nonverbalcommunication跨文化交际.ppt
2019-2020年大学英语跨文化交际教学课件Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication幻灯片
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Text C Paralanguage and Silence
1. paralanguage(副语言) 2. silence (沉默 )
1 PARALANGUAGE
1 PARALANGUAGE
ACTIVITY:
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication 3
e. Contradicting
Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words. Such as yawning as someone talks nonstop.
Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.
This gesture means OK in the U.S and many cultures,
Communication
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION: DEFINITION
Nonverbal communication (非言语交 际) refers to intentional
use of nonspoken symbols to
communicate a specific message or the
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
Text B Definition and Functions of Nonverbal Communication
跨文化交际(UNIT 7)[优质ppt]
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2) Time is cyclical. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.
Chronemics
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
Chronemics
2. What is the philosophy underlying each of the time system?
1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible than M-time.
跨文化交际中的非语言交际PPT课件
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因此，所有人类文化都可以用非语言形式进行交际， 如面部表情、身体姿态动作、目视行为、空间处理、时 间取向等。在交际过程中，有些非语言形式是有意识的， 有些是无意识的。一种文化接受的非语言形式可能完全 不被另一种文化接受，甚至传达相反的含义。而正是这 些千差万别的“无声语言”常常引起交际双方之间的相 互误解，成为跨文化交际的障碍。
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第三，语言交际是非连续的，讲话中段随即停止，而非语言 交际是连续不断的。一个人走进一个房间，不论他是否自觉到， 都在不断进行非语言交际，他的衣着、举止、表情都在不断地传 达某种信息。
第四，语言是后天习得，非语言交际的手段一部分是人类的 本能。例如，哭笑及一部分表情，等等。
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一、非语言交际的界定
通常人们谈交际时，总是首先想到语言，殊不知语言只是人 们交际的一个手段。在交际中，除了语言这一重要工具，人们 还使用许多其他手段表达自己的思想和感情、传达各种信息。 一切不是用语言进行的交际活动统称为非语言交际 （nonverbal communication). 它包括眼神、手势、身势、微 笑、面部表情、服装打扮、沉默、身体接触、空间距离、讲话 音量、时间观念等等。有学者认为,在人们的直接交际活动中， 30%的信息通过语言传递，70%的信息依靠非语言手段；也有 的认为90%的信息来自非语言交际。不论这些统计数字是否准 确，至少我们可以看出非语言交际的重要性。因此，一个人沉 默不语，并不是说这个人无所表示，沉默本身就具有意义。至 于眉眼、手势、身势等所表达的意思则更多。
商务英语Nonverbal_Communicationppt课件
Body Movement
❖ Posture
➢ Submissiveness Japan: bowing ritual
1) The person who occupies the lower station begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper than the other person’s. The superior determines when the bowing is to be end. When they are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.
➢ Affect displays One’s face turns red with embarrassment.
Body Movement
❖ Gesture
➢ Hand gesture 1. The thumbs-up sign Britain: good, great; hitch-hiking, asking for free ride China, Russia, U.S: approval Persian: highly offensive
upper legs. Women put hands on the front of the thighs.
Body Movement
❖ Posture
➢ Submissiveness German: a bow to and recognition of authority
1) The hips remain straight. 2) The bow comes out of a lowering of the head.
Nonverbal Communication and Culture跨文化交际 教学PPT课件
When studying foreign speech, don’t forget about body language.
学习外国语言时，别忘了身体语言。
Something as simple as a smile can display friendliness in one culture, embarrassment in another, impatience in a third. Even silence means different things in different places.
有些动作，简单如一个微笑，可以在第一种文化中表示友好，第二种中表 示尴尬，第三种中表示不耐烦。甚至沉默在不同的地方也有不同的意味。
Gestures 手势
The thumbs-up sign is equivalent to the middle finger in Greece and Sardinia. Tapping your finger to your temple is a gesture to show memory in North America, but suggests insanity in Russia. Even nodding yes or shaking one's head no can be misunderstood abroad. The yes-no gestures are reversed in countries like Bulgaria and Albania. In Turkey, “no” is gestured by nodding the head up and back.
9. We have direct eye contact with someone to let him or her know the channels are open.
nonverbalcommunication非言语交际PPT
Spatial Use and Time
苏安梅
华南农业大学外国语学院
6
Appearance
Appearance (clothes, hairstyle, makeup, personal decoration) may indicate mood, occupation, culture, status, or group membership, character.
What are the comfortable distance between you and your close friends, between you and your teacher, between you and your classmate, between you and a stranger?
苏安梅
华南农业大学外国语学院
7
苏安梅
华南农业大学外国语学院
8
Posture
Posture refers to your body’s position as you sit or stand, which communicates a great deal about your mood or feelings.
under discussion Eg. A person pounding on a desk as she makes an important
point.
苏安梅
华南农业大学外国语学院
4
I hate my job. I am so bored.
苏安梅
பைடு நூலகம்华南农业大学外国语学院
5
Elements of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际 ppt课件
Do no the most moving moments of our lives find us all without words? In human intercourse the tragedy begins not when there is misunderstanding about words, but when silence is not understood.
大多数非语言交际具有普遍性，但是许多非语言行为都 是文化潜移默化的结果。
非语言交流的重要性
判断心态：人们会自觉不自觉地、有意无意地对别人心态做出 判断 – 这种心态常常不是通过语言表达出来的。从说话的语气， 你与说话对象的距离，到身体接触的次数，了解彼此间关系的 亲疏。如果看到某人紧握双拳、表情犹豫，无需交谈你就知道 她不高兴。听到某人声音发颤，手发抖，您能推断出他很恐惧 或焦虑。
身体动作
运动信号指的是那些看得见、能发出信息的身体变动。这些信息关于： 你对他人的态度（与朋友面对面站着，或身体向前微倾，表明你很放 松）；你的情感状况（敲桌子表明你紧张）；你控制环境的欲望（示 意某人走过来意味着你想同他交谈）。
所有人在使用动作交流时，文化会教你如何使用和理解这些动作。
姿势：姿势和就坐习惯反映了文化的深层结构。
服装：穿衣多少，样式如何均反映某种文化的价值取向。
阿拉伯：女孩不许上游泳课，因为他们不许他们裸露身体。
西班牙：外表同其社会地位联系在一起。地位高的人大热天穿 西装打领带不足为奇。
日本：服装款式和颜色的保守倾向加强了集体主义观念，减少 社会不和谐的可能性。
男性主导的文化使女性穿那些限制活动的服装，造成女 性的一种从Байду номын сангаас感和脆弱感。
跨文化商务沟通161Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication
Unit 5Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGObectivesI. What is nonverbal communication II. Nonverbal communication and culture III. Functions of nonverbal communication IV. The Importance of Nonverbal Communication V. Nonverbal communication: guidelines andlimitations VI. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGI. Defining nonverbal communication• 1. Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.• 2. Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGII. Nonverbal communication and culture • 1. Much of our nonverbal behavior, likeculture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequently beyond our awareness.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 2. Culture is all-pervasive, multidimensional, and boundless; it is everywhere and in everything. The same is true of nonverbal behavior.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 3. Another parallel between culture and nonverbal behavior is that both need to be learned.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANG• 4. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture's underlying attitudes and values. It can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIII. Functions of nonverbal communication • To repeat, complement, substitute for averbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGIV. The importance of nonverbal communication• 1.We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their non-verbal behavior.• 2. We use the actions of others to learn about their affective or emotional states.• 3. Many of our nonverbal actions are not easily controlled consciously.• 4. Nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.IBC COURSEWARE OF EDWARD ZHANGV. Nonverbal communication: guidelines and limitations1.It is important to remember that we are all more than our culture.2. In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.3. Nonverbal actions seldom occur in isolation.IBC COURSEWARE OFVI. Categories of Nonverbal Communication•1. Those primarily produced by the body: appearance, movements (kinesics), facial expressions, eye contact, touch.•2. Those the individual combines with the setting: space, time, and silence.IBC COURSEWARE OF2. Body movement (kinesics)•posture•gesturesIBC COURSEWARE OF3. Facial Expressions4. Eye contact and gaze5. TouchIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFhe/she is ready to move at any time. his/her feelings, trying to calm down.•How Body Communicates, from head to toesIBC COURSEWARE OFHEAD-Nodding the head-“Yes”in most societies-“No”in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey•Tossing the head backward–“yes”in Thailand, the Philippines, India, LaosIBC COURSEWARE OFFACE IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFEYES*Eye contacts-Encouraged in America, Canada, Europe-Rude in most Asian countries and in Africa*Winking eye-Sharing secret in America and Europe-flirtatious gesture in other countries*Closed eyes-bored or sleepy in America-“I’m listening and concentrating.”in Japan, Thailand, ChinaIBC COURSEWARE OFEars*Ear grasp-“I’m sorry.”in parts of India*Cupping the ear-“I can’t hear you.”in all societies*Pulling ear-“You are in my heart”for Navajo IndiansIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLIPS AND MOUTHCheeks*Cheek screw-gesture of praise -Italy-“That’s crazy.”Germany*Cheek stroke-“pretty, attractive, success”most EuropeIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Kiss. In parts of Asia, kissing is considered an intimate sexual act and not permissible in public, even as a social greeting.IBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING •Finger tip kiss. In France, it conveys several messages, “That’s good!”“That’s great!”“That’s beautiful!.”IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFTHE LIP POINTING*Open mouth. Any display of the open mouth is considered very rude in mostcountries.Fingers*The “O.K.”signal. (the thumb and forefinger form a circle) means*“fine,”or “O.K.”in most cultures,*“zero”or “worthless”in some parts ofEurope*“money”in Japan*an insult in Greece, Brazil, Italy, Turkey,Russia and some other countriesIBC COURSEWARE OFFingers*Pointing.*Pointing with the index finger iscommon in North America andEurope.*But it is considered impolite inJapan and China where theyfavor using the whole open hand.*Malaysians prefer pointing withthe thumb.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Of all the body parts, thehands are probably used most for communicating non-verbally.*Hand waves are used for greetings, beckoning, orfarewells.Hands*The Italian“good-bye”wave can be interpreted by Americans as the gesture of “come here.”*The American “good-bye”wave can be interpreted in many parts of Europe and Latin America as the signal for “no.”IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Handshaking is a form of greeting in most Western cultures.*In the Middle East, a gentlegrip is appropriate.*In most Asian cultures, a gentlegrip and an avoidance of directeye contact is appropriate.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Right hand. The right hand has special significance in many societies. In certain countries in the Middle East and in Asia, it is best to present business cards or gifts, or to pass dishes of food, to get an attention, using only the right hand or both. *Left hand is considered unclean in much of the Middle East and in parts of Indonesia.IBC COURSEWARE OFHands*Clapping hands.*Russians and Chinese may use applause to greet someone.*In many central and eastern Europe,audience frequently clap in rhythm.IBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Holding the nose-“Something smells bad.”universal *Nose tap-“It’s confidential.”England-“Watch out!”or "Be careful.”ItalyIBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFNose*Pointing to nose-“It ’s me.”China*Blowing nose-In most Asian countries , blowing the nose at social gathering is ‘disgusting.’Arms*Some cultures, like the Italians, use thearms freely. Others, like the Japanese,are more reserved; it is considered impolite to gesticulate with broadmovements of the arms.*Folding arms are interpreted by somesocial observers as a form of excluding self, “I am taking a defensive posture,”or“I disagree with what I am hearing.”IBC COURSEWARE OF*Arms akimbo. In many cultures, thisstance signals aggression, resistance, impatience, or even anger.*Arms behind back, hands grasped is a sign of ease and control.*Arms in front, hands grasped, common practice in most Asian countries, is a sign of mutual respect for others.IBC COURSEWARE OFIBC COURSEWARE OFLegs & Feet*In Asia, do not point with your toes.*In Asia and some European countries, putting feet up on a desk or any other piece of furniture is very disrespectful.*Sitting cross-legged, while common in North America and some European countries, is very impolite in other parts of the world.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study•Study the following three cases and explain what messages smiles and laughter usually convey.IBC COURSEWARE OFCase Study1. In a Chinese classroom a girl was asked to answer a question. She stood up and smiled, without making any sound.2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally fall over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and is quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.3. In the dining room, when an American drops a plate quite by accident and feels bad, and Chinese onlookers laugh, compounding his discomfort and causing anger and bad feelingIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter•Smile and laughter usually convey friendliness, approval, satisfaction, pleasure, joy and merriment.•In case A, the girl smiled to cover her embarrassment resulting from not being able to answer the question.•In case B and C, the laughter is not at the person or his misfortune –whether he is aIBC COURSEWARE OFSmile and laughter foreigner or a Chinese. It can convey a number of feelings: don’t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing’such things can happen to any of us.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance •Space includes the personal space and territoriality.•Animals and human beings both stake out to defend their territories.•The territorial invasion of a country may lead to the declaration of war. But people as individuals may not be so pugnacious (好斗的).• A more tangible form of communication between people is the use and control of space.IBC COURSEWARE OFNorth Americans’distance habit0~45cm:intimate lovers and family members45~80cm:friends (personal distance)130~300cm:acquaintances (social distance)>270cm:public space, not belong to oneself Behind:strangers speaking from behind are allowed to stand much more nearer.IBC COURSEWARE OFSpace and Distance•Personal spaceEdward T. Hall suggests that “each person has around him an invisible bubble of space which expands and contracts depending on his relationship to those around him, his emotional state, and the activity he is performing.”Based on his observations of North Americans, Hall developed four categories of distance in human interactions:IBC COURSEWARE OF•(1) Intimate distance: ranging from body contact to 18 inches, this distance is used for personal contact, comforting, and protecting.** 一英寸=2.54厘米IBC COURSEWARE OF•(2) Personal distance: from 18 inches to 4 feet, depending on the closeness of the relationship, in this distancing mode people have an visible “space bubble”separating themselves from others.** 1英尺(ft)=0.3048米(m)IBC COURSEWARE OF•(3) Social distance: from 4 to 12 feet, this distance is used by acquaintances and strangers in business meetings and classrooms.IBC COURSEWARE OF。
Nonverbal Communication 非语言交际 ppt课件
非语言交流Defining Nonverbal Communication
非语言交流涵盖了某种交流情景下的所有非语言刺激因素，这些刺 激因素是通过信源以及对环境的利用产生的，并且对信源或信宿具 有潜在的信息价值。
Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.
夸大差异。在宋朝，伸舌头表示假装害怕，而伸舌头在外表示 惊讶，这一话题足以使鸡尾酒会的人们喋喋不休，说个没完。
非语言交流与文化。全世界的人们都有同样的基本感情（恐惧、 兴奋、气愤、惊讶、厌恶和悲哀）。但是在涉及什么事情会引 起某一情感，人们在什么地方、以什么方式表达感情，以及人 们如何界定情感等方面，都因文化而异。
“观其壳可知其核(By the husk you may judge the nut)。” 大多数美国人认为，壳应该是完美无瑕的。许多人意识到，由 性别、衣服样式、种族、年龄、民族、身份、体形、情绪等外 化出来的表象来反映某人的基本特征。研究表明：在美国，肥 胖者收入低，结婚率低，受教育程度低。我们根据一个人的魅 力、着装以及个人小饰品对其“知识、性别、年龄、亲和力、 财政状况、阶层、品味、价值观和文化背景等”。魅力迷恋在 文化中已根深蒂固，即便小孩也更愿意选择与漂亮的小朋友为 伴。
Unit_6Nonverbal Communication 跨文化交际 大学教学课件
Bowing in Japan
“bowing contest”
Bend slightly to one’s right
Becoming automatic movement, e.g. bow when making phone call
In Japan, mutual bowing is largely determined by rank.
answering a question Korean – rarely do, too much smiling is a sign
of shallowness “The man who smiles a lot is not a real man.” Thailand – “the land of smiles”
regulatingaheadnodtoindicatethatitishisherturntospeak交际中话语插入轮流发言以及交际双方的情绪反应态度变化等借助非语言交际来完成?5
Unit Six
Nonverbal communication
Learning objectives :
Warm-up Activities
You don’t just “ read ” others’ language;
You observe, analyze and interpret before you decide the possible meaning!
Sitting or Standing?
In western countries, people who stand are more important than those who sit (unless there is a table between them), because the former could control the latter.
non-verbal communication 无语言交流(课堂PPT)
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Hands
• Clapping to indicate applause
unintentional
• Ambiguous
• Primary
• Continuous
• Multi-channeled
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• To provide information • To regulate interaction • To express or hide emotion and affect • To present an image • To express power and control
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Time
• Time is a conception, a culture, and ways of life.
• Different cultures have different interpretation and conception of time.
• Americans say that he who hesitates is lost, while we Chinese often say that think three times before you act. (Think twice before you leap.)
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Definition: (1)
• “Metacommunication (beyond
the usual commmunication),
paralinguistics, second-
order messages, the silent
跨文化交际Nonverbal Communication ppt课件
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Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly
• Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
2he use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.
rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
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The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend
• Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
• Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
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Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings
✓ 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
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跨文化交际课件 L 12 Nonverbal Communication
Part One
Warm-up Cases
Case 1 Personal Space
Mark had moved from Denmark to Sydney. One day, at an evening party, a lady approached him, Mark showed his interest to talk with her. At first, the conversation went smoothly, but as it progressed, the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her. The lady obviously looked uncomfortable. As Mark was about to ask her more questions, she excused herself and went away to talk with others, leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why the talk had come to a sudden stop.
Case Analysis Khrushchev's gesture
Gesture is the expressive movement of a part of the body, especially the hand and the head. Even though, people talk with their hands, what they mean depends on their culture. In 1959, Former Soviet Union had a cold war with the United States on , therefore a common gesture from Khrushchev may arouse Americans’ sensitive response in Camp David.
跨文化交际上课ppt3.
Eye contact
Western norm eye contact Black’s norm for eye contact
Clothing
Functions of clothing ---for protection ---for modesty ---for display of a type of culture
Space
Different attitude towards crowding • To use one’s hands to get through a crowd • To use one’s body to get through a crowd
Space
• Use of space in the office • Location of office to indicate rank • Difference in office arrangement • Ma culture in Japan e.g. flower arrangement
Intimate distance
No distance to 6-8 inches
Personal distance
1.5-2.5 feet to 2.5-4 feet
Social distance
4-7 feet to 7-12 feet
Public distance
12-25 feet
Clothing-dress code
---Dress code specified for occasions ---Dress code specified for institutions ---Dress code specified for professions
跨文化交际PPT 7-nonverbal
What are they doing?
Hawaii
What do they want to express?
Applaud
What do you do when you say “yes”?
How do the black people greet people? What do they mean by shaking their heads?
NVC----Body movements
Physical behaviors such as: Facial movement Gestures Posture
Facial expressions: how do they feel?
They are universal.
Hand gestures: what do they mean?
Blank Filling
A walk to convey____1____; a greeting that gets the upper hand; a gesture that can __2____ a lie, body language can betray us. When a president is under pressure, or a celebrity is in the media glare, look beyond the words, their ___3_____ says it all. This is a certain poise, self-touch gesture, hot spot, or micro-expressions. In this special, experts will dissect the___4___, the ___5___ and the ___6___ to reveal its hidden meanings, its secrets.
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No gesture has the same meaning!!
there is no 'international language' of gestures. Instead, cultures have developed systems of unique gestures, and it is almost never possible for us to understand intuitively the gestures from another culture.
French gesture for 'I don't believe you' ,
guess what this Iranian gesture means?
No. 1 for me/ Good luck / screw you
Screw you
This gesture teaches an extremely important lesson. This gesture is identical to the American/English gesture for ‘Good Luck to you.’ But it is an obscene (淫猥的) gesture, and an American traveling in Iran would outrage people there if the American performed this gesture. When in another culture or society, we should never 'mirror' a gesture that someone presents to us--without knowing it, we could be deeply offending that person and inviting conflict.
Flight
Flight is the most common response to spatial invasions, and only 2% of the "invaded" people in proxemics experiments ever say anything to those who invade their personal space. The invasion is stressful for the invaded, making an early departure is almost certain.
Definition: (2)
Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. (Samovar and Porter, 2004)
Who won the game of one-onone basketball?
a. The man on the left b. The man on the right
The man on the right
He seems confident, poised and modest--all qualities that suggest he is the winner of the game.
People turn to believe nonverbal codes when they contradict the verbal ones!
Definition: (1)
“Metacommunication (beyond the usual commmunication), paralinguistics, second-order messages, the silent language, and the hidden dimension of communication.” (Hall, 1959)
a. She will ask them to sit somewhere else.
b. She will stare at the space "invaders" defiantly, but she will not move .
c. She will leave, saying nothing to thepersonal space.
Session 5
Intercultural Non-verbal Communication
What will happen?
Source: /
QUESTION: What?
Every culture has rules about the CORRECT use of space. The proxemic (relating to the study of space) rules are unwritten and never taught-- but they are very powerful
1. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal codes refer to communicative messages which are not in word form.
More than 55% messages are communicated nonverbally!