第29届全国初赛试题(2015)

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中国化学会2015年(第29届)化学中国化学奥林匹克(初赛)试题及答案(精校版)

第29届中国化学奥林匹克初赛试题及答案第1题（8分）写出下列各化学反应的方程式。

1-1将热的硝酸铅溶液滴入热的铬酸钾溶液产生碱式铬酸铅沉淀[Pb2(OH)2CrO4]。

1-2向含氰化氢的废水中加入铁粉和K2CO3制备黄血盐[K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O]。

1-3酸性溶液中，黄血盐用KMnO4处理，被彻底氧化，产生NO3－和CO2。

1-4在水中，Ag2SO4与单质S作用，沉淀变为Ag2S，分离，所得溶液中加碘水不褪色。

第2题(12分)2-1实验室现有试剂：盐酸，硝酸，乙酸，氢氧化钠，氨水。

从中选择一种试剂，分别分离以下各组固体混合物（不要求复原，括号内数据是溶度积），指出溶解的固体。

(1)CaCO3(3.4×10-9)和CaC2O4(2.3×10-9)(2)BaSO4(1.1×10-10)和BaCrO4(1.1×10-10)(3)Zn(OH)2(3.0×10-17)和Ni(OH)2(5.5×10-16)(4)AgCl(1.8×10-10)和Agl(8.5×10-17)(5)ZnS(2.5×10-22)和HgS(1.6×10-52)2-2在酸化的KI溶液中通入SO2，观察到溶液变黄并出现混油(a)，继续通SO2，溶液变为无色(b)，写出与现象a和b相对应所发生反应的方程式。

写出总反应方程式(c)，指出KI在反应中的作用。

2-3分子量为4000的聚乙二醇有良好的水溶性，是一种缓泻剂，它不会被消化道吸收，也不会在体内转化，却能使肠道保持水分。

2-3-1以下哪个结构简式代表聚乙二醇？2-3-2聚乙二醇为何能保持肠道里的水分？2-3-3聚乙二醇可由环氧乙烷在酸性条件下聚合而成，写出反应式。

第3题(10分)3-1早在19世纪初期，法国科学家Dulong和Petit测定比热时，发现金属的比热(c m)与其原子量的乘积近似为常数6cal·g-1·℃-1(1cal=4.18J)。

第29届中国化学奥林匹克初赛化学竞赛吧模拟题 - 参考答案(2).docx

第29届中国化学奥林匹克初赛化学竞赛吧模拟题参考答案第1题(4分)1-1 [Rn]7si；(1)2^Fr-> 2^At+ ^He (1)1- 2 5； 2 (1x2)第2题(6分)2- 1 CO + NaOH = HCOONa； CO + CH3ONa = CH3COONa (1x2)2-2-1 (1x2).0O.o=c=c=c=o2-2-2 C3O2 + H20 = CH2(COOH)2； C3O2 + 2NH3 = CH2(CONH2)2 (1x2) 注：1.化学式写成结构式亦可；2.反应式中可写箭头来代替等号。

第3题(13分)3- 1 V2O5; NH4VO3； VF5； TaF5(1x4)2NH4VO3 = 2NH3 + V2O5 + H2O (1)3-2不相同(1)Ta原子半径比V更大，故周围可以结合更多F(l)3-3 F (1)3-4 C； (1)内轨型-20 Dq,外轨型0 Dq (1x2)3- 5 +4； +2 (1x2)第4题(8分)4-1设初始压力为po,则PC15 (g) — PC13 (g) + C12 (g)初始po0 0平衡(1 - a)po apo apo贝！J 有(1 - a)po + apo + apo = 120 kPa代入，解得^o=68.6 kPa (1)p(PC15)= (1 - 0.749) x 68.6 kPa = 17.2 kPa (1)p(C12)= p(PC13)= 0.749 x 68.6 kPa = 51.4 kPa (1)〃(C12)=，52 RT51.4kPaxl0.0L= ----------------------------------- (2)8.314 J • mol-1 -K-1 x523K=0.118 mol4-2POP")K n = ---------------------「P(PC15)P°_ 51.4kPax51.4kPa—17.2kPaxl01kPa= 1.52=-8.314J• mol-1 -K-1 x523Kxlnl.52 (1+1)=-1.82kJ/mol注：计算过程和结果各1分，没有计算过程不再给分，有效数字错误扣0.5分。

2015年上海市第29届大同杯物理竞赛初赛试卷及参考答案

上海市第29届初中物理竞赛(大同中学杯)初赛试卷第一部分：单项选择题1、最早提出物体运动不需要力来维持的物理学家是( )(A)亚里士多德(B)焦耳(C)牛顿(D)伽利略2．如图所示，以下现象中通过做功改变物体内能的是（）(A)搓手取暖(B)水被加热(c)勺子烫手(D)曝晒钢瓶3．如图所示，能正确表示小磁针指向的是（）4．有的工厂的烟囱里会冒出“白烟”，主要原因是( )(A)排出的气体中含有C02气体遇冷凝结，形成“白烟”(B)排出的热气体和空气中的水滴混合，形成“白烟”(C)排出的气体中含有大量的C0、C02等混合气体，形成“白烟”(D)排出的气体中含有水蒸气遇冷凝结成小水滴，形成“白烟”5．把一个带正电的物体A，靠近一个原来不带电的验电器的金属小球，然后用手去触摸金属小球(人体是通大地的导体)，再移开手，这时( )(A)金属小球和金属箔都不带电(B)金属小球带负电，金属箔不带电(C)金属小球带负电，金属箔带正电(D)金属小球带负电，金属箔也带负电6．如图所示，在水平的两根平行筷子中间放上两只乒乓球，通过空心塑料管向两球间用力吹气，会发现两只乒乓球( )(A)相互靠近(B)相互远离(C)静止不动(D)向同一方向运动7．如图所示的日食现象，又称为日蚀，是一种天文现象。

当月球运行至太阳和地球之间时，对地球上的部分地区来说，月球挡住了太阳的一部分或全部光线，看起来好像是太阳的一部分或全部消失了，这就是日食现象。

若在地球上同一地点的同一天时间里观察日食现象，不可能出现的是( )(A)日全食和日环食都能观测到(B)日偏食和日环食都能观测到(C)日偏食和日全食都能观测到(D)只观测到了日偏食8．通过滑动变阻器可以调节灯泡亮度的电路图是( )9．A 、B 两物体叠放在水平桌面上，在如图所示的三种情况下：①甲图中两物体静置于桌面上：②乙图中水平恒力F 作用在B 物体上，使A 、B 一起以2m ／s 的速度做匀速直线运动；③丙图中水平恒力F 作用在B 物体上，使A 、B 一起以10m ／s 的速度做匀速直线运动。

2015年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛C类真题及答案、评分标准

15Part I Listening (30 marks)1. What does the conversation imply?A. Great minds think alike.B. You are what you wear.C. A contented mind is a perpetual feast.D. Actions speak louder than words.2. How does the man identify a disease gene?A. He uses a special instrument.B. He analyses the gene carefully.C. He bases his finding on his previous research.D. He sends the results of his analysis to biologists for confirmation.3. Why is the man planning to fly to Singapore?A. The weather there is quite nice for a holiday.B. He wants to watch a basketball match to be held there.C. NBA tickets there are much cheaper than those in New York.D. Air tickets from the USA to Singapore are cheap now.4. What is the man’s opinion of seeing movies in a theatre?A. He doesn’t like the big screen in the theatre. B It is not as comfortable as seeing movies at home.C. It is much more expensive than seeing movies at home.D. He thinks travelling a long way to the theatre is a waste of time.5. What are the speakers talking about?A. Importance of saving water.B. Ways to improve farming.C. The city’s nasty weather.D. Water shortage in the city.Section B (10 marks) Long ConversationsConversation one6.What does the man want tickets for?A. For a May Flower choir performance.B. For an opera performance.C. For the Mozart Piano Concerto.D. For the Beethoven Symphony7.When will he attend the performance?A. On Sunday, May 21.B. On Monday, May 22.C. On Thursday, May 25D. On Sunday, May 268.What kind of music dose the man like?A. Piano concerto.B. Rhythm &Blues(R&B).C. Jazz.D. Symphony.9.What is the man’s telephone number?A.648 7967B.647 7968C.646 7988D.649 794810.When is the man expected to pick up his tickets?A. Before 7:30 on the night of the performance.B. Any time on the day of the performance.C. Between 7:30 and 8:00 any night.D. Any time before the performance.Conversation Two11.What are the two kinds of people mentioned in the quote of Marlo’s father?A. The rich and the poor.B. Givers and takers.C. Eaters and sleepers.D. The old and young.12.Why is the St.Jude Hospital special?A. It serves children from certain communities only.B. It was founded by some big companies .C. It collects donations for sick children.D. It provides excellent service for patients.13. What is the motto of the Thanks & Giving Campaign?A. Give thanks to both sick and healthy kids.B. Cherish the traditional holidays.C. Honour the donating companies.D. Give money to people in need.14. What does Marlo remind people to do when they are in a happy mood?A. Always help those who are in need on the streets.B. Stop purchasing and save money for the future.C. Think of the families who are fighting for their child’s life.D. Look after old parents and young children in the family.15. What do some big companies cooperate with St. Jude Hospital?A. They donate large amounts of money to the hospital.B. They send sick employees to the hospital for treatment.C. They promote the Thanks & Giving Campaign regularly.D. They collect donations and send them to the hospital. Section C (5 marks)16. Why was scientific satellite MAVEN sent to space?A. To find out if there are any living creatures or plants on Mars.B. To collect water samples from Mars and learn what is happening on Mars.C. To learn what happened to the atmosphere and water on Mars.D. To study the geological and geographical conditions on Mars.17. What is scientists’ latest research on robots?A. Robots that can run quickly on four legs.B. Robots that can carry heavy loads as pack animals do.C. Robots that are less expensive to build.D. Robots that can operate on batteries.18. What is the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) accused of?A. Its influence on U.S. movies and TV shows.B. Its attempt to spread American culture.C. Its tough demands on overseas students.D. Its exclusion of American values.19. What does Ritu Sharma want to show in her book Teach a Woman to Fish?A. How woman in poor conditions can break the cycle of poverty.B. Her extraordinary travel experience in four countries.C. The challenge and opportunities facing woman in Sri Lanka.D. Different ways of finishing that are suitable for women.20. What does ‘Black Friday’ in this conversion refer to?A. A special day in memory of people who died in a tragic stampede.B. A shopping discount service available only on Fridays.C. A new TV show to be held in New York and California.D. A big day in a holiday shopping season with lots of goods in discount.Section D There are 10 missing words or phrases. Fill in the blanks with exact words or phrases you hear.At movie preview, reporters are often searched before entering a theatre. If cameras or camcorders are found, security guards take them until the preview in finished. The guards do this because people might 21.___________ the movie before it is released. They are trying to protect the right of intellectual property (IP).Intellectual property is 22.__________ of intangible things likes music, film, computer programmes, techniques and books. Counties like United State have a strict system of patents, copyrights and trademark rights. When a person produces something new, they 23.___________ one of these from the government to prove he or she is the owner of the invention and that it is illegal for others to copy it. Patents are needed for new inventions. Copyright are used for materials like books, music, computer progammes and movies. Trademark rights are used for 24._________. You can tell if something is copyrighted or trademarked by looking on the package for a small encircled C or T respectively.As international trade increases, problems 25.___________ regarding IP . Some counties have less strict laws for IP than others. In counties like Vietnam, where laws for IP are not very strict, products 26.__________ other counties are often copied and sold for a cheaper price. For example, it is common to find copies of U.S. movies 27.___________ in these counties. The United States and other counties with strict IP laws want all counties to have strict IP laws so that 28.__________. So, they pressure other countries to strengthen IP laws. For example, before Vietnam could join the World Trade Organisation in 2006, they had to strengthen their IP laws.Not everyone believes that laws protecting IP 29._________.Some believe it is wrong for others to have a monopoly on an idea or invention that could serve the public good. For example, some poor countries have many people 30._______ diseases but do not have the infrastructure needed to produce drugs to help the patients . Other richer countries have produced the drugs but are selling them at too high a price for the poor countries to afford, which may cause people to die.Part II Vocabulary, Grammar & Culture (15 marks)Section A Vocabulary and Grammar (10 marks)31. Animals are one of the most important resources for human beings, however , by 2030 ,many species will have ______according to recent research .A. used upB. died outC. gone upD. got rid of32. If the government refused to appropriate funds, the slum-clearance programme might be ______.A. rejectedB. contendedC. abusedD. terminated33. We are in the full ______ that the current situation will improve sooner or later.A. understandingB. appreciationC. consciousnessD. conviction34. The reporters exposed the corruption of several high officials in the government; ______, they were asked to resign fromoffice .A. constantlyB. consistentlyC. consequentlyD. consecutively35. Helping his little daughter with her physics homework reminded him of things he had long ______.A. cared aboutB. forgotten aboutC. dreamed aboutD. complained about36. You should never provide your personal information ______ a request you did not ask for over the Internet .A. in response toB. according toC. prior toD. thanks to37. The new chairman urged the members of the committee to ______ their differences and settle down to work .A. wear outB. break upC. calm downD. set aside38.Why so many students graduate from high school with inadequate skills in reading andmathematics is a question that continues to ______American educators.A. harassB. intimidateC. troubleD. oppress39.— I need some help with my homework!—______ I’ve got lots of work to do myself, and besides, it’s your problem, not mine!A. No problems, just a moment!B. Sorry, I can’t help you right now.C. Yes, I need your help as well.D. Wait, it’s a piece of cake for me.40.—I spilled some coffee on my jacket! ______.—You’ll see a place on Madison Avenue between the First Street and the Second Street. It’s Beside the bank.A. How can you get it ironed?B. Do you know the way to the factory?C. Who is to blame for the accident?D. Where can I get it cleaned?Section B Culture (5 marks)41. ______ felt that society forced too many rules on people and kept them from living a full, natural life. His forceful writing on daring themes shocked many. Sons and Lovers, based partly on his own life, is one of his finest novels.A. James Joyce.B. D. H. Lawrence.C. George Bernard ShawD. Thomas Hardy.42. Which of the following is the national flag of the United States of America?43. Which of the following is the famous theory developed by Albert Einstein?A. The Theory of Mechanics.B. The Natural Selection.C. The Theory of Relativity.D. Quantum Gravity.44. Which country is famous for the statue of the Little Mermaid?A. Finland.B. Sweden.C. Denmark.D. Norway.45. ______ was an English comic actor and filmmaker who rose to fame in the silent film era.A. Marlon Brando.B. Charlie Chaplin.C. Steven Allan SpielbergD. Dustin Hoffman.Part Ⅲ Cloze（10 marks）Fill in each blank with one word. Choose the correct word in one of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given word, or by using the given letter(s) of the word.Is paragliding more dangerous than parachuting？There are three elements that support the argument that through46.________ of them is safe, one is far less dangerous than the other. Those three elements are training, preparation, and skill level.Training for the first parachute jump is a 47.rel ________ simple process. Commonly a morning of instruction and practice can result 48.________ a person’s first jump the same afternoon. In contrast, paragliding training is much more involved, taking anywhere from one to three months before the first flight occurs. It is 49.________ (legal) to fly without a license, and various competence levels must be passed to be able to move from soaring to something more involved such as cross-country flying.Preparation for a parachute jump is minimal 50.________ best. Most jumpers have their chutes packed for them, so all they have to do is climb into the plane. Some pack their own chutes, but still, this is minor. In paragliding the pilot lays out their canopy on the ground, checks it and the lines, and then must wait for the right wind conditions before launching. The fact that the chute and lines can be seen makes a 51.tre________ difference as any problems can be seen before launch, something thatis impossible with parachuting. This is a very important difference because almost all parachuting 52. acc________ are the result of equipment failure. Jumpers rely almost totally on their equipment and not their skill, the reverse of the paragliding pilot.It is this difference in skill levels that makes paragliding the safer option. The 53. ________ (great) the skill the pilot develops, the less chance they might get into a dangerous situation when flying. Also, if they do get into a dangerous situation, it is far more likely that they will be able to escape. With parachuting it is the 54. opp ________. Ultimately skill does not matter. Even the most experienced jumper will be 55. ________ (able) to do anything in the event of major equipment failure. Like Russian roulette, the question is how many times a person jumps before statistics catch up with them.Part IV Reading Comprehension (35 marks)Section A (5 marks) Questions 56-60 are based on the following passage.Hallward Library supports the learning, teaching and research needs of the Faculty of Arts and the Faculty of Social Sciences. This includes the subject areas of arts, humanities, law and social sciences, and a European Documentation Centre.You may be able to use our libraries for reference or borrowing through membership of the SCONUL Access scheme. Please apply to join the scheme online. You may also wish to complete our University of Nottingham registration from before you come. On arrival at one of our libraries, please go to the reception or lending desk with your SCONUL introductory email and library card from your home institution, where we will issue you a University of Nottingham library card with immediate borrowing rights (a photograph is not required). Please check our lending desk opening times.If your SCONUL Access membership entitles you to borrow, you may take up to six ordinary loan books for up to four weeks. Items from our Short Loan collection are not available to borrow under this scheme and there will be lead time in accessing items stored off site or at a different University of Nottingham library. Study rooms are left open for general use, but room keys cannot be borrowed by SCONUL Access users and room bookings cannot be made.Please also consult our information on how to access electronic resources and the Internet via the eduroam wireless service. If your institution is not a member of SCONUL Access you may use our libraries for reference during our libraries for referenceduring our vacations. Please ensure that you bring your library card or some other means of confirming your current student status.You are welcome to visit any of our libraries and use them for reference purposes. Please go to the reception or lending desk on arrival and bring identification with you.We are members of INSPIRE and welcome visitors referred from public libraries under this scheme.If you would like to borrow books then you can become an external borrower.We can arrange school visits through our service Step into University Libraries: Visits for Local Schools. In order to be able to offer schools a good experience, we would encourage arrangements to be made well in advance and for visits to be scheduled outside of University terms. Groups should be accompanied by leaders or teachers who will adhere to their responsibilities as detailed in Section 2 of the University’s Guidance on Arrangements for Protection of Children and Vulnerable Adults.Question 56-60 Decide the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage.56. The Hallward Library serves students in all majors of the University of Nottingham.57. Anyone who wants to borrow books through the SCONUL scheme must register online before they come to the reception of the library and get a library card.58. Through the SCONUL scheme no more than 6 ordinary loan books can be borrowed while none of Short Loan books can be borrowed.59. Electronic resources and Internet cannot be used in the library without permission.60. Visitors can come to the library for reference purposes and even borrow books.Section B (10 marks) Question 61-65 are based on the following passage.Tony Wheeler is the man behind the Lonely Planet guidebooks, books which are loved and hated in equal measure. It’s hard to pin down why they provoke such violent emotion; once it was simply because they lied—you don’t turn up for the weekly Wednesday ferry to find that actually it goes on Tuesdays. Nowadays they are carefully researched, the information is generally true, and the maps are accurate.(61) ______ Arrive in a place and out comes the book: Places to Stay, Things to See, Getting Around, Places to Eat—all of which is undeniably useful. But you end up living a life dictated by Wheeler, and that life might not be right for you. On top of that, everyone else has got one too, so instead of being the independent traveller you thought you were, you end up being just another tourist.(62) ______ His wife Maureen, who runs the company with him, is equally to blame. It all started in 1972 when, bored with Britain, they see off for Australia. They arrived in Sydney three months later with 27 cents between them. Tony sold his camera, then sat down and wrote about the trip. They put the pages together and took it around the local bookshops and one of the bookshops sold thousands of copies.(63) ______Their 200-odd guidebooks cover nearly everywhere and there are phrasebooks, atlases, walking guides. They sell more than three million books a year and employ around 200 people. The Lonely Planet website is visited a million times a day and the Wheelers have replaced the van with a red Ferrari.(64) ______ ‘My children have travelled all over the world so they’re aware of a lot of things,’ says Maureen and Tony agrees. ‘It helps you grow up a lot, just knowing how other people live and what happens in their countries. Secondly, being on your own, having to make your way from one place to the next and work out how you do that, gives you a self-sufficiency that I think is very important.’(65) ______There are people who say that by encouraging people to go places they’re destroying them－an accusation they both deny, claiming that people wou ld go there anyway. They admit that none of this is bad for business, ‘All the publicity has sold our books.’Questions 61-65 Complete the article with the following sentences. There are two extra sentences that you do not need to use.A.Twenty-five years on, Lonely Planet has, quite literally, taken over the world.B.There has been controversy surrounding the guidebooks.C.Getting a guidebook like the Lonely Planet right can be a tricky business.D.No, it’s something about the way they take you over－you become a slave to the guidebook.E.Tony Wheel is still very actively involved in the Lonely Planet guidebooks.F.So what do they think about travel in general?G.It’s not entirely fair to blame only Tony.Section C (10marks) Questions 66-70 are based on the following passage.Situated at the heart of Beijing, the Palace Museum is approached through the Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tian’an men). Because of its centrality as well as restricted access, the palace was called the Forbidden City, It was built from 1406 to 1420 by the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor who, upon usurping the throne, determined to move his capital northward from Nanjing to Beijing. The Ming dynasty fell to the Manchu Qing in 1644 and in 1911 the Qing dynasty wasoverthrown by the republican revolutionaries. During nearly six hundred years, twenty-four emperors lived in and ruled from this palace.The Forbidden City is surrounded by 10-metre-high walls and a 52-meter-wide moat. Measuring 961 meters from north to south and 753 meters from east to west, it covers an area of 1110000 square meters. Each of the four sides is pierced by a gate: the Meridian Gate (Wu men) on the south, the Gate of Divine Prowess(Shenwu men) on the north, the Eastern and Western Prosperity Gates (Donghua men and Xihua men).Once inside, visitors will see a succession of halls and palaces spreading out on either side of an invisible central axis. The buildings’ glowing yellow roofs levitating above vermilion walls is a magnif icent sight. The painted ridges and carved beams all contribute to the sumptuous effect.Known as the Outer Court, the southern portion of the Forbidden City centers on three main halls -- Hall of Supreme Harmony (Taihedian)，Hall of Central Harmony (Zhonghedian),and Hall of Preserving Harmony (Baohedian). It was here in the Outer Court that the emperor held court and conducted grand audiences. Mirroring this arrangement is the Inner Court comprising the northern portion of the Forbidden City. The Inner Court is comprised of not only the residences of the emperor and his consorts but also venues for religious rituals and administrative activities.In total, the buildings of the two courts account for an area of some 163000 square meters. These were precisely designed in accordance with a code of architectural hierarchy, which designated specific features to reflect the paramount authority and status of the emperor. No ordinary mortal would have been allowed or would even have dared to come within close proximityto these buildings.The Forbidden City, the culmination of the two-thousand-year development of classical Chinese and East Asian architecture, has been influential in the subsequent development of Chinese architecture, as well as providing inspiration for many artistic works.Questions 66-7066. Why was the Palace given the name as “The Forbidden City”?67. Who was the first emperor that lived in the Palace?68. How long is the Forbidden City?69. What is the total area of the Forbidden City?70. What is the main function of the Inner Court of the Forbidden City?Section D (10 marks) Questions 71-75 are based on the following passage.Ancient Greeks thought the brain wasn’t the basis for intellect. It was the home for the soul. They believed that the process of thinking happened somewhere n ear lungs. The brain wasn’t seen as an organ of intellect and thought until the 17th and 18th centuries. In order to measure intelligence, the IQ test, or the intelligence quotient test, was invented. The Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale was created in Paris in the early 1900s. The scale was used in Alfred Binet’s efforts to educate children with learning difficulties. Those with scores less than their respective ages were considered mentally challenged. The MENSA IQ test has also become popular. A person who scores 150 or higher on this test is considered to have exceptional intelligence. More than 10,000 people take the test every year.Some see IQ tests as an assessment of an individual’s problem-solving skills, rather than general intelligence. For example, an individual may have high analytical intelligence that is genetic. This widely held view promoted many prejudiced ideas. Since the IQ test was created from the point of view of Europeans, people of other races scored comparatively lower. Research suggests that intelligence depends on culture and class. Tests given by the U.S. military showed that blacks scored lower than whites. The difference in scores was attributed to class and education levels, not genetic factors. Black children adopted into wealthier families scored significantly higher than low-income blacks. Studies have shown that children who grow in a positive learning environment score higher on the IQ tests. Having good nutrition can also affect the scores.A new type of IQ test has surfaced later on. It's called the EI test, or the emotional intelligence test. The test gauges the individual’s ability to manage his or her emotions. Developed by Daniel Goleman, the test also measures how much self-awareness an individual has. Knowledge and emotional intelligence are different, experts say. A person with high emotional intelligence is able to better understand the feelings of others. Thus, they are better maintaining various relationships. Low emotional intelligence can affect intelligence. Studies have shown that emotional intelligence is connected with memory and concentration. Individuals with low emotional intelligence have more aggressiveness and less self-control. These factors can dramatically reduce IQ scores by as much as 25 percent.Questions 71-75 Complete the summary with only one word for each blank from the passage, changing the form where necessary.Since the early 1900s, scientists have attempted to gauge the intelligence of people. Alfred Binet’s intelligence scale and the MENS IQ test have been used frequently over the past centuries in 71.________ intelligence. Some studies suggest that the tests aren’t necessarily a flawless benchmark, arguing that it 72._______ only a person’s problem-solving skills. Others think that intelligence is 73._______ and it varies among races. New findings point to culture, class, education levels and environment as more important intelligence predictors 74._______ genetics. A new test that measures the emotional intelligence, the ability to monitor one’s emotions, has emerged. Recent findings reveal that one’s emotional intelligence ca n affect one’s IQ test 75._______.Part V Translation (15 marks)Section A (5 marks) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.76. Opera is an art that brings music, singing, and drama together on stage. The first operas were performed in Italy in the early 1600s. These operas were based on ancient Greek myths and accompanied by simple melodies. The early composers of opera called their work “drama through music” because they felt the music was the key to expressing an idea or emotion. Although the first operas were performed for the aristocracy, by the 1700s many operas were being performed for the public.Section B (10 marks) Translate the following sentences into English by using the hints given in brackets.77. 他在学校的表现还没有达到他父母的期望。

2015年第二十九届“大同中学杯”上海市初中物理竞赛试题及答案

2015年第29届“大同中学杯”上海市初中物理竞赛初赛、复赛试题与解答汇编2015年上海市第二十九届“大同中学杯”初中物理竞赛初赛试题参考答案第一部分单项选择题题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 答案 D A C D B A A C A B题号11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20答案 D C D B A B B C C B题号21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30答案 C D A B A D C B A D第二部分多项选择题题号31 32 33 34 35 答案AC BC BD BC BD 题号36 37 38 39 40 答案BC BC AD AD AC 题号41 42答案BD CD上海市第二十九届初中物理竞赛（大同中学杯）复赛试题（2015年）说明：1．本试卷共有五大题，答题时间为120分钟，试题满分为150分。

2．答案及解答过程均写在答题纸上。

其中第一~第二大题只要写出答案，不写解答过程；第三~第五大题按题型要求写出完整的解答过程。

解答过程中可以使用计算器。

3．考试完毕将试卷、答题纸、草稿纸分开上交。

4．本试卷中常数g取9.8牛/千克，水的比热容取4.2×103焦/(千克·℃)，水的密度取1.0×103千克/米3，水银密度取13.6×103千克/米3，大气压强取1.01×105帕。

一、选择题（以下每小题只有一个选项符合题意，每小题4分，共32分）1．50年前，华裔物理学家高锟在光导纤维通信领域取得突破性的进展，并因此获得2009年的诺贝尔物理学奖。

光纤传播信息利用的原理是（）A．光的全反射B．光的折射C．光的衍射D．光的散射2．对以下物理现象的分析和解释正确的是（）①在有雪的路面上撒些食盐，使冰雪的熔点升高，更容易融化。

②在加油站，有“禁止使用手机”的警告语，这是由于手机发射的电磁波会引起汽油燃烧，发生危险事故。

第 29 届全国化学奥林匹克竞赛(初赛)全真模拟试题2参考答案

2-1 化学式：S2F10 结构：只得 1 分。 2-2 ①2SClF5+H2→S2F10+2HCl ②S2F10+Cl2→2SClF5 2-3 C:· SF5 D:· F 2-4 E:SF6 F:SF4 ③S2F10→SF6+SF4 ④4CoF3+S→SF4+4CoF2 2-5 畸变四面体 2-6 SF4+2H2O→SO2+4HF 2SF4+O2→2OSF4 2-7 G1:FS-SF G2：S=SF2 2-8 G1
7-2 乙二醇~2MnO4-~5C2O42-~10e故有
1分
5nKMnO4 10n(CH 2OH )2 2nNa2C2O4
1 2 (nKMnO4 nNa2C2O4 ) 2 5 1 2 [c (V1 V2 ) KMnO4 (cV ) Na2C2O4 ] 5 c( CH 2OH )2 2 20.00 1 2 (0.02000 65.20 0.1010 20.00) 2 5 20.00 0.01240( mol / L) n(CH 2OH )2
3 分若 N-N-N 画成直线，扣 2 分，只扣一次。
4-2
3 分，若未示出 O 的配位，扣 1.5 分 4-3
2 分（N-Ag-N 画成直线也不扣分） 4-4
每个 1 分，其他合理答案也可。
第 5 题（10 分）过渡金属碳化物，如 TiC，因极硬，极其抗腐蚀、高熔点，广泛用于制造切割工具和磨料等。此外，碳化钛具有高导电性，且几乎与温度无关，在电子工业中是重要的。 5-1 已知半径 r(Ti4+) = 74.5pm，r(C4-) = 141.5 pm，TiC 晶体可能取哪种结构？ 5-2 通过下面给出的数据，计算如下式所示的 TiC 工业生产反应的焓变： TiO2 + 3 C → TiC + 2 CO ΔfH (TiO2) = - 944.7 kJ/mol ΔH (CO) = -110.5 kJ/mol ΔrH (TiC + 3/2 O2→TiO2 + CO) = -870.7 kJ/mol 5-3 用下列数据计算氯化钾的晶格能。钾的升华焓 K(s) → K(g) ΔsubH = 89 kJ/mol 氯的解离能 Cl2(g) → 2 Cl ΔdissH = 244 kJ/mol 氯的电子亲和势 Cl(g) + e- → Cl-(g) ΔEAH = -355 kJ/mol 钾的电离能 K(g) → K+(g) + e- ΔIEH = 425 kJ/mol KCl 的生成焓 K(s) + ½ Cl2(g)→KCl(s) ΔfH = -438 kJ/mol

第29届(2015年)全国中学生化学竞赛(湖南省)初赛试题(A卷)

第29届（2015年）全国中学生化学竞赛（湖南省）初赛试题（A卷）学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单选题1．2015年，我省的雾霾现象明显好转，雾霾中含有大量的PM2.5，PM2.5首次被纳人标准。

PM的英文全称为particulate matter(颗粒物) ，可吸入颗粒物又称为PM10，PM2.5.又称为“细颗粒物”，下列说法错误的是A．PM2.5值越大，形成雾霾天气的可能性越大。

B．PM2.5容易附着有毒有害物质，尤其是重金属，对人体造成危害C．城市由于汽车尾气的大量排放，比农村形成雾霾天气的可能性更大D．氟利昂作制冷剂会加剧雾霾天气的形成2．由徐光宪院士发起，院士学子同创的《分子共和国》科普读物最近出版了，全书生动形象地戏说了H2S、O3、BF3、NH3、CH3COOH、CO2、HCN等众多“分子共和国”中的明星。

下列说法正确的是A．H2S、O3分子都是直线形B．BF3和NH3都是含有极性键的非极性分子C．CO2、HCN分子中都含有两个σ键和两个π键D．CH3COOH分子中的两个碳原子的杂化方式均为sp33．大胆、科学的假设与猜想是科学探究的先导和价值所在。

在下列假设(猜想)引导下的探究肯定没有意义的是A．探究SO2与Na2O2反应可能有Na2SO4生成B．探究Na与水的反应可能有O2生成C．探究浓硫酸与铜在一定条件下反应产生的黑色物质中可能有CuSD．探究向滴有酚酞试液的NaOH溶液中通入Cl2，酚酞红色褪去的现象是溶液的酸碱性改变所致，还是HClO的漂白性所致4．N A表示阿伏加德罗常数的值，下列说法正确的是A．标准状况下，2. 24 L CCl4中含有的分子数为0. 1N AB．常温常压下，3.0 g含甲醛的冰醋酸中含有的原子总数为0.4N AC．一定条件下，1 mol N2与3 mol H2充分反应生成物中含N-H数目为6N AD．H2O2溶液中加入MnO2，当产生0.1 mol O2时转移的电子数为0.4N A5．下图所示的实验，能达到实验目的的是A．图甲：验证化学能转化为电能B．图乙：验证铁发生析氢腐蚀C．图丙：证明温度对平衡移动的影响D．图丁：验证H2CO3的酸性比H2SiO3强6．已知键能：Si- Si(176kJ/ mol) ，O= O(498.8k]/mol)。

2015年上海市第29届大同杯物理竞赛初赛试卷及参考答案

上海市第29届初中物理竞赛(大同中学杯)初赛试卷第一部分：单项选择题1、最早提出物体运动不需要力来维持的物理学家是( )(A)亚里士多德(B)焦耳(C)牛顿(D)伽利略2．如图所示，以下现象中通过做功改变物体内能的是（）(A)搓手取暖(B)水被加热(c)勺子烫手(D)曝晒钢瓶3．如图所示，能正确表示小磁针指向的是（）4．有的工厂的烟囱里会冒出“白烟”，主要原因是( )(A)排出的气体中含有C02气体遇冷凝结，形成“白烟”(B)排出的热气体与空气中的水滴混合，形成“白烟”(C)排出的气体中含有大量的C0、C02等混合气体，形成“白烟”(D)排出的气体中含有水蒸气遇冷凝结成小水滴，形成“白烟”5．把一个带正电的物体A，靠近一个原来不带电的验电器的金属小球，然后用手去触摸金属小球(人体是通大地的导体)，再移开手，这时( )(A)金属小球和金属箔都不带电(B)金属小球带负电，金属箔不带电(C)金属小球带负电，金属箔带正电(D)金属小球带负电，金属箔也带负电6．如图所示，在水平的两根平行筷子中间放上两只乒乓球，通过空心塑料管向两球间用力吹气，会发现两只乒乓球( )(A)相互靠近(B)相互远离(C)静止不动(D)向同一方向运动7．如图所示的日食现象，又称为日蚀，是一种天文现象。

当月球运行至太阳与地球之间时，对地球上的部分地区来说，月球挡住了太阳的一部分或全部光线，看起来好像是太阳的一部分或全部消失了，这就是日食现象。

化学奥林匹克竞赛29届初赛试题解析

1⁃2向含氰化氢的废水中加入铁粉和K 2CO 3制备黄血盐[K 4Fe(CN)6㊃3H 2O]㊂ 1⁃3酸性溶液中,黄血盐用KMnO 4处理,被彻底氧化,产生NO -3和CO 2㊂ 1⁃4在水中,Ag 2SO 4与单质S 作用,沉淀变为Ag 2S,分离,所得溶液中加碘水不褪色㊂背景 1⁃1硝酸铅与铬酸钾都是常见的易溶化合物㊂碱式铬酸铅,俗称铬红”;铬酸铅,俗称铬黄”㊂硝酸铅与铬酸钾或重铬酸钾在一系列不同的pH 下可以生成一系列颜料㊂ 1⁃2与1⁃3这两道题目均与黄血盐有关㊂黄血盐学名三水合六氰合铁(Ⅱ)酸钾,又称亚铁氰化钾,是一种比较稳定的氰根配合物,毒性与一般的无机氰化物相比小了很多㊂处理含氰化物的方法有很多种,本题提供了一种处理方法㊂即先将氰化物转变为低毒性的黄血盐,然后再用高锰酸钾将其彻底氧化为二氧化碳与硝酸盐㊂ 1⁃4元素银与硫都是常见的元素㊂银与硫都比较软,因此具有较大的亲和力㊂而碘水则是在实验室中检验还原性物质的常用试剂㊂分析与解答书写方程式的通用解题思路应为: ①从题目获取的信息中,明确反应物与反应产物,并分析反应的条件㊂ ②根据具体的反应物㊁产物及条件书写反应并配平㊂ ③最后结合常理分析所书写的反应是否合理㊁正确,尤其要注意产物之间以及反应物与产物不能再发生其他反应㊂ 1⁃1这是一个非氧化还原离子反应㊂首先明确酸碱性,本题中硝酸铅溶液为酸性,而铬酸钾为碱性㊂注意题目中的滴加顺序为将热的酸性的硝酸铅溶液滴入热的碱性的铬酸钾溶液,这说明即便反应生成了酸,但是产物的体系不能为酸性㊂不论是铬酸根还是反应的产物都会与新生成的酸反应,且铬酸根与酸的溶液反应更为便利㊂故本题可以看作是下列两个反应的耦合: ①沉淀反应:2Pb 2++2CrO 2-4+2H 2→O Pb 2(OH)2CrO 4+2H +; ②同多酸缩聚反应:2CrO 2-4+2H →+Cr 2O 2-7+H 2O㊂注意:在酸性环境下会生成铬酸铅,即铬黄,所以必须注意加入顺序㊂题目并没有明确化学方程式或离子方程式,故以下两种答案均可: 2Pb(NO 3)2+3K 2CrO 4+H 2→O Pb 2(OH)2CrO 4+4KNO 3+K 2Cr 2O 7 2Pb 2++3CrO 2–4+H 2→O Pb 2(OH)2CrO 4+Cr 2O 2-7 1⁃2这是一个简单的氧化还原反应与络合反应㊂可以这样理解这个反应:氰化氢的废水呈酸性,铁与其中的氢离子反应生成氢气,Fe +2H →+Fe 2++H 2;生成的二价铁则原位与氰根配位,Fe 2+→+6HCN Fe(CN)4-6+6H +㊂总反应还是生成了酸,所以用碳酸钾中和反应生成的酸以调节反应的pH 不至于使氰化氢气体溢出,K 2CO 3+2H →+CO 2+H 2O㊂故可以确定产物中除了黄血盐以外还应该有氢气㊁二氧化碳以及水㊂根据反应物与生成物,很容易配平得到答案: Fe +6HCN +2K 2CO →3K 4Fe(CN)6+2CO 2+H 2↑+2H 2O 1⁃3这是一个简明的氧化还原反应配平问题㊂酸性的高锰酸钾是一种常见无机强氧化剂㊂由Mn (Ⅶ)还原为Mn (Ⅱ)需要得到5个电子,而黄血盐被氧化则需要Fe (Ⅱ)失去1个电子氧化成为Fe (Ⅲ),以及每个氰根氧化需要失去10个电子,一共61个电子㊂为了保证高锰酸钾的氧化能力,体系中的酸必须是过量的㊂虽然最终配平系数很大,但是也不难得到答案:。

第-29-届全国化学奥林匹克竞赛(初赛)全真模拟试题1参考答案

第 29 届全国化学奥林匹克竞赛（初赛）全真模拟试题（1）参考答案与评分细则第1题（11分）1-1 已知硫化银的 Ksp= 6.3×10-50, 其阴离子对应的酸 Ka 1=9.5×10-8, Ka 2=1.0×10-14，求 Ag 2S 在水溶液中的溶解度。

1-2 铅含量的测定可以采用二苯硫腙分光光度法，而铜离子的存在常常会造成干扰。

若在弱酸性条件下先用氯仿萃取铜，就可以消除干扰，请推测并表述其中的原因。

1-1 Ag 2S 2Ag ++ S 2-, S 2- + H 2O HS - + OH - ，HS - + H 2O H 2S + OH -. 1分 C s = [H 2S] + [HS -] + [S 2-], [Ag +] = 2C s 1分 [S 2-] = aC s , Ag 2S ksp 极小，[H +]可视为 10—7mol/L 1 分 1 [S ] [HS ] [H S] [HS ] [H S] [H ] [H ]221 分2 1 21α [S ] [S ] [S ] K K K2 2 2212K Kα122[H ] K [H ] K K1129,5 101081484.9 10148781410 9,5 10 10 9,5 10 101 分[Ag +] = 2C s ,K Sp (Ag 2S) = [Ag +]2´ [S 2-] = 4aC S 3, 1分506,5 10S6.91015344,9108mol/L2分最后答案若为1.7´ 10—12g/L ；1.7´ 10—13g/100g 水也可得2分 1-2铜与二苯硫腙形成配合物的稳定常数远远大于铅与二苯硫腙形成配合物的稳定常数。

1分当酸度较大时，二苯硫腙的酸效应系数较大，两种配合物的条件稳定常数均减小。

1分当控制适宜的酸度时，甚至铅不能与二苯硫腙形成配合物，这时即可萃取铜。

第29届全国初赛试题答案(2015)

0.5 分
被氧化的 C：(0.4548-0.2039) m mol 3 / 2 = 0.3764 m mol
1分
腐殖质中总碳量：0.3764 m mol / 0.90 = 0.418 m mol
0.5 分
折合的腐殖质质量：0.418 m mol 12.0 g mol-1 / 58% = 8.65 mg
1-2 6HCN + Fe + 2K2CO3 → K4Fe(CN)6 + H2↑+ 2CO2↑+ 2H2O
2分
6HCN + Fe + 2K2CO3 + H2O→ K4Fe(CN)6•3H2O + H2↑+ 2CO2↑ 也得满分
6HCN + Fe + 4K2CO3 + 3H2O→ K4Fe(CN)6•3H2O + H2↑+ 4 KHCO3 不得分
5Fe(NO3)3 + 61Mn(NO3)2 + 30CO2↑+ 81KNO3 + 94H2O
或
10K4[Fe(CN)6] + 122KMnO4 + 188H2SO4
5Fe(SO4)3 + 122MnSO4 + 60CO2↑+ 60KNO3 + 51K2SO4
1-4 3Ag2SO4 + 4S + 4H2O → 3Ag2S + 4H2SO4
1分
0.5 分 1分
0.5 分
1
3-1-2 设金属氧化物的化学式为 MnOm，其中：金属的摩尔数约为：1.000/199 = 5.03 10-3 (mol)
0.5 分
氧的摩尔数：0.336 / 16.00 = 0.0210 (mol) n ：m = 5.03 10-3 : 0.0210 = 1: 4.17 1: 4, 所以化学式应为 MO4 金属的摩尔质量＝1.336 ×4×16.00 / 0.336－4×16.00 = 190 (g mol-1)

第二十九届全国高中物理竞赛初赛试题及标准答案

第29届全国中学生物理竞赛预赛试卷本卷共16题，满分200分．一、选择题．本题共5小题，每小题6分．在每小题给出的4个选项中，有的小题只有一项符合题意，有的小题有多项符合题意．把符合题意的选项前面的英文字母写在每小题后面的方括号内．全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错或不答的得0分．1．下列说法中正确的是A．水在0℃时密度最大．B．一个绝热容器中盛有气体，假设把气体中分子速率很大的如大于v A的分子全部取走，则气体的温度会下降，此后气体中不再存在速率大于v A的分子．C．杜瓦瓶的器壁是由两层玻璃制成的，两层玻璃之间抽成真空，抽成真空的主要作用是既可降低热传导，又可降低热辐射．D．图示为一绝热容器，中间有一隔板，隔板左边盛有温度为T的理想气体，右边为真空．现抽掉隔板，则气体的最终温度仍为T．2．如图，一半径为R电荷量为Q的带电金属球，球心位置O固定，P为球外一点．几位同学在讨论P点的场强时，有下列一些说法，其中哪些说法是正确的？A．若P点无限靠近球表面，因为球表面带电，根据库仑定律可推知，P点的场强趋于无穷大．B．因为在球内场强处处为0，若P点无限靠近球表面，则P点的场强趋于0C．若Q不变，P点的位置也不变，而令R变小，则P点的场强不变．D．若保持Q不变，而令R变大，同时始终保持P点极靠近球表面处，则P点的场强不变．3．图中L为一薄凸透镜，ab为一发光圆面，二者共轴，S为与L平行放置的屏，已知这时ab可在屏上成清晰的像．现将透镜切除一半，只保留主轴以上的一半透镜，这时ab在S上的像A．尺寸不变，亮度不变．B．尺寸不变，亮度降低．C．只剩半个圆，亮度不变．D．只剩半个圆，亮度降低．4．一轻质弹簧，一端固定在墙上，另一端连一小物块，小物块放在摩擦系数为μ的水平面上，弹簧处在自然状态，小物块位于O处．现用手将小物块向右移到a处，然后从静止释放小物块，发现小物块开始向左移动．A．小物块可能停在O点．B．小物块停止以后所受的摩擦力必不为0C．小物块无论停在O点的左边还是右边，停前所受的摩擦力的方向和停后所受摩擦力的方向两者既可能相同，也可能相反．D．小物块在通过O点后向右运动直到最远处的过程中，速度的大小总是减小；小物块在由右边最远处回到O点的过程中，速度的大小总是增大．5．如图所示，一内壁光滑的圆锥面，轴线OO’是竖直的，顶点O在下方，锥角为2α，若有两个相同的小珠（均视为质点）在圆锥的内壁上沿不同的圆轨道运动，则有：A．它们的动能相同．B．它们运动的周期相同．C．锥壁对它们的支撑力相同．D．它们的动能与势能之比相同，设o点为势能零点．二、填空题和作图题．把答案填在题中的横线上或把图画在题中指定的地方．只要给出结果，不需写出求得结果的过程．6．（6分）铀238（92 U ）是放射性元素，若衰变时依次放出α，β，β，α，α，α，α，α，β，β，α，β，β，α粒子，最终形成稳定的核Pb YX ，则其中 X ＝， Y ＝．7．（10分）在寒冷地区，为了防止汽车挡风玻璃窗结霜，可用通电电阻加热．图示为10根阻值皆为3Ω的电阻条，和一个内阻力0．5Ω的直流电源，现在要使整个电路中电阻条上消耗的功率最大，i ．应选用根电阻条．ii ．在图中画出电路连线．8．（10分）已知：光子有质量，但无静止质量，在重力场中也有重力势能．若从地面上某处将一束频率为ν的光射向其正上方相距为d 的空间站，d 远小于地球半径，令空间站接收到动光的频率为ν’，则差ν’－ν＝，已知地球表面附近的重力加速度为g ．9．（10分）图中所示两物块叠放在一起，下面物块位于光滑水平桌面上，其质量为m ，上面物块的质量为M ，两物块之间的静摩擦系数为μ．现从静止出发对下面物块施以随时间t 变化的水平推力F ＝γt ，γ为一常量，则从力开始作用到两物块刚发生相对运动所经过的时间等于，此时物块的速度等于．10．（16分）图中K 是密封在真空玻璃管内的金属电极，它受光照射后能释放出电子；W 是可以透光的窗口，光线通过它可照射到电极K 上；C 是密封在真空玻璃管内圆筒形的收集电极，它能收集K 所发出的光电子．R 是接在电池组E （电压足够高）两端的滑动变阻器，电极K 通过导线与串联电池组的中心端O 连接；G 是用于测量光电流的电流计．已知当某一特定频率的单色光通过窗口照射电极K 时，能产生光电子．当滑动变阻器的滑动接头处在某一点P 时，可以测到光电流，当滑动头向右移动时，G 的示数增大，使滑动头继续缓慢向右不断移动时，电流计G 的示数变化情况是：．当滑动变阻器的滑动接头从P 点缓慢向左不断移动时，电流计G 的示数变化情况是：．若测得用频率为ν1的单色光照射电极K 时的遏止电压为V 1，频率为ν2的单色光照射电极时的遏止电压为V 2，已知电子的电荷量为e ，则普朗克常量h ＝，金属电极K 的逸出功W 0＝．三、计算题．计算题的解答应写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤，只写出最后结果的不能得分．有数值计算的，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位．11．（18分）如图所示，一根跨越一固定的水平光滑细杆的柔软、不可伸长的轻绳，两端各系一个质量相等的小球A 和B ，球A 刚好接触地面，球B 被拉到与细杆同样高度的水平位置，当球B 到细杆的距离为L 时，绳刚好拉直．在绳被拉直时释放球B ，使球B 从静止开始向下摆动．求球A 刚要离开地面时球B 与其初始位置的高度差．12．（20分）一段横截面积S ＝1．0mm 2的铜导线接入直流电路中，当流经该导线的电流I ＝1．0A 时，该段铜导线中自由电子定向运动的平均速度u 为多大？已知，每个铜原子有一个“自由电子”，每个电子的电荷量e ＝ 1．6 ×10－19C ；铜的密度ρ＝8．9g ／cm 3，铜的摩尔质量μ＝64g ／mol ．阿伏枷德罗常量N 0＝6．02×1023mol －1．13．（20分）电荷量分别为q 和Q 的两个带异号电荷的小球A 和B （均可视为点电荷），质量分别为m 和M ．初始时刻，B 的速度为0，A 在B 的右方，且与B 相距L 0，A 具有向右的初速度v 0，并还受到一向右的作用力f 使其保持匀速运动，某一时刻，两球之间可以达到一最大距离．i ．求此最大距离．ii ．求从开始到两球间距离达到最大的过程中f 所做的功．14．（20分）由双原子分子构成的气体，当温度升高时，一部分双原子分子会分解成两个单原子分子，温度越高，被分解的双原子分子的比例越大，于是整个气体可视为由单原子分子构成的气体与由双原子分子构成的气体的混合气体．这种混合气体的每一种成分气体都可视作理想气体．在体积V ＝0．045m 3的坚固的容器中，盛有一定质量的碘蒸气，现于不同温度下测得容器中蒸气的压强如下：试求温度分别为1073K 和1473K 时该碘蒸气中单原子分子碘蒸气的质量与碘的总质量之比值．已知碘蒸气的总质量与一个摩尔的双原子碘分子的质量相同，普适气体常量R ＝8．31J ·mol －1·K －115．（20分）图中L 是一根通电长直导线，导线中的电流为I ．一电阻为R 、每边长为2a的导线方框，其中两条边与L 平行，可绕过其中心并与长直导线平行的轴线OO ’转动，轴线与长直导线相距b ，b ＞a ，初始时刻，导线框与直导线共面．现使线框以恒定的角速度ω转动，求线框中的感应电流的大小．不计导线框的自感．已知电流I 的长直导线在距导线r 处的磁感应强度大小为k rI ，其中k 为常量．16．（20分）一质量为m ＝3000kg 的人造卫星在离地面的高度为H ＝180 km 的高空绕地球作圆周运动，那里的重力加速度g ＝9．3m ·s －2．由于受到空气阻力的作用，在一年时间内，人造卫星的高度要下降△H＝0．50km ．已知物体在密度为ρ的流体中以速度v 运动时受到的阻力F 可表示为F ＝21ρACv 2，式中A 是物体的最大横截面积，C 是拖曳系数，与物体的形状有关．当卫星在高空中运行时，可以认为卫星的拖曳系数C ＝l ，取卫星的最大横截面积A ＝6．0m 2．已知地球的半径为R 0＝6400km ．试由以上数据估算卫星所在处的大气密度．。

201X年上海市第29届初中物理竞赛大同杯初赛试题详解2

上海市第二十九届初中物理竞赛(大同中学杯)初赛试卷(兼区县物理竞赛试卷)2015年3月8日上午9：00~10：30说明：1、本试卷共分两局部，第一局部为单项选择题，每题3分，共30题，计90分：第二局部为多项选择题，每题5分，全对得5分，局部选对得2分，选错或不选得0分，共12题，计60分。

全卷总分值150分。

2、考试时间为90分钟。

3、考生使用答题纸(卡)，把每题的正确选项填在答题纸(卡)相应位置。

允许使用计算器，考试完毕后，请将试卷、答题纸(卡)一并交给监考人员。

4、水的比热容：c水=4．2×103焦/(千克·℃)第一局部：单项选择题1．最早提出物体运动不需要力来维持的物理学家是( )(A)亚里士多德(B)焦耳(C)牛顿(D)伽利略【答案】D2．如下图，以下现象中通过做功改变物体内能的是( )(A)搓手取暖(B)水被加热(C)勺子烫手(D)曝晒钢瓶【答案】A3．如下图，能正确表示小磁针指向的是〔〕【答案】C4．有的工厂的烟囱里会冒出“白烟〞，主要原因是( )(A)排出的气体中含有CO2气体遇冷凝结，形成“白烟〞(B)排出的热气体与空气中的水滴混合，形成“白烟〞(C)排出的气体中含有大量的CO、CO2等混合气体，形成“白烟〞(D)排出的气体中含有水蒸气遇冷凝结成小水滴，形成“白烟〞【答案】D5．把一个带正电的物体A，靠近一个原来不带电的验电器的金属小球，然后用手去触摸金属小球(人体是通大地的导体)，再移开手，这时( )(A)金属小球和金属箔都不带电(B)金属小球带负电，金属箔不带电(C)金属小球带负电，金属箔带正电(D)金属小球带负电，金属箔也带负电【答案】B6．如下图，在水平的两根平行筷子中间放上两只乒乓球，通过空心塑料管向两球间用力吹气，会发现两只乒乓球( )(A)相互靠近(B)相互远离(C)静止不动(D)向同一方向运动【答案】A【分析】根据“伯努利效应〞可知流速与压强的关系：流体的流速越大，压强越小；流体的流速越小，压强越大。

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第29届中国化学奥林匹克(初赛)试题
第1题(8分)写出下列各化学反应的方程式。

1-1将热的硝酸铅溶液滴入热的铬酸钾溶液产生碱式铬酸铅沉淀[Pb2(OH)2CrO4]。

1-2向含氰化氢的废水中加入铁粉和K2CO3制备黄血盐[K4Fe(CN)6•3H2O]。

1-3酸性溶液中，黄血盐用KMnO4处理，被彻底氧化，产生NO3-和CO2。

1-4在水中，Ag2SO4与单质S作用，沉淀变为Ag2S，分离，所得溶液中加碘水不褪色。

第2题(12分)
2-1实验室现有试剂：盐酸，硝酸，乙酸，氢氧化钠，氨水。

从中选择一种试剂,分别分离以下各组固体混合物(不要求复原，括号内数据是溶度积)，指出溶解的固体。

(1)CaCO3(3.4⨯10–9)和CaC2O4(2.3⨯10–9)
(2)BaSO4(1.1⨯10–10)和BaCrO4(1.1⨯10–10)
(3)Zn(OH)2(3.0⨯10–17)和Ni(OH)2(5.5⨯10–16)
(4)AgCl(1.8⨯10–10)和AgI(8.5⨯10–17)
(5)ZnS(2.5⨯10–22)和HgS(1.6⨯10–52)
2-2在酸化的KI溶液中通入SO2，观察到溶液变黄并出现混浊(a)，继续通SO2，溶液变为无色(b)，写出与现象a和b相对应所发生反应的方程式。

写出总反应方程式(c)，指出KI在反应中的作用。

2-3分子量为4000的聚乙二醇有良好的水溶性，是一种缓泻剂，它不会被消化道吸收，也不会在体内转化，却能使肠道保持水分。

2-3-1以下哪个结构简式代表聚乙二醇？
2-3-2聚乙二醇为何能保持肠道里的水分？
2-3-3聚乙二醇可由环氧乙烷在酸性条件下聚合而成，写出反应式。

第3题(10分)
3-1早在19世纪初期，法国科学家Dulong和Petit测定比热时，发现金属的比热(c m)与其原子量的乘积近似为常数6cal g-1o C -1(1cal=4.18J)。

当时已知的原子量数据很少，因此，可利用比热推算原子量，进而采用其他方法分析得到更精确的原子量。

3-1-1将40.0g金属M块状样品加热到100o C,投入50.0g温度为15.2o C的水中，体系的温度为17.2o C。

推算该金属的摩尔质量。

3-1-2取金属M的粉末样品1.000g,加热与氧气充分反应，得氧化物1.336g。

计算该金属的摩尔质量，推测其氧化物的化学式（金属与氧的比例为简单整数比）。

3-1-3M是哪种金属？
3-2电解法生产铝须用纯净的氧化铝。

铝矿中常含石英、硅酸盐等杂质，需预先除去。

在拜耳法处理过程中，硅常以硅铝酸盐（Na6Al6Si5O22·5H2O）“泥”的形式沉积下来。

现有一种含10.0%(质量)高岭土（Al2Si2O7·2H2O）的水铝石[Al(OH)3]原料，计算纯化处理中铝的损失率。

第4题(8分)
腐殖质是土壤中结构复杂的有机物，土壤肥力与腐殖质含量密切相关。

可采用重铬
酸钾法测定土壤中腐殖质的含量：称取0.1500克风干的土样，加入5mL0.10mol·L-1 K2Cr2O7的H2SO4溶液，充分加热，氧化其中的碳（C→CO2，腐殖质中含碳58%，90%的碳可被氧化）。

以邻菲罗啉为指示剂，用0.1221mol·L-1的(NH4)2SO4·FeSO4溶液滴定，消耗10.02mL。

空白实验如下：上述土壤样品经高温灼烧后，称取同样质量，采用相同
的条件处理和滴定，消耗(NH4)2SO4·FeSO4溶液22.35mL。

4-1写出在酸性介质中K2Cr2O7将碳氧化为CO2的方程式。

4-2写出硫酸亚铁铵滴定过程的方程式。

4-3计算土壤中腐殖质的质量分数。

第5题(8分)
有一类复合氧化物具有奇特的性质：受热密
度不降反升。

这类复合氧化物的理想结构属立方
晶系，晶胞示意图如右。

图中八面体中心是锆原
子，位于晶胞的顶角和面心；四面体中心是钨原
子，均在晶胞中。

八面体和四面体之间通过共用
顶点(氧原子)连接。

锆和钨的氧化数分别等于它
们在周期表里的族数。

5-1写出晶胞中锆原子和钨原子的数目。

5-2写出这种复合氧化物的化学式。

5-3晶体中，氧原子的化学环境有几种？各是什
么类型？在一个晶胞中各有多少？
5-4已知晶胞参数a=0.916nm,计算该晶体的密度（以g cm-3为单位）。

第6题(7分)
最近报道了一种新型可逆电池。

该电池的负极为金属铝，正极为（C n[AlCl4]），式中C n表示石墨；电解质为烃基取代咪唑阳离子(R+)和AlCl4 阴离子组成的离子液体。

电池放电时，在负极附近形成双核配合物。

充放电过程中离子液体中的阳离子始终不变。

6-1写出电池放电时，正极、负极以及电池反应方程式。

6-2该电池所用石墨按如下方法制得：甲烷在大量氢气存在下热解，所得碳沉积在泡沫状镍模板表面。

写出甲烷热解反应的方程式。

采用泡沫状镍的作用何在？简述理由。

6-3写出除去制得石墨后的镍的反应方程式。

6-4该电池的电解质是将无水三氯化铝溶入烃代咪唑氯化物离子液体中制得，写出方程式。

第7题(8分)
7-1在如下反应中，反应前后钒的氧化数和配位数各是多少？N-N键长如何变化？
7-2单晶衍射实验证实，配合物[Cr3O(CH3CO2)6(H2O)3]Cl·8H2O中，3个铬原子的化学环境完全相同，乙酸根为桥连配体，水分子为单齿配体。

画出该配合物中阳离子的结构示意图。

第8题(9分)
金属A常用于铁的防护。

A与氯气反应，生成易挥发的液态物质B，B和过量A 反应生成具有还原性的物质C，C可以还原Fe3+；B和格氏试剂（C6H5MgBr）反应生成D(只含元素A、碳和氢)。

D和B反应得到E，E水解、聚合成链状的F并放出HCl。

向B的盐酸溶液中通入H2S，得到金黄色沉淀G(俗名“金粉”)，G溶于硫化铵溶液得到H。

向C的盐酸溶液中通入H2S，得到黑色沉淀I，I可溶于多硫化铵溶液但不溶于硫化铵溶液。

写出A~I的化学式。

第9题(7分)
Coniine是一种有毒生物碱，可以通过麻痹呼吸系统导致死亡。

致死量小于0.1g。

公元前399年苏格拉底就是由于饮用了含coniine的混合物而被毒死的。

Hofmann在1881年确定Coniine分子式为C8H17N。

将coniine彻底甲基化后接着Hofmann消除反应的产物为4S-(N,N-二甲基)-辛-7-烯-4-胺。

9-1画出4S-(N,N-二甲基)-辛-7-烯-4-胺及其对映体的结构简式；
9-2从Hofmann消除反应的结果可以确定Coniine具有哪些结构特征？并以此结果画出你所推断的coniine所有可能的结构简式。

第10题(10分)
当溴与1,3-丁二烯在环己烷溶液中发生加成反应时，会得到两个产物A和B(不考虑立体化学)。

在 15o C时A和B的比例为62:38；而在25o C时A和B的比例为12:88。

10-1画出化合物A和B的结构简式；并确定哪个为热力学稳定产物，哪个为动力学产物。

10-2在室温下，A可以缓慢地转化为B。

画出此转换过程的反应势能示意图和中间体的结构简式。

10-3根据以上的研究结果，确定以下反应的产物：
第11题(13分)
11-1Tropinone是一个莨菪烷类生物碱，是合成药物阿托品硫酸盐的中间体。

它的合成在有机合成史上具有里程碑意义，开启了多组分反应的研究。

Tropinone的许多衍生物具有很好的生理活性，从而可以进行各种衍生化反应。

在研究tropinone和溴苄的反应中发现：此反应的两个产物A和B可以在碱性条件下相互转换。

因此，纯净的A或B 在碱性条件下均会变成A和B的混合物。

画出A、B以及二者在碱性条件下相互转换
的中间体的结构简式。

11-2高效绿色合成一直是有机化学家追求的目标，用有机化合物替代金属氧化剂是重要的研究方向之一。

硝基甲烷负离子是一种温和的有机氧化剂。

画出硝基甲烷负离子的共振式（氮原子的形式电荷为正），并完成以下反应(写出所有产物)：。