(完整word版)船舶英语MerchantshipTypes

Lesson ThreeMerchant ship TypesBreak-bulk cargo shipsThe inboard space in break bulk cargo ships is divided longitudinally by transverse bulkheads, spaced 40-70 ft apart, into a series of cargo compartments of approximately equal volume, generally seven for a ship of about 500 ft L ap. Vertically, the bulkheads are divided by one or two decks below the uppermost, continuous deck (main or strength deck). The space between the inner bottom and the lowest deck, called the hold, is limited to a height of about 18 ft (5.5m) to minimize damage to cargo through crushing. Usually the height of each space between decks termed between deck space) is 9- 10ft (2.7-3.0m).In addition to the previously mentioned double-bottom tanks, the most break-bulk cargo ships have deep tanks used for fuel oil, water ballast, or liquid cargoes such as latex, coconut oil, or edible oils.The cargo is handled through large rectangular deck openings (hatches) over each cargo space. Mechanically operated hatch covers are used to close the openings. The hatch covers in the tween decks are strong enough to support cargo stowed on them. The topside hatch covers are watertight. The tween deck space is generally suitable for break-bulk or palletized cargo holds have had one hatch per deck, with of 35-50% the ship’s breath and a length of 50-60% the hold length. The trend is toward widen hatches or multiple hatches abreast and often longer hatches, to increase cargo handling speed. A multiple hatch arrangement (triple hatch, for instance) is efficiently used for a partial load of containers stowed under deck.Break-bulk cargo handling between pier and ship is done usually by means of cargo booms installed on board. The booms are raised or lowered by adjustable wire rigging led from the mast or king post to the boom ends. A wire rope leads over sheaves from a winch to the outer end of each boom and terminates in a cargo hook. Cargo can be hoisted using one boom(customarily for very heavy loads of cargo, 10 tons or over) or for faster handling, by a pair of married booms, with one boom end over the hatch and the other over the pier. This cargo handling operation, called burtoning, is customary for loads up to 10 tons. Most break-bulk cargo ships fitted with booms have a pair of booms at each hatch end to expedite cargo handling. The cargo is often piled together in a large net which is emptied and returned for the next load. Packaged cargo of nearly uniform dimensions may be stacked on pallets which are hoisted aboard individually. The sling load is landed through the hatch opening. The pallets or nets are then unloaded, and each item is individually stowed by the hold gang. Any cargo stowed in the wings of the hold is manhandled unless it is on pallets and handled by a forklift truck. The use of forklift trucks is becoming common practice, and a number of these trucks may be carried on board if they are not available at cargo terminals. The amount of cargo which is manhandled onboard determines largely the ship turnaround and port expenses, and, the profitability of the transportation system.Most break-bulk cargo ships have provisions for a heavy lift boom of 30-100-metric ton capacity for occasional units of heavy cargo.An increasing number of break-bulk cargo ships are being fitted with revolving deck cargo cranes instead of masts, booms and winches.Container shipsContainer ships are replacing the conventional break-bulk cargo ship in trade routes where rapid cargo handling is essential. Containers are weatherproof boxes (usually metal) strengthenedwithstand stacking and motion at sea. Containers are of standard size, the largest ones weighing up to about 30 metric tons when loaded. The use of standard containers facilitates ship-board stowage, land or waterway transportation, and rental or lease.A large container ship may be loaded or unloaded completely in about half a day, compared to several days for the same amount of cargo in break-bulk cargo ship. Generally, the shipper places the cargo in the container and，except for custom inspection, it is delivered unopened to the consignee. Highway trailers (most commonly), railroad cars, or barges transport containers to and from their land destination and are therefore apart of the same transportation system. For a given payload cargo capacity, container ships are larger and more costly to build than the traditional cargo ship, but both the cargo handling cost and the idle ship time in port are reduced considerably.Although in some ships containers are moved horizontally for loading and unloading, the predominant arrangement is that illustrated in Fig.1 where containers are stowed in vertical cells and moved vertically in and out of the vessel.Roll-on/Roll-off shipsWith a broad interpretation all ships that are designed to handle cargo by rolling it on wheels can be considered under this heading. This would include trailer ships; sea trains(carrying railroad cars or entire carriers: ships carrying pallets handled by forklift trucks from and to shore; and so on, the following is a description of a ship of this type, which is intended primarily to operate as a trailer ship, although it may handle several types of wheeled vehicles.Roll-on/Roll-off ships require a high proportion of cubic capacity relative to the amount of cargo and are particularly suited to services with short runs and frequent loading and unloading. They need even shorter port time than container ships but their building cost is higher.Because fully loaded toll-on/roll-off ships can not carry enough cargo to immerse them deeply, their large freeboard allows the fitting of side ports above the waterline for handling of cargo on wheels by means of ramps. Usually, ships of this type have a transom stern (a square-shaped stern like that of a motorboat) fitted with doors for handling wheeled vehicles on an aft ramp. Roll-on/Roll-off ships have several decks, and the cargo is handled on wheels from the loading deck to other decks by elevators or sloping ramps. Both internal elevators and ramps occupy substantial volume in the ship. The need for clear decks, without interruption by transverse bulkheads, and tween decks for vehicle parking results in a unique structural arrangement.Barge-carrying shipsThis type of ship represents a hold step in the trend toward cargo containerization and port time reductions. Cargo is carried in barges or lighters each weighing up to 1000 metric tons when loaded. The lighters are carried below and above deck and handled by gantry cranes or elevator platforms.These are among the fastest, largest, and costest ships for the carriage of general cargo. For their size, their payload capacity is less than that of the conventional break-bulk cargo ship. However, they can be loaded and unloaded much faster and with a considerable saving in man-hours. Because the lighters can be waterborne and operated as regular barges, these large ships can serve undeveloped ports advantageously.Using portable fixtures that can be erected quickly, barge-carrying ships can be adapted for the transport of varying amounts of standard containers in addition to or in plane of lighters.Bulk cargo shipsA large proportion of ocean transportation is effected by bulk cargo ships.Dry bulk cargo includes products such as iron ore, coal, limestone, grain, cement, bauxite gypsum, and sugar. Most oceangoing dry bulk carriers are loaded and unloaded using shore side installations. Many dry bulk carriers operating in the Great Lakes have shipboard equipment for the handling of cargo (self-unloaders), and an increasing number of oceangoing ships carrying this type of cargo are being fitted with self-unloading gear.By far the largest amount of liquid bulk cargo consists of petroleum products, but ocean transportation of other bulk liquid products is increasing in importance; for example, various chemicals, vegetable oils, molasses, latex, liquefied gases, molten sulfur, and even wine and fruit juices. Practically all liquid bulk carriers have pumps for unloading the cargo, usually have ship board pumps for unloading liquids.Practically all bulk carriers have the machinery compartment, crew accommodations, and conning stations located aft. An exception is the Great Lakes self-unloader with crew accommodations and bridge forward.The tendency in bulk carriers is toward larger ships, with speeds remaining about constant at moderate level (16-18 knots or 30-33 km/h for oceangoing ships, lower for Great Lakes vessels). The oceangoing ore carrier is characterized by a high double bottom and small volume of cargo hold because of the high density of the ore. Storing the cargo high in the ship decreases stability and prevents excessively quick rolling.The oceangoing combination bulk carrier permits low-cost transportation because of its flexibility. It is able to carry many types of bulk cargoes over a variety of sea lanes. This type of ship carries bulk cargoes, such as petroleum product, coal, grain, and ore. The double bottom in bulk carriers is shallow and the volume of cargo holds is large compared to the size of the ship. The tanker is the characteristic, and by far the most important, liquid bulk carrier both in numbers and tonnage. Tankers carry petroleum products almost exclusively. The very large tankers are used almost entirely for the transport of crude oil. A few tankers are built especially for the transportation of chemical products, and others are prepared for alter native loads of grain. Bulk liquid carriers, with standing, rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical cargo tanks separated from the hull, are used for the transportation of molten sulfur and liquefied gases, such as anhydrous ammonia and natural gas. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is also carried in ships with membrane tanks, i.e., where a thin metallic linear is fitted into a tank composed of ship structural and load-bearing insulation. The transportation of molten surfur and liquefied gases requires special consideration regarding insulation and high structural soundness of cargo tanks, including the use of high grade, costly materials for their construction.(From “McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, V ol. 8. 1982). Passenger-cargo shipsThe accommodations for passengers in this type of ship are located to assure maximum comfort. Generally a passenger-cargo ship serves ports that have an appeal for the tourist trade and where rather special, high freight-rate cargo is handled. Because of the service needs of passengers, a ship of this type requires a much larger crew than a merchant ship of comparable size engaged exclusively in the carriage of cargo.The living accommodations for passengers consist of staterooms with 1-4 berths, each room with bath and toilet. A few rooms may be connected and suites may include a living room, dressing room, and even a private outdoor veranda. Public rooms for passenger use may includedining room, lounge, cocktail room, card and game room, library, shops, and swimming pool.Ships carrying more than 12 passengers must comply with the SOLAS regulations. These regulations deal with ship characteristics related to items such as the following: (1) lessening the risk of foundering or capsizing due to hull damage, (2) preventing the start and spread of fires aboard, and (3) increasing the possibility and safety of abandoning ship in emergencies.The ship in Fig. 2 is an interesting example of a departure from the traditional break-bulk cargo ship in which cargo is handled almost exclusively by means of a ship board installation of masts and booms. This ship is provided with gantry cranes to handle containers, vehicles, and large pallets. The containers may be stored in cargo holds equipped with container cells or on deck. Large-size pallets and vehicles may be handled through side ports by means of an athwart-ship gear called a siporter. Wheeled vehicles can also be rolled on and off the ship through the side ports. Cargo may be carried to and from lower decks by cargo elevators, and, in addition, there are vertical conveyors for handling cargo such as bananas. The horizontal conveyors shown in the typical section receive cargo automatically, mostly on pallets, from the cargo elevators. This cargo is then stowed by manually controlled, battery operated pallet loaders. Cargo for the forward hold is handled by a 5-ton burtoning cargo gear and transferred to lower levels by a cargo elevator.(From “McGraw – Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology”, Vol. 12, 1977)Technical Terms1.break-bulk cargo ship 件杂货船2.inboard 船内partment 舱室4.transverse bulkhead 横舱壁5.main deck 主甲板6.strength deck 强力甲板7.inner bottom 内底8.hold(cargo hold ) 货舱9.tween deck space 甲板间舱10.double bottom 双层底11.deep tank 深舱12.water ballast 水压载tex 胶乳14.coconut oil 椰子油15.edible oil 食用油17.hatch 舱口18.hatch cover 舱口盖19.palletized cargo 货盘运货20.multiple hatch 多舱口21.abreast 并排22.container 集装箱23.pier 码头24.cargo boom 吊货杆25.wire rigging 钢索索具26.king post 吊杆柱，起重柱27.wire rope 钢丝绳28.sheave 滑轮29.winch 绞车30.cargo hook 吊货钩31.married booms 联合吊杆32.burtoning 双杆操作33.cargo handling 货物装卸34.packaged cargo 包装货35.pallet 货盘36.sling load 悬吊荷重37.hold gang 货舱理货组38.wings 货舱两侧39.forklift truck 铲车40.terminal 码头，终端41.turnaround 周转期42.profitability 利益43.container ship 集装箱船44.trade route 贸易航线45.weather proof 风雨密46.stacking 堆压47.stowage 装载，贮藏48.waterway 水路49.rental 出租（费）50.lease 租借51.shipper 货运主52.custom 海关53.consignee 收货人54.highway trailer 公路拖车55.payload 净载重量，有效载荷56.cell 格栅，电池，元件57.roll-on/roll-off ship 滚装船58.heading 标题，航向59.trailer ships 拖车运输船60.sea trains ferry 海上火车渡船61.truck 卡车62.trailer 拖车itary vehicle carriers 军用车辆运输船64.cubic capacity 舱容65.ramp 跳板，坡道66.transom stern 方尾67.motor boat 机动艇，汽艇68.clear deck 畅通甲板69.parking 停车（场）70.barge-carrying ship 载驳船71.lighter 港驳船72.barge 驳船73.portable fixture 轻便固定装置74.bulk cargo ship/bulk carrier 散装货船75.dry bulk cargo 散装干货76.limestone 石灰石77.bauxite 矾土78.gypsum 石膏79.Great Lakes （美国）大湖80.petroleum 石油81.chemicals 化学制（产）品82.molasses 糖浆83.liquefied gas 液化气体84.molten sulfur 熔态硫85.conning station 驾驶室86.ore hold 矿砂舱87.空88.engine room 机舱89.liquid bulk carrier 液体散货船bination bulk carrier 混装散货船91.ocean-going ore carrier 远洋矿砂船ne 航道（线）93.tanker 油船94.crude oil 原油95.anhydrous ammonia 无水氨96.natural gas 天然气97.passenger-cargo ship 客货船98.tourist 旅游者99.freight-rate 运费率100.carriage 装（载）运，车辆101.stateroom 客舱102.suite 套间103.living room 卧室104.veranda 阳台105.lounge 休息室106.cocktail room 酒吧间107.card and game room 牌戏娱乐室108.foundering 沉没109.capsizing 倾覆110.abandoning 弃船111.emergency 应急112.installation 装置，运载工具113.vehicle 车辆，运载工具114.gantry crane 门式起重机115.container cell 集装箱格栅116.siporter 横向装卸机117.rolled on and off 滚进滚出118.side port 舷门119.cargo elevator 运货升降机120.conveyor 输送机Additional Terms and Expressions1.transport ship 运输船2.general cargo ship 杂货船3.liquid cargo ship 液货船4.refrigerated ship 冷藏船5.working ship 工程船6.ocean development ship 海洋开发船7.dredger 挖泥船8.floating crane/derrick boat 起重船9.salvage vessel 救捞船10.submersible 潜水器11.ice-breaker 破冰船12.fisheries vessel 渔业船13.trawler 拖网渔船seine netter 围网渔船14.harbour boat 港务船15.supply ship 供应船16.pleasure yacht 游艇17.hydrofoil craft 水翼艇18.air-cushion vehicle 气垫船hovercraft 全垫升气垫船19.catamaran 双体船20.concrete ship 水泥船21.fiberglass reinforced plastic boat 玻璃钢艇Notes to the Text1.unless 连接词，作“如果不”，“除非”解释，例如：An object remain at rest or moves in a straight line unless a force acts upon it.一个物体如无外力作用，它将继续保持静止或作直线运动。