资源环境与城乡规划管理大四英语重点翻译(最终版)
环境工程专业英语复习资料英翻中
Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us；that which we can see，hear，touch，smell，and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地，在那里我们可以看到，听到，触到，闻到和品尝到。
System，according to webster’s dictionary，is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole；as，a solar system，irrigation system，supply system，the world or universe”.系统，依据韦伯斯特的字典，被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供水系统，世界或宇宙”。
Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical，chemical，or biological characteristics of the air，water，or land that can harmfully affect the health，survival，or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康，生存，活动的人或其它生物体的空气，水，或土地的物理，化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化，。
Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
环境资源与相关词汇中英文对照
环境资源与相关词汇中英文对照大气 atmosphere大气组成 atmospheric composition空气质量 air quality大气化学 atmospheric chemistry大气成分 atmospheric components大气颗粒物 atmospheric particulates二氧化碳 carbon dioxide温室气体 greenhouse gases氧气 oxygen臭氧层 ozone layer大气过程 atmospheric processes空气－水相互作用 air-water interaction大气环流 atmospheric circulation大气降水 atmospheric precipitation碳循环 carbon cycle蒸发作用 evaporation降水增加 precipitation enhancement降雨 rainfall太阳辐射 solar radiation蒸腾作用 transpiration风 winds空气污染 air pollution酸雨 acid rain空气污染物 air pollutants氯氟碳 chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物 deposited particulate matter 飞灰 fly ash雾 fog薄烟 haze空内空气污染 indoor air pollution 烟雾 smog气候问题 climatic issues农业气象学 agrometeorology气候 climate气候变化 climatic change气候带 climatic zones干旱 drought全球变暖 global warming温室效应 greenhouse effect湿度 humidity微气候影响 microclimate effects海平面上升 sea level rise人工影响天气 weather modification 岩石圈 lithosphere固态地球 solid earth洞穴 caves地震活动 seismic activity地震监测 seismic monitoring火山 volcanoes风蚀 wind erosion陆地生态系统 terrestrial ecosystems 土壤 soils农用土地 agricultural land碱地 alkali lands污染的土地 contaminated land污染的土壤 contaminated soil沙坑 gravel pits荒地 heath lands土地承载能力 land carrying capacity土地污染 land pollution土地开垦 land reclamation土地恢复 land restoration土地使用分类 land use classification边缘土地 marginal lands沙石开采 sand extraction沉积 sedimentation土壤潜力 soil capabilities土壤保持 soil conservation土壤污染 soil contamination土壤退化 soil degradation土壤侵蚀 soil erosion土壤改良 soil improvement土壤盐碱化 soil salination水蚀 water erosion干旱地区生态系统 arid land ecosystems干旱土地 arid lands沙漠化 desertification抗旱 drought control旱作 dry farming沙丘固定 sand dune fixation沙丘 sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统 semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统 forest ecosystems植树造林 afforestation针叶林 coniferous forests森林砍伐 deforestation森林保护 forest conservation森林火灾 forest fires草地火灾 grass fires绿化带 greenbelts本地森林 indigenous forests再造林 reafforestation植被恢复 revegetation亚热带生态系统 sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林 temperate forests温带林地 temperate woodlands树木 trees热带生态系统 tropical ecosystems热带森林 tropical forests热带森林生态系统 tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统 woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统 temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems南极生态系统 antarctic ecosystems南极地区 antarctic region北极生态系统 arctic ecosystems北极地区 arctic region寒带生态系统 cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统 grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统 permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统 polar ecosystems温带生态系统 temperate ecosystems山地生态系统 mountain ecosystems高原生态系统 highland ecosystems登山运动 mountaineering湿地生态系统 wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽 mangrove swamps水禽 waterfowl水涝地 waterlogged lands流域管理 watershed management水边开发 waterside development生物多样性和保护区 biological diversity and protected areas 适应性强的物种 adaptable species藻类 algae两栖动物 amphibians动物习性 animal behaviour动物资源 animal resources节肢动物 arthropods生物多样性 biological diversity生物资源 biological resources生物圈保护区 biosphere reserves群落生境 biotopes鸟类 birds植物园 botanical gardens基因资源保护 conservation of genetic resources生态平衡 ecological balance濒危动物物种 endangered animal species濒危植物物种 endangered plant species河口保护区 estuarine conservation areas动物区系 fauna植物区系 flora食物链 food chain捕猎 hunting无脊椎动物 invertebrates陆地哺乳动物 land mammals哺乳动物 mammals海洋保护区 marine conservation areas微生物 microorganisms移栖种 migratory species国家公园 national parks国家保护区 national reserves寄生生物 parasites愉猎 poaching灵长目 primates保护区 protected areas受保护的物种 protected species爬行动物 reptiles陆地生物资源 terrestrial biological resources 植被 vegetation杂草 weeds野生生物 wildlife野生生物保护 wildlife conservation野生生物生境 wildlife habitats动物园 zoological gardens细菌 bacteria酶 enzymes真菌 fungi基因库 gene banks种质 germ plasm微生物资源 microbial resources原生生物 protozoa病毒 viruses酵母 yeasts生物技术问题 biotechnological issues农业生物技术 agricultural biotechnologies 生物伦理学 bioethics生物安全 biosafety生物技术 biotechnologies无性繁殖 cloning与健康有关的生物技术 health-related biotechnologies诱变剂 mutagens突变微生物释放 mutated microorganisms release突变体 mutants繁殖控制 reproductive manipulationdna重组技术 recombinant dna technology动物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖 selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会－经济影响socio-economic impact of biotechnologies致畸剂 teratogens淡水 freshwater淡水资源 freshwater resources谈水保护 conservation of freshwater水坝 dams冰 ice湖泊 lakes自然排水系统 natural drainage systems河流流域开发 river basin development河流 rivers雪 snow地下水 subterranean water地表水 surface waters水资源保护 water resources conservation水资源开发 water resources development淡水生态系统 freshwater ecosystems集水区 catchment areas国际河流流域 international river basins湖泊流域 lake basins池塘尾渣 ponds tailings河流流域 river basins淡水恶化 freshwater degradation河流污染 river pollution径流 run-off沉积物移动 sediment mobilization沉积物运移 sediment transport沉积盆地 sedimentary basins渗漏 seepage凤眼蓝 water hyacinth水污染 water pollution水的盐化 water salination饮用水供应 drinking water supply脱盐 desalination饮用水 drinking water饮用水处理 drinking water treatment城市配水系统 municipal water distribution systems 农村供水 rural water supply污水处理厂 sewage treatment plants水泵 water pumps水处理 water treatment水井 water wells海洋环境 marine environments海洋生态系统 marine ecosystems藻花 algal bloom海底生态系统 benthic ecosystems海洋污染 marine pollution污染沉积物 marine sediments海洋环境 ocean circulation洋流 ocean currents海洋 oceans海洋温度 ocean temperature赤潮 red tide海平面 sea level潮,潮汐 tides沿海生态系统 coastal ecosystems群岛 archipelagoes沿海地区 coastal areas沿海开发 coastal development沿海环境 coastal environments海岸侵蚀 coastal erosion疏浚 dredging河口生态系统 estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统 island ecosystems小岛屿 small islands海洋生物资源 living marine resources水生哺乳动物 aquatic mammals水生微生物 aquatic microorganisms水生植物 aquatic plants珊瑚礁 coral reefs甲壳纲动物 crustaceans鱼类 fish海洋资源保护 marine resources conservation 软体动物 molluscs水生贝壳类动物 shellfish环境管理 environmental management资源管理 resources management深海矿藏 deep sea deposits森林管理 forest management森林政府 forest policy资源的地埋分布 geographic distribution of resources土地价值 land values矿产资源 mineral resources国家保护计划 national conservation programmes自然资源 natural resources自然保护 nature conservation不可再生资源 non-renewable resources资源净损耗 net resource depletion矿床 ore deposits石油资源保护 petroleum resources conservation可再生资源 renewable resources资源估价 resource appraisal资源保护 resource conservation海底开发 sea bed exploitation海底采矿 sea bed mining本地资源的利用 utilization of local resources环境规划 environmental planning发展合作 development cooperation发展计划 development planning生态发展 ecodevelopment经济发展 economic development经济计划 economic planning环境核算 environmental accounting环境审计 environmental auditing环境健康影响评价 environmental health impact assessment 环境影响 environmental impact环境影响评价 environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书 environmental impact statement环境指标 environmental indicators环境政策 environmental policy环境风险评估 environmental risk assessment财政资助 financial assistance土地利用规划 land use planning环境管理指标 environmental management indicators环境质量指标 environmental quality indicators试验项目 pilot projects政策规划 policy planning施压集团 pressure groups区域规划 regional planning自助计划 self-help programmes工农业选址 siting of industry社会调查 social surveys发展状况 status of development可持续发展 sustainable development可持续发展指标 sustainable development indicators技术评价 technology assessment运输计划 transport planning环境经济问题 environmental economic issues环境定价 environmental valuation环境成本 environmental costs外部 externalities重置成本 replacement costs贸易对环境的影响 trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分 valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段 economic management instruments成本-效益分析 cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务 developing countries debt环境股票交易 environmental stock exchange政府环境开支 government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段 green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化 internalisation of environmental costs 以绿色标志促销 marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策 pricing policies of resources结构调整计划 structural adjustment programs税收差别 tax differentiation可交易的许可证 tradeable permits人类住区 human settlements人类住区管理 human settlements management建成区 built-up areas经济规划 economic zoning用火安全要求 fire safety requirements历史遗址 historical sites住房改善 housing improvements住房需求 housing needs住房规划 housing programmes住房质量标准 housing quality standards工业区 industrial areas非高峰时间工作 off-peak working办公室 offices城区发展模式 patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展 planned urban development再建房屋 rehousing租赁房屋 rental housing居民区 residential areas建筑安全标准 safety standards for buildings商店 shops建筑业标准 standards for building industry城区设计 urban design建成结构 built structures桥梁 bridges建筑材料 building materials建筑物 buildings建筑技术 building technology施工技术 construction technology建筑工程 construction works农业建筑 farm buildings政府建筑 government buildings高层建筑 high-rise buildings工业建筑 industrial buildings本地建筑材料 local materials for building拖车住房 mobile homes核研究中心 nuclear research centres装配式房屋 prefabricated buildings结构 structures隔热 thermal insulation基础设施 infrastructure通道 access roads水上娱乐活动 aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放 automobile parking建成的排水系统 built drainage systems电力分配 electric power distribution公共花园 public gardens公路 highways空地 open spaces管道 pipelines运动场 playgrounds公园 public parks公用事业 public utilities道路建设 road construction道路养护 road maintenance体育设施 sports facilities电信 telecommunications运输系统 transport systems隧道 tunnels城市供水 urban water supply公共服务 public services人类住区的社会－经济方面 socio-economic aspects of human settlements生育控制 birth control社区服务 community services社区参与 community participation通勤 commuting消费方式 consumption patterns文化指标 cultural indicators发展模式 development patterns残疾人 disabled persons毒品滥用 drug abuse生态旅游 ecotourism计划生育 family planning性别问题 gender issues无家可归 homelessness住房集资 housing finance人类迁居 human migration人口 human population人权 human rights土地分配 land allotment生活方式 lifestyles低价住房 low-cost housing流动工人 migrant workers少数民族 minorities社区改善计划 neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区 new communities流浪者 nomads非高峰时间通勤 off-peak commuting公共卫生 public health种族关系 race relations娱乐 recreation农村地区 rural areas环境卫生 sanitation社会指数 social indicators社会-经济因素 socio-economic factors旅游 tourism旅行 travel贫困阶层 under-privileged people城市地区 urban areas城区改造 urban renewal城区压力 urban stress妇女地位 women status人类住区的环境方面environmental aspects of human settlements空调 air conditioning尸体处置 disposal of the dead区城供热 district heating住房密度 housing density过度拥挤 overcrowding难民 refugees旅游设施 tourist facilities城市衰败 urban decay农业 agriculture农业方式 agricultural practices农业设备 agricultural equipment农业管理 agricultural management农业方法 agricultural methods农业害虫 agricultural pests农业生产 agricultural production农业储藏 agricultural storage动物疾病 animal diseases动物营养 animal nutrition养蜂业 apiculture水产养殖 aquaculture害虫的生物控制 biological control of pests 生物固氮 biological nitrogen fixation堆肥 composts等高耕作 contour farming受控燃烧 controlled burning作物保护 crop protection挽畜 draught animals鱼类养殖 fish culture渔业管理 fisheries management谷物 grains作物虫害传染 infestation of crops粮食虫害传染 infestation of food灌溉 irrigation灌溉渠 irrigation canals灌溉农业 irrigation farming天然肥料 natural fertilizers有机农业 organic farming病虫害控制 pest management杀虫剂标准控制 pesticide control standards 植物病害 plant diseases家禽饲养 poultry farming林农轮作 shifting cultivation树木苗圃 tree nurseries滴灌 trickle irrigation农工业 agro-industry畜产品 animal products饮料工业 beverage industry酿造业 brewing industry蒸馏业 distilling industry食品辐照 food irradiation食品保存 food preservation食品贮藏 food storage食品运输 food transport林产品 forest products烟草 tobacco农用化学品 agrochemicals化学肥料 chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂 fungicides除草剂 herbicides杀虫剂的代谢 metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐 nitrates亚硝酸盐 nitrites亚硝胺 nitrosamines营养物 nutrients有机磷化物 organophosphorous compounds 杀虫剂的持久性 persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径 pesticide pathways杀虫剂 pesticides磷酸盐 phosphates杀虫剂的毒性 toxicity of pesticides 杀虫剂的使用 utilization of pesticides工业 industry工业生产过程 industrial processes制铝工业 aluminium industry适用技术 appropriate technology高炉 blast furnaces纤维素 cellulose化学工业 chemical industry清洁技术 clean technologies服装工业 clothing industry乳品业 dairy industry脱盐工厂 desalination plants干洗 dry cleaning炼铁工业 iron industry洗烫衣服 laundering皮革工业 leather industry金属加工 metal finishing金属电镀 metal plating金属冶炼 metal smelting矿产业 mineral industry采矿 mining天然气开采 natural gas extraction原油开采 oil extraction石油提炼 petroleum refining印刷工业 printing industry纸浆工业 pulp industry采石 quarrying橡胶加工 rubber processing炼钢工业 steel industry露天剥采 strip mining焦油生产 tar production焦油使用 tar use木材保存 wood preservation工业产品 industrial products消费品 consumer goods危险品 dangerous goods工业材料 industrial materials天然纤维 natural fibres包装 packaging涂料 paints产品标签 product labelling可再用容器 reusable containers合成洗涤剂 synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维 synthetic textile fibres漆 varnishes木产品 wood products运输 transportation空运 air transportation空中交通规则 air traffic regulations飞机 aircraft飞机发动机排放物 aircraft engine emissions 飞机噪音 aircraft noise机场 airports航天运输 space transportation陆上运输 land transportation自行车 bicycles内燃机 combustion engines铁路运输 railway transport道路安全 road safety道路交通工程 road traffic engineering 道路运输 road transport道路 roads城市交通 urban traffic车辆检验 vehicle inspection水上运输 water transportation渔轮 fishing vessels内河运输 inland water transport内陆水道 inland waterways国际水道 international watercourses 海运 maritime transport航运的危害 navigational hazards油轮 oil tankers港口 ports潜水艇 submarines能 energy能源 energy sources动物粪便作燃料 animal dung as fuel 沼气 biogas生物量 biomass生物质能 biomass energy木炭 charcoal煤 coal原油 crude oil能源资源 energy resources浓缩铀 enriched uranium矿物燃料 fossil fuels燃料酒精 fuel alcohol薪柴 fuel wood地热能 geothermal energy碳氢化合物 hydrocarbon compounds烃 hydrocarbons水电 hydroelectric power液化气 liquefied gas甲烷 methane天然气 natural gas可再生能源 renewable energy sources不可再生能源 non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源 non-polluting energy sources核能 nuclear energy核燃料 nuclear fuels油类 oils油页岩 oil shales泥炭、泥煤 peat汽油 petrols从废料中提取的燃料 refuse derived fuels太阳能 solar energy焦油砂 tar sands海洋热能 thermal sea power潮汐能 tidal energy铀 uranium波浪能 wave energy风能 wind energy能源过程 energy processes煤气化 coal gasification煤液化 coal liquefaction电力 electric power发电厂 electric power plants蓄电装置 electrical storage devices能源保护 energy conservation能源转换 energy conversion能源效率 energy efficiency能源政策 energy policy能源生产 energy production能源利用 energy use能源利用方式 energy utilization patterns 气体液化 gas liquefaction照明 lighting天然气勘探 natural gas exploration核能利用 nuclear energy uses核电站 nuclear power plants近海石油钻探 offshore oil drilling石油勘探 oil exploration日照加热 solar heating环境化学 environmental chemistry无机物质 inorganic substances酸 acids氧化铝 alumina氯 chlorine盐酸 hydrochloric acid硫化氢 hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐 sulphates硫酸 sulphuric acid光化学试剂 photochemical agents光化学效应 photochemical effects有机物质 organic substances有机硅化合物 organosilicon compounds酚 phenols外激素，信息素 pheromones植物油 vegetable oils生物化学过程 biochemical processes酸化 acidification需氧过程 aerobic processes厌氧过程 anaerobic processes生物降解 biodegradation脱氮作用 denitrification富营氧化 eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用 interaction of pesticides 电离辐射 ionizing radiation代谢（作用），新陈代谢（作用） metabolism 固氮 nitrogen fixation非电离辐射 non-ionizing radiation光合作用 photosynthesis物理－化学过程 physico-chemical processes 放射性 radioactivity毒性 toxicity污染 pollution污染物 pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂 aerosols农业废物 agricultural wastes石棉 asbestos商业噪音 commercial noise混合污染 composite pollution作物废物 crop waste二恶英 dioxins农家场院废物 farmyard waste火、火灾 fire危险物质 hazardous substances危险废物 hazardous wastes重金属 heavy metals医院废物 hospital wastes工业废水 industrial effluents工业排放物 industrial emissions工业烟尘 industrial fumes工业噪声 industrial noise无机污染物 inorganic pollutants铅污染 lead contamination液体废物 liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物 litter汞污染 mercury contamination微污染物 micropollutants采矿废物 mining wastes机动车辆排放物 motor vehicle emissions城市废物 municipal waste氮氧化物 nitrogen oxides噪声污染 noise pollution恶臭公害 odour nuisance有机物污染 organic pollutants难降解有机污染物 persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂 organic solvents有机卤化物 organohalogen compounds医药废物 pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物 plastic wastes多氯联苯 polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物 polymer wastes放射性物质 radioactive substances氡 radon橡胶废物 rubber waste锯屑 sawdust污水 sewage屠宰场废物 slaughterhouse waste 固体废物 solid wastes热污染 thermal pollution有毒物质 toxic substances有毒废物 toxic waste毒素 toxins痕量元素 trace elements痕量物质 trace materials交通噪音 traffic noise废物，垃圾 trash废热 waste heat木材废料 wood waste对流层臭氧 tropospheric ozone 污染源 pollution sources生物武器 biological weapons水泥工业 cement industry化学武器 chemical weapons烟囱 chimneys冷却水 cooling waters机动车辆 motor vehicles摩托车 motorcycles核武器 nuclear weapons海洋倾倒 ocean dumping石油泄漏 oil spills废金属 scrap metals挖掘堆积 excavation heaps污染治理 pollution abatement隔音 acoustic insulation化学污染清除 chemical decontamination燃料脱硫 desulphurization of fuels过滤器 filters噪音治理 noise abatement污染治理设备 pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术 pollution control technology辐射防护 radiation protection洗涤器 scrubbers分离器 separators防烟 smoke prevention废物最少化 waste minimization废物 wastes电池处理 battery disposal废物的化学处理 chemical treatment of waste 处置场所 disposal sites废物焚烧 incineration of waste矿山回填 mine filling残油回收 oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理 radioactive waste management 回收的材料 recycled materials回收 recycling材料再利用 reuse of materials卫生填埋 sanitary landfills海洋排泄口 sea outfall化粪池 septic tanks污水处置 sewage disposal污水处理系统 sewage treatment systems固体废物处置 solid waste disposal废物同化处置 waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术 waste conversion techniques废物处置 waste disposal废物土地处置 waste disposal in the ground废物处置税 waste disposal taxes废物回收 waste recovery废物利用 waste use水的再利用 water reuse人体健康 human health污染物的危害 hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累 accumulation in body tissues镉污染 cadmium contamination环境健康危害 environmental health hazards人体接触污染物 human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应 long-term effects of pollutants核安全 nuclear safety污染物的影响 pollutant effects污染风险 pollution risk辐射效应 radiation effects药物的副作用 side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应 synergistic effects of toxic substances 与环境有关的疾病 environmentally related diseases致癌物 carcinogens南美锥虫病 chagas'' disease人类的疾病 human diseases免疫疾病 immunological diseases婴儿死亡率 infant mortality疟疾 malaria盘尾丝虫病 onchocerciasis病原生物体 pathogenic organisms辐射病 radiation sickness血吸虫病 schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介 vectors of human diseases 工作环境 working environment人机工程学 ergonomics职业健康 occupational health职业安全 occupational safety振动 vibration营养与保健 nutrition and health care过敏素 allergens基本食物要求 basic food requirements食品 food食品添加剂 food additives食用色素 food colourants食品污染 food contamination保健 health care卫生设施 health facilities高蛋白食品 high protein foods医院 hospitals营养不良 malnutrition医疗 medical treatment药用植物 medicinal plants营养 nutrition食品的营养价值 nutritive value of food毒物 poisons吸烟 smoking主食 staple foods传统保健 traditional health care灾难 disasters灾难现象 catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放 accidental release of organisms 雪崩 avalanches旋风 cyclones沙漠蝗虫 desert locusts地震 earthquakes环境事故 environmental accidents流行病 epidemics洪水 floods飓风 hurricanes山崩 landslides人为灾难 human-made disasters核事故 nuclear accidents放射性污染 radioactive contamination释放 release地震海浪 seismic sea waves泄漏 spillage暴风雨 storms台风 typhoons应急减灾措施 emergency relief measures灾难清理作业 disaster clean-up operations防灾准备 disaster preparedness防灾 disaster prevention灾难救援 disaster relief流离失所人员 displaced persons紧急救援 emergency relief应急避难所 emergency shelter环境应急计划 environmental contingency planning 防洪 flood control放射性污染清除 radioactive decontamination临时住房 temporary housing临时避难所 temporary shelter生境破坏 habitat destruction陆地活动 land-based activities自然改变 physical alterations监测 monitoring环境监测 environmental monitoring生物指标 biological indicators生态标志 ecolabelling污染物鉴别 identification of pollutants噪声监制 noise monitoring污染物分析 pollutant analysis污染物分布 pollutant distribution污染物浓度 pollutant levels污染物监测 pollutant monitoring污染物路径 pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别 pollutant source identification 污染监测 pollution monitoring辐射监测 radiation monitoring交通监测 traffic monitoring监测数据 monitoring data空气质量管理 air quality management大气监测 atmospheric monitoring本底监测 baseline monitoring环境标准 environmental criteria环境评价 environmental assessment部门评价 sectoral assessment环境统计 environmental statistics森林资源评估 forest resource assessment洪水监测 freshwater monitoring工业生产统计 industrial production statistics长期预报 long-term forecasting长期趋势 long-term trends海洋监测 marine monitoring监测基准 monitoring criteria污染基准 pollution criteria污染标准 pollution norms质量控制 quality control水盾 water quality天气监测 weather monitoring天气预报 weather prediction野生生物种群统计 wildlife population statistics监测技术 monitoring techniques分析设备 analytical equipment大气模型 atmospheric models自动检测 automatic detection测量仪器的标定 calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析 chromatographic analysis气象色谱法 gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计 modelling监测仪器 monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术 radioactive tracer techniques采样技术 sampling techniques模拟 simulation河道观测 stream measurement毒理测定 toxicological testing报警系统 warning systems监测系统 monitoring systems环境法 environmental law国内立法 national legislation农业立法 agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施 antipollution incentives环境犯罪 environmental crimes环境激励措施 environmental incentives环境责任 environmental liability环境过失 environmental misconduct环境质量标准 environmental quality standards环境补贴 environmental subsidies林业立法 forestry legislation健康立法 health legislation住房立法 housing legislation工业立法 industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚 penalties for environmental damage污染者付费原则 polluter-pays principle污染控制法规 pollution control regulations污染责任 pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取 public access to land法规控制 regulatory control国际环境关系 international environmental relations入海通道 access to the sea双边协定 bilateral conventions环境安全 environmental security环境破坏行为 environmental vandalism环境冲突 environmental warfare危险废物的出口 export of hazardous wastes全球性公约 global conventions国际标准化 international standardization国际贸易 international trade国际性重要的失态系统 internationally important ecosystems 海洋事故的责任 liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任 liability for nuclear damages军事活动 military activity事先知情同意 prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告prior notification for hazardous waste transport区域性公约 regional conventions技术转让 technology transfer贸易避垒 trade barriers越境污染 trans-frontier pollution危险物质的运输 transport of hazardous materials环境信息 environmental information信息基础设施 information infrastructure图书馆 library信息中心 information centre数据中心 data centre培训中心 training centre因特网服务提供商 internet service provider信息网络 information networks环境术语 environmental terminology电子信息网络 electronic information network广域网 wide area network因特网 internet万维网 world wide web主页 homepage超文本 hypertext公告牌系统 bulletin board system新闻组 newsgroup邮寄清单 mailing list电子函件 electronic mail信息技术 information technology多媒体技术 multimedia technology遥感中心 remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室 gis laboratory环境意识 environmental awareness公共信息 public information新闻发布 press release视听演示 audio-visual presentation信息工具包 information kit录象 video展示 exhibit照片 photograph新闻通讯 newsletter广播节目 radio programme电视节目 television programme环境教育 environmental education环境培训 environmental training公共关系 public relations联络渠道 communication channels信息系统 information systems文献目录信息系统 bibliographic information system 文献目录信息 bibliographic information技术信息 technical information本地知识 indigenous knowledge信息查询系统 referral information system供查询的信息 referral information统计信息系统 statistical information system统计信息 statistical information术语 terminology同义词 thesaurus分类 classification图书馆服务 library services查阅服务 reference service文件编索引 indexing of documentation文件出错 document lending图书馆之间的借贷 inter-library loan信息的选择性传播 selective dissemination of information 光盘只读存储查询服务 cd-rom search service因特网查询服务 internet search service信息服务 information services在线服务 on-line services信息交流中心 information clearing-house数据处理 data processing数据收集 data collection数据记录技术 data recording techniques信息处理 information processing专家系统 expert system决策支持系统 decision-support system软件开发 software development数据库 database相关数据库 relational database信息交换 information exchange与地学有关的信息 geo-referenced information遥感 remote sensing多谱线扫描器 multispectral scanner分辨率 resolution像素 pixel谱带 spectral bands红外线 infrared紫外线 ultraviolet雷达 radar轨迹 path景物确认 scene identification图象处理数字系统 image processing digital systems 数字图象处理技术 digital image processing techniques 图象识别 pattern recognition镶嵌图案 mosaics图象滤光 image filtering图象增强 image enhancement几何修正 geometric corrections影像配准 image registration图象分类 image classification受监视的图象分类 supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类 unsupervised image classification 彩色组成 colour composition大气修正 atmospheric corrections地理信息系统 geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统 gis digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式 gis digital formats矢量 vector点 point线 lines多边形 polygons光栅 raster属性 attributes地理信息系统的数字技术 gis digital techniques内插 interpolation布网格 gridding光栅到矢量 raster to vector矢量到光栅 vector to raster边界 boundaries国家边界 national boundaries次国家边界 sub-national boundaries 行政边界 administrative boundaries 与地理相关的数据 geo-referenced data 地理投影 geographical projections坐标系统 coordinate system纬度 latitude经度 longitude学科 subject disciplines科目 subjects声学 acoustics农业生态学 agricultural ecology农业经济学 agricultural economics农业工程 agricultural engineering农业林学 agroforestry分析化学 analytical chemistry动物生态学 animal ecology动物遗传学 animal genetics畜牧学 animal husbandry动物生理学 animal physiology建筑学 architecture大气物理学 atmospheric physics细菌学 bacteriology生物化学 biochemistry生物气候学 bioclimatology生物地球化学 biogeochemistry生物学 biology植物学 botany心脏病学 cardiology制图学 cartography。
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译)1
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译) (GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理:Logistics Management2、人力资源:Human Resources3、市场营销专业:Marketing Program4、工商管理专业:Business Administration Program二、会计学院: the College of Accounting1、审计学:Auditing2、会计学专业:Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业: Financial Management Major4、审计学(注册会计师)Auditing(Certified Public Accountant (CPA))三、财税学院:the College of Taxation1、财政学:Public Finance2、税务:Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业:MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院:School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业:General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障:Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理: Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理(城市管理):City Management五、金融学院:College of Finance1、金融学:Finance2、国际金融:International Finance3、金融工程:Financial Engineering4、保险:Insurance5、投资学:Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院:the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学:Economics2、国际经济与贸易:International Economics And Trade3、统计学:Statistics4、国际商务:International Business七、法学院:The College of Law1、法学(国际法):The International Law2、法学(民商法):Civil and Commercial Law3、法学:Science of Law4、治安学:Science of Public Order八、旅游学院:College of Tourism1、酒店管理:Hotel Management2、旅游管理:Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理:Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院:College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理:Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理:Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理:Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院:College of Foreign Language1、英语(国际商务管理):International Business Management2、英语(国际商务翻译):International Business English Translation3、日语(国际商务管理):nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院: College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学:Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学:Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学(编辑出版方向)News Editing4、社会工作:Social work5、社会学:Sociology6、播音与主持艺术:Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导:Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院:Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学(广告策划与经营管理方向):Advertisement2、艺术设计(广告设计方向):Art and Design(Advertising Design)3、艺术设计(玩具与游戏设计方向):Art and Design4、艺术设计(商业空间设计方向):Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计(展示设计):Display Design6、动画专业:Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院:College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统:Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术:Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务:Electronic Commerce4、软件工程:Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院:Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学:Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学:Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院:College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学: Applied Psychology2、商务文秘:Business secretary3、对外汉语:Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。
汉译英基本词汇
汉译英基本词汇收藏教育教育方针Guideline(s) / guiding principle(s) for education教育必须为社会主义现代化服务，必须同生产劳动相结合，培养德、智、体全面发展的建设者和接班人Education must serve the needs of socialist modernization, be integrated with production labor, and train builders and successors who are well developed morally, intellectually and physically.适应社会主义现代化需要，面向二十一世纪，具有中国特色的社会主义教育体系A socialist education system with distinct Chinese characteristics that meets the needs of socialist modernization and is oriented to the 21st century坚持社会主义方向To keep to the socialist orientation身体好、学习好、工作好Keep fit, study hard and work well德才兼备To combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability成为有理想、有道德、有文化、守纪律的劳动者To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline教育要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来Gear education to the needs of modernization, the world and the future爱国主义教育Education in patriotism国际主义教育Education in internationalism集体主义教育Education in collectivism共产主义道德品质Communist ethics政治思想教育Political and ideological education五爱：爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱护公物“Five love”: love the motherland, the people, labor, and science and take good care of public property教书育人To educate the person as well as impart book knowledge培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力To cultivate the ability to analyze and solve concrete problems independently启发学生独立思考的能力To help develop the ability of the students to think things out for themselves培养学生的自学能力To foster the students’ ability to study on their own发挥学生主动性、创造性To give scope to the students’ initiative and creativeness自学成才To become educated though independent study启发式Elicitation method (of teaching); heuristic method填鸭式教学法Cramming/forced feeding method of teaching普及教育Universal education义务教育Compulsory education; free education经济一个中心，两个基本点one central task and two basic points以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路，（2）党的领导，（3）人民民主专政，（4）马列主义毛泽东思想，坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles –adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people’s democratic dictatorship and Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought – and persisting in reform and opening up 改革是“社会主义制度自我完善和自我发展”Reform is “the self-perfection and self-development of the socialist system”我们辨别的标准是看这样做是否有利于发展社会主义生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平The criterion for our judgment is whether the move facilitates the developmentof socialist productive forces, whether it helps increase the overall national strength of a socialist country, and whether it brings about better living standards.社会主义的主要目标是解放生产力，消灭剥削，消除贫富两极分化，最终达到共同富裕The main goals of socialism are the liberation and development of productive forces, the elimination of exploitation and polarization between the rich and the poor and the final achievement of common prosperity.中国要警惕右，但更要防“左”China needs to be vigilant against the Right deviation, but primarily, it should guard against the “Left” deviation.资本主义和社会主义并不是以计划经济的多少来判断的Socialism and capitalism are not distinguished by the proportion of planned and market economy.随着改革的深化，国家指令性计划的范围将会缩小，而市场调节的范围将会扩大As the reform further develops, the scope for mandatory state plans will be narrowed, while the scope for market forces will be enlarged.初步建立社会主义计划商品经济新体制to establish at a preliminary level a new system of socialist planned commodity economy经济结构改革reform in economic structure剩余劳动力surplus labor经营机制operative mechanism发挥市场调节作用to give play to the regulatory role of the market经济和法律的杠杆economic and legal leverages计划经济与市场调节相结合to combine economic planning with market regulation取消国家对农产品的统购统销to cancel the state’s monopoly on the purchase and marketing of agricultural products改革重点转移到城市the focus of reform is shifted to cities国家的根本任务是，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设The basic task of the nation is to concentrate efforts on socialist modernization.逐步实现工、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家to modernize the country’s industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology step by step to turn China into a strong and prosperous socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制The basis of the socialist economic system is socialist public ownership of the means of production, namely, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working people.国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量The state economy is the sector of socialist economy under ownership by the whole people; it is the leading force in the national economy.国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展The state ensures the consolidation and growth of the state economy国家民族统一的、多民族国家a unified/unitary multi-national country中国各民族不论大小，一律平等All Chinese nationalities, large or small, are equal.在各少数民族间建立起平等、团结、互助的关系to establish a relationship based on equality, unity and mutual assistance between different national minorities在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义In the struggle to safeguard the unity of the nationalities, it is necessary to combat big-nationality chauvinism, mainly great Han chauvinism, and to combat local national chauvinism.禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为Discrimination against and oppression of any nationality are prohibited; any act which undermines the unity of the nationalities or instigates division is prohibited.民族平等，民族团结，民族区域自治，所有民族共同发展、繁荣equality of all nationalities, national unity, regional national autonomy, and mutual development and prosperity for all nationalities国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展The state assists areas inhabited by minority nationalities in accelerating their economic and cultural development according to the characteristics and needs of the various minority nationalities在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权Regional autonomy is practiced in areas where people of minority nationalities live in concentrated communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established to exercise the power of autonomy.各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to preserve or reform their own folkways and customs.民族感情national sentiments 民族压迫national oppression 民族对立national antagonism 强迫同化forced assimilation这种事实上的不平等是历史遗留下来的。
广东商学院各院及其专业(中英文翻译)1
广东商学院各院及其专业（中英文翻译）(GUANG DONG UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS STUDIES)一、工商管理学院:The College of Business Administration1、物流管理：Logistics Management2、人力资源：Human Resources3、市场营销专业：Marketing Program4、工商管理专业：Business Administration Program二、会计学院： the College of Accounting1、审计学：Auditing2、会计学专业：Accounting Professional3、财务管理专业： Financial Management Major4、审计学（注册会计师）Auditing（Certified Public Accountant (CPA)）三、财税学院：the College of Taxation1、财政学：Public Finance2、税务：Financial Affairs3、资产评估专业：MSc Property Appraisal and Management四、公共管理学院：School of Public Administration1、行政管理专业：General Administration Program2、劳动与社会保障：Labor and Social Security3、文化产业管理： Culture Industry Management4、公共事业管理（城市管理）：City Management五、金融学院：College of Finance1、金融学：Finance2、国际金融：International Finance3、金融工程：Financial Engineering4、保险：Insurance5、投资学：Investment Principles六、经济贸易与统计学院：the College of Economic and Statistics1、经济学：Economics2、国际经济与贸易：International Economics And Trade3、统计学：Statistics4、国际商务：International Business七、法学院：The College of Law1、法学（国际法）：The International Law2、法学（民商法）：Civil and Commercial Law3、法学：Science of Law4、治安学：Science of Public Order八、旅游学院：College of Tourism1、酒店管理：Hotel Management2、旅游管理：Tourism Management3、会展经济与管理：Exhibition Economy and Management九、资源与环境学院：College of Resource and Environment1、土地资源管理：Land Resources Management2、资源环境与城乡规划管理：Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management3、房地产经营管理：Administration and Management of Real Estate十、外国语学院：College of Foreign Language1、英语（国际商务管理）：International Business Management2、英语（国际商务翻译）：International Business English Translation3、日语（国际商务管理）：nternational Business Management十一、人文与传播学院： College of Humanities and Communications1、汉语言文学：Chinese Language and Literature2、新闻学：Advocacy Journalism3、新闻学（编辑出版方向）News Editing4、社会工作：Social work5、社会学：Sociology6、播音与主持艺术：Techniques of Broadcasting and Anchoring7、广播电视编导：Radio and Television Editing and Directing十二、艺术学院：Academy of Fine Arts1、广告学（广告策划与经营管理方向）：Advertisement2、艺术设计（广告设计方向）：Art and Design（Advertising Design）3、艺术设计（玩具与游戏设计方向）：Art and Design4、艺术设计（商业空间设计方向）：Commercial Space Design5、艺术设计（展示设计）：Display Design6、动画专业：Science of Animated Cartoon Program十三、信息学院：College of Information1、信息管理与信息系统：Information Management and Information System2、计算机科学与技术：Computer Science and Technology3、电子商务：Electronic Commerce4、软件工程：Software Engineering十四、数学与计算科学学院：Collegeof Mathematics and Computer Science1、信息与计算科学：Information and Computing Science2、数学与应用数学：Mathematics and Applied Mathematics十五、人文与传播学院：College of Humanities and Communications1、应用心理学： Applied Psychology2、商务文秘：Business secretary3、对外汉语：Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language。
资源环境与城乡规划管理专业 英文简介
Resources-Environment and Urban-Rural Planning Management Specialty Curriculum Setting and Its Teaching InnovationsCHU JianpengSchool of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, P.R.China,255049zuiwochangan@Abstract: Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was established in 1999. The aim of setting up the new specialty is to solve a large number of contradictions and problems during the urbanization process and economic development. After 10 years of teaching practice found some problems that restrict the healthy development of the specialty. Those problems include curriculum setting unreasonable, student employment difficulty, qualified teacher scarcity, etc. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching innovations must break the limit of geography science specialty and should set up some specialty directions under resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty to cultivate talents and meet the demands of society.Keywords: resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty, curriculum setting, teaching innovations1 IntroductionResources-environment and urban-rural planning management is a new specialty which is newly established by the ministry of education in 1999. The specialty building basic is that our country is faced worsened ecologic environment, resource scarcity and a large number of contradictions and problems during the urbanization process. The training goal is to cultivate comprehensive talents who are good at resources, environment and planning management. The specialty knowledge covers geography science, environmental science, resource and environmental zoning and management, urban and rural regional planning and other professionals. With the boost development of urbanization and the growing concern for sustainable development, social demand for such talent is further expanded. So far, there are over 100 universities have set up the specialty. Those include many brand-name universities, such as Peking University, Nanjing University, Zhejiang University, Wuhan University, Beijing Normal University, Zhongshan University. The creation of the professional colleges and universities generally can be divided into categories: comprehensive universities, normal universities, agriculture and engineering colleges and other institutions. Most universities establish the specialty on the base of geography; a few universities establish the specialty on the base of other specialty. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management is a new specialty, but because of traditional restrictions on geography curriculum, many colleges and universities make the professional practice in teaching there are many disadvantages: such as mathematics and training objective out of line, course management system dismay, the relationship between teaching and research deal with the problem, materials and equipment and the use of teachers, training, incentives and monitoring mechanisms, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to understanding and analysis the existing specialty problems in-depth, timely reform ideas and methods to adapt to the economic development demands and the training goals. [1]2 Resources-environment and Urban-rural Planning Management Specialty Curriculums SettingThe aim of establishing resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty is to solve the outstanding contradictions and problems for the current economic and social development, such as the population, resources, environment, etc. Compared with the geography, it is more closely related to the resources and environmental problems, more emphasis on solving the contradiction339between people and the harmonious development of economic and social problems. Specialty curriculum should reflect these characteristics. Taking resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty curriculums in Shandong University of technology as example:Table 1 Course ListSpecialty required courses urban planning principles, geographic information systems, geological foundation, introduction to environmental science, economic geography, human geography, fundamentals of ecology, database theory, water resources development and protection, introduction to remote sensing, surveying, cartography, physical geography, computer graphics, probability and statistics.Specialty selective courses Literature search, environmental impact assessment, mathematical geography, capital city of professional English, resources and environment management, secondary development of GIS, business management, marketing.Specialty direction courses：urban and regional planning management construction supervision, urban green space planning, the basis of urban planning and design, urban geography, introduction to construction, transportation planning system, regional economics, community management, remote sensing application, asset assessment.Specialty direction courses：land management and real estate development urban green space planning, real estate economics, cadastral management, real estate appraisal, real estate development and management, real estate information management, introduction to construction, land resource evaluation and management, property management, remote sensing application, western economics.Practice courses urban and regional practice, real estate practice, school education and military training, public work, social practice, school identification, geology and physical geographypractice, capital city of graduation practice and graduation, surveying practice,cartography comprehensive experiment, comprehensive experimental remote sensingimage processing, gis comprehensive experiment.Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty training goals: to cultivate students who have a solid foundation for geography, resources and environmental assessment of urban and rural planning techniques, with strong computer skills, management in government departments, enterprises and research institutes involved in land resource survey and mapping, urban planning and management, real estate management, basic geospatial data acquisition, processing, development and application of advanced composite-based technology and management.Graduates should have the following knowledge and skills:,⑴grasping the basic knowledge and the basic theory of resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty;, based on space informati⑵on technology, modern graphics, image processing skills;, land resources survey, evaluation, planning, development and management⑶ capacity;,⑷real estate planning, development, operation, management and evaluation;, the city⑸and infrastructure planning and management, development planning and management of small towns, regional economic analysis, planning, and administration., ha⑹ving strong computer application and development capabilities with higher levels of foreign language;, in the profess⑺ional field of practice have been well trained, with preliminary research and organizational management capabilities. [2]3 The Main Problems of Specialty and Teaching.Training talents mainly depend on the specialty education in colleges and universities. Some problems have exposed after resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was built. After 10 years of teaching practice found the following problems that restrict the healthy development of the specialty.3.1 Specialty orientation unreasonable and students employment situation is grim340Employment direction of resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty includes resources and environment management, urban planning, Land planning, environmental protection, tourism and education research institutions and other departments or business employment. However, resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching contents have greater overlap with other specialties, such as environmental science, environmental engineering, real estate development and management, land resources management, urban planning, etc. Compared to those specialties, the graduates practical ability and professional look weak and less competitive. So resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty students employment situation is grim.3.2 Curriculum setting is unsuitable for society demands.In order to cultivate talents, now resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty often sets up three specialty directions: one, the land management and real estate development direction. The main courses include urban green space planning, real estate economics, cadastral management, real estate appraisal, real estate development and management, real estate information management, introduction to construction, land resource evaluation and management, property management, etc. two, tourism resources development and planning direction. The main courses include tourism studies, tourism studies, tourism economics, tourism marketing, tourism geography, regional tourism planning and development, etc. three, urban and regional planning management direction. The main courses include construction supervision, urban green space planning, the basis of urban planning and design, urban geography, introduction to construction, transportation planning system, regional economics, community management, remote sensing application, etc. In any specialty direction, students can’t grasp knowledge well and the situation can’t meet the society demands.3.3 Teachers team issues.Most professional teachers come from geography, and teachers master the emerging professional discipline is also less. Schools should try to introduce environmental engineering, urban planning and management and other related areas of academic leaders, to establish the appropriate team of teachers. At the same time, in order to solve specialty teachers shortage. schools can hire some fields’ experts such as urban management bureau, environmental protection enterprises, urban and rural design institutes and other units as specialty teachers. Training teachers’ team is also a very important issue and should be solved.[3～4]4 Thinking on Resources-environment and Urban-rural Planning Management Specialty Teaching InnovationsResources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty has made great development since the specialty has been set up in 1998. By the end of 2006, there are over 100 colleges and universities have set up the specialty. However, with the professional rapid development, problems are gradually revealed too. Specialty training model and curriculum setting are many more challenges. The main problems focus on students employment pressures. So how to carry out specialty teaching innovations to meet the requirements of society has become a top issue that we must face to. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty was taken as a geography specialty, its curriculum setting teaching must be affected by the geography science. Under the situation, we have to set up some specialty directions under resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty to cultivate and meet the demand of society. Those specialty directions are closely related to society demand and students will have a good job security in some sense in the future. The current specialty directions include land management and real estate development, tourism resources development and planning, urban and regional planning management, etc. the other measures can be take to strength resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty teaching include strengthen practical teaching, enhancing the quality of teaching staff, etc.3415 ConclusionResources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty innovations must be founded on the demands of society and the basis of specialty orientation. The old ways of "comprehensive development" must be abided and no longer follow the social hot spots [5]. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning management specialty curriculum setting must break the limit of geography science specialty and should set up specialty directions to cultivate talents to meet the society demands. Every university may emphasize their specialty direction teaching and reflect its own characteristics. It is beneficial to improve the quality of students and increase competitive ability in the future.Author in brief or Acknowledgment:Lecturer, real estate appraisers, research area: urban and rural planning and management, real estate evaluation, address: Shandong University of technology, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering，Zibo, Shandong, 255049, P.R.C.References[1].Bi Huaxing, Zhu Qingshi. On resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementteaching reform. China Forestry Education, 2008, (4). (in Chinese).[2].Shandong University of Technology. Resources-environment and urban-rural planningmanagement specialty teaching plan for 2006 grade. (in Chinese).[3].Sui Lihua, Na Y ulin, Chang Lixin, Han Junli. Studied on the Teaching Reformation about theManagement Resources Environment mad of Urban and Rural Plannin. Yinshan academic journal, 2008,(3). (in Chinese).[4].Guo Wenjiong, Wang Y uming. Resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementspecialty curriculum reform. Academic Journal of Shanxi Normal University, 2000,(2). (in Chinese).[5].Bi Huaxing, Zhu Qingshi. On resources-environment and urban-rural planning managementteaching reform. China Forestry Education, 2008, (4). (in Chinese).342。
城乡规划--专业英语翻译
专业英语翻译作业第一段：21世纪议程召集了世界上所有的国家着手于讨论规划的综合性进程和为了达到可持续性的行动。
除了全球会议外，这份文件也详细阐述了城市和国家的作用。
21世纪议程的第28章（即著名的21地区议程）陈述道：“当地的作家们是这样构想的，重要的并能够起作用的经济，社会性和环境的基础设施，可预见性的规划进程，建立了当地的环境政策和规则，和....正如政府标准中最靠近人民的那条，他们在教育中扮演着一个虚拟的角色，并对公众中推进可持续发展做出了动员和响应。
”第二段：作为一种空间创造艺术，城市规划正位于规划和建筑的结合点。
当它利用对景观和建筑个体的整体性控制时，也在现代规划的城市环境考虑中注入了三维设计概念。
尽管城市设计概念已经在向建筑美学效果发展，但是它对于更宽广更深远的考虑已经不仅仅限于对美的表象。
城市设计人就是一个不断发展的领域。
为了完成可持续发展，生态的/环境的考虑已经加入到了现代设计中，同样也需要现代城市规划考虑到自然资源和人造环境之间的联系。
因此，当为人们的工作、生活和休闲创造环境的同时，城市规划应该保护自然资源。
自从城市形态随着不断变化的环境在变化时，城市规划担当着给予物理性设计方向以城市发展、保护和变化的进程（巴奈特，1982年，pp.12）。
因此，这是城市发展和二次开发的重要问题。
它考虑到了如何让发展去适应城市社会、经济和生态环境，如何去操纵各类活动和人流量、交通量，如何为了培养多样化的活动去创造令人愉快的空间，最后还是要考虑到在城市空间和单体建筑的美学效果。
城市设计的基本含义是在规划、景观和建筑的设计问题下继续城市的发展。
综上所述，城市设计是一个为了创造可持续的城市形态而关注城市建设环境的重要途径。
资源环境与城乡规划管理大四英语重点翻译（最终版）
单词：Urban form 城市形态Individual buildings 单体建筑Open spaces 开敞空间Sense of belonging 归属感Cityscape 城市景观developing landscape policies 发展景观规划green space system 绿色空间系统landscape framework 景观框架Climate change and the greenhouse effect （气候变化和温室效应）Wastewater treatment （废水处理）Low-carbon economy 低碳经济段落：1.From a a visual visual and aesthetic aesthetic perspective, perspective, perspective, Lynch, Lynch, in his book The Image Image of of of the the the City City (1960), identified five types of elements. They are: (1) Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads ¼(2) Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls ¼(3) Districts, which are recognizable with same common character. (4) Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions[a1] , places of break in transportation ¼(5) Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign, mountain or monument. 翻译：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作《城市意象》中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。
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单词：Urban form 城市形态Individual buildings 单体建筑Open spaces 开敞空间Sense of belonging 归属感Cityscape 城市景观developing landscape policies 发展景观规划green space system 绿色空间系统landscape framework 景观框架Climate change and the greenhouse effect（气候变化和温室效应）Wastewater treatment（废水处理）Low-carbon economy 低碳经济段落：1.From a visual and aesthetic perspective, Lynch, in his book The Image of the City(1960), identified five types of elements. They are:(1)Paths, which may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads⋯(2)Edges, which include shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls⋯(3)Districts, which are recognizable with same common character.(4)Nodes, which may be centers of activities, like a shopping center, major junctions[a1] ,places of break in transportation⋯(5)Landmarks, which are usually a rather defined physical object such as building, sign,mountain or monument.翻译：从视觉和美学的角度来看，凯文林奇在他的著作《城市意象》中，定义了5种元素，它们是：（1）通道：是道路、人行道、车行道、水道，铁路等等；（2）边缘：包括河岸、铁路交叉口、开发区边缘、墙等；（3）区域，是具有相同性质的地区；4）节点：它也许是活动中心，像是商业中心、主要的交叉口、交通集散点等；（5）地标：它通常是一个明显的物质性的建筑物，像是大厦、标志物、山体或者纪念碑等。
2.Above all, urban design is a significant approach that takes care of the urban built environment for creating a sustainable urban form.翻译：最重要的是，城市设计是一个重要的方法，它处理的是城市建成环境的问题，以创造一个可持续的城市形态。
3.The development of comprehensive[111] landscape policies, which integrate[112] the visual and functional dimensions[113] of landscape, and the traditions[114] of landscape assessment[115] and landscape ecology, must be an essential[116] part of any local planning authority's drive for design and environmental quality.[111]全面的 [112]综合[113]范畴[114]惯例[115]评估、估定[116]必需的翻译：全面景观政策的发展，综合了景观的视觉和功能的范畴，并且景观评估和景观生态的惯例应当是任何地区规划权威设计规划和环境质量动力的一个必要的组成部分。
4.Such policies still need a national landscape ecological planning framework, such as the German system provides, to give them a consistent[111] scientific basis and statutory[112] weight[113], but in the meantime progress[114] can be made towards giving the visual and functional dimensions of landscape appropriate weight as a design consideration.[111]协调的 [112]法令的[113]砝码[114]进展翻译：这些政策仍旧需要一个国家级的景观生态规划框架，像是德国系统指导体系，来给这些政策提供协调的科学基础和法规衡量，但是同时，要加强对景观规划中视觉和功能范畴的完善，使其成为作为设计考量的适宜的衡量体系。
5.Public interest is different at different time and place. I would like to see it as a kind of practice-based knowledge, which is diversified[a1] and enriched [a2] as well as corrected gradually[a3] .[a1]多种变化的 [a2]丰富[a3]逐渐地翻译：公众利益因时因地而不同。
我愿将它看成是一种基于实践的知识。
这一知识是多变的，并且逐渐地丰富和正确起来。
每个人都是平等的，这被写入了“独立宣言”。
6.Levels of all key greenhouse gases (with the possible exception of water vapour) are rising asa direct result of human activity.翻译：由于人类活动的直接，所有主要的温室气体与水蒸气的可能异常的级别在不断提高。
7.The climate system must adjust to rising greenhouse gas levels to keep the global energy budget in balance.翻译：气候系统必须适应温室气体浓度上升保持全球能源预算平衡。
8.Will the environmental crises of this century threaten world stability?翻译：这个世纪的环境危机将威胁世界稳定吗?9.In recent years, public awareness of the consequences of environmental disasters has increased throughout the world with broad recognition of the importance of international, cooperative efforts to help prevent such threats to large populations.有道翻译：近年来，公众对环境灾害后果的认识增加了整个世界的国际重要性的广泛认可，协同努力以帮助防止大量这样的威胁。
林芙翻译：近年来广泛承认的国际、合作的努力，以帮助防止这种威胁，人口众多的重要性与世界各地增加了公众对环境灾害的后果。
10. Within this suggested framework, population growth and urban poverty as such[a1] are not considered (as) environmental security issues. [a1] as such（本身）；翻译：在此建议框架中,人口增长和城市贫困本身不作为环境安全问题。
11.Models have been constructed that show how these environmental stresses are linked through political, economic, social, and demographic consequences to instability and conflict.翻译：模型已建成，显示如何通过不稳定和冲突的政治、经济、社会和人口后果链接这些环境的压力。
12.Another important security dimension is the relationship between environmental problems and international agreements（国际协定）.翻译：另一个重要的安全维度是环境问题和国际协议之间的关系作业题：1.Brainstorming[a1] ：Ask members to think of any ideas that come to mind. List all the ideas without evaluation[a2] or judgment. The quantity, not the quality, is what matters. Ideas can be discussed later for practicality. Sometimes unlikely or seemingly ridiculous ideas lead to a more practical idea which would otherwise not have been considered.[a1]妙主意 [a2]估价、评价翻译：让成员（认真地）考虑进入思想中的任何一个主意。
不经过评价和判断的把这些主意列举出来。
量而不是质才是关键。
主意的实践性过后将被讨论。
有时，不可能是真实的或者看起来荒谬的主意，其未被注意过，将可能会是个很实际的主意。
2.A Planning Policy Guidance Note on landscape is an essential prerequisite[111] for improving landscape design. In the short term[112] it needs to focus on many of the procedural[113]shortcomings[114] of the current system, particularly the ability to protect important sites and features. In the long term[115] it needs to set the framework for fully fledged[116] ecological planning, which will integrate the visual and functional dimensions of landscape and will provide one of the key planks[117] of sustainable development.[111]前提、先决条件[112]短期内[113]程序上的 [114]短处、缺点[115]长期上[116]养育[117]支撑物翻译：PPG注释中关于景观设计的部分是改进景观设计的一个必不可少的前提。