英语词汇学Lecture4精品PPT课件
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语言学第四章chapter4课件
• (7) I hear _____ yesterday. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
学习交流PPT
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4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
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• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
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• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
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4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
学习交流PPT
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• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
学习交流PPT
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• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
英语词汇学第4讲
Allomorph
A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Its allomorphs are ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal); in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
Origin and productivity
Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk), ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).
Morpheme: exercise
Please identify the morphemes.
ecocrisis meaningfulness prediction inequality understatement undeveloped downsizing moonscape supernatural
英语词汇学EnglishLexicologyIV.ppt
Transference
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
2
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
2
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
5
10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration
词汇学第四章word formation (课堂PPT)
An example has been done for you.
Word
prefix
root
retell
re
tell
ex-wife
misleading
multimedia
automobile
microcomputer
vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think
it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems.
• Features:
non-class changing
• Exceptions:
class-changing prefixes
In modern English, there are small part of
every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or
stem?
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• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into
ten groups:
① Negative Prefixes否定前缀 ② Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 ③ Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 ④ Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 ⑤ Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 ⑥ Locative prefixes方位前缀 ⑦ Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 ⑧ Number prefixes数字前缀 ⑨ Conversion prefixes转化前缀 ⑩ Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
Lecture4--英语词汇学学习课件
④ a + n: long-distance; short-term；full-length
⑤v + n: breakneck (危险的); cross-contry (越野的);
cut- price (特价的);
⑥ n + n-ed: chicken- hearted; honey-mouthed; paperbacked ⑦ a + n-ed: short-sighted; warm-hearted; long-haired
English Lexicology(I)
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(3) Verb compounds
① Through conversion nickname (n) to nickname (给……起 绰号) honeymoon (n) to honeymoon (度蜜月) moonlight (n) to moonlight (夜袭) machine-gun (n) to machine-gun (用机 枪扫射)
English Lexicology(I)
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⑵. Adjective compounds
① n +a: fat-free (不含脂肪的); world-famous;life-long
② a + a: dark-blue; icy-cold; bitter-sweet
③adv + a: all-mighty (万能的)；evergreen;over-cautious
2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)
1).Definition of compounding
also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a
英语词汇学 unit4 Major Process of Word Formation ppt
Derivational affixes may have more than one meaning. e.g. de 1. to undo what has been done, to reverse the action of decentralize, decode 2. to remove: to debone 3. to reduce: devalue
free = free root morpheme bound root bound inflectional affixes (suffixes) affixes (prefixes) derivational affixes (suffixes)
Allomorphs（词素变体）
Definition: different variants of a morpheme Allomorphs can be phonologically or morphologicaBiblioteka ly conditioned.
10 words from each group with Chinese meaning
Teaching Outline
Basic morphological 形态学的 concepts:
Morpheme. Root Stem
词素
Preffixation Suffixation Compounding 复合法
Chapter 4
Major Process of Word Formation
Presentations and assignments
1. Make sure the meaning of words with affixes indicating the following categories:
Lecture 4PPT教学课件
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Semantic Motivation:
A number of words in English may be
explained by the motivation of meaning.
This has much to do with figures of speech.
Bottleneck:
a. the neck of a bottle;
b. a narrow strip of road between two
wide parts;
c. an obstruction in the case of traffic or
production
a coat of paint, potatoes cooked in their
1. Semantics: studies in the science of meaning. (first used by the French linguist Michael Bréal in the 19th century) Semantics: the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. (美国路易斯安那州立大学的语言学教授 George Yule)
Africa.
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Metonymy: using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.
英语词汇学教程课件第4章English Lexicology 4上
The effect on English of the Danish conquest was not great. However, hundreds of Danish words came into English, but the structure of English was not fundamentally disturbed.
The Celtic language did not have any serious impact on English.
Firstly, in the Old English period, only a handful of Celtic words were borrowed, and just a few have survived into modern English, sometimes in regional dialect use, e.g. cumb (‘deep valley’), binn (‘bin’), carr (‘rock’).
Spelling was not much of a problem, because most people could not read or write, and those who could spelled as they pleased. There were no dictionaries to prove them wrong.
In spite of differences in pronunciation, most of the root words were enough alike to be recognizable. The difficulty caused by differences in inflection was partly solved by dropping some of the inflections altogether and being broad-minded about the others.
4英语词汇学第四章_词的理据
semantic triangle 语义三角
proposed by Ogden / Richards
The meaning of meaning 1923
(The relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept.)
concept (thought /sense) meaning
mental image/reference
cat
word ------------------ thing
(name/symbol/form signifier) (referent/object/ signified） (when/spirit/as??) mental image?
R: actual response / hearer’s response
S
r ………s
R
(S)
Jack and Jill are walking on a trail.
Jill is hungry and sees apples on a tree.
She says to Jack, “I like to eat an apple.” (r)
b. metonymy( 借代，换称）
*
Name sth. by one of its attributes The pen is mightier than the sword. (工具代动作） He has the best stable in the town. (容器代内容） I am not going to let my heart rule my head.(身体 器官代功能） I hate that brass button.(事物特征代事物本身） Hollywood
ChapterFour英语词汇学PPT
Definition of Antonyms
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
Antonyms are words that have opposite or contrasting meanings
Types of Antonyms
Antonyms can be classified into gradable Antonyms, which exists on a scale (e.g., hot/cold), and complete Antonyms, which represents two mutually exclusive categories (e.g., male/female)
Distinguishing synonyms
Synonyms of differences in annotation, emotional color, stylistic level, and location
Antonyms and their corresponding relationships
02
Classification and Composition of
English Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary and professional vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
Basic vocabulary refers to the core set of words that are essential for daily communication and are typically learned in the early stages of language acquisition These words are generally simple, frequently used, and have a broad range of means
英语词汇学4PPT课件
Lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes
Lexical morphemes: used for the construction of new words.
e.g. blackbird, leadership, modernize
Grammatical morpheme: used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
suffix) verbs ending with /t/, -- -ion, invention, position, verbs ending with consonants other than /t/, -- -tion, description verbs ending in -ify and –ize-- -ation, justification modernization verbs ending in -d, -de, or –mit-- -sion, expansion, decision, omission. "A allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds".
4.现代英语词汇学(第四章)(共15张)
man
woman
boy
girl
rooster
hen
bull
cow
第2页，共15页。
To capture this generalization, a binary feature [±Male] can be established. With the same list we can factor out an opposition between human and non-human:
in form but passive in meaning, as can be shown in the
following sentences:
The fields ploughs easily after the rain. Dried food stores easily in summer camp.
现代(xiàndài)英语词汇学（第四章）
Semantic Features
The linguistic meaning of a word is the set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories. These abstracted characteristics are known as semantic features. Semantic features are used to describe semantic universals that may characterize all languages. All languages, for example, distinguish nouns that categorize abstract from concrete experience; animate from inanimate referents; human
英语词汇学串讲4
The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.
In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.
2005 1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are____. A. primary and secondary B. central and peripheral C. diachronic and synchronic D. formal and functional 答案：C 48. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points.
E.g. lie: distort the fact（euph)
(4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
E.g. help lend one a hand
5.3.3 Discrimination of Synonyms: Difference in denotation,
5.3.1 absolute synonyms and relative synonyms. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i. e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings. Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
英语词汇学课件 Unit 4
E.g. lazy → laze editor → edit disgruntle → gruntle
Ex. P88-I
4.3 Onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia: A figure of speech in which: (1) words are formed from natural sounds. (2)words are used and sometimes adapted, including visually, to suggest a sound. • ping,cuckoo • snow crackling and crunching underfoot • r-r-i-i-p-p, ooooooohh
contraction: A reduction in form, often marked in English in writing and print by an apostrophe(’). • Auxiliary contractions: I’ve, he’ll • Negative contractions: isn’t, don’t • Pronoun contraction of ‘us’: let’s • Elisions: c’mon • Short terms in note-taking: runng, dept
4.1.1 History
Alphabetic abbreviation became possible around 1000BC and was common in the classical world. IMP CAES- Imperator Caesar More immediate origin was in the practices of medieval scribes: mnemonic, economizing on parchment, effort and time. AD -- Anno Domini (from the year of the Lord) BC -- Before Christ
Ex. P88-I
4.3 Onomatopoeia
onomatopoeia: A figure of speech in which: (1) words are formed from natural sounds. (2)words are used and sometimes adapted, including visually, to suggest a sound. • ping,cuckoo • snow crackling and crunching underfoot • r-r-i-i-p-p, ooooooohh
contraction: A reduction in form, often marked in English in writing and print by an apostrophe(’). • Auxiliary contractions: I’ve, he’ll • Negative contractions: isn’t, don’t • Pronoun contraction of ‘us’: let’s • Elisions: c’mon • Short terms in note-taking: runng, dept
4.1.1 History
Alphabetic abbreviation became possible around 1000BC and was common in the classical world. IMP CAES- Imperator Caesar More immediate origin was in the practices of medieval scribes: mnemonic, economizing on parchment, effort and time. AD -- Anno Domini (from the year of the Lord) BC -- Before Christ
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt(4)
n.指示器
• dictatorship=dict（吩咐，命令）+at（动词 后缀）+or（者）+ship（名词后缀）
n.专政
another one~~
• benedictory=bene（好）+dict（言） +ory（...的） adj.祝福的，感谢的
Guess
• docent=doc+ent（名词后缀）
51. dent-tooth（牙齿）
dentiform--dent（牙）+i+form（有...形状的） adj.齿形的，齿状的
dentate--dent（牙）+ate（...的） adj.有齿的，齿状的
multidentate--multi（多）+dent（牙）+ate （...的） adj.多齿的
• antemeridian--ante（前）+meri（中间） +di（日）+an（名词后缀） adj.上午的
• postmeridian--post（后）+meri（中间） +di（日）+an（名词后缀）
adj.午后的，午后发生的
Guess
• predict=pre（前，先，预先）+dict v.预知，预言，预报
edentate--e（无）+dent（齿）+ate（...的） adj.无齿的，贫齿类的
Guess
• diary=di+ary（名词后缀，表示物） n.日记
d--di（日）+ar（名词后缀，表示物） +ize（动词后缀，做...） v.记（写）日记
• meridian--meri（中间）+di（日）+an（名 词后缀） n.子午线，正午
• dictatorship=dict（吩咐，命令）+at（动词 后缀）+or（者）+ship（名词后缀）
n.专政
another one~~
• benedictory=bene（好）+dict（言） +ory（...的） adj.祝福的，感谢的
Guess
• docent=doc+ent（名词后缀）
51. dent-tooth（牙齿）
dentiform--dent（牙）+i+form（有...形状的） adj.齿形的，齿状的
dentate--dent（牙）+ate（...的） adj.有齿的，齿状的
multidentate--multi（多）+dent（牙）+ate （...的） adj.多齿的
• antemeridian--ante（前）+meri（中间） +di（日）+an（名词后缀） adj.上午的
• postmeridian--post（后）+meri（中间） +di（日）+an（名词后缀）
adj.午后的，午后发生的
Guess
• predict=pre（前，先，预先）+dict v.预知，预言，预报
edentate--e（无）+dent（齿）+ate（...的） adj.无齿的，贫齿类的
Guess
• diary=di+ary（名词后缀，表示物） n.日记
d--di（日）+ar（名词后缀，表示物） +ize（动词后缀，做...） v.记（写）日记
• meridian--meri（中间）+di（日）+an（名 词后缀） n.子午线，正午
英语词汇学(第四讲)
Lecture 4
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations (Part II) Semantic Relations
Two main Types of Semantic Relations
Words are in different sense relations with each other (eg. desk). So are sentences in a language. (eg.John is an orphan. John’s father is a farmer) John’ Lexical Semantic Relations Syntactic Semantic Relations
C. emotive meaning Negro, nigger, black Neutral/derogatory/commendatory D. range of use on, about A textbook on Indian history A conversation about study skills
Interchangeable in all contextes? Identical in a certain sense Synonyms of a word vary according to different contexts, that is, when contexts change, synonyms will become different; or we can say: The so-called synonyms are all socontext dependent. dependent.
Triplets: English ask end fire holy time
Word Meaning and Semantic Relations (Part II) Semantic Relations
Two main Types of Semantic Relations
Words are in different sense relations with each other (eg. desk). So are sentences in a language. (eg.John is an orphan. John’s father is a farmer) John’ Lexical Semantic Relations Syntactic Semantic Relations
C. emotive meaning Negro, nigger, black Neutral/derogatory/commendatory D. range of use on, about A textbook on Indian history A conversation about study skills
Interchangeable in all contextes? Identical in a certain sense Synonyms of a word vary according to different contexts, that is, when contexts change, synonyms will become different; or we can say: The so-called synonyms are all socontext dependent. dependent.
Triplets: English ask end fire holy time
初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (4)
GO ABOUT
• Go about 着手 • Sailors and officers went about their
chores as usual on these ships, amid pipings and loudspeaker squawks. • 海员们像往常一样,在嘈杂的船上做着他们 的日常事务.
BITE INTO
• Bite into 影响 • By 1976,the slump had begun to bite into
the bulk carrier trade. • 到1976年,暴跌已经影响到大持,坚持 • The key tactic behind its strategy of
applause that surpassed that for Bryan. • 然后法庭里爆发出一阵热烈的掌声,甚至超
过了布蓝的.
SET DOWN
• Set down 记下,写下 • The first and essential step in the study of
any language is observing and setting down precisely what happens when native speakers speak it. • 学习任何语言的第一步和最重要的一步是, 当本地人说话的时候,要观察和记下发生了 什么.
LET OUT
• Let out 大喊,泄露 • He let out southern war whoop. In a flash,
John, McKean and Franklin crowded around him. • 他喊出了南方战争的呼声,在这个浪潮中,约 翰,富兰克林,都站在他身边.
英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件chapter 4
• To suggest alternating movements
• seasaw (up-and-down or to-and-fro motion) • zigzag (a line which turns right and left alternatively at sharp angles)
• TV, ID, TB, St. Vs
• A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second
word is in full form.
• N-bomb, H-bomb, G-man, V-day
• Acronyms:
Reduplication
• Definition: Reduplication is a minor type of
word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like
so-so; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels such as pingpong; (3) of
• Spelling: Most acronyms are spelled with capital letters
like initialisms, but they rarely appear with periods.
When they become very common, they are usually
a word.
• fridge, flu
• seasaw (up-and-down or to-and-fro motion) • zigzag (a line which turns right and left alternatively at sharp angles)
• TV, ID, TB, St. Vs
• A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second
word is in full form.
• N-bomb, H-bomb, G-man, V-day
• Acronyms:
Reduplication
• Definition: Reduplication is a minor type of
word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word like
so-so; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels such as pingpong; (3) of
• Spelling: Most acronyms are spelled with capital letters
like initialisms, but they rarely appear with periods.
When they become very common, they are usually
a word.
• fridge, flu
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2ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Lecture 4 Morphological Structure of English Words Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different wordforming elements which are to be used to create new words.
▪ One morpheme---nation ▪ Two morphemes---nation-al ▪ Three morphemes---nation-al-ize
▪ Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有
化）
▪ More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-ization
6
Lecture 4
-ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and –ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, ① the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ (crystal 1985)
Allomorphs do not occur at random, but are
phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:
教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的
和认识。
形态结构、词的构成要素——词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解
1
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ 教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes.
教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root.
8
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words 2. Allomorphs (词素词素变体/语素变体/形位变
体) “An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a
morpheme as conditioned（受制约） by position or adjoining sounds” (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
讲授题目： Morphological Structure of English Words
所属章节：教材之第二章 计划学时：2 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
7
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ ② The morpheme is the smallest meaningful
linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. ▪ What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:
3
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位)
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:
4
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ yes ▪ unhappiness ▪ horses ▪ talking
yes un-happi-ness horse-s talk-ing
5
Lecture 4
Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could analyze its constituent sounds, [ j ]、[ e ]、[ s ], but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning;
Lecture 4 Morphological Structure of English Words Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different wordforming elements which are to be used to create new words.
▪ One morpheme---nation ▪ Two morphemes---nation-al ▪ Three morphemes---nation-al-ize
▪ Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有
化）
▪ More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-ization
6
Lecture 4
-ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and –ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, ① the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ (crystal 1985)
Allomorphs do not occur at random, but are
phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:
教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的
和认识。
形态结构、词的构成要素——词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解
1
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ 教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes.
教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root.
8
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words 2. Allomorphs (词素词素变体/语素变体/形位变
体) “An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a
morpheme as conditioned（受制约） by position or adjoining sounds” (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
讲授题目： Morphological Structure of English Words
所属章节：教材之第二章 计划学时：2 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
7
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ ② The morpheme is the smallest meaningful
linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. ▪ What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:
3
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位)
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:
4
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ yes ▪ unhappiness ▪ horses ▪ talking
yes un-happi-ness horse-s talk-ing
5
Lecture 4
Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could analyze its constituent sounds, [ j ]、[ e ]、[ s ], but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning;