的气流以达到控制温度的目的，仪器的控温精度为0．1℃，控温范围为－20～60℃．试验采用应变控制方式，为增强其疲劳寿命的区别，对不同类型的沥青混合料采用不同的应变水平:高模量沥青混合料，8×10－4;埃索SBS改性沥青混合料，1 ×10－3;高弹性改性沥青混合料，2 ×10－3．试验频率为10Hz，试验温度为20℃，以降低到初始劲度的50%作为破坏的临界点．(1)单位荷载循环内的耗散能式中:φ 为滞后角，(°)，其中f为加载频率，Hz，s为应变峰值滞后于应力峰值的时间，s．(2)累积耗散能式中:Wi'为第i次加载循环的耗散能．采用格罗布斯判据来判断试验数据的有效性，将无效的数据点去除，计算其平均值．表2列出了3种沥青混合料的疲劳寿命．表2 3种沥青混合料的疲劳寿命Table 2 Fatigue lift of three kinds of asphalt mixtures级配类型应变水平/( ×10－6)初始模量/MPa终止模量/MPa累积耗散能/MPa疲劳次数/次800 8450．3 4225．1 53．60 29356埃索改性 1000 3733．6 1887 192．26 84858高弹性高模量2000 812 405 2996．807 864762从表2可知，即使在应变水平为2×10－3的条件下，高弹性改性沥青混合料仍然表现出了很好的疲劳性能;其疲劳寿命是高模量沥青混合料在8×10－4应变水平下的疲劳寿命的29．5倍，是埃索改性沥青混合料在1×10－3应变水平下的疲劳寿命的10．2倍．表明嵌段比越低的改性沥青，其混合料的疲劳性能也越好，这也与前述基于累计耗散能量比的改性沥青疲劳试验结果相一致．5 结论文中通过对具有不同嵌段比的SBS改性剂制备的聚合物改性沥青进行研究，发现不同S/B比对沥青的流变性能有很大的影响．通过对比累计耗散能量，分析了不同嵌段比的改性沥青的抗疲劳性能，得出以下结论:(1)基于累计耗散能量比对不同嵌段比的改性沥青进行疲劳性能评价，嵌段比越低的改性沥青疲劳寿命越好，即改性沥青中的弹性成分比例越大，疲劳寿命越好．(2)沥青混合料的疲劳试验表明，在相同矿料和配比条件下，嵌段比越低的改性沥青混合料，其疲劳性能越好．(3)基于累计耗散能量比的改性沥青疲劳性能可以用于预估改性沥青混合料的疲劳性能．参考文献:［1］ Lee Hyun Jong，Lee Jung Hun，Park Hee Mun．Performance evaluation of high modulus asphalt mixtures for long life asphalt pavement［J］．Construction and Building Materials，2007(21):1079-1087．［2］ Zaniewski John P，Srinivasan Geetha．Evaluation of indirect tensile strength to identify asphalt concrete rutting potential ［R］．Morgantown．Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering，West Virginia University，2004．［3］ Vacin Ota．Investigation of polymer modified asphalt by shear and tensile compliances［C］∥Pap er Prepared for Presentation at the Material Characterization for Inputs into AASHTO 2002 Guide Session of the 2004 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada．Canada:［s．n］，2004:1 －10．［4］陈华鑫，王秉纲．SBS改性沥青的动态力学性能［J］．华南理工大学学报:自然科学版，2007，35(7):37-40．Chen Hua-xin，Wang Bing-gang．Dynamic mechanical properties of SBS-modified asphalt ［J］．Journal of South China University of Technology:Natural ScienceEdition，2007，35(7):37-40．［5］ Ghuzlan K A，Carpenter S H．Energy-derived，damagebased failure criterion for fatigue testing［C］∥Transp Res Rec 1723．［S．l．］:TRB，2000:141-149．［6］张肖宁．沥青与沥青混合料的粘弹力学原理及应用［M］．北京:人民交通出版社，2006．［7］贾娟．改性沥青高温性能评价及其应用的研究［D］．广州:华南理工大学土木与交通学院，2005．［8］ Lange F F．The interaction of a crack front with a second phase dispersion ［J］．Philosophical Magazine，1970，22:983-992．。
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60
130 C
40 20 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 time, hr
100
150 C
110 C
Ea = 0.59 eV
10 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.45 2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65
1000/T, 1/K
HAST per JESD22-A110B, 130 oC/96hrs, might not reveal these failures. Ea is lower than in Peck-Hallberg model (0.79 -1.1 eV). This increases the probability of failures at low T.
unbiased
unbiased
96 hr 50 hr 1 50 hr 250 hr 350 hr 1 25 C
M&A COTS’04
8
Test Results at 130 oC HAST, Cont’d
Input leakage current
15
IO SP, nA
14 13 12 11 10
M&A COTS’04
4
SMT simulation and HAST results
Part OP1 OP2 OP3 Type Instr. Quad Instr. Pack SOIC8 SOIC16 SOIC8 SOIC8 SOIC8 SOIC8 SOIC8 SOIC16 DC
0030, 0110 0101 0022, 9628 0018 0041 0033, 0109, 9946 0019, 0021, 0029 9945
M&A COTS’04
3
HAST test conditions
Preconditioning per JESD22 – A113-B: moisture soak for 168 H @ +85C/85%RH, 3 cycles of solder reflow at @ + 220C, flux immersion for 10 sec, rinsing in deionized water. HAST conditions: T = 130 oC, RH = 85 %, t = 250 hrs, electrical bias. Sample size: each lot 30 samples.
T = 110, 130, and 150 deg.C
10.00 300.00 330.00 360.00 390.00 420.00 450.00
temperature, K
M&A COTS’04 11
Life Time Prediction for LT Operation
Based on Arrhenius-Weibull model, 1% of the parts
SMT
1/30, 0/30 16/30 0/16, 0/16 0/30 0/30 0/30, 0/30, 0/30 0/30, 0/30, 0/30 2/30
HAST
30/30, 27/30 2/30 0/16, 0/16 0/30 0/30 0/30, 0/30, 1/30 0/30, 0/30, 0/30 0/28
M&A COTS’04 13
Analysis of Failed Parts
FA result: corrosion of thin film resistors
Most failures during biased HAST exhibited a missing section of a chromium thin-film resistor.
Out of 8 different op-amps in SOIC-8/16 packages, only one part type consistently failed HAST with 90% to 100% of failures. This might indicate an early wear out mechanism and is a reliability concern for space instruments, which require 2 to 5 years of the ground phase testing and storing at normal conditions.
No failures and/or parametric shifts for unbiased parts. Drop of IPS coincided with decrease of IOS.
biased
init 96 hr 50 hr 150 125 C hr 250 hr 350 hr
M&A COTS’04
7
Test Results at 130 oC HAST
Power supply current
0.55
Offset voltage
300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300
300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300
init
IPS, mA
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3
0.55 0.5
Failures during RT testing followed unbiased HAST
100 80
after 150C/85%/130hr after 130C/85%/350hr
after 110C/85%/800hr
IPS, mA
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0 500 tim e, hr 1000 1500
Comm.
Param. failures SMT: IOS and AOL HAST: init.+1 new
OP4 Bandw OP5 Bandw OP6 Dual
Possibly reverse installation
OP7 Precis. OP8 Quad
M&A COTS’04
5
Statistics of HAST Failures
9
M&A COTS’04
Distribution of Biased HAST Failures
Failures during biased HAST
100 80
f a ilu re s , %
Arrhenius plot of median life
1000
m e dia n tim e , hr
M&A COTS’04 10
Arrhenius-Weibull model
Life time prediction at 85% RH
1.00E+5
2.2 years
10000.00
Ea = 0.59 eV
time, hr
1000.00
1% failures
100.00
HAST at 85% RH
M&A COTS’04
2
Outline
Stat Results of accelerated testing. Results of failure analysis. Mechanism of failures. Results of environmental stress testing.
All failures had damage to the first stripe (+bias) close to marking numbers in 1 MΩ Cr/Si resistors. In some cases missing sections of resistors were associated with cracks in passivation.
Moisture-related failures of operational amplifiers in plastic packages
A. Teverovsky, F. Felt Parts, Packaging, and Assembly Technologies Office, Code 562, GSFC/ QSS Group, Inc.
M&A COTS’04 14
Analysis of Failed Parts, Cont’d
A dark-field view insert shows a rupture of the glassivation. SEM view insert shows a crack in the glassivation
IOSP, nA
15 14 13 12 11 10 init
unbiased
96 hr 50 hr 125 C 150 hr 250 hr 350 hr
Similar degradation in IPS and IOS was observed during HAST at 110 and 150 oC. Failure condition: 10% decrease in IPS.
Purpose
To review statistics of HAST failures in linear devices encapsulated in plastics. To estimate the acceleration factor and mechanism of failures. To discuss results of environmental stress testing and the risk for space applications.