资源环境与城乡规划管理大四英语重点翻译(最终版)
环境工程专业英语复习资料英翻中
Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
环境资源与相关词汇中英文对照
环境资源与相关词汇中英文对照大气 atmosphere大气组成 atmospheric composition空气质量 air quality大气化学 atmospheric chemistry大气成分 atmospheric components大气颗粒物 atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 carbon dioxide温室气体 greenhouse gases氧气 oxygen臭氧层 ozone layer大气过程 atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用 air-water interaction大气环流 atmospheric circulation大气降水 atmospheric precipitation碳循环 carbon cycle蒸发作用 evaporation降水增加 precipitation enhancement降雨 rainfall太阳辐射 solar radiation蒸腾作用 transpiration风 winds空气污染 air pollution酸雨 acid rain空气污染物 air pollutants氯氟碳 chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物 deposited particulate matter 飞灰 fly ash雾 fog薄烟 haze空内空气污染 indoor air pollution 烟雾 smog气候问题 climatic issues农业气象学 agrometeorology气候 climate气候变化 climatic change气候带 climatic zones干旱 drought全球变暖 global warming温室效应 greenhouse effect湿度 humidity微气候影响 microclimate effects海平面上升 sea level rise人工影响天气 weather modification 岩石圈 lithosphere固态地球 solid earth洞穴 caves地震活动 seismic activity地震监测 seismic monitoring火山 volcanoes风蚀 wind erosion陆地生态系统 terrestrial ecosystems 土壤 soils农用土地 agricultural land碱地 alkali lands污染的土地 contaminated land污染的土壤 contaminated soil沙坑 gravel pits荒地 heath lands土地承载能力 land carrying capacity土地污染 land pollution土地开垦 land reclamation土地恢复 land restoration土地使用分类 land use classification边缘土地 marginal lands沙石开采 sand extraction沉积 sedimentation土壤潜力 soil capabilities土壤保持 soil conservation土壤污染 soil contamination土壤退化 soil degradation土壤侵蚀 soil erosion土壤改良 soil improvement土壤盐碱化 soil salination水蚀 water erosion干旱地区生态系统 arid land ecosystems干旱土地 arid lands沙漠化 desertification抗旱 drought control旱作 dry farming沙丘固定 sand dune fixation沙丘 sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统 semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统 forest ecosystems植树造林 afforestation针叶林 coniferous forests森林砍伐 deforestation森林保护 forest conservation森林火灾 forest fires草地火灾 grass fires绿化带 greenbelts本地森林 indigenous forests再造林 reafforestation植被恢复 revegetation亚热带生态系统 sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 temperate forests温带林地 temperate woodlands树木 trees热带生态系统 tropical ecosystems热带森林 tropical forests热带森林生态系统 tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统 antarctic ecosystems南极地区 antarctic region北极生态系统 arctic ecosystems北极地区 arctic region寒带生态系统 cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统 grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统 permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统 polar ecosystems温带生态系统 temperate ecosystems山地生态系统 mountain ecosystems高原生态系统 highland ecosystems登山运动 mountaineering湿地生态系统 wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽 mangrove swamps水禽 waterfowl水涝地 waterlogged lands流域管理 watershed management水边开发 waterside development生物多样性和保护区 biological diversity and protected areas 适应性强的物种 adaptable species藻类 algae两栖动物 amphibians动物习性 animal behaviour动物资源 animal resources节肢动物 arthropods生物多样性 biological diversity生物资源 biological resources生物圈保护区 biosphere reserves群落生境 biotopes鸟类 birds植物园 botanical gardens基因资源保护 conservation of genetic resources生态平衡 ecological balance濒危动物物种 endangered animal species濒危植物物种 endangered plant species河口保护区 estuarine conservation areas动物区系 fauna植物区系 flora食物链 food chain捕猎 hunting无脊椎动物 invertebrates陆地哺乳动物 land mammals哺乳动物 mammals海洋保护区 marine conservation areas微生物 microorganisms移栖种 migratory species国家公园 national parks国家保护区 national reserves寄生生物 parasites愉猎 poaching灵长目 primates保护区 protected areas受保护的物种 protected species爬行动物 reptiles陆地生物资源 terrestrial biological resources 植被 vegetation杂草 weeds野生生物 wildlife野生生物保护 wildlife conservation野生生物生境 wildlife habitats动物园 zoological gardens细菌 bacteria酶 enzymes真菌 fungi基因库 gene banks种质 germ plasm微生物资源 microbial resources原生生物 protozoa病毒 viruses酵母 yeasts生物技术问题 biotechnological issues农业生物技术 agricultural biotechnologies 生物伦理学 bioethics生物安全 biosafety生物技术 biotechnologies无性繁殖 cloning与健康有关的生物技术 health-related biotechnologies诱变剂 mutagens突变微生物释放 mutated microorganisms release突变体 mutants繁殖控制 reproductive manipulationdna重组技术 recombinant dna technology动物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂 teratogens淡水 freshwater淡水资源 freshwater resources谈水保护 conservation of freshwater水坝 dams冰 ice湖泊 lakes自然排水系统 natural drainage systems河流流域开发 river basin development河流 rivers雪 snow地下水 subterranean water地表水 surface waters水资源保护 water resources conservation水资源开发 water resources development淡水生态系统 freshwater ecosystems集水区 catchment areas国际河流流域 international river basins湖泊流域 lake basins池塘尾渣 ponds tailings河流流域 river basins淡水恶化 freshwater degradation河流污染 river pollution径流 run-off沉积物移动 sediment mobilization沉积物运移 sediment transport沉积盆地 sedimentary basins渗漏 seepage凤眼蓝 water hyacinth水污染 water pollution水的盐化 water salination饮用水供应 drinking water supply脱盐 desalination饮用水 drinking water饮用水处理 drinking water treatment城市配水系统 municipal water distribution systems 农村供水 rural water supply污水处理厂 sewage treatment plants水泵 water pumps水处理 water treatment水井 water wells海洋环境 marine environments海洋生态系统 marine ecosystems藻花 algal bloom海底生态系统 benthic ecosystems海洋污染 marine pollution污染沉积物 marine sediments海洋环境 ocean circulation洋流 ocean currents海洋 oceans海洋温度 ocean temperature赤潮 red tide海平面 sea level潮,潮汐 tides沿海生态系统 coastal ecosystems群岛 archipelagoes沿海地区 coastal areas沿海开发 coastal development沿海环境 coastal environments海岸侵蚀 coastal erosion疏浚 dredging河口生态系统 estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 island ecosystems小岛屿 small islands海洋生物资源 living marine resources水生哺乳动物 aquatic mammals水生微生物 aquatic microorganisms水生植物 aquatic plants珊瑚礁 coral reefs甲壳纲动物 crustaceans鱼类 fish海洋资源保护 marine resources conservation 软体动物 molluscs水生贝壳类动物 shellfish环境管理 environmental management资源管理 resources management深海矿藏 deep sea deposits森林管理 forest management森林政府 forest policy资源的地埋分布 geographic distribution of resources土地价值 land values矿产资源 mineral resources国家保护计划 national conservation programmes自然资源 natural resources自然保护 nature conservation不可再生资源 non-renewable resources资源净损耗 net resource depletion矿床 ore deposits石油资源保护 petroleum resources conservation可再生资源 renewable resources资源估价 resource appraisal资源保护 resource conservation海底开发 sea bed exploitation海底采矿 sea bed mining本地资源的利用 utilization of local resources环境规划 environmental planning发展合作 development cooperation发展计划 development planning生态发展 ecodevelopment经济发展 economic development经济计划 economic planning环境核算 environmental accounting环境审计 environmental auditing环境健康影响评价 environmental health impact assessment 环境影响 environmental impact环境影响评价 environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书 environmental impact statement环境指标 environmental indicators环境政策 environmental policy环境风险评估 environmental risk assessment财政资助 financial assistance土地利用规划 land use planning环境管理指标 environmental management indicators环境质量指标 environmental quality indicators试验项目 pilot projects政策规划 policy planning施压集团 pressure groups区域规划 regional planning自助计划 self-help programmes工农业选址 siting of industry社会调查 social surveys发展状况 status of development可持续发展 sustainable development可持续发展指标 sustainable development indicators技术评价 technology assessment运输计划 transport planning环境经济问题 environmental economic issues环境定价 environmental valuation环境成本 environmental costs外部 externalities重置成本 replacement costs贸易对环境的影响 trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分 valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段 economic management instruments成本-效益分析 cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务 developing countries debt环境股票交易 environmental stock exchange政府环境开支 government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段 green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化 internalisation of environmental costs 以绿色标志促销 marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策 pricing policies of resources结构调整计划 structural adjustment programs税收差别 tax differentiation可交易的许可证 tradeable permits人类住区 human settlements人类住区管理 human settlements management建成区 built-up areas经济规划 economic zoning用火安全要求 fire safety requirements历史遗址 historical sites住房改善 housing improvements住房需求 housing needs住房规划 housing programmes住房质量标准 housing quality standards工业区 industrial areas非高峰时间工作 off-peak working办公室 offices城区发展模式 patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展 planned urban development再建房屋 rehousing租赁房屋 rental housing居民区 residential areas建筑安全标准 safety standards for buildings商店 shops建筑业标准 standards for building industry城区设计 urban design建成结构 built structures桥梁 bridges建筑材料 building materials建筑物 buildings建筑技术 building technology施工技术 construction technology建筑工程 construction works农业建筑 farm buildings政府建筑 government buildings高层建筑 high-rise buildings工业建筑 industrial buildings本地建筑材料 local materials for building拖车住房 mobile homes核研究中心 nuclear research centres装配式房屋 prefabricated buildings结构 structures隔热 thermal insulation基础设施 infrastructure通道 access roads水上娱乐活动 aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放 automobile parking建成的排水系统 built drainage systems电力分配 electric power distribution公共花园 public gardens公路 highways空地 open spaces管道 pipelines运动场 playgrounds公园 public parks公用事业 public utilities道路建设 road construction道路养护 road maintenance体育设施 sports facilities电信 telecommunications运输系统 transport systems隧道 tunnels城市供水 urban water supply公共服务 public services人类住区的社会－经济方面 socio-economic aspects of human settlements生育控制 birth control社区服务 community services社区参与 community participation通勤 commuting消费方式 consumption patterns文化指标 cultural indicators发展模式 development patterns残疾人 disabled persons毒品滥用 drug abuse生态旅游 ecotourism计划生育 family planning性别问题 gender issues无家可归 homelessness住房集资 housing finance人类迁居 human migration人口 human population人权 human rights土地分配 land allotment生活方式 lifestyles低价住房 low-cost housing流动工人 migrant workers少数民族 minorities社区改善计划 neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区 new communities流浪者 nomads非高峰时间通勤 off-peak commuting公共卫生 public health种族关系 race relations娱乐 recreation农村地区 rural areas环境卫生 sanitation社会指数 social indicators社会-经济因素 socio-economic factors旅游 tourism旅行 travel贫困阶层 under-privileged people城市地区 urban areas城区改造 urban renewal城区压力 urban stress妇女地位 women status人类住区的环境方面environmental aspects of human settlements空调 air conditioning尸体处置 disposal of the dead区城供热 district heating住房密度 housing density过度拥挤 overcrowding难民 refugees旅游设施 tourist facilities城市衰败 urban decay农业 agriculture农业方式 agricultural practices农业设备 agricultural equipment农业管理 agricultural management农业方法 agricultural methods农业害虫 agricultural pests农业生产 agricultural production农业储藏 agricultural storage动物疾病 animal diseases动物营养 animal nutrition养蜂业 apiculture水产养殖 aquaculture害虫的生物控制 biological control of pests 生物固氮 biological nitrogen fixation堆肥 composts等高耕作 contour farming受控燃烧 controlled burning作物保护 crop protection挽畜 draught animals鱼类养殖 fish culture渔业管理 fisheries management谷物 grains作物虫害传染 infestation of crops粮食虫害传染 infestation of food灌溉 irrigation灌溉渠 irrigation canals灌溉农业 irrigation farming天然肥料 natural fertilizers有机农业 organic farming病虫害控制 pest management杀虫剂标准控制 pesticide control standards 植物病害 plant diseases家禽饲养 poultry farming林农轮作 shifting cultivation树木苗圃 tree nurseries滴灌 trickle irrigation农工业 agro-industry畜产品 animal products饮料工业 beverage industry酿造业 brewing industry蒸馏业 distilling industry食品辐照 food irradiation食品保存 food preservation食品贮藏 food storage食品运输 food transport林产品 forest products烟草 tobacco农用化学品 agrochemicals化学肥料 chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂 fungicides除草剂 herbicides杀虫剂的代谢 metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐 nitrates亚硝酸盐 nitrites亚硝胺 nitrosamines营养物 nutrients有机磷化物 organophosphorous compounds 杀虫剂的持久性 persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径 pesticide pathways杀虫剂 pesticides磷酸盐 phosphates杀虫剂的毒性 toxicity of pesticides 杀虫剂的使用 utilization of pesticides工业 industry工业生产过程 industrial processes制铝工业 aluminium industry适用技术 appropriate technology高炉 blast furnaces纤维素 cellulose化学工业 chemical industry清洁技术 clean technologies服装工业 clothing industry乳品业 dairy industry脱盐工厂 desalination plants干洗 dry cleaning炼铁工业 iron industry洗烫衣服 laundering皮革工业 leather industry金属加工 metal finishing金属电镀 metal plating金属冶炼 metal smelting矿产业 mineral industry采矿 mining天然气开采 natural gas extraction原油开采 oil extraction石油提炼 petroleum refining印刷工业 printing industry纸浆工业 pulp industry采石 quarrying橡胶加工 rubber processing炼钢工业 steel industry露天剥采 strip mining焦油生产 tar production焦油使用 tar use木材保存 wood preservation工业产品 industrial products消费品 consumer goods危险品 dangerous goods工业材料 industrial materials天然纤维 natural fibres包装 packaging涂料 paints产品标签 product labelling可再用容器 reusable containers合成洗涤剂 synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维 synthetic textile fibres漆 varnishes木产品 wood products运输 transportation空运 air transportation空中交通规则 air traffic regulations飞机 aircraft飞机发动机排放物 aircraft engine emissions 飞机噪音 aircraft noise机场 airports航天运输 space transportation陆上运输 land transportation自行车 bicycles内燃机 combustion engines铁路运输 railway transport道路安全 road safety道路交通工程 road traffic engineering 道路运输 road transport道路 roads城市交通 urban traffic车辆检验 vehicle inspection水上运输 water transportation渔轮 fishing vessels内河运输 inland water transport内陆水道 inland waterways国际水道 international watercourses 海运 maritime transport航运的危害 navigational hazards油轮 oil tankers港口 ports潜水艇 submarines能 energy能源 energy sources动物粪便作燃料 animal dung as fuel 沼气 biogas生物量 biomass生物质能 biomass energy木炭 charcoal煤 coal原油 crude oil能源资源 energy resources浓缩铀 enriched uranium矿物燃料 fossil fuels燃料酒精 fuel alcohol薪柴 fuel wood地热能 geothermal energy碳氢化合物 hydrocarbon compounds烃 hydrocarbons水电 hydroelectric power液化气 liquefied gas甲烷 methane天然气 natural gas可再生能源 renewable energy sources不可再生能源 non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源 non-polluting energy sources核能 nuclear energy核燃料 nuclear fuels油类 oils油页岩 oil shales泥炭、泥煤 peat汽油 petrols从废料中提取的燃料 refuse derived fuels太阳能 solar energy焦油砂 tar sands海洋热能 thermal sea power潮汐能 tidal energy铀 uranium波浪能 wave energy风能 wind energy能源过程 energy processes煤气化 coal gasification煤液化 coal liquefaction电力 electric power发电厂 electric power plants蓄电装置 electrical storage devices能源保护 energy conservation能源转换 energy conversion能源效率 energy efficiency能源政策 energy policy能源生产 energy production能源利用 energy use能源利用方式 energy utilization patterns 气体液化 gas liquefaction照明 lighting天然气勘探 natural gas exploration核能利用 nuclear energy uses核电站 nuclear power plants近海石油钻探 offshore oil drilling石油勘探 oil exploration日照加热 solar heating环境化学 environmental chemistry无机物质 inorganic substances酸 acids氧化铝 alumina氯 chlorine盐酸 hydrochloric acid硫化氢 hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐 sulphates硫酸 sulphuric acid光化学试剂 photochemical agents光化学效应 photochemical effects有机物质 organic substances有机硅化合物 organosilicon compounds酚 phenols外激素，信息素 pheromones植物油 vegetable oils生物化学过程 biochemical processes酸化 acidification需氧过程 aerobic processes厌氧过程 anaerobic processes生物降解 biodegradation脱氮作用 denitrification富营氧化 eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用 interaction of pesticides 电离辐射 ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用） metabolism 固氮 nitrogen fixation非电离辐射 non-ionizing radiation光合作用 photosynthesis物理－化学过程 physico-chemical processes 放射性 radioactivity毒性 toxicity污染 pollution污染物 pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂 aerosols农业废物 agricultural wastes石棉 asbestos商业噪音 commercial noise混合污染 composite pollution作物废物 crop waste二恶英 dioxins农家场院废物 farmyard waste火、火灾 fire危险物质 hazardous substances危险废物 hazardous wastes重金属 heavy metals医院废物 hospital wastes工业废水 industrial effluents工业排放物 industrial emissions工业烟尘 industrial fumes工业噪声 industrial noise无机污染物 inorganic pollutants铅污染 lead contamination液体废物 liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物 litter汞污染 mercury contamination微污染物 micropollutants采矿废物 mining wastes机动车辆排放物 motor vehicle emissions城市废物 municipal waste氮氧化物 nitrogen oxides噪声污染 noise pollution恶臭公害 odour nuisance有机物污染 organic pollutants难降解有机污染物 persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂 organic solvents有机卤化物 organohalogen compounds医药废物 pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物 plastic wastes多氯联苯 polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物 polymer wastes放射性物质 radioactive substances氡 radon橡胶废物 rubber waste锯屑 sawdust污水 sewage屠宰场废物 slaughterhouse waste 固体废物 solid wastes热污染 thermal pollution有毒物质 toxic substances有毒废物 toxic waste毒素 toxins痕量元素 trace elements痕量物质 trace materials交通噪音 traffic noise废物，垃圾 trash废热 waste heat木材废料 wood waste对流层臭氧 tropospheric ozone 污染源 pollution sources生物武器 biological weapons水泥工业 cement industry化学武器 chemical weapons烟囱 chimneys冷却水 cooling waters机动车辆 motor vehicles摩托车 motorcycles核武器 nuclear weapons海洋倾倒 ocean dumping石油泄漏 oil spills废金属 scrap metals挖掘堆积 excavation heaps污染治理 pollution abatement隔音 acoustic insulation化学污染清除 chemical decontamination燃料脱硫 desulphurization of fuels过滤器 filters噪音治理 noise abatement污染治理设备 pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术 pollution control technology辐射防护 radiation protection洗涤器 scrubbers分离器 separators防烟 smoke prevention废物最少化 waste minimization废物 wastes电池处理 battery disposal废物的化学处理 chemical treatment of waste 处置场所 disposal sites废物焚烧 incineration of waste矿山回填 mine filling残油回收 oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理 radioactive waste management 回收的材料 recycled materials回收 recycling材料再利用 reuse of materials卫生填埋 sanitary landfills海洋排泄口 sea outfall化粪池 septic tanks污水处置 sewage disposal污水处理系统 sewage treatment systems固体废物处置 solid waste disposal废物同化处置 waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术 waste conversion techniques废物处置 waste disposal废物土地处置 waste disposal in the ground废物处置税 waste disposal taxes废物回收 waste recovery废物利用 waste use水的再利用 water reuse人体健康 human health污染物的危害 hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累 accumulation in body tissues镉污染 cadmium contamination环境健康危害 environmental health hazards人体接触污染物 human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应 long-term effects of pollutants核安全 nuclear safety污染物的影响 pollutant effects污染风险 pollution risk辐射效应 radiation effects药物的副作用 side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应 synergistic effects of toxic substances 与环境有关的疾病 environmentally related diseases致癌物 carcinogens南美锥虫病 chagas'' disease人类的疾病 human diseases免疫疾病 immunological diseases婴儿死亡率 infant mortality疟疾 malaria盘尾丝虫病 onchocerciasis病原生物体 pathogenic organisms辐射病 radiation sickness血吸虫病 schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介 vectors of human diseases 工作环境 working environment人机工程学 ergonomics职业健康 occupational health职业安全 occupational safety振动 vibration营养与保健 nutrition and health care过敏素 allergens基本食物要求 basic food requirements食品 food食品添加剂 food additives食用色素 food colourants食品污染 food contamination保健 health care卫生设施 health facilities高蛋白食品 high protein foods医院 hospitals营养不良 malnutrition医疗 medical treatment药用植物 medicinal plants营养 nutrition食品的营养价值 nutritive value of food毒物 poisons吸烟 smoking主食 staple foods传统保健 traditional health care灾难 disasters灾难现象 catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放 accidental release of organisms 雪崩 avalanches旋风 cyclones沙漠蝗虫 desert locusts地震 earthquakes环境事故 environmental accidents流行病 epidemics洪水 floods飓风 hurricanes山崩 landslides人为灾难 human-made disasters核事故 nuclear accidents放射性污染 radioactive contamination释放 release地震海浪 seismic sea waves泄漏 spillage暴风雨 storms台风 typhoons应急减灾措施 emergency relief measures灾难清理作业 disaster clean-up operations防灾准备 disaster preparedness防灾 disaster prevention灾难救援 disaster relief流离失所人员 displaced persons紧急救援 emergency relief应急避难所 emergency shelter环境应急计划 environmental contingency planning 防洪 flood control放射性污染清除 radioactive decontamination临时住房 temporary housing临时避难所 temporary shelter生境破坏 habitat destruction陆地活动 land-based activities自然改变 physical alterations监测 monitoring环境监测 environmental monitoring生物指标 biological indicators生态标志 ecolabelling污染物鉴别 identification of pollutants噪声监制 noise monitoring污染物分析 pollutant analysis污染物分布 pollutant distribution污染物浓度 pollutant levels污染物监测 pollutant monitoring污染物路径 pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别 pollutant source identification 污染监测 pollution monitoring辐射监测 radiation monitoring交通监测 traffic monitoring监测数据 monitoring data空气质量管理 air quality management大气监测 atmospheric monitoring本底监测 baseline monitoring环境标准 environmental criteria环境评价 environmental assessment部门评价 sectoral assessment环境统计 environmental statistics森林资源评估 forest resource assessment洪水监测 freshwater monitoring工业生产统计 industrial production statistics长期预报 long-term forecasting长期趋势 long-term trends海洋监测 marine monitoring监测基准 monitoring criteria污染基准 pollution criteria污染标准 pollution norms质量控制 quality control水盾 water quality天气监测 weather monitoring天气预报 weather prediction野生生物种群统计 wildlife population statistics监测技术 monitoring techniques分析设备 analytical equipment大气模型 atmospheric models自动检测 automatic detection测量仪器的标定 calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析 chromatographic analysis气象色谱法 gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计 modelling监测仪器 monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术 radioactive tracer techniques采样技术 sampling techniques模拟 simulation河道观测 stream measurement毒理测定 toxicological testing报警系统 warning systems监测系统 monitoring systems环境法 environmental law国内立法 national legislation农业立法 agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施 antipollution incentives环境犯罪 environmental crimes环境激励措施 environmental incentives环境责任 environmental liability环境过失 environmental misconduct环境质量标准 environmental quality standards环境补贴 environmental subsidies林业立法 forestry legislation健康立法 health legislation住房立法 housing legislation工业立法 industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚 penalties for environmental damage污染者付费原则 polluter-pays principle污染控制法规 pollution control regulations污染责任 pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取 public access to land法规控制 regulatory control国际环境关系 international environmental relations入海通道 access to the sea双边协定 bilateral conventions环境安全 environmental security环境破坏行为 environmental vandalism环境冲突 environmental warfare危险废物的出口 export of hazardous wastes全球性公约 global conventions国际标准化 international standardization国际贸易 international trade国际性重要的失态系统 internationally important ecosystems 海洋事故的责任 liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任 liability for nuclear damages军事活动 military activity事先知情同意 prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告prior notification for hazardous waste transport区域性公约 regional conventions技术转让 technology transfer贸易避垒 trade barriers越境污染 trans-frontier pollution危险物质的运输 transport of hazardous materials环境信息 environmental information信息基础设施 information infrastructure图书馆 library信息中心 information centre数据中心 data centre培训中心 training centre因特网服务提供商 internet service provider信息网络 information networks环境术语 environmental terminology电子信息网络 electronic information network广域网 wide area network因特网 internet万维网 world wide web主页 homepage超文本 hypertext公告牌系统 bulletin board system新闻组 newsgroup邮寄清单 mailing list电子函件 electronic mail信息技术 information technology多媒体技术 multimedia technology遥感中心 remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室 gis laboratory环境意识 environmental awareness公共信息 public information新闻发布 press release视听演示 audio-visual presentation信息工具包 information kit录象 video展示 exhibit照片 photograph新闻通讯 newsletter广播节目 radio programme电视节目 television programme环境教育 environmental education环境培训 environmental training公共关系 public relations联络渠道 communication channels信息系统 information systems文献目录信息系统 bibliographic information system 文献目录信息 bibliographic information技术信息 technical information本地知识 indigenous knowledge信息查询系统 referral information system供查询的信息 referral information统计信息系统 statistical information system统计信息 statistical information术语 terminology同义词 thesaurus分类 classification图书馆服务 library services查阅服务 reference service文件编索引 indexing of documentation文件出错 document lending图书馆之间的借贷 inter-library loan信息的选择性传播 selective dissemination of information 光盘只读存储查询服务 cd-rom search service因特网查询服务 internet search service信息服务 information services在线服务 on-line services信息交流中心 information clearing-house数据处理 data processing数据收集 data collection数据记录技术 data recording techniques信息处理 information processing专家系统 expert system决策支持系统 decision-support system软件开发 software development数据库 database相关数据库 relational database信息交换 information exchange与地学有关的信息 geo-referenced information遥感 remote sensing多谱线扫描器 multispectral scanner分辨率 resolution像素 pixel谱带 spectral bands红外线 infrared紫外线 ultraviolet雷达 radar轨迹 path景物确认 scene identification图象处理数字系统 image processing digital systems 数字图象处理技术 digital image processing techniques 图象识别 pattern recognition镶嵌图案 mosaics图象滤光 image filtering图象增强 image enhancement几何修正 geometric corrections影像配准 image registration图象分类 image classification受监视的图象分类 supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类 unsupervised image classification 彩色组成 colour composition大气修正 atmospheric corrections地理信息系统 geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统 gis digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式 gis digital formats矢量 vector点 point线 lines多边形 polygons光栅 raster属性 attributes地理信息系统的数字技术 gis digital techniques内插 interpolation布网格 gridding光栅到矢量 raster to vector矢量到光栅 vector to raster边界 boundaries国家边界 national boundaries次国家边界 sub-national boundaries 行政边界 administrative boundaries 与地理相关的数据 geo-referenced data 地理投影 geographical projections坐标系统 coordinate system纬度 latitude经度 longitude学科 subject disciplines科目 subjects声学 acoustics农业生态学 agricultural ecology农业经济学 agricultural economics农业工程 agricultural engineering农业林学 agroforestry分析化学 analytical chemistry动物生态学 animal ecology动物遗传学 animal genetics畜牧学 animal husbandry动物生理学 animal physiology建筑学 architecture大气物理学 atmospheric physics细菌学 bacteriology生物化学 biochemistry生物气候学 bioclimatology生物地球化学 biogeochemistry生物学 biology植物学 botany心脏病学 cardiology制图学 cartography。
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译)1
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译) (GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理:Logistics Management2、人力资源:Human Resources3、市场营销专业:Marketing Program4、工商管理专业:Business Administration Program二、会计学院: the College of Accounting1、审计学:Auditing2、会计学专业:Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业: Financial Management Major4、审计学(注册会计师)Auditing(Certified Public Accountant (CPA))三、财税学院:the College of Taxation1、财政学:Public Finance2、税务:Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业:MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院:School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业:General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障:Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理: Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理(城市管理):City Management五、金融学院:College of Finance1、金融学:Finance2、国际金融:International Finance3、金融工程:Financial Engineering4、保险:Insurance5、投资学:Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院:the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学:Economics2、国际经济与贸易:International Economics And Trade3、统计学:Statistics4、国际商务:International Business七、法学院:The College of Law1、法学(国际法):The International Law2、法学(民商法):Civil and Commercial Law3、法学:Science of Law4、治安学:Science of Public Order八、旅游学院:College of Tourism1、酒店管理:Hotel Management2、旅游管理:Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理:Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院:College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理:Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理:Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理:Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院:College of Foreign Language1、英语(国际商务管理):International Business Management2、英语(国际商务翻译):International Business English Translation3、日语(国际商务管理):nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院: College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学:Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学:Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学(编辑出版方向)News Editing4、社会工作:Social work5、社会学:Sociology6、播音与主持艺术:Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导:Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院:Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学(广告策划与经营管理方向):Advertisement2、艺术设计(广告设计方向):Art and Design(Advertising Design)3、艺术设计(玩具与游戏设计方向):Art and Design4、艺术设计(商业空间设计方向):Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计(展示设计):Display Design6、动画专业:Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院:College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统:Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术:Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务:Electronic Commerce4、软件工程:Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院:Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学:Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学:Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院:College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学: Applied Psychology2、商务文秘:Business secretary3、对外汉语:Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。
汉译英基本词汇
汉译英基本词汇收藏教育教育方针Guideline(s) / guiding principle(s) for education教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德、智、体全面发展的建设者和接班人Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with production labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.适应社会主义现代化需要，面向二十一世纪，具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系A socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century坚持社会主义方向To keep to the socialist orientation身体好、学习好、工作好Keep fit, study hard and work well德才兼备To combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability成为有理想、有道德、有文化、守纪律的劳动者To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline教育要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future爱国主义教育Education in patriotism国际主义教育Education in internationalism集体主义教育Education in collectivism共产主义道德品质Communist ethics政治思想教育Political and ideological education五爱：爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱护公物“Five love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property教书育人To educate the person as well as impart book knowledge培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力To cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently启发学生独立思考的能力To help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves培养学生的自学能力To foster the students’ ability to study on their own发挥学生主动性、创造性To give scope to the students’ initiative and creativeness自学成才To become educated though independent study启发式Elicitation method (of teaching); heuristic method填鸭式教学法Cramming/forced feeding method of teaching普及教育Universal education义务教育Compulsory education; free education经济一个中心，两个基本点one central task and two basic points以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路，（2）党的领导，（3）人民民主专政，（4）马列主义毛泽东思想，坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles –adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people’s democratic dictatorship and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought – and persisting in reform and opening up 改革是“社会主义制度自我完善和自我发展”Reform is “the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system”我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the developmentof socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards.社会主义的主要目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.中国要警惕右，但更要防“左”China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the “Left” deviation.资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济的多少来判断的Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.随着改革的深化，国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小，而市场调节的范围将会扩大As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged.初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy经济结构改革reform in economic structure剩余劳动力surplus labor经营机制operative mechanism发挥市场调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages计划经济与市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation取消国家对农产品的统购统销to cancel the state’s monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products改革重点转移到城市the focus of reform is shifted to cities国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设The basic task of the nation is to concentrate efforts on socialist modernization.逐步实现工、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家to modernize the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy.国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy国家民族统一的、多民族国家a unified/unitary multi-national country中国各民族不论大小，一律平等All Chinese nationalities, large or small, are equal.在各少数民族间建立起平等、团结、互助的关系to establish a relationship based on equality, unity and mutual assistance between different national minorities在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nationality chauvinism, mainly great Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism.禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited.民族平等，民族团结，民族区域自治，所有民族共同发展、繁荣equality of all nationalities, national unity, regional national autonomy, and mutual development and prosperity for all nationalities国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy.各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.民族感情national sentiments 民族压迫national oppression 民族对立national antagonism 强迫同化forced assimilation这种事实上的不平等是历史遗留下来的。
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译)1
广东商学院各院及其专业（中英文翻译）(GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理：Logistics Management2、人力资源：Human Resources3、市场营销专业：Marketing Program4、工商管理专业：Business Administration Program二、会计学院： the College of Accounting1、审计学：Auditing2、会计学专业：Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业： Financial Management Major4、审计学（注册会计师）Auditing（Certified Public Accountant (CPA)）三、财税学院：the College of Taxation1、财政学：Public Finance2、税务：Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业：MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院：School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业：General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障：Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理： Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理（城市管理）：City Management五、金融学院：College of Finance1、金融学：Finance2、国际金融：International Finance3、金融工程：Financial Engineering4、保险：Insurance5、投资学：Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院：the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学：Economics2、国际经济与贸易：International Economics And Trade3、统计学：Statistics4、国际商务：International Business七、法学院：The College of Law1、法学（国际法）：The International Law2、法学（民商法）：Civil and Commercial Law3、法学：Science of Law4、治安学：Science of Public Order八、旅游学院：College of Tourism1、酒店管理：Hotel Management2、旅游管理：Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理：Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院：College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理：Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理：Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理：Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院：College of Foreign Language1、英语（国际商务管理）：International Business Management2、英语（国际商务翻译）：International Business English Translation3、日语（国际商务管理）：nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院： College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学：Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学：Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学（编辑出版方向）News Editing4、社会工作：Social work5、社会学：Sociology6、播音与主持艺术：Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导：Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院：Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学（广告策划与经营管理方向）：Advertisement2、艺术设计（广告设计方向）：Art and Design（Advertising Design）3、艺术设计（玩具与游戏设计方向）：Art and Design4、艺术设计（商业空间设计方向）：Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计（展示设计）：Display Design6、动画专业：Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院：College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统：Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术：Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务：Electronic Commerce4、软件工程：Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院：Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学：Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学：Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院：College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学： Applied Psychology2、商务文秘：Business secretary3、对外汉语：Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。
资源环境与城乡规划管理专业 英文简介
Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management Specialty Curriculum Setting and Its Teaching InnovationsCHU JianpengSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, P.R.China,255049zuiwochangan@Abstract: Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was established in 1999. The aim of setting up the new specialty is to solve a large number of contradictions and problems during the urbanization process and economic development. After 10 years of teaching practice found some problems that restrict the healthy development of the specialty. Those problems include curriculum setting unreasonable, student employment difficulty, qualified teacher scarcity, etc. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching innovations must break the limit of geography science specialty and should set up some specialty directions under resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty to cultivate talents and meet the demands of society.Keywords: resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty, curriculum setting, teaching innovations1 IntroductionResources-environment and urban-rural planning management is a new specialty which is newly established by the ministry of education in 1999. The specialty building basic is that our country is faced worsened ecologic environment, resource scarcity and a large number of contradictions and problems during the urbanization process. The training goal is to cultivate comprehensive talents who are good at resources, environment and planning management. The specialty knowledge covers geography science, environmental science, resource and environmental zoning and management, urban and rural regional planning and other professionals. With the boost development of urbanization and the growing concern for sustainable development, social demand for such talent is further expanded. So far, there are over 100 universities have set up the specialty. Those include many brand-name universities, such as Peking University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Beijing Normal University, Zhongshan University. The creation of the professional colleges and universities generally can be divided into categories: comprehensive universities, normal universities, agriculture and engineering colleges and other institutions. Most universities establish the specialty on the base of geography; a few universities establish the specialty on the base of other specialty. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management is a new specialty, but because of traditional restrictions on geography curriculum, many colleges and universities make the professional practice in teaching there are many disadvantages: such as mathematics and training objective out of line, course management system dismay, the relationship between teaching and research deal with the problem, materials and equipment and the use of teachers, training, incentives and monitoring mechanisms, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to understanding and analysis the existing specialty problems in-depth, timely reform ideas and methods to adapt to the economic development demands and the training goals. [1]2 Resources-environment and Urban-rural Planning Management Specialty Curriculums SettingThe aim of establishing resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty is to solve the outstanding contradictions and problems for the current economic and social development, such as the population, resources, environment, etc. Compared with the geography, it is more closely related to the resources and environmental problems, more emphasis on solving the contradiction339between people and the harmonious development of economic and social problems. Specialty curriculum should reflect these characteristics. Taking resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty curriculums in Shandong University of technology as example:Table 1 Course ListSpecialty required courses urban planning principles, geographic information systems, geological foundation, introduction to environmental science, economic geography, human geography, fundamentals of ecology, database theory, water resources development and protection, introduction to remote sensing, surveying, cartography, physical geography, computer graphics, probability and statistics.Specialty selective courses Literature search, environmental impact assessment, mathematical geography, capital city of professional English, resources and environment management, secondary development of GIS, business management, marketing.Specialty direction courses：urban and regional planning management construction supervision, urban green space planning, the basis of urban planning and design, urban geography, introduction to construction, transportation planning system, regional economics, community management, remote sensing application, asset assessment.Specialty direction courses：land management and real estate development urban green space planning, real estate economics, cadastral management, real estate appraisal, real estate development and management, real estate information management, introduction to construction, land resource evaluation and management, property management, remote sensing application, western economics.Practice courses urban and regional practice, real estate practice, school education and military training, public work, social practice, school identification, geology and physical geographypractice, capital city of graduation practice and graduation, surveying practice,cartography comprehensive experiment, comprehensive experimental remote sensingimage processing, gis comprehensive experiment.Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty training goals: to cultivate students who have a solid foundation for geography, resources and environmental assessment of urban and rural planning techniques, with strong computer skills, management in government departments, enterprises and research institutes involved in land resource survey and mapping, urban planning and management, real estate management, basic geospatial data acquisition, processing, development and application of advanced composite-based technology and management.Graduates should have the following knowledge and skills:,⑴grasping the basic knowledge and the basic theory of resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty;, based on space informati⑵on technology, modern graphics, image processing skills;, land resources survey, evaluation, planning, development and management⑶ capacity;,⑷real estate planning, development, operation, management and evaluation;, the city⑸and infrastructure planning and management, development planning and management of small towns, regional economic analysis, planning, and administration., ha⑹ving strong computer application and development capabilities with higher levels of foreign language;, in the profess⑺ional field of practice have been well trained, with preliminary research and organizational management capabilities. [2]3 The Main Problems of Specialty and Teaching.Training talents mainly depend on the specialty education in colleges and universities. Some problems have exposed after resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was built. After 10 years of teaching practice found the following problems that restrict the healthy development of the specialty.3.1 Specialty orientation unreasonable and students employment situation is grim340Employment direction of resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty includes resources and environment management, urban planning, Land planning, environmental protection, tourism and education research institutions and other departments or business employment. However, resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching contents have greater overlap with other specialties, such as environmental science, environmental engineering, real estate development and management, land resources management, urban planning, etc. Compared to those specialties, the graduates practical ability and professional look weak and less competitive. So resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty students employment situation is grim.3.2 Curriculum setting is unsuitable for society demands.In order to cultivate talents, now resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty often sets up three specialty directions: one, the land management and real estate development direction. The main courses include urban green space planning, real estate economics, cadastral management, real estate appraisal, real estate development and management, real estate information management, introduction to construction, land resource evaluation and management, property management, etc. two, tourism resources development and planning direction. The main courses include tourism studies, tourism studies, tourism economics, tourism marketing, tourism geography, regional tourism planning and development, etc. three, urban and regional planning management direction. The main courses include construction supervision, urban green space planning, the basis of urban planning and design, urban geography, introduction to construction, transportation planning system, regional economics, community management, remote sensing application, etc. In any specialty direction, students can’t grasp knowledge well and the situation can’t meet the society demands.3.3 Teachers team issues.Most professional teachers come from geography, and teachers master the emerging professional discipline is also less. Schools should try to introduce environmental engineering, urban planning and management and other related areas of academic leaders, to establish the appropriate team of teachers. At the same time, in order to solve specialty teachers shortage. schools can hire some fields’ experts such as urban management bureau, environmental protection enterprises, urban and rural design institutes and other units as specialty teachers. Training teachers’ team is also a very important issue and should be solved.[3～4]4 Thinking on Resources-environment and Urban-rural Planning Management Specialty Teaching InnovationsResources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty has made great development since the specialty has been set up in 1998. By the end of 2006, there are over 100 colleges and universities have set up the specialty. However, with the professional rapid development, problems are gradually revealed too. Specialty training model and curriculum setting are many more challenges. The main problems focus on students employment pressures. So how to carry out specialty teaching innovations to meet the requirements of society has become a top issue that we must face to. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was taken as a geography specialty, its curriculum setting teaching must be affected by the geography science. Under the situation, we have to set up some specialty directions under resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty to cultivate and meet the demand of society. Those specialty directions are closely related to society demand and students will have a good job security in some sense in the future. The current specialty directions include land management and real estate development, tourism resources development and planning, urban and regional planning management, etc. the other measures can be take to strength resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching include strengthen practical teaching, enhancing the quality of teaching staff, etc.3415 ConclusionResources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty innovations must be founded on the demands of society and the basis of specialty orientation. The old ways of "comprehensive development" must be abided and no longer follow the social hot spots [5]. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty curriculum setting must break the limit of geography science specialty and should set up specialty directions to cultivate talents to meet the society demands. Every university may emphasize their specialty direction teaching and reflect its own characteristics. It is beneficial to improve the quality of students and increase competitive ability in the future.Author in brief or Acknowledgment:Lecturer, real estate appraisers, research area: urban and rural planning and management, real estate evaluation, address: Shandong University of technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering，Zibo, Shandong, 255049, P.R.C.References[1].Bi Huaxing, Zhu Qingshi. On resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementteaching reform. China Forestry Education, 2008, (4). (in Chinese).[2].Shandong University of Technology. Resources-environment and urban-rural planningmanagement specialty teaching plan for 2006 grade. (in Chinese).[3].Sui Lihua, Na Y ulin, Chang Lixin, Han Junli. Studied on the Teaching Reformation about theManagement Resources Environment mad of Urban and Rural Plannin. Yinshan academic journal, 2008,(3). (in Chinese).[4].Guo Wenjiong, Wang Y uming. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementspecialty curriculum reform. Academic Journal of Shanxi Normal University, 2000,(2). (in Chinese).[5].Bi Huaxing, Zhu Qingshi. On resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementteaching reform. China Forestry Education, 2008, (4). (in Chinese).342。
城乡规划--专业英语翻译
专业英语翻译作业第一段：21世纪议程召集了世界上所有的国家着手于讨论规划的综合性进程和为了达到可持续性的行动。
除了全球会议外，这份文件也详细阐述了城市和国家的作用。
21世纪议程的第28章（即著名的21地区议程）陈述道：“当地的作家们是这样构想的，重要的并能够起作用的经济，社会性和环境的基础设施，可预见性的规划进程，建立了当地的环境政策和规则，和....正如政府标准中最靠近人民的那条，他们在教育中扮演着一个虚拟的角色，并对公众中推进可持续发展做出了动员和响应。
”第二段：作为一种空间创造艺术，城市规划正位于规划和建筑的结合点。
当它利用对景观和建筑个体的整体性控制时，也在现代规划的城市环境考虑中注入了三维设计概念。
尽管城市设计概念已经在向建筑美学效果发展，但是它对于更宽广更深远的考虑已经不仅仅限于对美的表象。
城市设计人就是一个不断发展的领域。
为了完成可持续发展，生态的/环境的考虑已经加入到了现代设计中，同样也需要现代城市规划考虑到自然资源和人造环境之间的联系。
因此，当为人们的工作、生活和休闲创造环境的同时，城市规划应该保护自然资源。
自从城市形态随着不断变化的环境在变化时，城市规划担当着给予物理性设计方向以城市发展、保护和变化的进程（巴奈特，1982年，pp.12）。
因此，这是城市发展和二次开发的重要问题。
它考虑到了如何让发展去适应城市社会、经济和生态环境，如何去操纵各类活动和人流量、交通量，如何为了培养多样化的活动去创造令人愉快的空间，最后还是要考虑到在城市空间和单体建筑的美学效果。
城市设计的基本含义是在规划、景观和建筑的设计问题下继续城市的发展。
综上所述，城市设计是一个为了创造可持续的城市形态而关注城市建设环境的重要途径。
资源环境与城乡规划管理大四英语重点翻译（最终版）
单词：Urban form 城市形态Individual buildings 单体建筑Open spaces 开敞空间Sense of belonging 归属感Cityscape 城市景观developing landscape policies 发展景观规划green space system 绿色空间系统landscape framework 景观框架Climate change and the greenhouse effect （气候变化和温室效应）Wastewater treatment （废水处理）Low-carbon economy 低碳经济段落：1.From a a visual visual and aesthetic aesthetic perspective, perspective, perspective, Lynch, Lynch, in his book The Image Image of of of the the the City City (1960), identified five types of elements. They are: (1) Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads ¼(2) Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls ¼(3) Districts, which are recognizable with same common character. (4) Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions[a1] , places of break in transportation ¼(5) Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign, mountain or monument. 翻译：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作《城市意象》中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。
资源环境与城乡规划管理外文资料翻译
资源环境与城乡规划管理外文资料翻译毕业设计外文资料翻译题目陆面过程模式CLM的稳定同位素的季节变化仿真学院资源与环境学院专业资源环境与城乡规划管理班级资源0702班学生包芳学号20072102002指导教师王永森二〇一一年三月二十五日Simulations of seasonal variations of stable water isotopes in land surface process model CLMZHANG XinPing1†, WANG XiaoYun2, YANG ZongLiang3, NIU GuoYue3 & Xie ZiChu11 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;2 Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266003, China;3 Department of Geological Sciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78721-0254, USAAbstract: In this study, we simulated and analyzed the monthly variations of stable water isotopes in different reservoirs at Manus, Brazil, using the Community Land Model (CLM)that incorporates stable isotopic effects as a diagnostic tool for understanding stable water isotopic processes, filling the observational data gaps and predicting hydro meteorological processes. The simulation results show that the δ18O values in precipitation, vapor and surface runoff have distinct seasonality with the marked negative correlations with correspondingwater amount. Compared with the survey results by the InternationalAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in co-operation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the simulations by CLM reveal the similar temporal distributions of theδ18O in precipitation. Moreover, the simulated amount effect between monthlyδ18O and monthly precipitation amount, and MWL (meteoric water line) are all close to the measured values. However, the simulated seasonal difference in the δ18O in precipitation is distinctly smaller than observed one, and the simulated temporal distribution of theδ18O in precipitation displays the ideal bimodal seasonality rather than the observed single one. Thesemismatches are possibly related to the simulation capacity and the veracity in forcing data.Key word : stable water isotope, CLM, simulation, amount effect, seasonal variationThe modeling of the land surface and soil moisture is increasingly seen as an important component in understanding hydrological cycles]1[. Stable water isotopes, for example18O and D, are superlative tracers for the hydrological cycles because their abundance in water reflects the accumulated record of physical phase change]3,2[. Using the features of stable isotopes can accurately determine the partitioning of precipitation into transpiration, evaporation andrunoff]5,4[, which cannot be detected with mass balance alone]6[. Recently, the conducting iPILPS (isotopes in the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes) incorporates stable water isotopes into land surface parameterization schemes. The iPILPS experiment aims to identify and test different land-surface schemes that incorporate stable water isotopes, appraise the applicability of stable isotopic data in hydro-climatic study and water resources survey, identify observational data gaps required for evaluating the land-surface schemes with isotopes and apply stable water isotopic data to specific prediction of hydro meteorological processes]8,7[.This study, a part of iPILPS, incorporates stable water isotopes in CLM as a diagnostic tool, simulates and analyses variations of stable water isotopes in different reservoirs on monthly time scales at Manaus, Brazil. The simulated behaviors of stable isotopes in precipitation on monthly time scale have good consistency with actual survey result at Manaus station set up byIAEA/WMO, howing that the simulation by the CLM incorporating stable water isotopes is reasonable.1 Model description1.1 CLMEarth’s biosphere is an important part of the Earth’s climate system. Relatedly,the dynamic, thermodynamic and physiological processes of vegetation coverage arethe key factors impacted climate change. These numerical models including physicalprocess parameterizations are called as the land surface process model. Land surfacemodel is composed of different physical processmodes including the parameterization of dynamics characteristics, the longwave and shortwave radiation transfer and rainfall interception, etc. in canopy associated with vegetation shape; photosynthesis, transpiration and evaporation related to plantphysiology; and physical process of water-heat conduction, soil chemical processes,freezing and thawing of permafrost within soil, and so on. The Community LandModel (CLM) is currently one of well-developed and potential land surface models.CLM is developed from the Biosphere-AtmosphereTransfer Scheme (BATS), the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, ChineseAcademy of Sciences land model (IAP94) and the NCAR land surface model (LSM)]9[.The model takes into account ecological differences among vegetation types,hydraulic and thermal differences among soil types, and allows for multiple landcover types within a grid cell. Strictly speaking, CLM is a single point model.According to different physical processes, the model structure can be separated intotwo parts, the biogeophysical processes relating to vegetation cover at surface andphysical processes relating to hydraulic and thermal transfer in soil, mainly includingradiation transfer, turbulence diffusion and thermal conduction in soil and so on.Detailed descriptions about CLM may refer to relational references and technicalnotes]10,9[.1.2 Stable water isotope parameterizationThe stable isotopic ratio incorporated into CLM is noted as- 1 -- 2 -R W =OH O H 162182 (1)The subscription w stands for reservoir water, for example precipitation, runoff or vapor, etc.There are two possible ways of mixing the reservoir water with input, “total mixing” scheme and “partial mixing” scheme:Rw(t) = [N1Rw (t −1) + N2Rinputs (t)] N(2)N = N1 + N2 (3)in a total mixing,R overflow (t ) = Rw (t ) (4)and in a partial mixing, namely asmax(N 1)≥N(5)R overflow (t ) = R inputs (t )(6)where R inputs is the stable isotopic ratio of any inputs, R overflow is the ratio ofoverflow that is the water of exceeding the maximum storage capacity of the reservoir, N 1 is the mass of water in reservoir, N 2 is the mass of input water, N is the total mass after mixing and t is thetime. As phase change is generated, there will appear fractionation effect of stable isotope. As water evaporating, the stable isotopic ratio in residual water isaf Rw t Rw 1)0()( (7)where f = N 1(t ) / N 1(0) is the fraction of residual water in the reservoir afterevaporation event, andα = Rw / Rv is the fractionation factor of stable isotopes between liquid and vapor, Rv is the ratio in evaporated vapor. As vapor condensing,Rd =α Ra , (8) where Rd and Ra are stable isotopic ratios in dew and in atmospheric vapor, respectively, and α is the stable isotopic fractionation factor calculated between liquid and vapor phase.As known, vegetation transpiration does not produce stable isotopic fractionation]6[, thus, the stable isotopic ratio in transpiration equals to that in root region, namelyR tr = R root . (9) 1.3 Experimental schemeThree sites with different geophysical and climatic conditions are selected for iPILPS Phase 1 experiment. They are Munich, Germany (48.08°N, 11.34°E), Tumbarumba, Australia (35.49°S, 148.01°E) located in middle latitudes and Manaus, Brazil (3.08°S, 60.01°W) in tropical rainforest of South America.Manaus, with an equatorial climate characterized by agreeable temperatures but plenty of rain and humidity, is situated in the heart of Amazons, north of Brazil more than 1450 km inland from the Atlantic. According to statistical data, the annual mean precipitation amountis about 2190 mm at Manaus, with the maximal monthly mean precipitation of 308 mm in April and the minimal mean precipitation of 52 mm in August; the annual mean temperature is 26.8℃, with the highest monthly mean temperature of 27.9℃in October and the lowest monthly mean temperature of 26.0℃in March.The survey of stable isotopes in precipitation shows that there is the marked negative correlation between monthly stable isotopic ratios in precipitation and precipitation amount at Manaus]7[. In view of that some variation features of stable isotopes in precipitation at Manaus have comparability with that under monsoon climate in East Asia, the simulation experiment of stable water isotopes was carried out at Manaus.The CLM simulation requires forcing that contains isotopes in precipitation and atmospheric vapor etc. at high resolution (Table 2). These forcing data, commended in iPILPS Phase 1 exclusively, are derived from output of REMOiso (Regional Model with isotopes) at 15-min time step for one ideal year (360 days)]11[. For the details on the forcing data see ref]12[. In this experiment, the model iterates a 1-year calculation until differences between the initial and final values decrease below 0.01 mm/a for water storage and 0.01 mm/a R V-SMOW for isotopic species. The simulation year is defined as equilibrium year.1.4 Stable isotopic balanceWater balance is the base of calculating water amount in land surface scheme. Similarly, stable isotopic balance is the base of stable isotopic simulation.The magnitude of stable isotopic ratio in water is related to that in initial origin, e.g. in atmospheric precipitation or in vapor. By averaging the δ18O in reservoirs- 3 -- 4 - and the specific humidity as well as aggregating the water budgets at 15-min time step ]11[, the daily variations of the δ18O in reservoirs and corresponding water budgets are obtained (Figure 1).，Figure 1 The daily variations of the δ18O inprecipitation (a), vapor (b), with the corresponding water budgets from REMOiso as inputs at Manaus, Brazil.In Figure 1, the δ18O in precipitation and in vapor show all obviousseasonality and the typical isotopic signature in evergreen tropic forest: the heavy rain or the moist atmosphere (great q) is usually depleted in stable isotopes, whereas the light rain or the dry atmosphere (small q) is usually enriched in stable isotopes. Compared with precipitation, vapor is isotopic ally depleted obviously.The soil column is discredited into ten layers with different depths from 0.0175 m to 1.437 m in vertical direction. In this study, the variations of stable water isotopes and water budgets are concerned in super-surface (0―0.0175 m, the first layer in CLM) and root-region (0.0175―3.433 m, the 2nd―10th layer in CLM).2 Simulation results by CLM2.1 Seasonal variations of 18O and water budgetsin land surface reservoirsOn the monthly time scale, the simulated precipitation, specific humidity and surface runoff show all the obvious bimodal seasonality, which characterizes the climatic regime of equator zones (Figure 2). The primary maximal and minimal precipitation appear respectively in April and in July with their amount difference of 528 mm, and the second maximal and minimal precipitation respectively in December and in January with the amount difference of 170 mm, merely 1/3 of the former amount and only one month in time difference, which is possibly related to the fast moving of the ITCZ in sum mer]7[. Correspondingly, theδ18O in reservoirs alsoshows the bimodal seasonality, in which the variations of theδ18O in precipitation and in surface runoff have similarity: their two maximums appear in January and July and two minimums in April and October, with the negative correlation of stable isotopic ratio with water budget; additionally, in vapor, two maximums of theδ18O appears in January and August and two minimums of theδ18O does in April and November. The second extremums are later than that in precipitation and in runoff. Such a result shows that, to a certain degree, the stable isotopes in reservoirs and vapor are impacted not only by large-scale climatic conditions, for example the solar radiation and atmospheric circulation, but also by the vapor origins]5[.- 5 -- 6 -Figure 2 The monthly variations of the O in precipitation (a),vapor (b), surface runoff (c), surface dew (d) and surface evaporation (e), with the corresponding water budgets at Manaus, Brazil.The magnitude of surface evaporation is related to atmospheric humidity. Compared Figure 2(e) with 2(b), the evaporation is relatively small at two maximal specific humidity in April and in December, but relatively great at the minimal specific humidity in July. Unlike the behaviors of precipitation, specific humidity and condensation, evaporation shows the weak seasonality and indistinctive correlation with theδ18O in evaporation.2.2 Seasonal variations of the 18O and waterThe surface infiltration water, originated primarily from atmospheric precipitation, shows a very good consistency with precipitation . As a result, 18the monthly meanδ18O in infiltration water is positively correlated to that in precipitation, but negatively to infiltration water in accordance with the amount effect. Compared with precipitation, the infiltration water is isotopic ally enriched markedly due to evaporation action.The variation of super-surface soil water is influenced not only by infiltration water but also by mass exchange with root region water and surface evaporation action. Impacted by the storage regulation and peak attenuation actions of soil, the seasonality of super-surface soil water is weakened. Correspondingly, theδ18O in superurface reservoir displays unclear seasonality and un-marked correlation with- 7 -super-surface water. However, the surface evaporation keeps isotopic consistency with super-surface reservoir because of drawing water from super-surface soil directly . Comparatively, the evaporated vapor is isotopic ally depleted.The root-region water and the subsurface runoff have all weak seasonality with slightly later time phase than precipitation. Usually, in the rainy season, bigger aquiclude and stronger sub-surface runoff corresponds to the higher water table; and in the dry season, smaller aquiclude and weaker subsurface runoff to the lower water table. Correspondingly,δ18O in reservoirs shows that, in the rainy season, the heavy precipitation and the produced strong infiltration have the marked impact on δ18O in root-region reservoir and in the decrease of theδ18Oin root-region reservoir and subsurface run- off is in apparent. Additionally, it can be found that theδ18Oin subsurface runoff is equal to that in root-region water because the mass complement mainly comes from root-region water.2.3Seasonal variations of the O and water budgets in canopy reservoirThe canopy storage water mainly comes from the precipitation interception by canopy, the replenishment from condensation is less. Therefore, the seasonal variation of theδ18O in canopy reservoir is consistent with that in precipitation. In accordance withδ18O in canopy reservoir is in-the amount effect, the versely proportional to the canopy storage water: in the rainy season, more canopy storage water corresponds toδ18O in reservoir, and in dry season, less canopy lowerδ18O in reservoir. Compared with precipitation, canopy reservoir is isotopically enriched due to evaporation action.Because vegetation transpiration process is considered not to generate isotopic fractionation, theδ18O variation in canopy transpiration keeps consistent with that in root-region water that furnishes the most of the canopy transpiration. By comparing ,the canopy transpiration varies with contrary to canopy evaporation. In the dry season, the water furnishing to canopy evaporation is less for lighter precipitation, but canopy transpiration is more due to drier atmosphere; in the rainy season, the water furnishing to canopy evaporation is more for heavier precipitation, but canopy transpiration is less due to moister atmosphere.3 Comparison between CLM simulated and actual resultsManaus is one of sampling stations attached to the global survey network set by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in co-operation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). There have been 26-year stable isotopic survey records from 1965 to 1990 (absent from 1993 to 1995) at Manaus (http://www.programs/ri/gnip/gnipmain.htm).On the monthly timescale, there is the marked amount effect between the actual δ18O in precipitation and precipitation amount with the confidence level above0.001,and the simulated amount effect has good consistency with the actual that.The relationship betweenδD andδ18O in atmospheric precipitation is called as the meteoric water line (MWL). The actual global MWL by Craig is D = 8.0δ18O+10.0]12[. The slope item of 8.0 stands for comparative relationship of fractionation- 8 -rates between deuterium and oxygen-18, and the constant item of 10.0 does the deviation degree of the deuterium from that in equilibrium state. They are controlled by all of these phase-change processes from vapor evaporating in its origins to raindrops falling onto surface land.Compared with the global MWL, the actual MWL at Manaus has the slightly great slope and constant items, but the simulated one has the slightly small slope and constant items.4 Conclusions(1) Similar to the simulated variations of precipitation, specific humidity and surface runoff, the simulatedδ18O in these reservoirs also shows the bimodal seasonality with the marked negative correlations with corresponding water amount. The variation of theδ18O in dew hasvery good consistency with that in vapor because dew is condensed from vapor directly. The surface evaporation amount is related to atmospheric humidity. However, theδ18O in evaporation shows the indistinctive correlation with evaporation amount.(2) The seasonal variation of theδ18O in surface in-filtration water has a very good consistency with that in precipitation because of originating primarily from atmospheric precipitation. Impacted by storage regulation and peak attenuation actions of soil, the seasonal differences of theδ18O in super-surface and root-region reservoirs are weakened. Theδ18O in subsurface runoff equals to that in root-region water because the mass complement mainly comes from root-region water.(3) The seasonal variation of theδ18O in canopy reservoir is consistent with that in precipitation. Compared with precipitation, canopy reservoir is isotopically enriched due to evaporation action. Similar to that in surface dew, the seasonal variation of the δ18O in canopydew is consistent with that in vapor. Compared with vapor, the variation range of the δ18O in canopy dew is distinctly smaller although canopy dew is isotopically enriched.(4) Based on the available data from IAEA/WMO, the actual precipitation amount and theδ18O in precipitation have all distinct seasonality at Manaus. Moreover, the simulated amount effect between monthlyδ18O and monthly precipitation amount, and MWL (meteoric water line) are all close to the actual results.1 Aleinov I, Schmidt G A. Water isotopes in the GISS Model E land surface scheme. Glob Planet Change, 2006, 51(1-2): 108-1202 Yoshimura K, Miyazaki S, Kanae Sh, et al. Iso-MATSIRO, a land surface model that incorporates stable water isotopes. Glob Planet Change, 2006, 51(1-2): 90-1073 Gat J R. Atmospheric water balance in the Amazon basin: an isotopic evapotranspiration model. J Geophys Res, 1991, 96: 13179-131884 Hoffmann G, Werner M, Heimann M. Water isotope module of the ECHAM- 9 -atmospheric general circulation model: a study on time-scales from days to several years. J Geophys Res, 1998, 103: 16871-168965 Yoshimura K, Oki T, Ohte N, et al. A quantitative analysis of δ18O variability with a Rayleigh-type isotope circulation short-term model. J Geophys Res, 2003,108(D20): doi: 10.1029/ 2003JD0034776 Fischer M J. iCHASM, a flexible land-surface model that incorporates stable water isotopes. Glob Planet Change, 2006, 51(1-2): 121-1307 Henderson-Sellers A, MeGuffie K, Hang Z. Stable isotopes as validation tools for global climate model predictions of the impact of Amazonian deforestation. J Climate, 2002, 15: 2664-26778 Henderson-Sellers A, Fischer M, Aleinov I, et al. Stable water isotope simulation by current land-surface schemes: results of iPILPS Phase 1.Glob Planet Change, 2006, 51(1-2): 34-589 Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Dickinson R E, et al. The Common Land Model. Bull Amer Meteor Soc, 2003, 84(8): 1013-102310 Oleson K W, Dai Y J, Bonan G, et al. Technical description of the Community Land Model (CLM). NCAR/TN-461+STR, 200411 Sturm K, Hoffmann G, Langmann B, et al. Simulation of δ18O in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMOiso. Hydrol Process, 2005, 19: 3425-344412 Craig H. Isotopic variations with meteoric water. Science, 1961, 133: 1702-1703- 10 -Chinese Science Bulletin ，2009, 1007(10): 1765-1772.陆面过程模式CLM的稳定水同位素的季节变化仿真章新平1，王小云2，杨宗辆3，牛国月4，谢子出51湖南师范大学资源与环境科学系，长沙410081，中国;2青岛市气象局，青岛266003，中国;3三部地质科学院，美国德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校，得克萨斯州78721-0254，美国.摘要本文模拟和分析了不同稳定水同位素组成在马瑙斯、巴西的月变化，运用区域土地模型- 11 -（CLM的）即将稳定同位素技术作为一个了解稳定水同位素诊断的工具，填补了观测水文气象数据和预测过程的空白。
资源环境与城乡规划管理外文翻译文献
资源环境与城乡规划管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Cyclical salt efflorescence weathering: an invisible threat to the recovery of underground mine environment for tourist exploitationJ. Matías Penàs Castejón • J. Francisco Maciá Sánchez •M a Pilar Jiménez Medina • M a Jesús Pen àlver MartínezReceived: 30 April 2013/Accepted: 25 January 2014/Published online: 11 February 2014○c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014Abstract Enhancing the value of an underground mine environment for tourist exploitation involves altering the physico-chemical balance of stone materials whose original mechanical properties guaranteed the structural stability of the site’s galleries and chambers. Humidity and temperature changes caused by the public exhibition of this kind of assets are the main causes ofsuch disorders. After the intervention in the Agrupa-Vicenta mine in La Union (Spain) there were still runoff-water leaks into the mine. These water runoffs through the fault and schistosity planes of the enclosing rock mass give rise to salt precipitation over time. Adapting this mine and turning it into a museum have meant a decrease in relative indoors humidity and an increase in temperature. These variations have caused rocks, which were stable in the original conditions, to increase their rate of physico-chemical weathering due to the polycyclic supergene alteration of the metal sulfides they contain. The resulting release of sulfates into the solution and their subsequent precipitation as single and double salt efflorescence causes haloclasty, deteriorating the rock’s mechanical properties and diminishing the structural stability of the operation. This paper presents the results of characterizing the supergene mineral phases of salt efflorescence in the rock bed enclosing an underground sulfide mine value enhanced for tourist exploitation. Dangers for the structural stability of this type of architectural intervention, associated to the formation of efflorescences, are also identified; these efflorescences are caused by the weathering of rocks that make up its supporting structure.Keywords Mine environment . Haloclastic weathering . Salt efflorescence . Geoindicators . Stone decay . Agrupa-Vicenta mine . La Unio ´n (Spain)IntroductionThe withdrawal from mining activity in most last century mining areas and the subsequent economic and social crisis affecting these abandoned industrial areas are currently encouraging the recovery of mining heritage for tourist development (Hospers 2002).Projects for the public opening of underground mines face two great challenges: (1) to guarantee the stability and structural safety of the ground enclosure; and (2) to achieve the necessary conditions of habitability and comfort of the premises. The difficulties of tackling and executing such technical projects come mainly from operating in a dynamic environment, characterized by the mutability ofthe physico-chemical properties of its constituent materials.The new ventilation system, the new lighting conditions and the affluence of public cause variations in the original thermohygrometric balance conditions. These changes generate the appearance of salt efflorescences and polycyclical changes in their mineralogical phases.Saline efflorescence may cause the haloclastic rupture of the rocks that structurally support mine’s galleries and chambers. This calls for the determination of the origin and nature of such salts, so as to find suitable mechanisms that inhibit weathering processes from the very beginning. At present, different tubbing systems are being gradually but pervasively introduced to avoid collapse risks in these ‘‘museum mines’’.The rocks above and under the exploited mineral bed are called roof and bottom schists, respectively. The roof of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine is formed by chloritic micaschists and quartzites, intensely folded metamorphic rocks, and the bottom materials are graphitic schists and gray quartzites. Between both levels, a stratiform mineralization of sulfides used to be exploited, mostly pyrite inside a chlorite (and sometimes grenalite) gangue (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005) (Fig.1).Despite the relative impermeability of the rocks that cover the mine, the intense rifting of the land has allowed for the infiltration and underground flow of rainwater over the course of time.Chemical weathering resulting from the supergene alteration of iron, lead and zinc sulfides in the mineral bed and in the schists of the bottom and roof of the mine has caused the release of anions and cations into the ground-water solution that continuously circulates through the network of pores, schistosity planes and the fracture net-work, after rain periods.When this water comes in contact with pyrite and marcasite, a series of chemical reactions take place, breaking down these minerals and forming iron sulfates and acid mine drainage.As a result, the fractures in the pyrite bed usually presented open holes stuffed with iron sulfate, ‘‘melanterite’’ (FeSO4 ·7H2O). Sulphuric acid was also reacting with other components of the mineral bed (e.g. chlorite), forming various hydrated sulfates-particularly ‘‘epsomite’’ (MgSO4·7H2O) which were precipitating on the bottom and roof of the mine in the form of needle-shaped white efflorescence.During the mining activity the working environment for miners was guaranteed through raise ventilation. Before opening the mine to the public, microclimatic conditions were measured along 1 year. Medium temperature and relative humidity were 23.5 ℃ and 95.3 %, respectively.After opening the mine to the public, it was necessary to install the mandatory air conditioning system. This auxiliary ventilation system takes air from the flow-through system (12,000 m 3 /h) and distributed it to the mines’galleries via two mounted ventilation fans. Ventilation system just operates during timetable public visits.As a consequence nowadays,the new medium temperature and relative humidity values are 18.5 ℃and 73.5 %, respectively.Therefore,the hydration and dehydration cycles of these salts intensified. The oversaturation of the solution also increased, due to higher evaporation produced by the descent in relative humidity and the increase in temperatureinside the main (Espinosa-Marzal and Scherer 2010).All of that implied an upsurge in the aggressiveness of the r ock’s physical weathering, as a result of both the increase in crystallization pressure exerted by salts and also of the increase in the number of cycles.Thus, the goals of our study were: (1) to characterize the salts involved in the physical weathering of the bottom and roof schists of this underground metal sulfide mine, as a result of the cyclical changes of temperature and humidity caused by its opening to the public; (2) to identify the risks for the structural stability of the mine, coming from salt formation; and (3) to propose corrective measurements to minimize those risks.Location and geologyThe Agrupa-Vicenta mine is situated in the Cuesta de Las Lajas of the Sierra Minera mountain range in La Unio ´n (Cartagena). This mountain ridge runs parallel to the Mediterranean sea from East to West, between the city of Cartagena and Cape Palos. It has an approximate length of 28 km and is 5 km broad. It once was one of the most important mining districts in Spain and the most repre- sentative of the Murcia Region, due to its iron, lead and zinc deposits (Fig. 2).After ceasing its mining activity in the year 1991, the city of La Unio ´n and the surrounding villages were immersed in a deep economic and social crisis.Local and regional governments have recently focused on preserving, restoring and giving mining a new meaning. Efforts have been focused, on keeping mining heritage as the economic engine of the area, although under a new approach that presents the mining heritage as a cultural and tourist attraction (Conesa et al. 2008). Thus, in 2006, the Town Hall of La Unio ´n decided to tackle the adaptation of the Agrupa-Vicenta underground mine, opening it to the public in 2009.The mineralization pattern of the Sierra Minera corre-sponds to that of the Nevado-Fila ´bride complex, possibly formed by the hydrothermal replacement of a level of Triassic marble located near the roof of this formation. This mineralization pattern is the most widely spread in the Sierra Minera, although it receives different names according to the prevalent mineral: pyrite bed, sphalerite bed or magnetite bed.The wall-to-roof vertical sequence of the geologic materials that form the Sierra conforms to three superposed geologic sets (Manteca and Ovejero 1992): Nevado-Fila ´- bride Complex (CNF), Alpuja ´rride Complex (CA) and Neogene (N) (Fig. 3).The CNF consists of intensely folded metamorphic rocks, with a lower basement formed by graphite schists from the Paleozoic, and an upper coverage formed by micaschists, quartzite and Permo-Trias marble.The CA is formed by lightly folded metamorphic materials above the underlying CNF. It shows at least two superposed beds over thrust, called lower CA (also known as San Gine ´s unit) and upper CA (a.k.a. Portma ´n unit). Each of them has a detritic basal tract, phyllites and quartzites of Permo-Trias age and an upper carbonated tract, limestones and dolostones, of Middle Trias age.The Neogene is made up of lightly folded Upper Mio- cene sedimentary rocks, conglomerates, sandstones and marls, and of magmatic rocks of Upper Miocene/Pliocene age, which traverse the whole series. Finally, modern alluvial sediments are found accumulated in depressions.Geologically, the Agrupa-Vicenta mine is on the eastern border of a ‘‘horst’’; i.e. a ro ck mass delimited by faults that has risen above the adjacent areas. The effects of erosion after its elevation eliminated the upper rocky levels, which explains why the Paleozoic substratum,—the most ancient materials of the Sierra-outcrop in this area.This area presents numerous dikes and chimneys of igneous rocks, andesites and rhyodacites, attesting to the magmatic activity that took place at the end of the Miocene. After the magmatic activity, thermal waters with dissolved sulfur and metals circulated across the rocks for thousands of years, giving rise to the formation of veins and beds.The kind of mineralization exploited in the Agrupa-Vi-centa mine corresponds to the ‘‘pyrite bed’’ type, since it consists mainly of pyrite (S 2 Fe), accompanied by s ome galena (SPb) and sphalerite (SZn), but in very low, industrially unprofitable proportions. Those sulfides are accompanied by a gangue of chlorite and quartz.The estimated average grades for this mineral are approximately 35 % S; with 0.3 % Pb and less than 0.5 % Zn (Oen et al. 1975).Apart from pyrite, this mine used to have a very small production of tin, after lodes of cassiterite (SnO 2 ) were found in 1913, while excavating the galleries in the wall schists (Arribas et al. 1984).Description of the mineThe Agrupa-Vicenta mine has an approximate extension of 4,800 m 2 , distributed in five altitude sublevels placed at 238, 235, 231, 228, and 223 m above sea level and average roof heights of 5 m.The mine’s configuration in descending sublevels is a c onsequence of the gradation of the mineral bed produced by geological rifting (Fernandez 2006).The mineral bed itself is a result of the replacement of a layer of Triassic marble, and its thickness in the mine ranges between 4 and 8 m.Because of the strong existing rifting, the mineral presents a tiered structure. The Agrupa-Vicenta was exploited by the traditional method of the Sierra Minera: ‘‘chambers and pillars’’ (Fig. 1). The height of the chambers does not exceed 5 m, except in the central sector, where the vaults of the chambers reach heights of up to 8 m. Chambers are supported by a total of 41 pillars of the same mineral bed (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005).A stratiform sulfide mineralization used to be exploited in this mine. There was a predominance of pyrite inside a chlorite (and sometimes grenalite) gangue.From a geotechnical standpoint, although this pyrite bed presents optimal geomechanical conditions, the roof schists are hardly competent. That is why, when the mine was originally exploited, a ‘‘dome’’ of mineral of about 1 m thick above the roof was left in most chambers, so as to avoid contact with the talc-sericitic roof schists, since otherwise landslides would have occurred (Manteca and Garcı ´a 2005).In spite of that, the mine showed subsidence on several spots, before its refurbishment. The subsidence main spot was in the western sector of the mine, close to the entrance, where unstabilized cavitation of about 12 m height had appeared (Fig. 1).Besides, there were several detachments of rocky mineral plates from the roof in several areas of the mine. They had developed by conjunction of subvertical joints with the schistosity planes of the mineral bed.After computing the hollow volume, a maximum of 60,000 tons of mineral are estimated tohave been extracted from this mine throughout the different exploitation periods between years 1902 and 1970 (Fernandez 2006).Description of the interventionThe value enhancement of this former underground sulfide mine is part of a larger project: MINEU European cultural project within the CULTURE 2000 framework (2005). MINEU Project involved the creation of the tourist product ‘‘Mining Park of La Unio ´n’’.The election of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine for its value-enhancement was decided, first of all, given its safety and its acceptable conservation condition after 40 years of abandonment.Secondly, because of its closeness to the’’carretera del 33’’ (a well-known nearby road) and the existence of a convenient tunnel entry, which was a fundamental factor.And lastly, its geologic and mining interest: the ‘‘chambers and pillars’’ exploitation technique was particularly relevant within the traditional mining context of the Sierra Minera (Fig.4).The intervention would be conducted under the basic premise that only areas without structural problems—and in which safety conditions were sound—should be open to the public. To fulfill this goal, two technical documents had to be written, as an integral part of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s adaptation project: a Struc tural Consolidation Project and a Conditioning Project.Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s Structural Consolidation ProjectThe mine’s cavity has so far not collapsed due to the strength of the pillars and of the mineral crust that bears its roofs, which was left there to avoid contact with the weak roof schists.That is why the consolidation project resolved to keep the parts of mineral bed near the schists roof still in good condition, so that they served as containment and support. Prior to any further actuation, the roof needed to be systematically sampled, detaching all the plates presenting risk of collapse.For those areas identified in the prior geotechnical study, which for whatever reasons did not keep that mineral crust or in which it was weak or thin, three different types of tubbing systems were defined (Fernandez 2006) (Fig. 5).1. Wooden trusses. This is a tower-like structure of wooden logs to sustain the high chamber roofs that lack mineral crust.2. Wooden props or ‘‘mampostas’’. They are used in low areas with roofs where the mineral crust presents certain instability and a tendency to detach itself in the shape of plates.3. Bolted steel rebar reinforcement. This is a metallic mesh anchored to the rock by bolts fixed with resin. It is used in high roofs that have an unstable mineral crust with a tendency to the formation of plates.Figure 5 shows the tubbing systems defined in the Structural Consolidation project, which were initially applied in 2009, and those existing in January 2013 (Fig. 6).For a 3 years period since first opening to the public, it was necessary to gradually increase the number of tubbed areas, using wooden trusses and props. This was required due to the continuous fracturing of chloritic roof schists, which came from an increase in the aggressiveness of the formation process of saline efflorescence.Agrupa-Vicenta mine’s Conditioning ProjectThe goal of the mine’s Conditioning Project was to provide a space with the necessary elements and facilities to guarantee the safety of visitors, and the necessary degree of comfort for the correct exhibition and interpretation of the value-enhanced mining heritage. The following actions were tackled (Fernandez 2006):1.Accessibility improvement: So as to implement suitable comfort conditions of the tourist routes, the design needed to consider the mine’s configuration and its safety conditions. Bearing this purpose in mind and considering the existence of five sublevels, wooden staircases and protection barriers were designed.2. Ensuring suitable ventilation conditions: The scarce natural ventilation of the mine and the high degree of humidity before the intervention were solved drilling a 700 mm-diameter raise ventilation in the eastern sector of the mine, in front of the entry gallery that guarantees cross ventilation.3. Ensuring suitable lighting conditions: The electrical installation was carried out burying the cables and logs under the mine’s floor, which required the excavation of the corresponding grooves in the rock. Concerning lighting, tenuous indirect and warm-colored lights were installed to recreate the mine’s original atmosphere.4. Opening an emergency exit: An emergency exit was built making use of the general gallery for mineral transport and the chimney-hopper through which the mineral used to be thrown to a lowerextraction gallery with exit to the hillside of the mount.Two possible exit routes have been enabled. One with relatively easy access, consisting of a bypass through metallic stairs that retakes the entry tunnel from the general transport gallery. The second one consists of a zip-line system that descends through the chimney or drop pit and leads to the lower extraction gallery.Materials and methodsSalts efflorescences was sampled in eight points inside the mine according to the main occurrence pattern (Fig. 7).、After sampling, the specimen was placed immediately in a plastic bag and sealed for shipment to the laboratory.Mineralogical methodsSamples for XRD were gently ground by hand with agate mortar and pestle. Mineral phases were identified by powder XRD using a Bruker D8 Advance instrument in h–h mode (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA), with CuKa radiation, 40 kV, 30 mA, and a 1-dimensional detector with a 18 window. Primary optics consisted of a 28 Soller slit, a 1 mm incidence slit due to high content in iron of soil samples, and an air scatter screen. Secondary optics included a 3 mm anti-scatter slit, a Ni filter and a 2.5°Soller slit.Sample was step scanned from 3 to 808 in 2h, with 0.058 stepping intervals, 1 s per step, and a rotation speed of 30 rpm. Powder sample was mounted in back loading plastic holder. Diffraction patterns were evaluated with DIFFRACplus software (in particular with EVA 12.0, a commercial package from Socabim, 2006) and powder diffraction files database PDF2 (ICDD 2000).Salts efflorescences were then morphologically and chemically characterized, using a combination of a low vacuum SEM (Hitachi S-3500N) for single particle analysis via an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis system (EDX-Bruker AXS Microanalysis). Samples were studied on SEM with a thin film of platinum covered using a SC7610 instrument of Quorum Technologies. Microscope conditions for backscattered imaging were accelerating voltage of 15 kW and working distance of 10 mm.Elemental analysisAfterward, another portion of sample was dried at 60 ℃ for 24 h (to release most of the free water) and grounded in a disc mill for 1 min until a final particle size lesser than 40 lm. Although it is possible to separate the sulfate minerals by hand, picking up the crystals under the stereomi-croscope, it was preferred to study the sample as it occurred in the tailings dump, without any other manipulation.Samples for WDXRF were dried at 60 ?C for 24 h (to release most of the free water) and then ground in a disc mill for 1 min, to give a final particle size of less than 40 lm. Sample preparation involved the formation of pressed-powder pellets using 5 g of sample and 0.4 g of binder (Marguı ´ et al. 2009). The samples were analyzed using a commercial spectrometer (Bruker S4 Pioneer), equipped with a Rh anticathode X-ray tube (20–60 kV,5–150 mA, and 4 kW maximum), five analyzer crystals (LiF200, LiF220, Ge, PET, and XS-55), a sealed proportional counter for detection of light elements, and a scintillation counter for heavy elements. The energy resolution and efficiency for each analytical line were determined by both the collimator aperture and the analyzer crystal used. Analyses were performed in vacuum mode to avoid signal losses by air absorption, allowing the detection of low Z elements (Gonzalez-Fernandez and Queralt 2010).The recorded spectra were evaluated by the fundamental parameters method, using SPECTRAplus software linked to the equipment (specifically EVA 1.7, a commercial package from Bruker AXS and Socabim, (Bruker AXS GmbH 2006). A standard-less method was used owing to the lack of satisfactory certified reference materials with metal concentrations in the same range as the rocks analyzed in this study. The use of standard-less procedures in the fundamental parameters method has been described by Rousseau (Rousseau 2001).Thermal decomposition of the samples was performed in a TGA/DSC 1 HT thermogravimetric analyzer (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland) with a flowing nitrogen atmosphere (70 mL/min). Program temperature ranged from 30 to 1,100 ℃. All of the TG measurements were blank curve corrected, and alumina pans of 70 ll capacity, without lid, were used. The TG instrument was coupled to a BalzersThermostar mass spectrometer (Pfeiffer Vacuum, Asslar, Germany) for gas analysis. Only water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide were analyzed. Dwell time for every ion was 1 s and cathode voltage in the ion source was 65 V. Quadrupole mass spectrometer model was QMS 200 M3, to evaluate the MS response, two different sequences of experiments were carried out. The first study dealt withthe influence of the heating rate on MS response. Heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ℃/min and sample mass of approximately 10 mg were used. The second study discussed the influence of sample mass on MS sensitivity. Sample masses close to 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, and 10 mg and a heating rate of 30 ?C/min were used (Alcolea et al. 2010).Results and discussionAfter the rehabilitation process carried out in the Agrupa-Vicenta mine, the rate of chemical and physical weathering of roof and bed chloritic schists has increased, due to the polycyclical supergene alteration of the metal sulfides contained in them.It has been observed on the one hand, due to the number of detachments of rocky mineral plates from the roof; and the other hand, due to the increase of salt efflorescences that cover the galleries and chambers.Chemical weathering and mineralogyThe chemical weathering of pyrite (FeS 2 ) and pyrrhotite (Fe (1-x) S) provides primarysources of Fe and acidity that lead to the precipitation of secondary minerals or saline efflorescence through very diverse processes, including evaporation, oxidation, reduction, dilution, mixture and neutralization (Hammarstrom et al. 2003; Lottermoser 2007).As a result of these processes a great variety of hydrated simple salts are formed; worth mentioning are those that have divalent cations, in addition to trivalent mixed salts (Jambor et al. 2000).The formation of saline efflorescence inside the Agrupa- Vicenta mine is brought about by the presence of groundwater and excessive relative air humidity, which foster the alteration of the iron sulfides present in the roof and walls of the mine.Associated with the mineral bed, these mineralizations are also found disseminated in the shape of veins in roof chloritic micaschists. Therefore, according to the enclosing rock in which sulfide oxidation reactions take place, and the subsequent release into the solution of H 2SO4(acid mine drainage) and Fe 2+/3+ , two types of saline efflores-cence are formed. They can be grouped by their capacity to generate acidity and their physical characteristics can be defined by their hydration state.On the one hand, some come from the alteration of wall schists in the presence of the acidic solution originated from the supergene alteration of the pyrite and marcasite minerals that appear disseminated, and on the other hand others were strictly originated from the supergene alteration of the mineral bed.In the first case, the chlorite present in roof schists will weather in the presence of acid mine drainage,resultant from the oxidation of pyrite, and neutralize it. As a result, and considering the environmental conditions of the Agrupa-Vicenta mine (75 % ≤RH≤88 % and 20℃≤ T ≤23 ℃), SO4－and Mg 2+ are released into the solution. They precipitate formingsaline efflorescence consisting mainly of magnesium sulfate MgSO4 (Zehnder and Schoch 2009).Figure 8 shows the distribution of the magnesium sulfates which were abundantly observed at level 2, 3 and 4. These soluble salts precipitate as a bloom efflorescence covering all the chambers roof and pillars where schists are present. This massive encrustation of salts is characterized by their acicular or fibrous white crystals.The results of the XRD sample study and elemental analyze (Table 1) reveal the existence ofdifferent mineralogical phases of magnesium salt according to its hydration state: Kieserite (MgSO 4·(H2 O)), hexahydrite (MgSO4 ·6(H2 O)) and epsomite (MgSO4·7 ( H 2O)).In the second case,the oxide mineral bed mainly consists of a compact mass of pyrite (FeS2), marcasite (FeS2) and in minor quantity pyrrhotite (Fe (1-x)S). The oxidation of these mineral produces ferrous iron and sulfuric acid that decrease the pH values (PH 2,8) and makes it extremely acid (Nordstrom 1982). A simplified equation that explains this process is:2FeS2（s）+ 7O 2(g) +2H 2 O 2Fe2+(aq) +4SO 2-(aq)+4H+(aq) (1)4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+ (aq)Fe3+(aq)+ H2O (2)The Fe 3+ released in reaction (2) may hydrolyze to form ferric hydroxide:Fe3+(aq) + 3H 2 OFe(OH)3 + 3H + (aq) (3)or may oxidize additional pyrite by the reaction:FeS2（s）+ 14Fe3+(aq) + 8H2O 15Fe2+(aq) + 2SO 2-(aq) + 16H + (aq) (4) Other sulfides coexist with these ‘‘majority’’ sulfides, such as sphalerite (ZnS) and galena (PbS) which are equally altered, releasing the Pb 2+ and Zn 2+ cations into the solution.According to the results obtained from the mineralogical and elemental analysis of the samples (Table 1), the most frequent mineral groups are: rozenite (Fe2+(SO4)0.4(H2O)), melanterite (Fe 2+ SO 4 ·7(H 2 O)), halotrichite (Fe 2+Al 2 (SO 4 ) 4·22(H 2 O)), copiapite (Fe 2+ Fe 4 3+ (SO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ·20(H 2 O)) and jarosite (KFe 3 3+ (SO 4 ) 2 (OH) 6 ).Figure 7 shows the distribution of the iron and hydrous sulfates at levels 1 and 3. The iron and aluminium sulfates are at level 1. These ferric and ferrous salts precipitate as globules of different colors (green, white and yellow/ brown) where mineral bed is present (Fig. 9).The variety of mineral phases found demonstrates the hydration and dehydration processes that cyclically develop in the enclosure of the mine, as well as the chemical weathering of the sulfides contained in it (Valente and Leal Gomes 2009).Physical weathering and stone decayChemical and physical weathering processes take place simultaneously. The latter are due to the crystallization andrecrystallization processes of these secondary and even tertiary minerals。
环境资源英语词汇（2）_环境资源英语词汇
人为灾难 human-made disasters 人类住区 human settlements人类迁居 human migration人体健康 human health住房规划 housing programmes住房需求 housing needs住房立法 housing legislation住房改善 housing improvements住房集资 housing finance住房密度 housing density医院废物 hospital wastes无家可归 homelessness历史遗址 historical sites高层建筑 high-rise buildings健康立法 health legislation卫生设施 health facilities危险废物 hazardous wastes危险物质 hazardous substances生境破坏 habitat destruction温室气体 greenhouse gases温室效应 greenhouse effect草地火灾 grass fires政府建筑 government buildings全球变暖 global warming几何修正 geometric corrections地理投影 geographical projections性别问题 gender issues气体液化 gas liquefaction杀真菌剂 fungicides燃料酒精 fuel alcohol淡水资源 freshwater resources 洪水监测 freshwater monitoring 淡水恶化 freshwater degradation 矿物燃料 fossil fuels林业立法 forestry legislation森林政府 forest policy森林管理 forest management森林火灾 forest fires森林保护 forest conservation食品运输 food transport食品贮藏 food storage食品科学 food science食品保存 food preservation食品辐照 food irradiation食品污染 food contamination食用色素 food colourants植物区系 flora渔业管理 fisheries management 鱼类养殖 fish culture火、火灾 fire财政资助 financial assistance动物区系 fauna农业建筑 farm buildings计划生育 family planning专家系统 expert system挖掘堆积 excavation heaps蒸发作用 evaporation富营氧化 eutrophication流行病学 epidemiology环境冲突 environmental warfare环境定价 environmental valuation环境培训 environmental training环境术语 environmental terminology 环境补贴 environmental subsidies环境统计 environmental statistics环境安全 environmental security环境政策 environmental policy环境规划 environmental planning环境监测 environmental monitoring 环境过失 environmental misconduct 环境管理 environmental management 环境责任 environmental liability环境信息 environmental information 环境指标 environmental indicators环境影响 environmental impact环境教育 environmental education环境标准 environmental criteria环境犯罪 environmental crimes环境成本 environmental costs环境化学 environmental chemistry环境意识 environmental awareness 环境审计 environmental auditing环境评价 environmental assessment 环境核算 environmental accounting 环境事故 environmental accidents能源利用 energy use能源资源 energy resources能源生产 energy production能源过程 energy processes能源政策 energy policy能源效率 energy efficiency能源转换 energy conversion能源保护 energy conservation内分泌学 endocrinology紧急救援 emergency relief电子函件 electronic mail蓄电装置 electrical storage devices 电气工程 electrical engineering电力分配 electric power distribution 生态旅游 ecotourism经济规划 economic zoning经济计划 economic planning经济发展 economic development 生态平衡 ecological balance生态标志 ecolabelling生态发展 ecodevelopment毒品滥用 drug abuse文件出错 document lending区城供热 district heating处置场所 disposal sites尸体处置 disposal of the dead灾难救援 disaster relief防灾准备 disaster preparedness二恶英 dioxins发展计划 development planning发展模式 development patterns发展合作 development cooperation 燃料脱硫 desulphurization of fuels 沙漠蝗虫 desert locusts脱盐工厂 desalination plants脱氮作用 denitrification森林砍伐 deforestation深海矿藏 deep sea deposits数据处理 data processing数据收集 data collection数据中心 data centre文化指标 cultural indicators作物废物 crop waste作物保护 crop protection坐标系统 coordinate system受控燃烧 controlled burning等高耕作 contour farming消费方式 consumption patterns建筑工程 construction works施工技术 construction technology 谈水保护 conservation of freshwater 混合污染 composite pollution社区服务 community services社区参与 community participation 联络渠道 communication channels 商业噪音 commercial noise彩色组成 colour composition海岸侵蚀 coastal erosion沿海环境 coastal environments沿海开发 coastal development沿海地区 coastal areas服装工业 clothing industry无性繁殖 cloning气候问题 climatic issues气候变化 climatic change清洁技术 clean technologies土木工程 civil engineering色谱分析 chromatographic analysis 化学武器 chemical weapons化学工业 chemical industry化学肥料 chemical fertilizers化学工程 chemical engineering协商费用 charges negotiable水泥工业 cement industry灾难现象 catastrophic phenomena 心脏病学 cardiology二氧化碳 carbon dioxide建成结构 built structures建筑技术 building technology建筑材料 building materials生育控制 birth control群落生境 biotopes生物技术 biotechnologies生物安全 biosafety生物质能 biomass energy生物武器 biological weapons生物资源 biological resources生物固氮 biological nitrogen fixation 生物指标 biological indicators生物降解 biodegradation生物化学 biochemistry双边协定 bilateral conventions饮料工业 beverage industry电池处理 battery disposal本底监测 baseline monitoring汽车停放 automobile parking自动检测 automatic detection视听演示 audio-visual presentation 大气过程 atmospheric processes 大气降水 atmospheric precipitation 大气监测 atmospheric monitoring 大气模型 atmospheric models大气修正 atmospheric corrections 大气组成 atmospheric composition 大气成分 atmospheric components 大气环流 atmospheric circulation 大气化学 atmospheric chemistry 节肢动物 arthropods干旱土地 arid lands北极地区 arctic region水生植物 aquatic plants水产养殖 aquaculture适用技术 appropriate technology 南极地区 antarctic region动物资源 animal resources动物营养 animal nutrition动物疾病 animal diseases动物习性 animal behaviour分析设备 analytical equipment分析化学 analytical chemistry厌氧过程 anaerobic processes两栖动物 amphibians制铝工业 aluminium industry飞机噪音 aircraft noise空气质量 air quality空气污染 air pollution农业林学 agroforestry农业废物 agricultural wastes农业储藏 agricultural storage农业生产 agricultural production农业方式 agricultural practices农业害虫 agricultural pests农业方法 agricultural methods农业管理 agricultural management农业立法 agricultural legislation农用土地 agricultural land农业设备 agricultural equipment农业工程 agricultural engineering植树造林 afforestation需氧过程 aerobic processes行政边界 administrative boundaries入海通道 access to the sea水的再利用 water reuse水资源开发 water resources development 水资源保护 water resources conservation 废物最少化 waste minimization废物处置税 waste disposal taxes矢量到光栅 vector to raster对流层臭氧 tropospheric ozone废物，垃圾 trash临时避难所 temporary shelter合成洗涤剂 synthetic detergents可持续发展 sustainable development次国家边界 sub-national boundaries建筑业标准 standards for building industry土壤盐碱化 soil salination屠宰场废物 slaughterhouse waste工农业选址 siting of industry污水处理厂 sewage treatment plants 沉积物运移 sediment transport沉积物移动 sediment mobilization海洋排泄口 sea outfall海平面上升 sea level rise材料再利用 reuse of materials可再用容器 reusable containers可再生资源 renewable resources可再生能源 renewable energy sources 相关数据库 relational database区域性公约 regional conventions回收的材料 recycled materials光栅到矢量 raster to vector放射性物质 radioactive substances放射性污染 radioactive contamination 装配式房屋 prefabricated buildings 聚合物废物 polymer wastes污染物路径 pollutant pathways污染物监测 pollutant monitoring污染物浓度 pollutant levels污染物分布 pollutant distribution污染物分析 pollutant analysis植物生理学 plant physiology植物遗传学 plant genetics物理海洋学 physical oceanography 摄影测绘学 photogrammetry光化学效应 photochemical effects光化学试剂 photochemical agents石油地质学 petroleum geology杀虫剂路径 pesticide pathways病虫害控制 pest management泥炭、泥煤 peat病原生物体 pathogenic organisms有机磷化物 organophosphorous compounds 有机卤化物 organohalogen compounds采矿地质学 organisational attributes有机物污染 organic pollutants盘尾丝虫病 onchocerciasis营养与保健 nutrition and health care核研究中心 nuclear research centres无污染能源 non-polluting energy sources非电离辐射 non-ionizing radiation非政府组织 non-governmental organization 资源净损耗 net resource depletion航运的危害 navigational hazards来源的性质 nature of the source天然气开采 natural gas extraction天然气勘探 natural gas exploration国家保护区 national reserves多媒体技术 multimedia technology分子生物学 molecular biology采矿地质学 mining geology微气候影响 microclimate effects微生物资源 microbial resources机械工程学 mechanical engineering污染沉积物 marine sediments海洋地质学 marine geology海洋保护区 marine conservation areas 海洋生物学 marine biology图书馆服务 library services无脊椎动物 invertebrates国际标准化 international standardization 无机污染物 inorganic pollutants信息工具包 information kit婴儿死亡率 infant mortality工业排放物 industrial emissions文件编索引 indexing of documentation 污染物鉴别 identification of pollutants 溶液培养学 hydroponics水文地理学 hydrography碳氢化合物 hydrocarbon compounds人体生理学 human physiology人体病理学 human pathology人类的疾病 human diseases人体生物学 human biology高蛋白食品 high protein foods全球性公约 global conventions工艺地质学 geotechnology地球物理学 geophysics遗传工程学 genetic engineering气象色谱法 gas chromatography淡水生物学 freshwater biology食品工艺学 food technology食品添加剂 food additives河口海洋学 estuarine oceanography河口保护区 estuarine conservation areas 河口生物学 estuarine biology人机工程学 ergonomics环境经济学 environmental economics 应急避难所 emergency shelter饮用水处理 drinking water treatment 饮用水供应 drinking water supply甲壳纲动物 crustaceans污染的土壤 contaminated soil污染的土地 contaminated land化学海洋学 chemical oceanography 南美锥虫病 chagas'' disease公告牌系统 bulletin board system生物多样性 biological diversity生物伦理学 bioethics生物气候学 bioclimatology大气物理学 atmospheric physics大气颗粒物 atmospheric particulates 水生微生物 aquatic microorganisms 动物生理学 animal physiology动物遗传学 animal genetics动物生态学 animal ecology空气污染物 air pollutants农业气象学 agrometeorology农用化学品 agrochemicals农业经济学 agricultural economics农业生态学 agricultural ecology林地生态系统 woodland ecosystems 野生生物生境 wildlife habitats野生生物保护 wildlife conservation 湿地生态系统 wetlands ecosystems 人工影响天气 weather modification废物土地处置 waste disposal in the ground废物转化技术 waste conversion techniques废物同化处置 waste assimilation capacities杀虫剂的使用 utilization of pesticides热带生态系统 tropical ecosystems杀虫剂的毒性 toxicity of pesticides陆地生态系统 terrestrial ecosystems陆地生物资源 terrestrial biological resources温带生态系统 temperate ecosystems合成纺织纤维 synthetic textile fibres结构调整计划 structural adjustment programs统计信息系统 statistical information system固体废物处置 solid waste disposal药物的副作用 side effects of pharmaceutical drugs 污水处理系统 sewage treatment systems建筑安全标准 safety standards for buildings道路交通工程 road traffic engineering河流流域开发 river basin development信息查询系统 referral information system供查询的信息 referral information受保护的物种 protected species事先知情同意 prior informed consent污染控制技术 pollution control technology污染控制法规 pollution control regulations污染治理设备 pollution abatement equipment污染物的影响 pollutant effects极地生态系统 polar ecosystems石油资源保护 petroleum resources conservation 城区发展模式 patterns of urban growth有机硅化合物 organosilicon compounds近海石油钻探 offshore oil drilling不可再生资源 non-renewable resources不可再生能源 non-renewable energy resources社区改善计划 neighbourhood improvement schemes 自然排水系统 natural drainage systems国家保护计划 national conservation programmes城市配水系统 municipal water distribution systems 多谱线扫描器 multispectral scanner山地生态系统 mountain ecosystems杀虫剂的代谢 metabolism of pesticides海洋资源保护 marine resources conservation海洋生态系统 marine ecosystems本地建筑材料 local materials for building海洋生物资源 living marine resources核破坏的责任 liability for nuclear damages土地利用规划 land use planning土地使用分类 land use classification陆地哺乳动物 land mammals土地承载能力 land carrying capacity岛屿生态系统 island ecosystems国际河流流域 international river basins国际环境关系 international environmental relations 信息基础设施 information infrastructure信息交流中心 information clearing-house粮食虫害传染 infestation of food作物虫害传染 infestation of crops工业生产统计 industrial production statistics工业生产过程 industrial processes空内空气污染 indoor air pollution人类住区管理 human settlements management住房质量标准 housing quality standards高原生态系统 highland ecosystems污染物的危害 hazards of pollutants绿色财政手段 green fiscal instruments草地生态系统 grassland ecosystems政府环境开支 government environmental expenditures 地理信息系统 geographic information systems淡水生态系统 freshwater ecosystems森林资源评估 forest resource assessment森林生态系统 forest ecosystems用火安全要求 fire safety requirements农家场院废物 farmyard waste河口生态系统 estuarine ecosystems环境破坏行为 environmental vandalism环境股票交易 environmental stock exchange环境风险评估 environmental risk assessment环境质量标准 environmental quality standards环境质量指标 environmental quality indicators环境管理指标 environmental management indicators 环境激励措施 environmental incentives环境影响评价 environmental impact assessment环境健康危害 environmental health hazards环境经济问题 environmental economic issues环境应急计划 environmental contingency planning能源利用方式 energy utilization patterns濒危植物物种 endangered plant species濒危动物物种 endangered animal species应急减灾措施 emergency relief measures电子信息网络 electronic information network经济管理手段 economic management instruments流离失所人员 displaced persons灾难清理作业 disaster clean-up operations沉降的颗粒物 deposited particulate matter决策支持系统 decision-support system数据记录技术 data recording techniques基因资源保护 conservation of genetic resources寒带生态系统 cold zone ecosystems沿海生态系统 coastal ecosystems化学污染清除 chemical decontamination生物技术问题 biotechnological issues生物圈保护区 biosphere reserves生物地球化学 biogeochemistry生物化学过程 biochemical processes文献目录信息 bibliographic information海底生态系统 benthic ecosystems基本食物要求 basic food requirements北极生态系统 arctic ecosystems水上娱乐活动 aquatic recreational amenities水生哺乳动物 aquatic mammals南极生态系统 antarctic ecosystems空中交通规则 air traffic regulations空气质量管理 air quality management农业生物技术 agricultural biotechnologies本地资源的利用 utilization of local resources危险物质的运输 transport of hazardous materials 可交易的许可证 tradeable permits可持续发展指标 sustainable development indicators 亚热带生态系统 sub-tropical ecosystems水生贝壳类动物 shellfish放射性废物管理 radioactive waste management放射性示踪技术 radioactive tracer techniques放射性污染清除 radioactive decontamination资源的定价政策 pricing policies of resources污染者付费原则 polluter-pays principle污染物来源鉴别 pollutant source identification规划的城区发展 planned urban development物理－化学过程 physico-chemical processes外激素，信息素 pheromones药理学，药物学 pharmacology杀虫剂标准控制 pesticide control standards杀虫剂的持久性 persistence of pesticides在交换的基础上 on exchange basis非高峰时间工作 off-peak working非高峰时间通勤 off-peak commuting食品的营养价值 nutritive value of food一般情况下免费 normally without charge突变微生物释放 mutated microorganisms release机动车辆排放物 motor vehicle emissions以绿色标志促销 marketing with green labelling丢弃物，废气物 litter海洋事故的责任 liability for marine accidents因特网查询服务 internet search service环境成本内在化 internalisation of environmental costs 工业的或商业的 industrial or commercial人体接触污染物 human exposure to pollutants资源的地埋分布 geographic distribution of resources 危险废物的出口 export of hazardous wastes发展中国家债务 developing countries debt废物的化学处理 chemical treatment of waste测量仪器的标定 calibration of measuring equipment建成的排水系统 built drainage systems害虫的生物控制 biological control of pests动物粪便作燃料 animal dung as fuel适应性强的物种 adaptable species野生生物种群统计 wildlife population statistics人类疾病传染媒介 vectors of human diseases热带森林生态系统 tropical forest ecosystems贸易对环境的影响 trade impact on environment受监视的图象分类 supervised image classification信息的选择性传播 selective dissemination of information 植物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of plants动物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of animals公众对土地的获取 public access to land难降解有机污染物 persistent organic pollutants永久冻土生态系统 permafrost ecosystems对破坏环境的惩罚 penalties for environmental damage污染物的长期效应 long-term effects of pollutants因特网服务提供商 internet service provider杀虫剂的相互作用 interaction of pesticides图书馆之间的借贷 inter-library loan图象处理数字系统 image processing digital systems与地学有关的信息 geo-referenced information与地理相关的数据 geo-referenced data固定的收费时间表 fixed schedule of charges与环境有关的疾病 environmentally related diseases环境影响状报告书 environmental impact statement环境健康影响评价 environmental health impact assessment 数字图象处理技术 digital image processing techniques按回收成本为基础 cost recovery basis文献目录信息系统 bibliographic information system干旱地区生态系统 arid land ecosystems污染防治激励措施 antipollution incentives飞机发动机排放物 aircraft engine emissions空气－水相互作用 air-water interaction气溶胶，气雾剂 aerosols生物体的意外释放 accidental release of organisms未被监视的图象分类 unsupervised image classification有毒物质的协同效应 synergistic effects of toxic substances半干旱地区生态系统 semi-arid land ecosystems从废料中提取的燃料 refuse derived fuels模型制作，模型设计 modelling湖沼学，淡水生物学 limnology地理信息系统实验室 gis laboratory人类住区的环境方面environmental aspects of human settlements生物多样性和保护区 biological diversity and protected areas 在人体组织中的积累 accumulation in body tissues国际性重要的失态系统 internationally important ecosystems 与健康有关的生物技术 health-related biotechnologies光盘只读存储查询服务 cd-rom search service危险废物运输的事先通告prior notification for hazardous waste transport地理信息系统的数字技术 gis digital techniques地理信息系统的数字系统 gis digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式 gis digital formats生物技术的社会－经济影响socio-economic impact of biotechnologies人类住区的社会－经济方面 socio-economic aspects of human settlements已定价值的生态系统组成部分 valued ecosystem components温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用） metabolism。
花园城市,专业英语
Garden cities were to be small, thoroughly（完 全的） planned towns, each（各自、每个） encircled （环绕、包围）by an inalienable（不能 剥夺的） rural（乡下的、田园的） estate（不动 产、财产） and interconnected（使互相连接） by a rapid transit（高速交通） system of electric （电气的） railways（铁路）.
residential [,rezi„denʃəl] 住宅地；商住两用地
residential density 居住密度 ; 人口毛密度 residential areas 居民区 residential hotel 公寓旅馆 e.g: In neither country did residential -property prices fall much from their 2007 peaks . 两国的住宅地产价格2007年升至顶峰后都降得不多。
Vocabulary
In 1898, social reformer（改革家，改革运动者） Ebenezer Howard promulgated（发布、公布、传播） a scheme（安排、计划） to build new towns rather than（胜于, 而不是） add population to the already （已经） large cities, called the gt the land on which the garden city stood must be owned by the community（公社、团体） was of fundamental（基本的，基本原则） importance. This would ensure（确保）, first, the social control of physical（物质） planning and especially（特别、尤其） the permanent（永 久的） delimitation of town and country zones, and, secondly, that all increases（增加） of land value brought about by development would be put to public use. The resulting（结果） steady（稳固的、稳定） improvement of amenities（方便 设施） and services would largely provide the magnetic （磁 的、有磁性的）properties（财产、所有权、道具） of the garden city.
城乡规划专业英语复习资料-翻译
1.Shortly thereafter, businesses wishing to avoid the high rent of downtown office buildings moved to less dense office parks outside the city.此后不久，企业希望避免市中心办公楼的高租金，搬到城市外面密度小的办公园区。
2.Proliferation(激增，扩散)of housing developments, strip mall(单排商业街，沿公路商业街)，and office parks robs just as much “nature”from a suburb( 郊区) as skyscrapers and apartment buildings do from the city.住宅发展和沿公路商业街、办公园区的扩散，像抢夺“自然”一样，郊区的摩天大楼的公寓像城市一样。
3.Finally the placement of houses set back on large lots and the dependence of suburbanities on an automobile prevents the day-to-day interaction among neighbors, thus denying the residents a sense of community that is seen in the old-time neighborhoods in the city.最后安置房的布置决定了郊区市民必须依靠摩托车来维持每日的邻里交流，所以否定了以前城市中所见的社区邻里之间的归属感。
4.In 1898, social reformer Ebenezer Howard promulgated(颁布，宣布) a scheme( 方案、体制 ) to build new towns rather than add population to the already large cities, called the garden city plan.1898年，社会改革家霍德华颁布了一个方案，去建造一个新的城区而不是增加人口的大城市，称之为花园城市规划。
部分规划用语中英文对照
部分规划用语中英文对照第一篇：部分规划用语中英文对照部分规划用语中英文对照（持续更新中）2011年12月05日09:38:51Contents 目录Overall Site 总场地Global position 地理位置Location Plan 位置图Site photos 现场照片 Vision 规划远视Overall master plan 总体规划 Concept plan 概念图Multi-cultural area-concept plan 多元文化区概念图Agri-recreational area-concept plan 休闲农业区-概念图Outdoor sports 户外运动区Land use schedule 用地指标Land use plan 用地规划图 Circulation 交通流线Infrastructure 基础设施配套Infrastructure plan 基础设施配套图Ecology environment protection 生态环境保护文档冲亿季，好礼乐相随mini ipad移动硬盘拍立得百度书包Planning basis 规划根据Investment return analysis 投入产出分析 Event calendar 项目览表 E x amp l e s 案例Detail plan 大样图Shadow studies 日照分析图 Building height 建筑高度 Building use 建筑用途Circulation plan 交通流线图On ground parking+circulation 地面停车场+ 交通流线Building levels 建筑标高Basement parking 地下室停车场Section lines 剖面图引线Section 剖面图Road section 道路剖面图 Phase 1一期(A)开发 Starting area 起步区 Phasing 分期Cycling trail 自行车道继续更新中。
专题翻译1
Week 12 一、词汇记忆1.创新型国家innovation-orientedcountry2.资源节约型社会resource-conserving society3.资源型城市转型transformation ofresource-dependent cities4.鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济encourage, support and guide thegrowth of the non-public sector of theeconomy5.环保专项治理special projects toaddress serious environmentalproblems6.保护天然林protect virgin forests7.退牧还草return grazing land tograssland8.退耕还林还草return farmland toforests or grassland9.石漠化stony desertification10.防沙治沙prevent and controldesertification11.生态补偿机制a mechanism forecological compensation12.农村综合试点改革trials ofcomprehensive rural reform13.农机具补贴subsidies foragricultural machinery and tools 14.看病难、看病贵，上学难、上学贵thedifficulty and high cost of gettingmedical treatment and receiving aneducation15.农村劳动力转移培训job trainingfor farm laborers looking for urbanemployment16.防止“一哄而起”avoid herdmentality17.农村信用社体制the system of ruralcredit cooperatives 18.牧业税livestock tax19.农业面源污染widespread pollutionfrom the overuse of fertilizers andpesticides in rural area20.政策性关闭破产policy-basedclosure and bankruptcy21.企业分离办社会relieve enterprisesof their obligation to operate social programs22.坚持国家绝对控股keep acontrolling share in the state's hands 23.投资主体和产权多元化investmentfrom various sources and diversified ownership24.提高系统集成能力improve systemsintegration25.控制新增产能control expansion ofproduction capacity26.废物综合利用和废旧资源回收利用comprehensive utilization of waste materials and recovery and recycling of used resources27.资源开发补偿机制、衰退产业援助机制mechanisms to compensate for resource depletion and to aid declining industries28.突发公共卫生事件医疗救治体系medical treatment system for public health emergencies29.乡镇卫生院health clinics in townsand townships30.公共文化基础设施culture-relatedfacilities for public use二、译文品鉴1.有学者主张新农村建设的重点是改善农村的基础设施。
常用规划专用词汇中英文对照
常用规划专用词汇中英文对照规划Sketch rough map 草图Plan 平面Section 剖面Elevation 立面（正面图\海拔）Perspective 透视图Diagram 示意图、图表Cubage 容积率\体积Coverage 覆盖率Urban design; civic design 城市设计Regional planning 地域(整个地区)规划(设计)Walking axis 步行轴General planning 概要规划master planning 总规划District planning 区域规划Immediate planning 近期建设规划Detailed planning 详细设计、细部设计Control detailed planning 控制性详细规划Site planning 修建性详细规划Urbanization 城市化Urban ecology 城市生态Economy energy sources 经济能量来源Sustainable development 可持续发展Plan of preservation of historic cities历史性城市的保护设计Urban redevelopment 旧城改造、城市修建Development area 开发区Urbanization level 城市化水平Agglomeration城市群Urban system 城市的系统Satellite town 卫星城市（城镇）Urban infrastructure 城市的基础设施Settlement 居民点City 城市Municipality; city 市Town 城镇Administrative region of a city城市的管理区域Commercial district 商业区Civil district民政区域Residential district planning居住区规划Ranger district 护林区Tree seed orchard 树木种植园绿地Percentage of greenery coverage绿化覆盖率Ratio of green space绿地率Landscaping within factory工厂绿化Landscaping of square广场绿化Landscaping of residential area居住区绿化Improved vegetation & wildlife谷底植栽场Landscaping around public building公共建筑绿化Indoor garden室外绿化Urban green 城市绿化Urban green space system城市绿化系统Public green space公共绿地Park公园Green belt 绿地Specified green space专用绿地Green buffer防护绿地空间(建筑)Parlor客厅Washroom; toilet卫生间、洗手间Balcony阳台、包厢Bathroom浴室Cabinet橱柜Courtyard building庭院建筑Dining-room ; dining hall餐厅Entrance入口Kitchen厨房Roof屋顶Kid room儿童房Dollhouse儿童游乐室Living room起居室Pavilion亭、阁Private garden私家花园Resident住宅Shared zone共享空间Toilet洗手间Servants hall用人房Scale比例Element要素、自然环境conference center会议中心Retail shop零售商店Theatre剧院园林景观Arbor乔木Shrub灌木Band stone铺石Car park below地下车库Carved paving bands曲线形铺地Cartilage Garth 庭园Courtyard identification sign标志牌Courtyard 庭院Fall瀑布Feature景色Footpath步道Garden bridge园桥Garden and park园林Herbage草本植物Liana藤本植物Natural cut stone砌石Pave铺地Pavilion 亭、阁Pavilion on terrace榭Planting植被Planting beds 花坛Plaza大广场Platform台Deck promenade栈道Pole lights灯柱Pool小水池Sculpture雕塑常用的景观英文(参考)1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE main entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) for vehicle& pedestrian2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行)2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE 2nd entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR. Entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景WATER FEATURE water feature5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE mini amphitheatre6.迎宾景观-1WELCOMING FEATURE-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING) timber deck (viewing)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN bamboo garden9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-2 grand welcoming feature-212.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S rock's cape waterfall'sGROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处)LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER ) lounging terrace (lower )16.休憩台地(高处)LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER ) Lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD river wild19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND children's playground20.旱冰道SLIDE Slide21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT badminton court 网球场Tennis court 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE dry landscape23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN Japanese garden24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN dry fountain25.观景台VIEWING DECK viewing deck26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL swimming pool27.极可意JACUZZI Jacuzzi28.嬉水池WADING POOL wading pool29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING W ALL winding wall31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE rock sculpture32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA central plaza33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA exercise plaza34.桥BRIDGE bridge35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA meditating plaza36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMA TION tree battle formation37.停车场PARING AREA paring area38.特色花架TRELLIS trellis39.雕塑小道SCULPTURE TRAIL sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN putting green41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PA VING TO UNIT entrance paving to unit43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT basketball court44.网球场TENNIS COURT tennis court45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATW ALL/PLANTER terracing seat wall / planter 46.广场MAIN PLAZA main plaza47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN W ATERFALL forest garden waterfall48.石景园ROCKERY GARDEN rockery garden49.旱溪DRY STREAM dry stream50.凉亭PA VILION Pavilion51.户外淋浴OUTDOOR SHOWER outdoor shower52.拉膜结构TENSILE STRUCTURE tensile structure53.台阶STAIR stair54.高尔夫球车停车场PARKING ( GOLF CAR ) parking ( golf car )55.健身站EXERCISE STATION exercise station56.晨跑小路JOGGING FOOTPA TH jogging footpath57.车道/人行道DRIVEW AY /SIDEW ALK driveway /sidewalk58.人行漫步道PROMENADE promenade59.瀑布及跳舞喷泉(入口广场)WATER FALL AND DANCING water fall and dancing FOUNTAIN ( ENTRY PLAZA ) fountain ( entry plaza )60.特色入口ENTRY FEATURE entry feature61.石景广场ROCKERY PLAZA rockery plaza中国古典园林------classical Chinese garden中国传统园林-------traditional Chinese garden中国古代园林-------ancient Chinese garden中国山水园----------Chinese mountain and water garden帝王宫苑--------- imperial palace garden皇家园林----------royal garden私家园林-----------private garden江南园林--------------garden on the Yangtze Delta西方古典园林---------------western classical garden英国式园林-------------------- English style garden中英混合式园林--------------Anglo-Chinese style garden意大利式园林------------------ Italian style garden西班牙式园林----------------Spanish style garden法兰西式园林------------------French style garden勒诺特尔式园林---------------Le Notre's style garden文艺复兴庄园--------------------Renaissance style garden洛可可式园林-----------------------Rococo style garden巴洛克式园林---------------------Baroque style garden庄园--------------------------manor, villa garden廊柱园-----------------------peristyle garden, patio绿廊----------------------------xystus迷阵-----------------------------maze, labyrinth灵囿-------------------------- Ling You Hunting Garden 周代术语灵沼---------------Ling Zhao Water Garden 周代术语灵台---------------Ling Tai Platform Garden 周代术语阿房宫-------------E-Pang Palace 秦代术语上林苑---------------Shang-Lin Yuan 汉代术语未央宫---------------Wei-Yang Palace 汉代术语洛阳宫----------------Luoyang Palace 魏代术语华清宫----------------Hua-Qing Palace 唐代术语艮岳-------------------Gen Yue Imperial Garden 宋代术语圆明园----------------Yuan-Ming Yuan Imperial Garden颐和园-------------------Yi-HE Y uan Imperial Garden承德避暑山庄---------------Chengde Imperial Summer Resort苏州园林----------------------Suzhou traditional garden悬园----------- Hanging Garden 又称“悬空园”，“架高园”。
城乡规划专业词汇
城乡规划专业词汇英汉对照表urban planning城市规划town planning城镇规划act of urban planning城市规划法urban comprehensive planning城市总体规划urban detailed planning城市详细规划Residential district detailed planning修建性详规regulatory detailed planning控制性详规regional planning区域规划urban system planning城镇体系规划urban sociology城市社会学urban economic城市经济学urban geography城市地理学urban infrastructure planning城市基础设施规划water supply and drainage, electricity supply, road building城市供水、供电、道路修建urban road system and transportation planning城市道路系统和交通规划urban road cross-section城市道路横断面urban road cross-section城市道路横断面urban management information system城市管理信息系统GIS=geography information system地理信息系统RS=remote sensing遥感Gardening==Landscape architecture园林=营造景观学Urban landscape planning and design城市景观规划和设计Urban green space system planning城市绿地系统规划Urban design城市设计Land-use planning土地利用规划The cultural and historic city历史文化名城Protection planning保护规划Urbanization城市化Suburbanization郊区化Public participation公众参与Sustainable development(sustainability)可持续性发展（可持续性）Over-all urban layout城市整体布局Pedestrian crossing人行横道Human scale人体尺寸Street furniture街道小品sculpture, fountain, teabar雕塑、喷泉、茶吧Traffic and parking交通与停车Landscape node景观节点Spatial structure空间转移Labor force劳动力Renewable可再生Biosphere生物圈Planned citiesBlueprints蓝图License执照，许可证Minerals矿物Hydroelectric power source水利资源Monuments纪念物High-rise apartment高层建筑物Lawn草地Pavement人行道Sidewalk人行道Winding street曲折的路Water supply and drainageA water supply for a town城市给水系统Storage reservoir水库，蓄水库Distribution reservoir水库，配水库Distribution pipes配水管网Water engineer给水工程师Distribution system配水系统Catchment area汇水面积Open channel明渠Sewerage system污水系统，排污体制Separate分流制Combined合流制Rainfall降水Domestic waste生活污水Industrial waste工业污水Stream flow河流流量Runoff径流Treatment plant处理厂Sub-main次干管Branch sewer支管City water department城市供水部门Urban fabric城市结构Urban form城市形体Warehouse仓库Material processing center原料加工中心Religious edifices宗教建筑Correctional institution教养院Transportation interface交通分界面CBD=central business district城市中心商业区Public agencies of parking停车公共管理机构Energy conservation节能Individual building单一建筑Mega-structures大型建筑Mega-大，百万，强Megalopolis特大城市Megaton百万吨Megalopolis特大城市Megaton百万吨Residence land居住用地Commercial land商业用地红色Manufacture land工业用地紫褐色Warehouse land仓储用地紫色Transportation land交通用地蓝灰色Square land道路广场用地留白处理Utilities land市政公共设施用地接近蓝灰色Greenspace land绿地绿色Particular land特殊用地Corporate公司的，法人的Corporation公司企业Accessibility可达性；易接近Service radius服务半径Urban problemDimension大小Descendant子孙，后代Luxury奢侈Dwelling住所Edifices建筑群Residence居住Employment工作Recreation休憩Transportation交通Swallow吞咽，燕子Urban fringes城市边缘Anti-前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro-前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American亲美的pro-education 重教育的Grant助学金，基金Sewage污水Sewer污水管Anti-前缀，反对……的；如：antinuclear反核的anticlockwise逆时针的Pro-前缀，支持，同意……的；如：pro-American亲美的pro-education 重教育的Grant助学金，基金Sewage污水Sewer污水管Sewage treatment plant污水处理厂Brain drain人才流失Drainage area汇水面积Traffic flow交通量Traffic concentration交通密度Traffic control交通管制Traffic bottleneck交通瓶颈地段Traffic island交通岛（转盘）Traffic point city交通枢纽城市Train-make-up编组站Urban redevelopment旧城改造Urban revitalization城市复苏The city and regionAdaptable适应性强的Organic entity有机体Department stores百货商店Opera歌剧院Symphony交响乐团Cathedrals教堂Density密度Circulation循环Elimination of water水处理措施In three-dimensional form三维的Condemn谴责Rural area农村地区Regional planning agencies区域规划机构Service-oriented以服务为宗旨的Frame of reference参考标准Distribute分类Water area水域Alteration变更Circulation循环Condemn谴责Inhabitants居民Motorway高速公路。
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单词：Urban form 城市形态Individual buildings 单体建筑Open spaces 开敞空间Sense of belonging 归属感Cityscape 城市景观developing landscape policies 发展景观规划green space system 绿色空间系统landscape framework 景观框架Climate change and the greenhouse effect（气候变化和温室效应）Wastewater treatment（废水处理）Low-carbon economy 低碳经济段落：1.From a visual and aesthetic perspective, Lynch, in his book The Image of the City(1960), identified five types of elements. They are:(1)Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads⋯(2)Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls⋯(3)Districts, which are recognizable with same common character.(4)Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions[a1] ,places of break in transportation⋯(5)Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign,mountain or monument.翻译：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作《城市意象》中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。
2.Above all, urban design is a significant approach that takes care of the urban built environment for creating a sustainable urban form.翻译：最重要的是，城市设计是一个重要的方法，它处理的是城市建成环境的问题，以创造一个可持续的城市形态。
3.The development of comprehensive[111] landscape policies, which integrate[112] the visual and functional dimensions[113] of landscape, and the traditions[114] of landscape assessment[115] and landscape ecology, must be an essential[116] part of any local planning authority's drive for design and environmental quality.[111]全面的 [112]综合[113]范畴[114]惯例[115]评估、估定[116]必需的翻译：全面景观政策的发展，综合了景观的视觉和功能的范畴，并且景观评估和景观生态的惯例应当是任何地区规划权威设计规划和环境质量动力的一个必要的组成部分。
4.Such policies still need a national landscape ecological planning framework, such as the German system provides, to give them a consistent[111] scientific basis and statutory[112] weight[113], but in the meantime progress[114] can be made towards giving the visual and functional dimensions of landscape appropriate weight as a design consideration.[111]协调的 [112]法令的[113]砝码[114]进展翻译：这些政策仍旧需要一个国家级的景观生态规划框架，像是德国系统指导体系，来给这些政策提供协调的科学基础和法规衡量，但是同时，要加强对景观规划中视觉和功能范畴的完善，使其成为作为设计考量的适宜的衡量体系。
5.Public interest is different at different time and place. I would like to see it as a kind of practice-based knowledge, which is diversified[a1] and enriched [a2] as well as corrected gradually[a3] .[a1]多种变化的 [a2]丰富[a3]逐渐地翻译：公众利益因时因地而不同。
我愿将它看成是一种基于实践的知识。
这一知识是多变的，并且逐渐地丰富和正确起来。
每个人都是平等的，这被写入了“独立宣言”。
6.Levels of all key greenhouse gases (with the possible exception of water vapour) are rising asa direct result of human activity.翻译：由于人类活动的直接，所有主要的温室气体与水蒸气的可能异常的级别在不断提高。
7.The climate system must adjust to rising greenhouse gas levels to keep the global energy budget in balance.翻译：气候系统必须适应温室气体浓度上升保持全球能源预算平衡。
8.Will the environmental crises of this century threaten world stability?翻译：这个世纪的环境危机将威胁世界稳定吗?9.In recent years, public awareness of the consequences of environmental disasters has increased throughout the world with broad recognition of the importance of international, cooperative efforts to help prevent such threats to large populations.有道翻译：近年来，公众对环境灾害后果的认识增加了整个世界的国际重要性的广泛认可，协同努力以帮助防止大量这样的威胁。
林芙翻译：近年来广泛承认的国际、合作的努力，以帮助防止这种威胁，人口众多的重要性与世界各地增加了公众对环境灾害的后果。
10. Within this suggested framework, population growth and urban poverty as such[a1] are not considered (as) environmental security issues. [a1] as such（本身）；翻译：在此建议框架中,人口增长和城市贫困本身不作为环境安全问题。
11.Models have been constructed that show how these environmental stresses are linked through political, economic, social, and demographic consequences to instability and conflict.翻译：模型已建成，显示如何通过不稳定和冲突的政治、经济、社会和人口后果链接这些环境的压力。
12.Another important security dimension is the relationship between environmental problems and international agreements（国际协定）.翻译：另一个重要的安全维度是环境问题和国际协议之间的关系作业题：1.Brainstorming[a1] ：Ask members to think of any ideas that come to mind. List all the ideas without evaluation[a2] or judgment. The quantity, not the quality, is what matters. Ideas can be discussed later for practicality. Sometimes unlikely or seemingly ridiculous ideas lead to a more practical idea which would otherwise not have been considered.[a1]妙主意 [a2]估价、评价翻译：让成员（认真地）考虑进入思想中的任何一个主意。
不经过评价和判断的把这些主意列举出来。
量而不是质才是关键。
主意的实践性过后将被讨论。
有时，不可能是真实的或者看起来荒谬的主意，其未被注意过，将可能会是个很实际的主意。
2.A Planning Policy Guidance Note on landscape is an essential prerequisite[111] for improving landscape design. In the short term[112] it needs to focus on many of the procedural[113]shortcomings[114] of the current system, particularly the ability to protect important sites and features. In the long term[115] it needs to set the framework for fully fledged[116] ecological planning, which will integrate the visual and functional dimensions of landscape and will provide one of the key planks[117] of sustainable development.[111]前提、先决条件[112]短期内[113]程序上的 [114]短处、缺点[115]长期上[116]养育[117]支撑物翻译：PPG注释中关于景观设计的部分是改进景观设计的一个必不可少的前提。