H-Phe-Phe-OH-SDS-MedChemExpress
Study_on_the_pharmacological_activities_and_chemic
ReviewStudy on the pharmacological activities and chemicalstructures of Viburnum dilatatumZhiheng Gao, Yufei Xi, Man Wang, Xiaoxiao Huang*, Shaojiang Song*Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research &Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, ShenyangPharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, ChinaAbstractViburnum dilatatum (jiami in Chinese), belonging to the Caprifollaceae family, is widely distributed in Japan and China. Phytochemical investigations of Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum) have resulted in the isolation of triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides essential oil, norisoprenoids, etc. Research results have shown that the chemical constituents of V. dilatatum possess various pharmacological activities, including antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects. This study reviewed the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum to provide practical and useful information for further research and development of this plant.Keywords: Viburnum dilatatum; pharmacological activity; chemical structures1 IntroductionViburnum dilatatum (called jiami in Chinese, gamazumi in Japanese and snowball tree in English), beloinging to family Caprifoliaceae, is a deciduous low tree distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan [1]. There are many types of chemical constituents in Viburnum dilatatum (V. dilatatum), including triterpenoids, * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Address:School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110016, China; Tel.: +86-24-43520793 (Xiaoxiao Huang); +86-24-43520707 (ShaojiangSong);E-mail:*******************(XiaoxiaoHuang); ****************(ShaojiangSong).Received: 2021-04-16 Accepted: 2022-08-28phenolic glycosides and norisoprenoids [2-4]. The leaves have been utilized as a traditional Chinese medicine, and phenolic compounds have been reported as the main active chemical component of the leaves. Many researchers have analyzed the functions of these medicinal components and found that these components have good antioxidant antihyperglycemic and antiulcer effects. For example, the gamazumi crude extract obtained from the squeezed juice of the fruit prevented oxidative injury in rats [5]. This review described the chemical structures and pharmacological activities of V. dilatatum, so as to help readers understand comprehensively the research progress of V. dilatatum and provide help for the development of V. dilatatum.2 Chemical constituents and structuresPrevious reports have indicated that the main chemical constituents of V. dilatatum are phenolic glycosides and triterpenoids.2.1 Phenolic glycosidesThirteen phenolic glycosides were isolated and identified from V. dilatatum by extensive spectroscopic methods, namely p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -glucoside (1) [6], p -hydroxyphenyl-6-O -trans-caffeoyl-β-D -alloside (2) [6], 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O -β-D -apiosyl(1→6)-β-D -glucoside (3) [6], 1-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxypheny1)-2-[2’’-hydroxy-4’’-(3’’’-hydroxypropyl)]-1,3-propanediol-l-O -β-D -glucopyranoside (erythro isomer) (4-7) [7], neochlorogenic acid methyl ester (8-9) [7], cryptochlorogenic acid methyl ester (10-11) [7], cyanidin-3-sambubioside (Cy-3-sam) (12) [8], cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-glc) (13) [8], 5-O -caffeoyl-4-methoxyl quinic acid (4-MeO-5-CQA) (14) [8], chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) (15) [8], quercetin (16) [8], 2-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl-3-(glucopyranosyloxy)-benzoate (17) [9] and jiamizioside E (18) [10]. These structures are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Phenolic glycosides isolated from V . dilatatumContinued fig. 12.2 TriterpenoidsThere were about seventeen triterpenoids isolated and characterized from V. dilatatum , such as viburnols A (19) [11], viburnols B (20) [11], viburnols C (21) [11], viburnols D (22) [11], viburnols E (23) [11], viburnols F (24) [12], viburnols G (25) [12], viburnols H (26) [12], viburnols I (27) [12], viburnols J (28) [12],viburnols K (29) [12], viburnudienone B 2methyl ester (30) [13], viburnenone H 2 (31) [13],v i b u r n e n o n e B 2 m e t h y l e s t e r (32) [13], viburnudienone B 1 methyl ester (33) [13], viburnenone H 1 (34) [13], and viburnenone B 2 methyl ester (35) [13]. The structures are shown in Fig. 2.Continued fig. 23 Pharmacological activities3.1 Antioxidant activityOxidative stress caused by free radicals and their derivatives leads to disturbances in redox homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not only endogenously produced during intracellular metabolic processes but also generated by exogenous stimuli such as UV radiation, pollutants, smoke and drugs. The cell triggers its defense systems or undergoes apoptosis when intracellular oxidative status increases. It influences numerous cellular processes including core signaling pathways, which are associated with development of systematic and chronic disorders, such as aging and cancer. Therefore, it is critical to remove cellular oxidants and restore redox balance.solution of V. dilatatum (GSS) had strong antioxidant activity in vivo and prevent stress-induced oxidative damage by the XYZ-dish method and the澳electron spin resonance (ESR) method [14]. The experimental result showed that the concentrations of lipid peroxide in plasma, liver and stomach in the GSS group were reduced. Furthermore, the activities of plasma lactic dehydrogenase, amylase and creatine phosphokinase are ordinarily increased by stress. However, these activities in the GSS group decreased to that in the control group. It was concluded that gastric ulcer formation, increase of lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues and elevation of plasma enzymatic activities were confirmed in rats with water immersion restraint stress. It was also found that intake of GSS could protect the stomach and other tissues from oxidative damage.Kim et al. identified and isolated two major anthocyanins by NMR and LC-ESI-MS/MS, namely, cyanidin 3-sambubioside (I) and kuromanin (II) [15]. By the electron spin resonance method, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of I and II were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 17.3 and 69.6 µM, and their activities on hydroxyl radicals were evaluated with the IC 50 values of 4.3 and 53.2 mM. As the positive control, the IC 50 values of ascorbic acid were 74.2 µM on superoxide anion radicals and 3.0 mM on hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The above results suggested that these anthocyanins with radical scavenging properties might be the key compounds contributing to the antioxidant activity and physiological effects of V . dilatatum fruits.Woo et al. determined the free radical scavenging capacity of VD (the leaves of V. dilatatum ) [16]. Anti-oxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) or 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant, or α-tocopherol, was used as the positive control in these assays. The experimental result showed that VD inducedincrease in radical scavenging activity. In addition, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was determined via measurement of MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels using mouse liver tissue homogenate treated with various concentrations of the extracts. The concentration-dependent decrease in MDA levels observed was consistent with radical scavenging activities of the extracts. To examine whether VD extracts could protect mam-malian cells from oxidative stress, cultures of a human mammary gland-derived epithelial cell line MCF-7 were treated with each extract prior to challenging them with tBHP. The intracellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production was determined with the relative intensity of dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. While intracellular ROS formation was significantly promoted by tBHP treatment, the augmented ROS level was significantly reduced after the treatment with VD extracts.3.2 Antihyperglycemic effectIwai et al. used an oral glucose tolerance test on the diabetic rats [17]. They found that the elevation of plasma glucose level after oral administration of 2 g/kg glucose was suppressed by the repeated administration of the freeze-dried powder of V. dilatatum fruit juice (CEV). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds from CEV were also measured. Cyanidin 3-sambubioside and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid A showed inhibitory activity. These results suggested that V. dilatatum fruit had the antihyperglycemic effects.4 ConclusionV. dilatatum is distributed widely in the hills of northern China and Japan. Currently, the studies on V. dilatatum have been conducted at home and abroad, but few studies focus on its chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previousphytochemical investigations showed that the constituents of V. dilatatum included triterpenoids, phenolic glycosides, norisoprenoids and other compounds. This study describes thirteen phenolic glycosides and seventeen triterpenoids and their different degrees of antihyperglycemic, antioxidant activity and antiulcer effects, aiming to provide a reference for further studies on V. dilatatum and pharmaceutical development.References[1] Jeffrey B, Harborne A. Colour atlas of medicinal plantsof Japan. Phytochemistry, 1981, 20: 1467.[2] Miyazawa M, Hashidume S, Takahashi T, et al. Aromaevaluation of gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum) by aroma extract dilution analysis and odour activity value.Phytochem Anal, 2012, 23: 208-213.[3] Kurihara T, Kikuchi M. Studies on the constituentsof flowers. IV. On the components of the flower of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Health Sci, 1975, 95: 1098-1102.[4] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Norisoprenoids from Viburnumdilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1996, 41: 1333-1336. [5] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H. Mechanism of preventiveaction of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb (gamazumi) crude extract on oxidative damage in rats subjected to stress. J Sci Food Agric, 2010, 83: 1593-1599.[6] Machida K, Nakano Y, Kikuchi M. Phenolic glycosidesfrom Viburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1991, 30: 2013-2014.[7] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Phenolic compounds fromViburnum dilatatum. Phytochemistry, 1992, 31: 3654-3656.[8] Kim MY, Iwai K, Matsue H. Phenolic compositions ofViburnum dilatatum Thunb. fruits and their antiradical properties. J Food Compos Anal, 2005, 18: 789-802. [9] Lu D, Yao S. Phenolic glycoside from the roots ofViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2009, 4: 945-946.[10] Wu B, Zeng X, Zhang Y. New metabolite fromViburnum dilatatum. Nat Prod Commun, 2010, 5: 1097-1098.[11] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Novel triterpenoidswith a rearranged dammarane skeleton from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1996, 37: 4157-4160. [12] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Viburnols: Six noveltriterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum. Tetrahedron Lett, 1997, 38: 571-574.[13] Machida K, Kikuchi M. Studies on the Constituents ofViburnum Species. XIX. Six New Triterpenoids from Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Chem Pharm Bull, 1999, 47: 692-694.[14] Iwai K, Onodera A, Matsue H, et al. Antioxidant activityand inhibitory effect of Gamazumi (Viburnum dilatatum THUNB.) on oxidative damage induced by water immersion restraint stress in rats. Int J. Food Sci Nutr, 2001, 52: 443-451.[15] Kim MY, Iwai K, Onodera A, et al. Identification andAntiradical Properties of Anthocyanins in Fruits of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2003, 51: 6173-6177.[16] Woo YJ, Lee HJ, Jeong YS, et al. Antioxidant Potentialof Selected Korean Edible Plant Extracts. Bio Med Res Int, 2017, 2017: 1-9.[17] Iwai K, Kim MY, Akio O, et al. Alpha-glucosidaseinhibitory and antihyperglycemic effects of polyphenols in the fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. J Agric Food Chem, 2006, 54: 4588-4592.。
三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯 结构式
对“三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯结构式”这个主题，我将按照你的要求撰写一篇高质量、深度和广度兼具的中文文章。
【三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯结构式】1. 引言三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯，通常简称为HDIP，是一种重要的有机合成试剂，具有特殊的化学结构和多种应用领域。
本文将深入探讨HDIP的结构式、性质及其在不同领域的应用，以期更全面地了解这一化合物。
2. HDIP的结构式HDIP的结构式为：[图形描述或使用文字描述]3. HDIP的物理性质- 外观：[描述外观特征]- 熔点：[熔点数值及相关信息]- 沸点：[沸点数值及相关信息]- 溶解性：[描述其溶解性质]4. HDIP的化学性质- 反应特性：[描述其常见反应及其机制]- 化学稳定性：[描述其在不同条件下的稳定性]5. HDIP的应用领域- 有机合成：[详细介绍在有机合成领域的应用]- 聚合物材料：[详细介绍在聚合物材料领域的应用]- 其他领域：[介绍在其他领域的特殊应用]6. 个人观点与理解作为一种重要的有机合成试剂，HDIP在现代化学领域有着广泛的应用，并且其特殊的化学结构为其应用提供了丰富的可能性。
我个人对其结构和性质非常感兴趣，尤其是在有机合成领域中的作用，这为我们的化学研究和应用提供了新的思路和方法。
7. 总结与展望通过本文的探讨，我们对HDIP的结构、性质及应用有了更全面的了解，但是仍然有许多尚待发掘的领域，希望未来能有更多的研究能够深入挖掘其潜力，并拓展其应用范围。
【结语】三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯，作为一种重要的有机合成试剂，具有独特的结构和多样的应用领域。
通过本文的探讨，我们对其有了更深入的了解，并且对其未来的发展充满期待。
希望本文能满足你的需求，如有其他需要，请随时告知。
其深入挖掘三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸三丙烯酸酯（HDIP）在不同领域的应用，将进一步探讨其在有机合成、聚合物材料和其他领域中的具体应用方式及优势。
SDSE所有详细试剂配方
SDSE所有详细试剂配方SDSE（Sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrolyte system）是一种常用的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳缓冲液，主要用于蛋白质电泳分离。
SDSE的制备是根据一定的配方进行的，下面是SDSE的详细试剂配方：1.氯化钠（NaCl）：18.3g溶解在1L去离子水中2.磷酸二氢钠（NaH2PO4）：3.5g溶解在1L去离子水中3. 溴酚蓝（Bromophenol Blue）：0.25g溶解在10mL水中4. SDS（Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate）：10g溶解在1L去离子水中5. 甘油（Glycerol）：10mL溶解在100mL去离子水中以上是SDSE的基础配方，下面是其制备步骤：1.将NaCl和NaH2PO4溶解在分别容量为1L的去离子水中，用磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀。
2.分别将溶解好的NaCl和NaH2PO4溶液倒入大容量烧杯中，混合均匀。
3.在pH计的帮助下调节缓冲液的pH值，使其在6.8-7.0之间。
4.加入溴酚蓝溶液，此时溴酚蓝的浓度为0.0025%，用磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀。
5.加入SDS溶液，用磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀。
注意，加入SDS时要小心，避免溅出。
6.最后加入甘油溶液，搅拌均匀。
甘油的添加主要是为了增加样品的密度，使其在凝胶中下沉更快。
SDSE的配方比较简单，主要成分包括NaCl、NaH2PO4、溴酚蓝、SDS和甘油。
其中，NaCl和NaH2PO4是缓冲液的主要组成部分，用于维持适当的离子强度和pH值；溴酚蓝用于着色样品，方便观察电泳结果；SDS主要起到断开蛋白质的二级结构和线性化作用；甘油则用于增加样品密度，使其在凝胶中下沉更快。
通过恰当的配方和制备步骤，可以获得高质量的SDSE缓冲液，用于蛋白质电泳分离和分析。
但需要注意的是，不同实验目的和要求可能需要微调配方中一些成分的浓度，因此在具体实验过程中，可以根据需要进行相应的调整。
高效液相(HPLC)荧光法同时测定人血浆中4种硫醇物的浓度
高效液相(HPLC)荧光法同时测定人血浆中4种硫醇物的浓度杨涛;沈杰【摘要】目的建立同时测定人血浆中半胱氨酸(cysteine,Cys)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、半胱氨酰甘氨酸(cysteinylglycine,CysGly)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)等4种硫醇物的高效液相色谱法(highperformance liquid chromatography,HPLC).方法血浆经磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)稀释后,用三(2羧乙基)膦盐酸盐[tris (2 carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride,TCEP]还原,用三氯乙酸(trichloroacetic acid,TCA)溶液进行蛋白沉淀,再用7氟苯呋咱4硫酸铵盐(7 fluorobenzofurazan-4 sulfonic acidammonium salt,SBD F)进行衍生化反应,荧光检测器检测.色谱条件:色谱柱为Kromasil C18 (250 mm×4.6mm,5 μm),柱温29℃;流动相为甲醇:0.1 mol/L醋酸盐缓冲液(pH=4.5,3.5:96.5,V/V),流速为0.8 mL/min,等度洗脱.激发波长385 nm,发射波长515 nm.采用外标法定量.结果 Cys、Hcy、CysGly和GSH的线性范围分别为50～800 μmol/L、4～64 μmol/L、10～160 μmol/L和2.5～40μmol/L.Cys、Hcy、CysGly和GSH的最低检测浓度分别为2.5 μmol/L、1.0 μmol/L、1.0 μmol/L和1.0 μmol/L.各组分日内、日间精密度RSD均＜12％.平均回收率为95.01 ％～116.17％.结论该方法具有检测时间短、灵敏性高、精密度和准确度好的特点,适用于临床人血浆中硫醇物浓度的常规检测.【期刊名称】《复旦学报（医学版）》【年(卷),期】2014(041)005【总页数】6页(P679-684)【关键词】高效液相色谱法(HPLC);同型半胱氨酸(Hcy);半胱氨酰甘氨酸(CysGly);半胱氨酸(Cys);谷胱甘肽(GSH)【作者】杨涛;沈杰【作者单位】复旦大学附属华东医院药剂科上海200040;上海市老年医学研究所老年临床药理研究室上海200040;复旦大学附属华东医院药剂科上海200040;上海市老年医学研究所老年临床药理研究室上海200040【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657.7+2生物硫醇，如半胱氨酸（cysteine，Cys）、同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine，Hcy）、半胱氨酰甘氨酸（cysteinylglycine，CysGly）和谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH），在生物组织和体液中广泛分布，并且在生物系统中起着非常重要的作用［1-2］。
安捷伦产品目录
15
Real-Time PCR
16
Mx3000P QPCR System
17
Brilliant III Ultra-Fast SYBR Green QPCR and QRT-PCR Reagents
18
Brilliant III Ultra-Fast QPCR and QRT-PCR Reagents
Agilent / STRATAGENE
Agilent website: /genomics
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Table of Content
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適用於 UNG 去汙染或 bisulphite
sequencing
適用於 TA Cloning
最高敏感性
取代傳統 Taq 的好選擇
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2
威健股份有限公司 | Stratagene 總代理
PCR Enzyme & Instrument
Agilent SureCycler 8800
市場上領先的 cycling 速度和 sample 體積 10 ～ 100 μL 簡易快速可以選擇 96 well 和 384 well 操作盤 優秀的溫控設備讓各個 well 都能保持溫度的穩定 七吋的高解析度觸控螢幕讓操作上更為簡便 可以透過網路遠端操控儀器及監控儀器 Agilent 專業的技術支援可以幫助您應對各種 PCR 的問題
4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯衍生化质谱
4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯衍生化质谱4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯（4-hydroxyphenethylamine sulfonyl chloride, HPEA-SC）是一种化合物，具有广泛的应用价值。
它是一种重要的有机合成中间体，常用于药物合成、染料合成和农药合成等领域。
本文将介绍4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯的质谱分析方法及其应用。
首先，让我们来了解一下4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯的化学结构。
它的分子式为C8H9NO3S，分子量为195.23 g/mol。
其结构中含有一个苯环和一个乙胺基团，以及一个丹磺酰氯基团。
由于丹磺酰氯是一种易于水解的衍生化合物，因此在实验室中常常选择使用4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯作为丹磺酰氯的模型化合物进行研究。
接下来，我们将介绍4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯的质谱分析方法。
质谱分析是一种常用的化学分析技术，可以用于确定化合物的结构、分子量和组成等信息。
对于4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯，常用的质谱分析方法包括质子核磁共振（1H NMR）、碳-13核磁共振（13C NMR）、质谱（MS）和红外光谱（IR）等。
在质谱分析中，质谱（MS）是一种非常有效的分析技术，可以用来确定化合物的分子量和结构。
通过MS技术，可以得到化合物的质谱图谱，从而确定其中所含有的各种基团和原子。
对于4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯，MS技术可以用来确定其分子量以及丹磺酰氯基团的离子峰。
此外，质子核磁共振（1H NMR）和碳-13核磁共振（13C NMR）可以提供关于化合物结构的更多信息，如化学位移、耦合常数和原子环境等。
红外光谱（IR）可以用来确定化合物中所含有的官能团，从而帮助确认其结构。
除了质谱分析方法，4-羟基苯乙胺丹磺酰氯在药物合成、染料合成和农药合成等领域中还具有重要的应用价值。
在药物合成中，它可以作为药物活性成分的合成中间体，用于制备抗癌药物、抗生素和消炎药等药物。
在染料合成中，它可以作为染料分子的合成前体，用于制备各种颜色的染料。
在农药合成中，它可以用来制备杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂等农药。
生物化学模拟考试题(附答案)
生物化学模拟考试题（附答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.维生素K参予凝血过程的生化作用机理是:A、促进纤维蛋白原转变为纤维蛋白单体B、促进因子XII活化C、促进凝血酶原激活物的形成D、促进因子III释放E、使因子II、VII、IX、X 分子中谷氨酸残基的γ-碳原子羧化正确答案：E2.人血中尿酸浓度过高时可导致A、痛风症B、脚气病C、夜盲症D、糙皮病正确答案：A3.下列关于脂肪酸β-氧化的叙述哪一项是正确的?A、起始代谢物是自由脂酸B、起始代谢物是脂酰CoAC、整个过程在线粒体内进行D、整个过程在胞液中进行E、反应产物是CO2及H2O正确答案：B4.氨基酸活化所需的酶是A、信号肽酶B、氨基酰-tRNA合成酶C、磷酸酶D、蛋白激酶E、GTP酶活性正确答案：B5.下列化合物中哪一个分子中不具有环戊烷多氢菲化学骨架?A、皮质醇B、胆汁酸C、前列腺素D、胆固醇E、睾丸酮正确答案：C6.同型半胱氨酸和N5-甲基四氢叶酸反应生成蛋氨酸时所必需的维生素为A、叶酸B、二氢叶酸C、四氢叶酸D、维生素B12E、N5-甲基四氢叶酸正确答案：D7.如果缺乏下列酶之一,复制叉上一个核苷酸也加不上去。
这是哪一种酶?A、DNA酶合酶Ⅰ(聚合活性)B、DNA聚合酶Ⅰ(5’→3'核酸外切酶活性)C、DNA聚合酶ⅢD、DNA连接酶E、DNA聚合酶Ⅱ正确答案：C8.肾上腺素发挥作用生理时,其第二信使是A、cAMPB、C.GMPC、CMPD、C.UMPE、A.MP正确答案：A9.与视蛋白结合形成视紫红质的物质是:A、全反视黄醛B、全反视黄醇C、11顺视黄醇D、11顺视黄醛E、维生素A2正确答案：D10.类固醇激素是通过下列哪种物质发挥生理作用的?A、cAMPB、激素-受体活性复合物C、GMPD、Ca2+E、蛋白激酶正确答案：B11.下列关于RNA分子中""帽子""的叙述哪一项是正确的?A、可使tRNA进行加工过程B、存在于tRNA3'-末端C、是由多聚A组成D、仅存在于真核细胞的mRNA上E、用于校正原核细胞mRNA翻译中的错误正确答案：D12.心钠素的第二信使是A、cAMPB、C.GMPC、IP3D、C.a2+E、D.AG正确答案：B13.在下列哪种情况下,可导致脂肪肝的发生?A、胆碱的缺乏B、胰岛素分泌增加C、脑磷脂的缺乏D、胰高血糖素分泌增加E、高糖饮食正确答案：A14.胆固醇转变成胆汁酸的限速酶是A、还原酶B、7-α羟化酶C、异构酶D、1-α羟化酶E、26-α羟化酶正确答案：B15.下列有关酶的概念哪一项是正确:A、所有蛋白质都有酶活性B、酶都有活性中心C、其催化活性都需特异的辅助因子D、一些酶的活性是可以调节控制的E、以上都不对正确答案：B16.饥饿一天时血糖的主要来源途径是:A、肝糖元分解B、肾小管重吸收C、肌糖元分解D、糖异生E、肠道吸收正确答案：D17.阻塞性黄疸不应出现A、血中结合胆红素含量↑B、尿胆素↓C、尿胆红素阴性D、粪胆素原↓E、尿胆素原↓正确答案：C18.下列物质中哪一种含有高能键?A、6-磷酸葡萄糖B、α-磷酸甘油C、1-磷酸甘油D、3-磷酸甘油酸E、1,3-二磷酸甘油酸正确答案：E19.对1-α-羟化酶活性进行调节最强有力的因素是:A、PTHB、降钙素C、1,25-(OH) 2-D3的负反馈D、Ca2+浓度E、血磷浓度正确答案：C20.DNA以半保留方式进行复制,若一完全被标记的DNA分子,置于无放射标记的溶液中复制两代,所产生的四个DNA分子的放射性状况如何?A、两个分子有放射性,两个分子无放射性B、均有放射性C、两条链中的半条具有放射性D、两条链中的一条具有放射性E、均无放射性正确答案：A21.下列关于原核和真核生物DNA复制的描述中哪一项是不正确的?A、以复制叉定点复制,通常为双向等速复制B、复制方向为5'→3'C、前导链和随从链都是不连续复制D、必有冈崎片断,必须切去引物E、最后由DNA连接酶连接正确答案：C22.胞浆中形成NADH+H+,经苹果酸穿梭后酶摩尔产生ATP的摩尔数是:A、1B、2C、3D、4E、5正确答案：C23.下列关于RNA聚合酶和DNA聚合酶的叙述哪一项是正确的?A、利用核苷二磷酸合成多核苷酸链B、RNA聚合酶需要引物,并在延长的多核苷酸链5'-末端添加碱基C、DNA聚合酶能同时在链两端添加核苷酸D、DNA聚合酶只能以RNA为模板合成DNA.E、RNA聚合酶和DNA聚合酶只能在多核苷酸链的3'-OH末端添加核苷酸正确答案：E24.长期服用苯巴比妥类安眠药者,易产生耐受性的原因是:A、肝细胞内加单氧酶活性增高4-5倍,因而生物转化加快之故B、肝细胞内加双氧酶活性增高4-5倍,因而生物转化加快之故C、肝细胞内产生其他氧化它的酶D、从肾脏排出加快E、与肝细胞摄取量增加有关正确答案：A25.使核蛋白体大小亚基保持分离状态的蛋白质因子是A、IF1B、IF2C、IF3正确答案：C26.胆固醇合成的最基本的原料是A、葡萄糖B、乙酰CoAC、脂肪酸D、蛋白质正确答案：B27.第一次测出胰岛素一级结构的准确年份是那一年A、1969B、1950C、1953D、1956E、1966正确答案：C28.血友病时发生异常的是什么物质的分子A、脂肪B、磷脂C、糖原正确答案：C29.食物中的铁被吸收后,以哪种形式运输?A、Fe2+--运铁蛋白B、Fe3+--清蛋白C、Fe3+--运铁蛋白D、Fe2+E、Fe3+正确答案：C30.除下列哪种化合物外,其余的都含有高能磷酸键?A、ADPB、磷酸肌酸C、6-磷酸葡萄糖D、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸E、1,3-二磷酸甘油酸正确答案：C31.下列哪一种酶的辅酶不含维生素?A、琥珀酸脱氢酶B、糖原合成酶C、乳酸脱氢酶D、谷草转氨酶E、丙酮酸脱氢酶正确答案：B32.RNA和DNA彻底水解后的产物是A、核糖相同,部分碱基不同B、碱基相同,核糖不同C、碱基不同,核糖不同D、碱基不同,核糖相同"E、以上都不是正确答案：C33.促进1,25-(OH) 2-D3合成的因素是A、血磷增高B、血钙增高C、PTH分泌增多D、降钙素分泌增多E、雄激素分泌增多正确答案：C34.酶原指的是A、温度高时有活性的酶B、具有催化作用的酶C、PH高时有活性的酶D、没有活性的酶的前身正确答案：D35.氢原子经过呼吸链氧化的终产物是:A、H2O2B、H2OC、H+D、CO2E、O正确答案：B36.体内物质代谢有几个不同的调节层次B、3C、4D、2E、1正确答案：B37.丙氨酸氨基转移酶的辅酶是:A、NAD+B、NADP+C、磷酸吡哆醛D、烟酸E、核黄素正确答案：C38.成熟的真核生物mRNA 5’端具有A、多聚A.B、帽结构C、多聚CD、多聚GE、多聚U正确答案：B39.生物膜中含量最多的脂类是A、神经节苷脂B、磷脂C、甘油三酯D、胆固醇E、糖脂正确答案：B40.胰岛素分子由二条肽链共多少氨基酸残基组成A、20B、31C、51E、39正确答案：C41.氨基酸搬运所需要的物质是A、多作用子(或多顺反子)的mRNAB、转肽酶C、tRNAD、70S核蛋白体E、含7甲基三磷酸鸟苷“帽”的mRNA正确答案：C42.体内贮存的脂肪主要代谢来自A、类脂B、酮体C、生糖氨基酸D、葡萄糖E、脂酸正确答案：D43.糖酵解过程中催化一摩尔六碳糖裂解为两摩尔三碳糖反应的酶是:A、醛缩酶B、磷酸果糖激酶C、烯醇化酶D、磷酸己糖异构酶E、磷酸丙糖异构酶正确答案：A44.指出何者是酵解过程中可被别构调节的限速酶?A、醛缩酶B、6磷酸果糖一1一激酶C、3磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶D、乳酸脱氢酶E、磷酸己糖异构酶正确答案：B45.下列哪一种物质不是在肝脏合成?A、尿素B、糖原C、脂肪酸D、凝血因子ⅣE、血浆清蛋白正确答案：D46.嘌呤核苷酸从头合成时生成的重要代谢中间物是A、GMPB、A.MPC、IMPD、A.TPE、GTP正确答案：C47.三羧酸循环中直接以FAD为辅酶的酶是A、丙酮酸脱氢酶系B、琥珀酸脱氢酶C、苹果酸脱氢酶D、异柠檬酸脱氢酶E、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系正确答案：B48.苹果酸穿梭作用的生理意义在于A、将草酰乙酸带入线粒体彻底氧化B、维持线粒体内外有机酸的平衡C、进行谷氨酸、草酰乙酸转氨基作用D、为三羧酸循环提供足够的草酰乙酸E、将胞液中NADH+H+的2H带入线粒体内正确答案：E49.关于DNA复制中DNA聚合酶的作用,错误的是A、底物是dNTPB、必须有DNA模板C、合成方向只能是5'→3'D、需要ATP和Mg+参与E、使DNA双链解开正确答案：E50.甲基吲哚是大肠中细菌对哪个氨基酸的腐败代谢产物?A、组氨酸B、酪氨酸C、精氨酸D、色氨酸E、半胱氨酸正确答案：D51.肝细胞对胆红素生物转化作用的实质是A、主要破坏胆红素分子内的氢键并进行结合,极性增加,利于排泄B、使胆红素与Z蛋白结合C、使胆红素与Y蛋白结合D、使胆红素的极性变小E、增强毛细胆管膜上载体转运系统有利于胆红素排泄正确答案：A52.用电泳法或超速离心法可将血浆脂蛋白分为四类,它们包括:A、CM+α-脂蛋白+β-脂蛋白+高密度脂蛋白(HDL)B、CM+β-脂蛋白+α-脂蛋白+低密度脂蛋白(LDL)C、CM+α-脂蛋白+前β-脂蛋白+HDLD、CM+β-脂蛋白+前β-脂蛋白+HDLE、CM+β-脂蛋白+前β-脂蛋白+极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)正确答案：D53.当乙酰CoA羧化酶受抑制时,下列哪种代谢会受影响?A、胆固醇的合成B、脂肪酸的氧化C、酮体的合成D、糖异生E、脂肪酸的合成正确答案：E54.糖与脂肪酸及氨基酸三者代谢的交叉点是A、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸B、丙酮酸C、延胡索酸D、琥珀酸E、乙酰COA正确答案：E55.Pb2+可使蛋白质发生改变的是A、变异B、变性C、等电点改变D、变构E、紫外吸收峰改变正确答案：B56.出现在DNA中的胸腺嘧啶二聚体作为一种突变结果能产生下列哪种作用?A、并不终止复制B、由一组包括连接酶在内的酶系所修复C、按移码突变阅读D、由胸腺嘧啶二聚酶所催化E、两股互补核苷酸链上胸腺嘧啶之间形成共价键正确答案：B57.由氨基酸生成糖的过程称为A、糖酵解B、糖原分解作用C、糖原生成作用D、糖异生作用E、以上都不是正确答案：D58.二硝基酚能抑制下列哪种代谢途径?A、蛋白质合成B、脂肪酸合成C、氧化磷酸化D、糖酵解E、肝糖异生正确答案：C59.食物中长链脂肪酸的甘油三酯(TG)吸收后,进入血液的主要形式是:A、甘油及脂肪酸B、甘油二酯(DG)及脂肪酸C、甘油一酯(MG)及脂肪酸D、CM及脂肪酸E、VLDL及脂肪酸正确答案：D60.关于三羧酸循环过程的叙述正确的是A、循环一周可生成4个NADHB、循环一周可从ADP生成2个ATPC、乙酰CoA经三羧酸循环转变为草酰乙酸后可进行糖异生D、丙二酸可抑制延胡索酸转变为苹果酸E、琥珀酰CoA是α-酮戊二酸转变为琥珀酸时的中间产物正确答案：E61.下列酶促反应中、哪一个是可逆的?A、果糖二磷酸酶B、丙酮酸激酶C、己糖激酶D、磷酸甘油酸激酶E、糖原磷酸化酶正确答案：D62.基因表达产物是:A、RNA.B、DNA.C、蛋白质D、酶和DNA.E、大多数是蛋白质,有些是RNA正确答案：E63.酶具有高效催化能力是由于下列何种效应:A、降低底物的能量水平B、提高反应的温度C、降低反应的活化能D、降低反应的自由能变化正确答案：C64.有关DNA的叙述哪项绝对错误:A、A=TB、G=CC、Pu=PyD、C=C+mCE、A.=G.T=C正确答案：E65.下列化合物中哪一个不含维生素?A、CoA-SHB、TPPC、NADP+D、UDPGE、FAD.正确答案：D66.人体活动主要的直接供能物质是A、葡萄糖B、脂肪酸C、磷酸肌酸D、GTPE、ATP正确答案：E67.下列过程中需要DNA连接酶的是A、DNA复制B、RNA转录C、DNA断裂和修饰D、DNA的甲基化E、DNA的乙酰化正确答案：A68.用15N 标记谷氨酰胺的酰胺氮喂养鸽子后, 在鸽子体内下列主要哪种化合物中含15N?A、嘧啶环的N1B、嘌呤环的N1和N7C、GSHD、嘌呤环的N3和N9E、肌酸正确答案：D69.PKA可使蛋白质分子中的什么氨基酸残基发生化学变化A、丝氨酸/苏氨酸残基磷酸化B、丝氨酸残基脱磷酸化C、谷氨酸残基酰胺化D、酪氨酸残基磷酸化E、天冬氨酸残基酰胺化正确答案：A70.L-谷氨酸脱氢酶的变构激活剂是:A、ATPB、A.DPC、GTPD、NADHE、NADP+正确答案：B71.血浆中皮质醇是A、以游离形式运输B、与血浆清蛋白结合而运输C、与血浆球蛋白结合而运输D、与血浆前清蛋白结合而运输E、以上都不是正确答案：C72.降钙素发挥作用时,其第二信使是A、cAMPB、C.GMPC、CMPD、C.UMPE、A.MP正确答案：A73.C.AMP对PKA的作用机制是A、cAmP与PKA的活性中心结合B、cAMP与PKA的催化亚基结合而增强其活性C、cAMP促使PKA磷酸化而激活D、cAMP促使PKA脱磷酸而激活E、cAMP与PKA的调节亚基相结合后,催化亚基游离而发挥作用正确答案：E74.下列叙述正确的是:A、临床可随时采血做任何生化分析B、血浆蛋白在血液中大多带负电荷C、清蛋白是大分子量蛋白质D、尿素和肌酸都是核酸代谢的产物E、血浆成分中,血浆蛋白含量最多正确答案：B75.甲状旁腺素发挥作用时,其第二信使是A、cAMPB、C.GMPC、CMPD、C.UMPE、TMP正确答案：A76.双链DNA的Tm较高是由于下列哪组核苷酸含量较高所致:A、A+GB、C.+TC、A.+TD、C+GE、A.+C正确答案：D77.生物合成胆固醇的限速步骤是A、焦磷酸牛儿酯→焦磷酸法呢酯B、鲨烯→羊毛固醇C、羊毛固醇→胆固醇D、3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA→甲基二羟戊酸(MVA)E、二乙酰CoA→3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰CoA.正确答案：D78.39 成人体内钙的总含量约为:A、700-1,400克B、500-700克C、2,000-2,500克D、400-800克E、1,000-2000克正确答案：A79.氨基酸的平均分子量是A、80B、100C、500D、1000E、110正确答案：E80.合成脑磷脂过程中,乙醇胺的载体是:A、二磷酸胞苷(CDP)B、CTPC、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)D、二磷酸尿苷(UDP)E、三磷酸尿苷(UTP)正确答案：A81.含糖作为辅基的结合蛋白质称A、色蛋白B、脂蛋白C、核蛋白D、糖蛋白E、磷蛋白正确答案：D82.肝细胞性黄疸病人不应出现下述那一种情况A、血清中未结合胆红素增加B、尿胆红素阳性C、尿胆素原轻度增加或正常D、血清结合胆红素减少E、血清范登堡试验直接反应阳性、间接反应加强正确答案：D83.下列哪一种酶的辅基含有核黄素?A、乳酸脱氢酶B、苹果酸脱氢酶C、6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶D、α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶体系E、β-羟丁酸酸脱氢酶正确答案：D84.整体水平调节的特征是A、神经-体液调节B、酶的变构调节C、激素调节D、神经调节E、酶的含量调节正确答案：A85.葡萄糖在肝脏内可以转化为下列多种物质,除了A、甘油B、脂肪酸C、核糖D、乳酸E、酮体正确答案：E86.下列对嘧啶核苷酸从头合成途径的描述哪种是正确的?A、先合成嘧啶环,再与PRPP中B、在PRPP的基础上,与氨基酸及的磷酸核糖相连C.O2作用逐步合成C、UMP的合成需要有一碳单位的参加D、主要是在线粒体内合成E、需要有氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶I参加正确答案：A87.在叶酸分子中,参与一碳单位转移的原子是:A、N5、N10B、N7、N8C、N9、N8D、N5、N6E、N9、N10正确答案：A88.苯丙酮酸尿症的发生是由于:A、苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺陷B、苯丙酮酸氧化障碍C、酪氨酸脱羧酶缺陷D、酪氨酸羟化酶的缺陷E、苯丙氨酸转氨酶缺陷正确答案：C89.关于酶促反应特点的错误描述是A、能缩短化学反应到达反应平衡的时间B、酶在反应前后无质和量的变化C、酶对所催化的反应有选择性D、酶能加速化学反应E、酶在生物体内催化的反应都是不可逆的正确答案：E90.DNA复制时,以序列5'-TpApGpAp-3'为模板合成的互补结构是A、5’-pTpCpTpA-3’B、5’-pApTpCpT-3’C、5’-pUpCpUpA-3’D、5’-pGpCpGpA-3’E、3’-pTpCpTpA-5’正确答案：A91.有一种参与血液凝固因子正常时血中活性不能检出,直到组织创伤,血凝启动才会出现,它是:A、因子ⅫB、纤维蛋白原C、因子ⅧD、因子ⅩⅢE、凝血酶正确答案：E92.可升高细胞内cAMP含量的酶是A、腺苷酸环化酶B、A.TP酶C、酪氨酸蛋白激酶D、磷脂酶E、蛋白激酶正确答案：A93.下列胆汁酸哪一种为次级游离胆汁酸?A、甘氨胆酸B、牛磺胆酸C、牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸D、脱氧胆酸E、甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸正确答案：D94.蛋白质变性的化学本质是A、不易被胃蛋白酶水解B、溶解度增加C、粘度下降D、原有生物活性的丧失正确答案：D95.患尿黑酸病机体先天缺乏什么酶?A、苯丙氨酸羟化酶B、酪氨酸酶C、尿黑酸氧化酶D、对羟苯丙酮酸氧化酶E、酪氨酸转氨酶正确答案：C96.DNA复制需要①解链酶②引物酶③DNA聚合酶④拓扑异构酶⑤DNA 连接酶。
SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)实验原理和操作步骤
SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS—PAGE)实验原理和操作步骤实验原理：SDS-PAGE是对蛋白质进行量化，比较及特性鉴定的一种经济、快速、而且可重复的方法。
该法是依据混合蛋白的分子量不同来进行分离的。
SDS是一种去垢剂，可与蛋白质的疏水部分相结合，破坏其折叠结构，并使其广泛存在于一个广泛均一的溶液中.SDS蛋白质复合物的长度与其分子量成正比.在样品介质和凝胶中加入强还原剂和去污剂后,电荷因素可被忽略。
蛋白亚基的迁移率取决于亚基分子量。
试剂和器材：试剂：1. 5x样品缓冲液（10ml):0。
6ml 1mol/L的Tris-HCl(pH6.8),5ml 50%甘油，2ml 10％的SDS，0.5ml巯基乙醇，1ml 1％溴酚蓝，0.9ml蒸馏水。
可在4℃保存数周,或在－20℃保存数月。
2。
凝胶贮液：在通风橱中，称取丙烯酰胺30g，甲叉双丙烯酰胺0。
8g，加重蒸水溶解后,定容到100ml。
过滤后置棕色瓶中，4℃保存，一般可放置1个月.3。
pH8。
9分离胶缓冲液：Tris 36.3g ，加1mol/L HCl 48ml，加重蒸水80ml使其溶解，调pH8。
9，定容至100ml，4℃保存。
4。
pH6.7浓缩胶缓冲液：Tris 5.98g ，加1mol/L HCl 48ml,加重蒸水80ml使其溶解，调pH6。
7，定容至100ml，4℃保存.5。
TEMED（四乙基乙二胺）原液6.10%过硫酸铵(用重蒸水新鲜配制）7. pH8.3 Tris-甘氨酸电极缓冲液：称取Tris 6.0g，甘氨酸28.8g，加蒸馏水约900ml，调pH8。
3后，用蒸馏水定容至1000ml。
置4℃保存，临用前稀释10倍。
8. 考马斯亮蓝G250染色液:称100mg考马斯亮蓝G250，溶于200ml蒸馏水中，慢慢加入7。
5ml 70%的过氯酸，最后补足水到250ml,搅拌1小时,小孔滤纸过滤。
器材：电泳仪，电泳槽，水浴锅，摇床。
实验操作（一）样品制备将蛋白质样品与5X样品缓冲液（20ul＋5ul)在一个Eppendorf 管中混合。
ICA_SDS_MedChemExpress
Inhibitors, Agonists, Screening LibrariesSafety Data Sheet Revision Date:Jan.-15-2018Print Date:Jan.-15-20181. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION1.1 Product identifierProduct name :ICACatalog No. :HY-22044CAS No. :3374-88-71.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised againstIdentified uses :Laboratory chemicals, manufacture of substances.1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheetCompany:MedChemExpress USATel:609-228-6898Fax:609-228-5909E-mail:sales@1.4 Emergency telephone numberEmergency Phone #:609-228-68982. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION2.1 Classification of the substance or mixtureNot a hazardous substance or mixture.2.2 GHS Label elements, including precautionary statementsNot a hazardous substance or mixture.2.3 Other hazardsNone.3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS3.1 SubstancesSynonyms:N–[4–(2–Pyridinyl)–2–thiazolyl]–2–pyridinamineFormula:C13H10N4SMolecular Weight:254.31CAS No. :3374-88-74. FIRST AID MEASURES4.1 Description of first aid measuresEye contactRemove any contact lenses, locate eye-wash station, and flush eyes immediately with large amounts of water. Separate eyelids with fingers to ensure adequate flushing. Promptly call a physician.Skin contactRinse skin thoroughly with large amounts of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes and call a physician.InhalationImmediately relocate self or casualty to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.IngestionWash out mouth with water; Do NOT induce vomiting; call a physician.4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedThe most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2).4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically.5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES5.1 Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing mediaUse water spray, dry chemical, foam, and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureDuring combustion, may emit irritant fumes.5.3 Advice for firefightersWear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresUse full personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist, dust or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.Refer to protective measures listed in sections 8.6.2 Environmental precautionsTry to prevent further leakage or spillage. Keep the product away from drains or water courses.6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning upAbsorb solutions with finely-powdered liquid-binding material (diatomite, universal binders); Decontaminate surfaces and equipment by scrubbing with alcohol; Dispose of contaminated material according to Section 13.7. HANDLING AND STORAGE7.1 Precautions for safe handlingAvoid inhalation, contact with eyes and skin. Avoid dust and aerosol formation. Use only in areas with appropriate exhaust ventilation.7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesKeep container tightly sealed in cool, well-ventilated area. Keep away from direct sunlight and sources of ignition.Recommended storage temperature:Powder-20°C 3 years4°C 2 yearsIn solvent-80°C 6 months-20°C 1 monthShipping at room temperature if less than 2 weeks.7.3 Specific end use(s)No data available.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION8.1 Control parametersComponents with workplace control parametersThis product contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.8.2 Exposure controlsEngineering controlsEnsure adequate ventilation. Provide accessible safety shower and eye wash station.Personal protective equipmentEye protection Safety goggles with side-shields.Hand protection Protective gloves.Skin and body protection Impervious clothing.Respiratory protection Suitable respirator.Environmental exposure controls Keep the product away from drains, water courses or the soil. Cleanspillages in a safe way as soon as possible.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesAppearance Light brown to brown (Solid)Odor No data availableOdor threshold No data availablepH No data availableMelting/freezing point No data availableBoiling point/range No data availableFlash point No data availableEvaporation rate No data availableFlammability (solid, gas)No data availableUpper/lower flammability or explosive limits No data availableVapor pressure No data availableVapor density No data availableRelative density No data availableWater Solubility No data availablePartition coefficient No data availableAuto-ignition temperature No data availableDecomposition temperature No data availableViscosity No data availableExplosive properties No data availableOxidizing properties No data available9.2 Other safety informationNo data available.10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY10.1 ReactivityNo data available.10.2 Chemical stabilityStable under recommended storage conditions.10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactionsNo data available.10.4 Conditions to avoidNo data available.10.5 Incompatible materialsStrong acids/alkalis, strong oxidising/reducing agents.10.6 Hazardous decomposition productsUnder fire conditions, may decompose and emit toxic fumes.Other decomposition products - no data available.11.TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION11.1 Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Skin corrosion/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Serious eye damage/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Respiratory or skin sensitizationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Germ cell mutagenicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2CarcinogenicityIARC: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.ACGIH: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by ACGIH.NTP: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a anticipated or confirmed carcinogen by NTP.OSHA: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by OSHA.Reproductive toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - single exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Aspiration hazardClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 212. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION12.1 ToxicityNo data available.12.2 Persistence and degradabilityNo data available.12.3 Bioaccumlative potentialNo data available.12.4 Mobility in soilNo data available.12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT/vPvB assessment unavailable as chemical safety assessment not required or not conducted.12.6 Other adverse effectsNo data available.13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS13.1 Waste treatment methodsProductDispose substance in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.Contaminated packagingConduct recycling or disposal in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONDOT (US)This substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IMDGThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IATAThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONSARA 302 Components:No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.SARA 313 Components:This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313.SARA 311/312 Hazards:No SARA Hazards.Massachusetts Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Massachusetts Right to Know Act.Pennsylvania Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Pennsylvania Right to Know Act.New Jersey Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the New Jersey Right to Know Act.California Prop. 65 Components:This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or anyother reproductive harm.16. OTHER INFORMATIONCopyright 2017 MedChemExpress. The above information is correct to the best of our present knowledge but does not purport to be all inclusive and should be used only as a guide. The product is for research use only and for experienced personnel. It must only be handled by suitably qualified experienced scientists in appropriately equipped and authorized facilities. The burden of safe use of this material rests entirely with the user. MedChemExpress disclaims all liability for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with this product.Caution: Product has not been fully validated for medical applications. For research use only.Tel: 609-228-6898 Fax: 609-228-5909 E-mail: tech@Address: 1 Deer Park Dr, Suite Q, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA。
HHH 综合征(高鸟氨酸血症-高氨血症-同型瓜氨酸尿症)诊疗指南【2019版】
49.高苯丙氨酸血症概述高苯丙氨酸血症（hyperphenylalaninemia，HPA）是由于苯丙氨酸羟化酶（phenylalanine hydroxylase ，PAH ）缺乏或其辅酶四氢生物蝶呤（tetrahydrobiopterin，BH4）缺乏，导致血苯丙氨酸（phenylalanine，Phe）增高的一组最常见的氨基酸代谢病。
血Phe浓度＞120μmol/L（＞2mg/dl）及血Phe与酪氨酸（tyrosine，Tyr）比值（Phe/Tyr）＞2.0统称为HPA。
病因和流行病学HPA 的病因分为PAH 缺乏症（又称苯丙酮尿症PKU）和BH4 缺乏症（BH4D）两大类，均为常染色体隐性遗传病。
PAH 缺乏症是由于PAH 基因发生致病变异，导致PAH 活性下降，Phe 不能转换为Tyr，使得Tyr 及正常代谢产物合成减少，血Phe 浓度增高，最终影响中枢神经系统发育。
四氢生物喋呤（BH4）是三个芳香族氨基酸苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸羟化酶的辅酶。
BH4 代谢途径中任何一种酶的缺陷均可导致BH4D，不仅阻碍Phe 代谢，还会影响脑内神经递质的合成，患者出现严重的神经系统损害。
各个国家与地区HPA 的发病率不同。
我国1985—2011 年3500 万新生儿筛查资料显示，发病率为1:10 397。
2000—2007 年我国新生儿筛查资料显示，HPA 中12.9％为BH4D，并存在显著的地域差异，南部地区BH4D 发病率较高。
根据血Phe 浓度将PAH 缺乏症分为：轻度HPA（120～360μmol/L）、轻度苯丙酮尿症（phenylketonuria，PKU）（360～1200μmol/L）、经典型PKU（≥ 1200μmol/L）。
临床表现HPA缺乏症患儿在新生儿期多无临床症状，出生3～4个月后逐渐出现典型症状：头发由黑变黄，皮肤颜色浅淡，尿液、汗液鼠臭味。
随着年龄增长，逐渐表现出智力发育落后、小头畸形、癫痫发作，也可出现行为、性格、神经认知等异常。
2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸合成路线
2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸（HMBA）是一种重要的有机化合物，广泛应用于医药、农药、染料、涂料等领域。
其合成路线具有重要的研究和应用价值。
本文将介绍HMBA的合成路线及原理。
一、HMBA的合成路线1. 通过醛缩酸化法合成HMBA可通过甲基乙酰乙酰乙酸甲酯和水合肼经过醛缩酸化法合成。
该方法合成工艺简单，原料易得，是HMBA的一种重要合成路线之一。
合成方程式为：甲基乙酰乙酰乙酸甲酯 + 水合肼→ 2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸2. 通过烯丙基酮合成HMBA还可通过烯丙基酮的氧化裂解反应合成。
该方法能够选择性地获得HMBA，且反应条件温和、产品纯度高，是一种较为优良的HMBA合成路线。
合成方程式为：烯丙基酮 + 氧化裂解→ 2-羟基-4-甲基戊酸二、HMBA的合成原理1. 醛缩酸化法醛缩酸化法是通过酮和水合肼的醛缩反应，经过酸化得到目标产物。
反应机理中，酮经过水合和还原成半醛，再与水合肼发生醛缩反应，最终得到HMBA。
2. 烯丙基酮的氧化裂解烯丙基酮在氧化裂解反应中，经过氧化分解生成HMBA。
反应机理中，烯丙基酮首先发生氧化反应，形成酮过氧化物，再经过裂解生成HMBA。
三、HMBA合成路线的研究进展1. 合成工艺的优化目前，研究人员针对HMBA的合成路线进行了大量的研究，主要围绕合成工艺的优化、催化剂的开发等方面展开。
在醛缩酸化法合成路线中，研究人员通过改进反应条件和催化剂的选择，提高了合成效率和产物纯度。
在烯丙基酮氧化裂解合成路线中，研究人员通过优化氧化裂解条件，提高了HMBA的产率和选择性。
2. 新型合成方法的研究除传统的合成路线外，研究人员还尝试了一些新型的合成方法，如金属催化、微生物发酵等。
这些新型合成方法在HMBA的合成中展现出了一定的潜力，为HMBA的合成提供了新的思路和途径。
结论HMBA是一种重要的有机化合物，其合成路线具有重要的研究和应用价值。
当前，对HMBA的合成路线进行了广泛的研究，取得了一定的成果。
SDS-PAGE各试剂作用之欧阳道创编
Tonight convenient? Our lab dinner is in the evening, we will punctually departure from the laboratory at five thirty聚丙烯酰胺凝胶由单体丙烯酰胺和甲叉双丙烯酰胺聚合而成，聚合过程由自由基催化完成。
催化聚合的常用方法有两种：化学聚合法（常用）和光聚合法。
PAGE根据其有无浓缩效应，分为连续系统和不连续系统两大类。
连续系统电泳：体系中缓冲液pH值及凝胶浓度相同；带电颗粒在电场作用下，主要靠电荷和分子筛效应。
不连续系统：由于缓冲液离子成分、pH、凝胶浓度及电位梯度的不连续性；带电颗粒在电场中泳动不仅有电荷效应，分子筛效应，还具有浓缩效应，因而其分离条带清晰度及分辨率比连续系统电泳的较好。
不连续体系由电极缓冲液、浓缩胶及分离胶所组成。
浓缩胶是由AP催化聚合而成的大孔胶，凝胶缓冲液为pH6.7的Tris-HC1。
分离胶是由AP催化聚合而成的小孔胶，凝胶缓冲液为pH8.9 Tris-HC1。
电极缓冲液是pH8.3 Tris-甘氨酸缓冲液。
2种孔径的凝胶、2种缓冲体系、3种pH值使不连续体系形成了凝胶孔径、pH值、缓冲液离子成分的不连续性，这是样品浓缩的主要因素。
SDS-PAGE各试剂作用1.过硫酸铵（APS）为催化剂2.四甲基乙二胺（TEMED）为加速剂：在聚合过程中，TEMED催化过硫酸铵产生自由基，后者引发丙烯酰胺单体聚合，同时甲叉双丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰胺链间产生甲叉键交联，从而形成三维网状结构3.SDS是阴离子去污剂，作为变性剂和助溶试剂，它能断裂分子内和分子间的氢键，使分子去折叠，破坏蛋白分子的二、三级结构。
4.强还原剂如巯基乙醇，二硫苏糖醇能使半胱氨酸残基间的二硫键断裂。
在样品和凝胶中加入还原剂和SDS后，分子被解聚成多肽链，解聚后的氨基酸侧链和SDS结合成蛋白- SDS胶束，所带的负电荷大大超过了蛋白原有的电荷量，这样就消除了不同分子间的电荷差异和结构差异。
khmds结构式 -回复
khmds结构式-回复khmds结构式是有机合成中常用的试剂组合，其中的缩写分别代表锂丙酮酯(LiHMDS)、四氢呋喃(THF)、甲酯(MeOH) 以及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。
在有机合成中，这个常用的四组试剂的组合可以用于去质子化、去卤代反应、偶联反应以及环合反应等许多有机合成反应中。
下面将一步一步地回答关于khmds结构式的详细问题。
1. KHMDs结构式是什么？KHMDs结构式代表有机合成中常用的四种试剂，包括锂丙酮酯(LiHMDS)、四氢呋喃(THF)、甲酯(MeOH) 和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。
这些试剂经常组合在一起，用于促进有机合成反应，如去质子化、去卤代反应、偶联反应以及环合反应等。
2. 锂丙酮酯(LiHMDS) 的结构式是什么？锂丙酮酯(LiHMDS) 的结构式是LiCH2C(OMe)3。
它是一种最常用的碱性试剂之一，可提供强碱性条件用于有机合成反应。
3. 四氢呋喃(THF) 的结构式是什么？四氢呋喃(THF) 的结构式为(CH2)4O。
它是一种常用的有机溶剂，在有机合成中用于溶解试剂和反应物，并促进反应进行。
4. 甲酯(MeOH) 的结构式是什么？甲酯(MeOH) 的结构式为CH3OCH3。
它是一种无色挥发性液体，常用于溶解试剂和反应物，同时也可参与某些有机合成反应。
5. 二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 的结构式是什么？二甲基亚砜(DMSO) 的结构式为(CH3)2SO。
它是一种无色有机溶剂，在有机合成反应中具有溶解试剂和反应物的作用，同时也可作为一种一般性抗溶剂。
6. KHMDs结构式的应用领域有哪些？KHMDs结构式在有机合成中应用广泛。
其中：- LiHMDS为一种强碱性试剂，常用于去质子化反应、去卤代反应以及偶联反应等。
- THF和DMSO是常用的溶剂，可用于溶解试剂和反应物，同时也促进反应进行。
- MeOH则可作为反应品，一些有机合成反应中涉及到酯的形成或断裂等步骤时会使用到甲酯。
103213-32-7 Fmoc-Cys(Trt)-OH Medbio沸点
Fmoc-N-Me-Leu-OH
103478-62-2
5g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
CAS
包装
纯度
MedBio
MED11026
四氮唑
Tetrazole
288-94-8
100g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
CAS
包装
纯度
MedBio
MED11090
N-甲基-D-缬氨酸盐酸盐
≥98%
Fmoc-Glu(OtBu)-OH
71989-18-9
100g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
CAS
包装
纯度
MedBio
MED11089
O-叔丁基-N-[(9H-芴-9-基甲氧基)羰基]-N-甲基-L-酪氨酸
Fmoc-N-Me-Tyr(tBu)-OH
133373-24-7
25g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
CAS
包装
纯度
MedBio
MED11007
Байду номын сангаас二环己基碳二亚胺
DCC
538-75-0
500g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
CAS
包装
纯度
MedBio
MED11130
Fmoc-L-苏氨酸
Fmoc-Thr-OH
73731-37-0
100g
≥98%
品牌
货号
中文名称
英文名称
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Inhibitors, Agonists, Screening LibrariesSafety Data Sheet Revision Date:Jan.-17-2019Print Date:Jan.-17-20191. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION1.1 Product identifierProduct name :H-Phe-Phe-OHCatalog No. :HY-W007970CAS No. :2577-40-41.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised againstIdentified uses :Laboratory chemicals, manufacture of substances.1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheetCompany:MedChemExpress USATel:609-228-6898Fax:609-228-5909E-mail:sales@1.4 Emergency telephone numberEmergency Phone #:609-228-68982. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION2.1 Classification of the substance or mixtureGHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)Skin corrosion ⁄irritation (Category 2),H315Serious eye damage ⁄eye irritation (Category 1),H319Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation (Category 3),H3352.2 GHS Label elements, including precautionary statementsPictogramSignal word WarningHazard statement(s)H315 Causes skin irritationH319 Causes serious eye irritationH335 May cause respiratory irritationPrecautionary statement(s)P261 Avoid breathing dust ⁄fume ⁄gas ⁄mist ⁄vapours ⁄spray.P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do.Continue rinsing.2.3 Other hazardsNone.3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS3.1 SubstancesSynonyms:NoneFormula:C18H20N2O3Molecular Weight:312.36CAS No. :2577-40-44. FIRST AID MEASURES4.1 Description of first aid measuresEye contactRemove any contact lenses, locate eye-wash station, and flush eyes immediately with large amounts of water. Separate eyelids with fingers to ensure adequate flushing. Promptly call a physician.Skin contactRinse skin thoroughly with large amounts of water. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes and call a physician.InhalationImmediately relocate self or casualty to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Avoid mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.IngestionWash out mouth with water; Do NOT induce vomiting; call a physician.4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayedThe most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2).4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment neededTreat symptomatically.5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES5.1 Extinguishing mediaSuitable extinguishing mediaUse water spray, dry chemical, foam, and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixtureDuring combustion, may emit irritant fumes.5.3 Advice for firefightersWear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing.6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency proceduresUse full personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist, dust or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas.Refer to protective measures listed in sections 8.6.2 Environmental precautionsTry to prevent further leakage or spillage. Keep the product away from drains or water courses.6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning upAbsorb solutions with finely-powdered liquid-binding material (diatomite, universal binders); Decontaminate surfaces and equipment by scrubbing with alcohol; Dispose of contaminated material according to Section 13.7. HANDLING AND STORAGE7.1 Precautions for safe handlingAvoid inhalation, contact with eyes and skin. Avoid dust and aerosol formation. Use only in areas with appropriate exhaustventilation.7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilitiesKeep container tightly sealed in cool, well-ventilated area. Keep away from direct sunlight and sources of ignition.Recommended storage temperature:Powder-20°C 3 years4°C 2 yearsIn solvent-80°C 6 months-20°C 1 monthShipping at room temperature if less than 2 weeks.7.3 Specific end use(s)No data available.8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION8.1 Control parametersComponents with workplace control parametersThis product contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.8.2 Exposure controlsEngineering controlsEnsure adequate ventilation. Provide accessible safety shower and eye wash station.Personal protective equipmentEye protection Safety goggles with side-shields.Hand protection Protective gloves.Skin and body protection Impervious clothing.Respiratory protection Suitable respirator.Environmental exposure controls Keep the product away from drains, water courses or the soil. Cleanspillages in a safe way as soon as possible.9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical propertiesAppearance White to off-white (Solid)Odor No data availableOdor threshold No data availablepH No data availableMelting/freezing point No data availableBoiling point/range No data availableFlash point No data availableEvaporation rate No data availableFlammability (solid, gas)No data availableUpper/lower flammability or explosive limits No data availableVapor pressure No data availableVapor density No data availableRelative density No data availableWater Solubility No data availablePartition coefficient No data availableAuto-ignition temperature No data availableDecomposition temperature No data availableViscosity No data availableExplosive properties No data availableOxidizing properties No data available9.2 Other safety informationNo data available.10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY10.1 ReactivityNo data available.10.2 Chemical stabilityStable under recommended storage conditions.10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactionsNo data available.10.4 Conditions to avoidNo data available.10.5 Incompatible materialsStrong acids/alkalis, strong oxidising/reducing agents.10.6 Hazardous decomposition productsUnder fire conditions, may decompose and emit toxic fumes.Other decomposition products - no data available.11.TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION11.1 Information on toxicological effectsAcute toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Skin corrosion/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Serious eye damage/irritationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Respiratory or skin sensitizationClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Germ cell mutagenicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2CarcinogenicityIARC: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.ACGIH: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by ACGIH.NTP: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a anticipated or confirmed carcinogen by NTP.OSHA: No component of this product present at a level equal to or greater than 0.1% is identified as a potential or confirmed carcinogen by OSHA.Reproductive toxicityClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - single exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposureClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 2Aspiration hazardClassified based on available data. For more details, see section 212. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION12.1 ToxicityNo data available.12.2 Persistence and degradabilityNo data available.12.3 Bioaccumlative potentialNo data available.12.4 Mobility in soilNo data available.12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessmentPBT/vPvB assessment unavailable as chemical safety assessment not required or not conducted.12.6 Other adverse effectsNo data available.13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS13.1 Waste treatment methodsProductDispose substance in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.Contaminated packagingConduct recycling or disposal in accordance with prevailing country, federal, state and local regulations.14. TRANSPORT INFORMATIONDOT (US)This substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IMDGThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.IATAThis substance is considered to be non-hazardous for transport.15. REGULATORY INFORMATIONSARA 302 Components:No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.SARA 313 Components:This material does not contain any chemical components with known CAS numbers that exceed the threshold (De Minimis) reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313.SARA 311/312 Hazards:No SARA Hazards.Massachusetts Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Massachusetts Right to Know Act.Pennsylvania Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the Pennsylvania Right to Know Act.New Jersey Right To Know Components:No components are subject to the New Jersey Right to Know Act.California Prop. 65 Components:This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or anyother reproductive harm.16. OTHER INFORMATIONCopyright 2019 MedChemExpress. The above information is correct to the best of our present knowledge but does not purport to be all inclusive and should be used only as a guide. The product is for research use only and for experienced personnel. It must only be handled by suitably qualified experienced scientists in appropriately equipped and authorized facilities. The burden of safe use of this material rests entirely with the user. MedChemExpress disclaims all liability for any damage resulting from handling or from contact with this product.Caution: Product has not been fully validated for medical applications. For research use only.Tel: 609-228-6898 Fax: 609-228-5909 E-mail: tech@Address: 1 Deer Park Dr, Suite Q, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA。