计算机专业英语的的一些特点

计算机专业英语的一些特点1 引言计算机专业英语是各个层次的计算机类专业的必修课，是大学英语教学的延伸和提高，也是学生大学期间英语不断线教育中非常重要的一环。

由于计算机学科的特殊性，即绝大部分计算机新技术都源于国外，要想快速学习、掌握这些新技术和新的开发工具，必须能够熟练地阅读计算机英文文献。

同时目前倡导的双语教学，要求部分专业课程要用原版英文教材，这就要求学生必须先掌握足够的基础知识专业词汇。

所以专业英语对计算机科学及相关专业的学生来讲，非常重要。

计算机专业英语教学的目标是培养学生掌握常用的计算机专业英语词汇、培养科技英语的阅读理解、翻译及写作能力，但各高校基本上都是将该课程设为考查课程，相当一部分学生学习效果不理想。

从毕业设计中的专业外文文献翻译和毕业论文的英文摘要，就可以明显地看出来，有的学生甚至直接使用“金山快译”之类的翻译软件来翻译。

如何更好地讲授好计算机专业英语课程，达到更好地教学效果，是许多计算机学科的教师探讨的课题。

2 计算机专业英语的特点计算机专业英语除了具有科技英语的一般特点外，还有其自身的特点。

●长句多。

●被动语句多。

●祈使语句多。

●专业术语多。

●新词多，且合成新词多。

●缩略语多。

●一词多义。

其中缩略语出现的频度高，以及新词(包括新缩略语)产生快和数量多是计算机专业英语区别于其它学科专业英语的主要特点。

3 教学内容的选择3.1 教材的选择计算机专业英语的教材比较多，层次也不同。

选择一本合适的教材是取得好的教学效果的基础，选择教材时有以下几个原则：(1)全面性。

计算机专业英语是要介绍计算机专业课程涉及的词语和知识，所以教材内容要尽量全面，至少要包括大部分计算机专业课程的内容，如计算机原理、数字逻辑、数据结构、数据库、操作系统、计算机网络、软件工程、程序设计语言等等。

目的是掌握相关词汇，所以理论上不要求太深，通常是介绍性质的，事实上目前计算机英语教材中不少课程内容都是源自某一课程的英文教材的内容介绍，或者是摘编出来的。

(2)时效性。

由于计算机技术发展非常迅速，且新技术市场化周期越来越短，要使学生能够掌握新的计算机技术和新的实用工具软件，就必须考虑教材内容的时效性，达到与时俱进。

(3)适用性。

由于计算机专业英语教材较多，层次不同，包括两年高职、三年高职、专生本、本科等层次，相应的内容深浅、侧重点各有不同。

同时现在计算机相关专业也越来越多，如计算机科学与技术、软件工程、网络工程、信息安全专业、软件测试等，不同的或方向对课程内容的侧重也不同，所以要根据不同的教学对象选择适用的教材，当然，也可以对教材内容进行选择性的取舍。

3.2 适当补充新内容由于教材编写的时滞性，一些实用的新技术不会包括在教材中，而计算机是一门实用性很强的学科，学生急于了解计算机新的技术发展和应用情况，特别是实用性的技术和新软件功能等，所以要根据当前的技术发展，适当补充一些介绍计算机新技术的内容。

如笔者在近年的教学中，及时补充了ASP .Net、IP V6、超线程(Hyper-Threading)、Dual-Core Processor、DDR Memory等实用性强的新技术的文章，很受学生欢迎。

根据经验，学生是非常乐于了解新技术的，特别是那些已得到应用的主流技术。

另外，大部分教材内容理论性较强，对一些基本的实用操作则介绍很少，如对于CMOS设置、键盘上各键名称的具体含义、软件基本操作术语等基本的实用英语则很少有介绍，甚至部分学生本科毕业时还不知道“Ctrl”、“Alt”键等具体是哪个英文词及其实际含义，“有专业没常识”。

所以在教学时，应当补充这些最基本的内容。

在教学时还应适当讲授科技英语的阅读、翻译和写作的基本知识和技巧，使学生能够熟练翻译相关的技术文章，并基本上可撰写一般性英文科技论文，特别是要掌握科技论文英文摘要的写作方法。

总之，在教学内容上，要达到全面性、时效性、实用性的合理协调。

4 教学进度安排以及与专业课程的协调计算机专业英语教材的内容通常是以计算机专业课程为单元编排的，如计算机硬件、数据结构、数据库原理等等。

本科计算机专业英语通常是在三年级开设，专科通常是在最后一学年开设，此时学生有些专业课程还没有学到，这样就会增加对计算机英语课文理解的难度。

所以在教学进度的安排上，要兼顾其它专业课程的教学进度，对于学生没有学过的专业课程，由于在学习对应的专业英语时，学生没有该方面的概念，老师又不可能将理论原理讲得很透彻，学生学起来可能会一头雾水。

对于已经学过的专业课程，再学习相应的专业英语，其效果要好得多。

另外还要考虑采用双语教学的专业课程，合理灵活地安排课程内容和进度，不一定非要按照课本上的章节顺序来进行。

计算机专业英语的一些特点(2)5 教学及辅助教学形式的多样化多媒体及其它现代技术已广泛应用于教学，利用这些技术可以使教学形式多样化，获得传统的教学方式难以获得的良好的教学效果。

除了传统的板书教学外，还可以利用下列方式。

(1)PPT等课件。

利用投映机播放PPT课件来讲解课文，要比让学生都低着头看自己的课本讲解，效果要好得多。

(2)音频。

目前部分计算机英语教材都提供了相应课文的音频材料，而且网上也有许多计算机专业英语的听力材料，利用PC教师也可以自己录制英语课文的录音。

利用音频可以有效地锻炼学生的专业英语的听力和口语。

(3)视频与动画。

许多计算机相关网站上都有计算机技术和知识的视频材料，特别是一些著名的IT公司如IBM、Microsoft等公司的网站上，经常及时地提供介绍其新技术和新产品的英文版视频和动画，其发音纯正，制作精美，形象直观，时间通常为几分钟，介绍一种产品或技术的主要特点。

观看这类视频短片或动画，提高了学生学习的兴趣，学生既锻炼了听力，同时也学到了新技术，所以效果非常好。

辅助教学对教学效果的影响非常重要，要想使学生很好地掌握计算机英语，除了课堂上的面对面的教学、交流外，还要充分利用其它的辅助教学手段。

网络技术的普及为我们提供了多种辅助教学方式。

(1)网络课程。

教师可以在校园网上建立自己的计算机英语网络课程，将自己的教学课件等资料放在上面，教师可以通过网络课程布置作业、上传学习资料、答疑等。

学生可以随时访问学习，提交作业、提问题等。

网络课程在校园内已成为教师的一种重要的辅助教学平台，也是学生重要的学习平台。

(2)博客。

虽然博客近几年才开始兴起，但已有许多教育工作者尝试将其应用于教育中，有的已取得了很好的效果。

目前许多网站都提供了免费的博客空间，并有专门的“教师博客”、“学生博客”网站等用于网络教育。

博客的特点是网页创建非常简单，且使用方便，空间免费，无须个人维护。

可以作为教师的辅助教学平台和学生的自主学习平台。

如笔者创建的个人的计算机专业英语博客，可以方便地上传计算机英语学习资料、作业等，同时不定期地开展专业英语学习专题讨论，要求学生提问题和发表评论必须使用英语，学生也非常乐于访问、交流，自然而然地提高了学生的计算机英语阅读和表达能力，已成为一个重要的辅助教学方式。

(3)E-Mail。

E-Mail作为一种日常的通信工具，笔者要求学生在向笔者发E-Mail全部使用英语，当然给学生的回复也是英文的，通过这种方式，也可以有效地锻炼学生的英文阅读能力和写作能力，学生也乐于以这种方式与老师交流，很好地配合了计算机专业英语的教学。

另外网上有许多英文的计算机幽默短文和漫画，在讲解课文时适当地让学生看一则相关的计算机幽默(英文)或一幅计算机漫画，可以活跃课堂气氛，加深印象，寓教于乐。

还有许多学生都喜欢听那些经典的和流行的英文歌曲，虽然不是关于计算机的英文歌曲，但由于歌词通常都很精炼，语法简明，学生也爱听，在课间休息时播放学生喜爱的英文歌曲，潜移默化，有助于其英语水平的提高。

6 作业与考核平时的作业和考核也是课程学习的重要部分，由于许多计算机英语教材在书后都提供了课文的参考译文和练习答案，所以相当一部分学生对课本上的作业习惯于抄答案，这样一方面对学生没有任何效果，另一方面也干扰了老师对学生学习情况的准确了解。

对此可以采用灵活的课下作业和考核方式。

如将课外的计算机英语音频资料提供给学生，安排在课下练习听力，下次上课利用几分钟来测试其效果。

再如在课堂的最后几分钟安排随堂的快速翻译和写作，可以很好地培养学生的快速阅读和写作能力。

笔者的实践证明，这些方式效果很好，学生也很欢迎。

7 结束语虽然计算机专业英语通常是辅课，但学生通过学习该课程，除了能进一步提高其专业英语水平外，还可以丰富其专业知识，提高其就业竞争力。

所以学生对该课程的学习积极性是很高的。

要想很好地讲授好一门课程，作为教师需要付出大量的心血，还要广开思路，不断探索新的教学方法和技巧，提高教学效果，计算机专业英语课程也是一样。

特别是语言的学习需要语境，教师要抓紧一切机会为学生创造条件，如在课下主动用英语与学生交流，课堂上增加互动，及时了解学生的意见等。

当然计算机专业英语的学习涉及到教师、学生、与其它课程的协调等多种因素，要想方设法调动各方面的积极因素，针对课程的特点，利用多种有效的教学方法和辅助教学手段，以获得更好地教学效果。

The Analysis of Improvement of Government Executive Ability—Abstract Government executive ability reflects the extent of the government strategy enforcing and the ability that government copes with public problems. Government executive ability is a complex systemic project, in which public policy play important and necessary roles. The public policy execution ability has a direct and profound impact on the enhancement of government executive ability. Thus, it is extremelynecessary and meaningful for us to analyze the government executive ability in the public policy perspective.Key words government executive ability, policy ability, policy means1 IntroductionGovernment executive ability is the government performance ability and execution extent of government strategy or scheme. Generally speaking, executive ability has the following special and important meanings. First of all, executive ability is the indemnification for the accomplishing of government strategic target. Any strategi c target can’t be fulfilled without executive ability. The chief function of executive ability is to transform government strategic target into actual operable action. Well executive ability is the stable base for fulfilling strategic target. Secondly, executive ability reflects government abilities of administration and society management. Government governance efficacy is often embodied in the execution sections. The efficiency and the veracity reflects the level of government governance. Thirdly, executive ability is an efficient and key factor of consolidating of government’s validity and identify. Consequentially a government with well executive ability can win citizens’ trust and support. Because can better deal with all kinds ofpublic problems, impro ve citizens’ profit, make common people feel more self-important and full with hope. Fourthly, the improving of executive ability can help construction and development of government itself. Well executive ability is good for strengthening organization’s comity and responsibility consciousness. Fifthly, executive ability is the reflection of the ability of government adjustment and assign. Its elevation can enhance the ability of adjusting and conforming the recourses of government. The ability of conforming the recourses is the ability of collecting, harmonizing, managing the human, money, material, technology, idea and interpersonal relationship recourses. The purpose of the conformity is to change the recourses to the elevation of the government’s ability. The elevation of the government executive ability conduces to the elevation of the government’s ability in these fields. Sixth, the execution is the inspection and the revision of the government’s strategies. The processes of execution are the processes of results producing by the government’s strategies. Only through execution, the policy can be inspected and revised exactly. The executive ability is the inspection and reflection of the processes and results.2 The Public Policy Factor in Government Executive AbilityThe public policy means the society public authority (mostly refers thedecision-maker of the public policy) constitutes the action plans or the choices to achieve a certain policy in a certain case. David Easten pointed out, “public policy is the authorizing distribution of the total society value.” This value is not only refers material, but the power, honor and status. Excerption for distributing the value, the policy distributes the society recourses. To achieve the strategy purposes, the government can distribute and assemble the society recourses such as human, money and material by policy. Thus we can clearly realize the relationship of the policy and the government.The relationship of the policy and the government is mainly in three aspects: First, policy is the carrier of the power, is the tool of the government governing. Francis Bacon pointed out that the right policy is in factor to complete ability needed by exerted the power. The ability is mainly expressed by winning support and agreement rather than conflict to obtain the authority and validity. It provides government a way to realize the validity. The form of the policy must be supported and agreed by the heart. The decision-maker must sense the necessity of establishing this kind of agreement. The policy is governor’s decision to obtain the balance of politic strength. Obviously, comparing the violence or the other governing methods (governance, rule), policy is a relative softy and rational governance tool. Not only authorities always declare their policyis the result of rationally analyzing, the public is also inclined to expect to the government take the policy method when dealing with the public problems. In the hand, the policy provides authority for the government in the reason and evident. Of course, this only takes place in the relative democratic condition.Secondly, policy is the carrier of the government’s will. Decision-maker’s all kinds of “politic attempts” can be realized by the policy, such as settling conflicts, controlling discords and dissolving the other society problems. At the same time, the decision-maker regards the policy as the inspirit system of the government action, focusing on the aims of execution and offering the impetus for public execution. Of course, as government induces and inspirits the masses, it also inhibits and restricts them.Thirdly, policy is a government’s society management method or means. “Government using policy as the form and the measure, translates and utilizes the society recourses, macroscopically plans and deploys the society’s development, organizes the society economy activity, develops the education, science and culture and accumulate society, economy and culture.”Policy is an important tool of government governance. The efficient of the tool affect the government’s activity directly. The policy ability’s good or not reflects government executive ability’s strong or not. The policy ability means as a tool, the degree of the policy adjusts its content. The policy ability in fact reflects the ability of government governance, which is a key index of the government executive ability. Government and policy depend on each other and elevate each other.l The policy ability an important factor of government executive ability. Public policy is a main tool and means of government governing and management. Its operation (including policy instituting, policy executing, policy accessing, etc.) naturally is the important content of government activity whose majority part is policy planning, executing and accessing. So whether the policy ability can be carried out decides government executive ability.l The incidence of public policy ability is restricted by the government executive ability. The effected scope of policy is limited by the government’s policy aim. The governance scope such as law, convention and counsel, should not be intervened and besides all these governance measures compose the government executive ability. On the contrary, the finite scope of the policy ability limited the government executiveability’s extended scope, which often displays as to a same content the policy, only can adjust to a certain degree. The improvement of the government executive ability can help to increase the policy ability. The improvem ent of the government executive ability provide the policy’s constitution and execution a good guarantee of body, organization, leader and authority and can make the process of policy operation more smooth and effect, which elevate the policy ability.On this point, one thing, which should be mentioned specially, is that government execution and policy execution are two category concepts. Government execution is government carrying out the government strategies or purposes. It’s a section of government gov ernance. Policy execution is the process of realizes the policy purpose with all kinds of resources. The execution of policy is a method of government governance---the execution and fulfilling section of public policy.3 Based on the perspective of public policy to analyze the weak government executive ability’s behavior and reasonsActually not all of the government purposes or strategies will be realized. We can often find the government purpose or strategy be realized inadequately or defectively. An important reason of this situation is theabsence or weak of government executive ability. The weak government executive ability mainly includes: the benefit dispute between the center and the local, or the inner government departments, for their own partial benefit; the endless conflicts at the organization operation; block even break when government execution strategy (or policy); employer laziness; the public organization leader incapacity; the execution process distortion. The absence or weak of executive ability often behaves as the distortion of the execution process. It includes that the policy is inadequately or formally or selectively carried out. It virtually distorts the government strategy and policy.There are many reasons for the weak government executive ability. In the perspective of public policy, the analysis is following:l In government structure, the scope of policy ability is not accurate. Because of microscopic decision covers large, and the policy is not concrete and has multiply status, the dominating area of policy ability could not definite and often absent and superposition. Similarly, this is also the recourse of conflicts between center and local, among the department of the public organization.l The setting of the strategy target (also the policy target) is notreasonable. The strategy (or the policy) setting correctly is the precondition of the government effective execution. The strategy setting must meet following several requirements: subject, clear, concrete and feasible.l Policy subject—government’s character orientation is wrong. Government is not omnipotent, and should not take on all the society things. The practice proved that the government’s character should do it should do or it can do, such as providing the public products, arranging the society security. The wrong orientation results in the disadvantage government execution. If the government takes part in the microscopic economy excessively, the government execution will be weakened even go to the impasse rather than strengthen it.l The system has bug and the policy has not be standardized. The system provides the outer environment for the public policy. The defect of system often leads to the instable policy or other negative effects such as one thing managed by several departments. This obviously goes against the government strategy and policy and influences severely the government executive ability. The standardization of the strategy and policy stresses the clear of the content and the form, maintains their authority, stability and validity. Standardization means authority andgovernment executive ability.l There is absent of supervising and evaluating of the policy. We can’t image that he huge government system is absent of supervise and only depe nding on the people’s consciousness to execution the public policy and government strategy. The practice proved time and again that the successful and the effective government execution must have a strong, unique and relatively independent administrative supervision. Evaluation is another supervision, an afterwards supervision. To evaluate the results of the policy is the main content of the supervision.l The policy edges—“majority’s tyranny “, on the rule of minority obeying majority, the minority will be ignored or harmed when their benefit is not consistent to the majority. This actually makes the policy unfair and damages the validity and identification of government.l The crisis management policy is absent. The crisis event is paroxysmal, urgent, limited information and instable. When it breaks out, government executive ability could not carry out effectively as the government’s recourses, including system, process and policy etc. are restricted.The Analysis of Improvement of Government Executive Ability—(2)4 Improving public policy ability，enhance government executive abilityFor changing of the disadvantage of government executive ability, elevating the ability of government public policy will strengthen it. The measures are following.4.1 Based on the perspective of the process of policy4.1.1 The ability of confirming and programming the policy problems is the premise of the ability of government crisis management. Accurately grasping the problems will be helpful for the pertinence and effect of the government activity. The pertinence will help to use the policy (government) resources reasonably and to bring to the policy effect adequately and so elevating the government executive ability.4.1.2 The key of elevation the government executive ability is elevation the policy executive ability. The policy execution is relative to the realization of government’s intention and purpose and relative togovernment executive ability. In another word, the degree and effect of the execution is represented the government executive ability.4.1.3 The ability of policy establishment is the safeguard and confirmation of the elevation of government executive ability. Policy establishment will judge the effect of the policy’s value after execution. According to the result, decision-maker can determine that if the certain policy should continue, adjust or end. Either to re-establish the resources or adjust the policy will affect government executive ability.4.2 Based on the perspective of the policy subject—government4.2.1 The policy subject—government’s authority and credit is the safeguard of the policy ability. Elevation the validity and identity of the policy subject leads to actualize the government strategy. When the government’s validity and identity is high, the policy will actualize smoothly, and the public will cooperate and support. Similarly, the favorable government executive ability is rooted in the understanding and consent of the public whose obedience is the resources of authority.4.2.2 On the other han d, the government’s limited sense, subjective tendency and selfish will erode the policy ability. The justness and thevalidity of the policy subject is the guarantee of the effective policy execution. The object factor (such as information) and the limit of itself make the government can’t absolutely sense when it make decision, and the selfish and tendency destroy its policy ability. The solution is democracy decision and public participation, which will elevate the level of the decision-make and the effect of the policy execution, and as a result, elevate the government executive ability.4.3 Based on the perspective of policy resources (or outer limiting condition of policy)4.3.1 The current society system structure and the inertia of the institution limit the policy ability. Either a new policy or adjusting the old policy is the re-distribution of the society resources and values, which certainly will change the current benefit relationship and function status. These all will resist the change. So analyzing and harmonizing the current relative connection and the benefit structure will elevate the policy ability and government executive ability.4.3.2 The contradiction and balance of the government governance measures confirms the elevation of the policy ability. The government governance measures not only include policy, but also include nationalsystem, laws and regulations, moral ethics, manners and customs which have their own character and applying area, and will make the policy recourse applying more effectively.4.3.3 The policy’s implicit effect should be recognized, the symbolic functions should be focuses and the government’s standardizing, inspiriting and leading ability should be elevated. The explicit target and function of policy mainly resolve the public problems and harmonize the society contradictions. It’s direct and clear. And the implicit and symbolic function has particular effect in the government executive ability, which is indirect and potential, such as politic lectures, counsels, communication and politician demonstration.4.4 Based on the perspective of the form of policy analysisTo strengthen the government executive ability should elevate the following public policy’s three aspects:4.4.1 To elevate the policy’s standardization. This will increase the policy ability and government executive ability. The standardization includes three factors: “authority boundary, clear boundary which can be d elivered and communicated, and the boundary can be maintained by enoughrecourses and conditions. ”The policy’s standardization will increase the policy effectiveness and government executive ability.4.4.2 To elevate the policy’s propagable ability. The policy propagable ability includes three points: understandable, the unhindered approach and the proper measures, the efficiency of the results. The analysis must be done to confirm if the policy is necessary and if it according to the public.4.4.3 To el evate the policy’s harmony. This can elevate the government executive ability. There must be correspondence, consistent and adaptability between the policy system and society system, inner the policy system to ensure the harmony of the policy targets or government execution. Thus policy ability and government executive ability will be elevated.4.5 Based on the perspective of policy means and toolsThe policy tools are the measures and approaches the government taken to solve the public problem or realize the policy target. “They are government’s activity and the system which adjust the government’s activity by a certain approach.” The policy tools are the bridge betweenthe government’s targets and results. The choice of them is important to reach the certain target. In another word, the choice and usage of the policy tools decide the efficient of the policy ability itself. After all, policy ability reflects the degree of the policy adjusting the policy content as measures. To some degree, policy means and tools are the effectiveness of the policy ability. Of course, policy tools as an activity of government; they will affect the government executive ability. Policy tools are divided to the following types:l Economy tools such as the introduction of marketization, definition of property, commission others the service etc.l Administration tools such as regulations, orders, directions, etc.l Education or society tools such as counsels, explains, lectures, information promulgation etc.Similarly, p olicy’s success is not decided by the designer and executor, but by the target crowds. The key factor is the public’s adoption and acceptance. So, the elevation of government executive ability lies on the communication with policy objects (the objects of policy tools pointing to).5 ConclusionsPublic policy is an effective and necessary governance tool for governments, and an important part of the government executive ability. It is a soft factor of government executive ability. Public policy ability will be enhanced through optimizing the structure of public policy, improving the process of public policy, standardizing the form of public policy and the main content of the policy itself, thereby the government executive ability will be improved too.References[1] Xie Ming. Conspectus of Policy Analysis. Beijing. China Renmin University Press，2004, p.23[2] Ning Sao. Study in pubic policy. Beijing. Higher Education Press. 2004, p.247[3] Li Chengyan. Policy Analysis of Clean-fingered Government. Beijing. Peking University Press. 2002, p.89-131 (in Chinese)[4] Owen E. Hughes. 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