UK哈佛注释体系
哈佛引用格式引用中文文献
哈佛引用格式引用中文文献（原创版）目录1.引言：介绍哈佛引用格式以及中文文献的引用规范2.哈佛引用格式的特点3.哈佛引用格式中中文文献的引用方法4.实例分析：展示哈佛引用格式在中文文献中的应用5.结论：总结哈佛引用格式在中文文献引用中的重要性正文引言：在学术论文和研究报告中，正确引用相关文献是非常重要的。
不同的学术领域和出版物可能有不同的引用格式要求。
哈佛引用格式是其中一种广泛使用的格式，尤其在社会科学和人文科学领域。
当涉及到中文文献的引用时，哈佛格式也有其独特的规范和要求。
本文将介绍哈佛引用格式以及如何在中文文献中应用它。
哈佛引用格式的特点：哈佛引用格式，又称为作者 - 日期格式，其主要特点是在文中引用文献时，将作者姓名和出版日期放在括号内，位于文末。
这种格式的优势在于方便读者快速了解文献的作者和出版时间，同时有利于避免文本中过多的脚注。
哈佛引用格式中中文文献的引用方法：在哈佛引用格式中，中文文献的引用方法主要包括以下几个步骤：1.首先，在文中找到需要引用的文献，确定作者姓名、文献标题、出版日期和出版地等信息。
2.在文中引用文献时，将作者姓名和出版日期放在括号内，紧跟在引用内容的后面。
例如：“根据李明（2020）的研究，……”。
3.在文末参考文献部分，按照作者姓氏的拼音顺序排列，列出所有引用过的文献。
每条文献的格式为：作者。
文献标题。
出版地：出版社，出版日期。
例如：“李明。
中文文献引用研究。
北京：北京大学出版社，2020。
”实例分析：以下是一个哈佛引用格式在中文文献中应用的实例：在文中，我们可以这样引用：“近年来，有关中文文献引用的研究越来越多（张强，2018；李明，2020）。
张强（2018）在其研究中探讨了……，而李明（2020）则关注了……。
”在文末参考文献部分，我们需要列出这两篇文献：张强。
中文文献引用研究。
上海：复旦大学出版社，2018。
李明。
中文文献引用研究。
北京：北京大学出版社，2020。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。
其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问，请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。
例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。
例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。
哈佛参考文献注明方法
哈佛参考文献注明方法Referencing using the Harvard method 当你为申报学位而撰写文章、项目、作业、博士论文或硕士论文时，你需要经常参考读过的文献，以证明一个论点、说明一个要点、概括某一理论、报告资料或数据、或是证明你的推论。
你必须通过列出参考信息的方式来说明你所参考的这些作品的出处。
应该在行文中标注，在最后详细列出。
重要的一点是，不可以陈述了其他人的材料或观点但不用列明参考信息的方式说明出处。
若有这样的行为，便是抄袭，一旦发现，将按学院的不轨行为程序执行。
出于以下的原因，提供参考信息是必要的：●证明你对主题进行了研究，你的观点是基于已出版的材料而提出的。
●使你的观点和论点充实；●承认你采用的资料的出处，以及你的观点是由此发展而来；●区别哪些观点是你自己的，哪些是别人的；●让你的读者能找到你的观点的出处，能让他们自行研究这些材料。
哈佛参考文献注明方法的主要方面哈佛参考文献注明方法（即“名称和日期”法）受到广泛应用。
这一体系有两个方面。
首先，在文章主体中借用他人作品之处，用括号标出引用标记。
其二，在作品最后，以“参考文献”为标题按字母顺序列出文中引用的详细情况。
本方法的目的在于确保你的文章正文不会因为有大量的目录信息而给读者造成干扰。
引用标记含有最基本的信息，让读者在参考文献表中找到其位置。
请注意：请各位学生注意，本校学术委员会要求所有学生了解哈佛参考文献注明体系，同时，学生也应注意，有些专业可使用不同的参考文献注明体系。
如果有这种情况，教员将告知学生。
如果有疑问，请询问教员。
在文中标注参考标记参考标记通常是以下的形式：◆用一对括号括起你所参考内容的作者的姓氏，其后是文献的出版年份。
例如：最初结论（Williams，1990）已遭到质疑（Reynolds，1994）。
◆如果作者的名字随着行文出现了，则在括号中只添加年份。
例如：最初结论已遭到Reynolds（1995）和Roberts（1994）的质疑。
参考文献的体例类型
参考文献的体例类型正文中参考文献的标注大致可划分为3种基本的体例类型: 著者-出版年体系(name - year system)、顺序编码体系(citation - order system或citation - sequence system)和著者-数字(顺序编码)体系(alphabet - number system).不同学会或出版机构对引文体系的要求差异很大, 在生物医学期刊界具广泛影响的“生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求”积极倡导加入该联盟的期刊使用顺序编码体系; 然而, 在出版界久负盛名的《芝加哥出版手册》则强烈主张采用著者-出版年体系, 在其长达210余页的有关参考文献的详细指南中, 认为“按作者姓名的字序排列文献书目是最现实和最有用的方式” (The most practical and useful way to arrange entries in a bibliography is in alphabetical order, by author. P522).需要特别强调的是, 投稿前应仔细阅读拟投稿期刊的“作者须知”和期刊中的论文, 严格按要求准备文献, 以体现对期刊的尊重. 如果参考文献的格式与期刊的要求差距太大, 编辑和审稿人有可能会认为这是被其他期刊退稿后的转投稿, 或者作者缺乏最起码的细心.（1）著者-出版年体系又称作“作者-年制”或“哈佛(Harvard)体系”. 正文中文献的标注由著者姓氏与出版年构成, 文献书目中的各篇文献首先按文种分别集中, 然后按著者姓氏的字母顺序和出版年的先后来排列. 该体系最初由哈佛动物学实验室(Harvard’s Zoological Laboratory)主任Mark教授于1881年构建, 并被哈佛比较动物学博物馆(Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology)的图书馆采用, 这也是“哈佛体系”的由来.著者-出版年体系的优点是对于作者很方便. 由于文献没有编号, 所以很容易增删. 无论文献被修改多少次, 文献的标注符号永远不变. 该体系的缺点是当需要引用大量文献时, 读者常常要跳越多行引文标注才能连接到下面的正文, 从而影响到注意力的连贯性和阅读速度; 并且, 该体系的文献标注需要占用更多的版面, 从而增加印刷成本.（2）顺序编码体系又称作“数字制(Number system)”或“温哥华(Vancouver)体系”. 正文引用的文献按其出现的先后顺序连续编码, 并将序号置于方括号“[ ]”或圆括号“( )”中. 引用多篇文献时, 只须将各篇文献的序号在括号内全部列出, 各序号间用“,” (连续序号可只标注起止序号). 文献书目中的各篇文献按其在正文出现的标注序号依次列出. 1978年1月有19种国际医学期刊的编辑为了统一及简化参考文献的编排而于加拿大温哥华(Vancouver)集会, 并制定向这些期刊投稿的“统一要求”, 其中对参考文献的要求是采用“顺序编码制”, 这也是“温哥华体系”的由来.顺序编码体系避免了著者-出版年体系的冗长, 同时也可根据正文中文献序号很快地找到文献书目中相应的文献. 该体系的不便之处是增删引文会导致引文序号的混乱.（3）著者-数字(顺序编码)体系该体系是指正文中文献标注采用“顺序编码体系”, 文献书目的著录则采用“著者-出版年体系”(即按著者姓名的字母顺序和出版年排列). 正文中用数字序号来标引文献可节省版面, 而按字母顺序排列文献书目可方便作者和读者(尤其是图书管理员)使用文献.著者-顺序编码体系因为吸取了著者-出版年体系和顺序编码体系的长处, 因而被一些出版机构和学术团体偏爱, 如美国微生物学会和法国科学院的系列期刊均采取这种体系. 但有些编辑和作者反对采用著者-顺序编码体系, 认为该体系的引证数字序号在正文中不按正常的顺序出现, 有可能会误导读者, 即：论著撰写中应该按实际论证的展开(即顺序编码制)或文献发表的时间(即著者-年制)来告诉读者被引文献的顺序.。
哈佛参考文献注释体系 Harvard Referencing System
STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemThis student guide presents the most commonly used aspects of the Harvard Referencing System.SourcesSnooks & Co 2002, Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Australia.Sons,American Psychological Association 2001, Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation, 5th edn, APA, Washington, DC.If further information is needed, students can refer to the ‘COMPREHENSIVEGUIDE: Harvard Referencing System’ or to the above publications in the MacquarieUniversity Library. Students can also check with their departments or lecturers foron-campus Harvard referencing support.AcknowledgementA significant component of the Master of Accounting (MAcc) program is the Language for Professional Communication in Accounting Program (LPCA). The LPCA program is a collaboration of the Master of Accounting program and The Centre for Macquarie English (CME), formerly the National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research (NCELTR). The LPCA program provides tailored resources for specific units, as well as providing materials for additional generic workshops. Students are able to develop a high level of communication and professional skills and, at the same time, to develop technical skills. These resources are integrated with relevant technical content and are a significant part of the teaching and learning within individual units. Communication and professional skills are assessed, often together with technical skills, in individual units. The development of these skills is essential to students’ success, not only within the units of this program, but also in an accounting career.As part of the LPCA program, resources have been made available to provide students with an understanding of the plagiarism policies of the University and the Master of Accounting program. Also referencing materials, including this Harvard referencing guide, have been developed to address the methods and style requirements necessary to cite research sources. MAcc and CME acknowledge Eugen Klissarov in collaboration with Mary Cayley, both CME-LPCA staff members, for the design and development of this Harvard referencing guide.This project was funded by the 2006 Macquarie University Flagship Grant Scheme.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemCONTENTSFAQs: referencing & plagiarism 1 Specific guidelines: in-text citations, paraphrases & direct quotations 2 Specific guidelines: reference lists 4 Examples: in-text & reference list citations 7 Sample reference list 14 Excerpts from a paper highlighting in-text citations 15STUDENT GUIDE Harvard Referencing SystemFAQsSTUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing System• When using a referencing system for in-text citations and a reference list , you must usethe appropriate formatting elements. •Formatting refers to the use of layout and punctuation, including spacing, indenting, lower and upper case letters, period or full stops, colons, semicolons, commas, brackets and italics. These formatting elements are used to clearly and consistently present in-text citations and a reference list in your written work.• The examples throughout this guide indicate the formatting you should use.IN-TEXT CITATIONSEach time you use an author's words or ideas in your writing, you must place a citation in the text. This applies to both direct quotations and paraphrases. It is important to place the in-text citation directly in, or immediately after, the sentence or clause which uses information or ideas from a source. It is not adequate to put the in-text citation at the end of the paragraph because this indicates that only the information in the last sentence belongs to the source.The basic in-text citation is very similar for all types of sources. However, the type of source being cited cannot usually be identified until the reader looks at the reference list. In-text citations in written work may appear either: a) as part of a sentence[manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.} [in-text citation ] {paraphrase } The use of [ ] and { }, above, are for explanatory purposes only, and should NEVERbe used in written assignments.In the above example, the author is a grammatical part of the sentence and, in this instance, appears at the beginning of the sentence.The above citation can also be placed in different positions in the sentence, for example: i. According to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993. ii. Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers, according to Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6), have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.b) or at the end of a sentencei.Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF) manufacturers have suffered a significant loss ofdomestic market share since 1993 (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).These conventions apply to authors and authoring bodies or organizations of all types of sources.It is often useful to vary the citation styles, e.g., as part of a sentence or at the end of asentence. Varying citation styles may allow for better linking between sentences andbetween ideas. It also allows for different emphasis – either on the topic or the author. ParaphrasesParaphrases occur when you read a source and use the information in your assignment, but rephrase or write the information in your own words.i.Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) states that Textile, Clothing & Footwear (TCF)manufacturers have suffered a significant loss of domestic market share since 1993.This example is a paraphrase and it needs to be cited.The absence of double quotation marks (“ ”) informs the reader this is a paraphrase.It is expected that you will extensively research and use information found in sources.However, it is also expected that most of the information from the sources will beparaphrased, that is, written in your own words.Direct quotationsDirect quotations are used when you want to use some words exactly as they are found in the source.If you rely on a source and use the exact words in your assignment, you must indicate this by the use of double quotation marks (“ ”). These indicate a direct quotation.Direct quotations need to be as brief as possible. They should only be used occasionally and only for good reasons, for example, when:•the author’s words convey a powerful meaning that cannot be paraphrased with the same effect•you use the author as an authoritative voice in your own writing•you introduce an author’s position which you want to discuss•you need to provide supporting points or evidence for your own position.Generally, direct quotations in the text are placed within your own sentences.i.Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by morethan 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998, p. 69) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than 40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001”.With direct quotations only, page numbers may also be separated and placed at the end of the direct quotation:i.Innes and Warburton (1998) report that “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).ii.As Innes and Warburton (1998) report, “employment in the TCF sector fell by more than40 per cent over the ten years to June 2001” (p. 69).Page numbers or paragraph numbers should be provided in in-text citations for bothdirect quotations and paraphrases.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemREFERENCE LISTSThe reference list is usually the last page/s of the assignment. It should begin on a new page and be simply headed References.• A reference list consolidates all the various sources in alphabetical order using either the author’s surname or the names of authoring bodies. The titles of documents (or the titles of media such as videos, CD-ROMs and radio programs) are used if the author’s name or the name of the authoring body is not known.•Numbers, letters or bullets are not used when citing sources in a Reference List.•The 2nd and subsequent lines of each entry are indented (this is called a ‘hanging indent’). •Single spacing within an entry, but 1.5 spacing between entries is used.•Alignment for the reference list page/s is ‘Align left’. ‘Justify’ should not be used for the reference list.Following are the reference list details needed for the more common source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list aresignificantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print &electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventionsrelating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOK, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of series, if applicable•description of work, if applicable•edition number, if not first edition•editor, compiler, reviser or translator, if applicable•volume number or number of volumes, if applicable•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited,plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationReference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Pedersen, H 1937, A concise comparative Lycian grammar, monograph, Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht, Gottingen, Sweden.CHAPTER IN EDITED BOOK, print(An edited book is a collection of writings by different authors; the ‘editor’ is theperson who compiles or selects the work to be included).•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body (use the author of the chapter/ article you have read, not the editor/s of the book)•year of publication•title of chapter/article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•the word ‘in’•editor(s)’ initial(s) and surname(s) (initials precede surnames)•(ed.) or (eds)•title of edited book (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •edition number, if not first edition•name of publisher (business identifiers such as company, Pty, Inc., Ltd, Co., Limited, plc. and Corporation not included)•place of publicationIn-text:It is likely, as has been suggested, that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until inherent cross-cultural issues have been addressed (Adler, 1980).Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-cultural organizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.JOURNAL ARTICLE, print•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (in italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for journal articles) Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and textile clothing and footwear industries: Australia 1992/93-1996/97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12. JOURNAL ARTICLE, electronic•author’s surname & initial(s) or name of authoring body•year of publication•title of article (single quotation marks; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms)•title of journal (italics; maximal capitalisation)•title of series, if applicable•issue details; may include volume no., issue no., month or season•page numbers of the whole article (these are always cited for electronic journal articles,if available)•date article was viewed•name of databaseReference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factorswith a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.WEBSITE•author (person or organization responsible for the site)•year (year the site was created or last revised)•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date website was viewed•domain name enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005,<http:// .au>.WEBSITE DOCUMENT•author (may be person or organization responsible for the site)•year (the year the site was created or last revised)•title of document (in italics; minimal capitalisation other than proper nouns & acronyms) •version number, if applicable•description of document, if applicable•name & place of source sponsor (‘owner’/‘publisher’); name may be same as author•date document was viewed•complete URL for the page/section, including links, needs to be shown and is enclosed in angle < > bracketsReference list:Macquarie University 2006, What is Plagiarism?, Macquarie University, Sydney, viewed 10April 2006, <.au/plagiarism>.STUDENT GUIDEHarvard Referencing SystemExamples of in-text & reference list citationsExamples of in-text citations for types of sources have been provided. The first example in each case is as part of the sentence, and the second example is at the end of the sentence. Examples of reference list entries have also been provided for these source types.Although the details required for each type of source in the reference list are significantly different, the reference list entries for all source types, both print & electronic, are based on the entry for a print book, particularly the conventions relating to multiple authors and authoring bodies.BOOKS , printSingle authorApplies to authors of all source types. Page no. spans 22-3, not 22-23.In-text:According to Harris (2001, pp. 22-3), the possibility that ... Statistics indicate that ... (Harris 2001, pp. 22-3).Reference list:Harris, RA 2001, The plagiarism handbook: strategies for preventing, detecting, and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles. Single authoring body , e.g. companies, government & non-government organisations In-text:Telstra Corporation (2004) stresses the importance of ...Corporate governance is stressed due to ... (Telstra Corporation 2004). Reference list:Telstra Corporation 2004, Annual report , Telstra, Melbourne.Unknown authorUse title and italicize both in the text and in the reference list. Articles ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ aredisregarded when placing entry alphabetically in reference list. Page no. spans 111-2, not 111-112.In-text:The inns of court (1965, pp. 111-2) outlines ...It was thought these matters ... (The inns of court 1965, pp. 111-2).Reference list:Department of Finance and Administration 2005, Annual report 2004-05, DFA, Canberra.The inns of court 1965, Jordan & Sons, London.Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations , 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Two authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:Hatim and Munday (2004, pp. 49-50) present data indicating that ... Data has been presented that ... (Hatim & Munday 2004, pp. 49-50). Reference list:Hatim, B & Munday, J 2004, Translation: an advanced resource book, Routledge, New York.Three authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use ‘and’ when part of sentence, but ‘&’ when in brackets. Use ‘&’ in reference list.In-text:May, May and Andrew (1999, pp. 31-2) provide ...Guidelines relating to ... (May, May & Andrew 1999, pp. 31-2).Reference list:May, CB, May, GS & Andrew, JD 1999, Effective writing: a handbook for finance people , Prentice Hall, New Jersey.BOOKS, print, continuedFour or more authors or authoring bodiesApplies to authors of all source types. Use, et al., when part of sentence and when in brackets. Details of all authors cited in reference list.In-text:Kotler et al. (2001, pp. 103-4) believe, however, that ...It is believed, however, that ... (Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 103-4). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney.Secondary sourceThe work of one author, Kotler et al., refers to the work of another author, Gupta. Both sources are cited in the text. Only the source that has been read, Kotler et al., is shown in the reference list.In-text:Gupta (cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12) claims that ... It is argued that ... (Gupta, cited in Kotler et al. 2001, pp. 11-12). Reference list:Kotler, P, Brown, L, Adam, S & Armstrong, G 2001, Marketing, 5th edn,Prentice Hall, Sydney.Chapter in edited book Specific chapter in edited book cited. Note use of, in, before names of editors in reference list. Editor’s initials precede surnames. Note use of (eds).In-text:As argued by Adler (1980), cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... It is argued that cultural synergies cannot be achieved until ... (Adler, 1980). Reference list:Adler, NJ 1980, ‘Cultural synergy: the management of cross-culturalorganizations’, in WW Burke & LD Goodstein (eds), Trends and issues in OD: current theory and practice, University Associates, San Diego.Edited bookGeneral focus or content of edited book cited. Editor in author position. Note use of (ed.) in reference list; (eds) if more than 1 editor. In-text:Kamwangamalu’s (1998) evidence that ...There is some evidence that ... (Kamwangamalu, 1998).Reference list:Kamwangamalu, NM (ed.) 1998, Aspects of multilingualism in post-apartheid South Africa, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.2nd or later edition Note use of, edn, in reference list.In-text:Moorhead and Griffin (2001) emphasise that ...It is strongly emphasised that ... (Moorhead & Griffin, 2001).Reference list:Moorhead, G & Griffin, R 2001, Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations, 6th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Multiple works by same author published in same yearLower case letters, a,b,c, used to distinguish works. Multiple works convention applies to all source types. In-text:Nunan (1992a; 1992b; 1992c) indicates that ...A number of theories indicate that ... (Nunan 1992a; 1992b; 1992c). Reference list:Nunan D 1992a, Introducing discourse analysis, Penguin, London.Nunan D 1992b, Research methods in language learning, Cambridge University Press, New York.Nunan D 1992c, Teachers interactive decision-making, National Centre forEnglish Language Teaching and Research, Sydney.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), single authorCite author as for print book; Note translator, trans.; initial(s) precede surname, Sage.In-text:Cirlot (1971) explores the concept of alchemy by using ... The concept of alchemy is explored by using ... (Cirlot 1971).Reference list:Cirlot, JE 1971, A dictionary of symbols, 2nd edn, trans. J Sage, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), no author In-text:The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines drafting as a process by which ... Drafting is defined as a process by which ... (The Macquarie dictionary 2005). Reference list:The Macquarie dictionary 2005, 4th edn, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW.BOOKS, electronic1.For electronic books, the conventions for multiple authors and editors are the same as for print books.2.If page numbers are not available, then paragraph numbering conventions used: para., paras or ¶, ¶¶.3.Electronic books are generally accessed online through university library databases using student access codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic books, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Electronic databaseIf page nos. not available, provide paragraph nos. if they can be reasonably identified. Name of database provided, URL not required. In-text:As Hofstede, Pedersen and Hofstede (2002, para. 14) acknowledge, the ...It is acknowledged that ... (Hofstede, Pedersen & Hofstede 2002, para. 14). Reference list:Hofstede, GJ, Pedersen, P & Hofstede, GH 2002, Exploring culture: exercises, stories, and synthetic cultures, Intercultural Press, Yarmouth, Maine,viewed 16 November 2005, NetLibrary database.InternetComplete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Scott’s (1998, paras 3-4) strong support of the view that ...This view is strongly supported because ... (Scott 1998, paras 3-4). Reference list:Scott, WD 1998, Increasing human efficiency in business: a contribution to the psychology of business, viewed 17 June 2006, </ catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=38334>.Dictionaries (& encyclopedias), internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:Online dictionary (2006) defines governance as ...Governance is defined as ... (Online dictionary 2006).Reference list:Online dictionary 2006, Merriam-Webster, USA, viewed 7 June 2006, <http:// /cgi-bin/dictionary>.PERIODICALS: JOURNALS, MAGAZINES & NEWSPAPERS, print & electronic1.The conventions for journal articles are the basis for magazine and newspaper article conventions.2.In relation to all print and electronic periodicals, the conventions for multiple authors are the same as forprint books.3.Electronic periodicals are generally accessed online through university library databases using studentaccess codes, but can sometimes be accessed directly via the internet.4. In relation to electronic periodicals, date viewed and complete URL (including any links for pages/sections) enclosed by angle < > brackets or name of database must be provided.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronicJournal article, print Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 1-12, in reference list. In-text:Jayanthakumaran (2001, p. 6) seems to dismiss the idea that ...The idea that ... (Jayanthakumaran 2001, p. 6).Reference list:Jayanthakumaran, K 2001, ‘Trade policy reform and the textile, clothing and footwear industry: Australia 1993-97’, Economic Papers, vol. 20, no. 2, June, pp. 1-12.Journal article, electronic databaseName of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 21-8, in reference list. Page no. spans 21-8 not 21-28. In-text:Waldmann’s (2000, p. 23) suggestion that a number of factors relating to ...A number of factors relating to ... (Waldmann 2000, p. 23).Reference list:Waldmann, E 2000, ‘Teaching ethics in accounting: a discussion of cross-cultural factors with a focus on Confucian and Western philosophy’, Accounting Education, vol. 9, no. 1, May, pp. 21-8, viewed 25 July 2005, EBSCOhost database.Periodicals: Journal articles, print & electronic, continuedJournal article, internet Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 167-78, in reference list. Page no. spans 171-2 not 171-172 & 167-78 not 167-178.In-text:Shirabe (2004, pp. 171-2) has noted that ...It has been noted that ... (Shirabe 2004, pp. 171-2).Reference list:Shirabe, M 2004, ‘Measures of performance of universities and their faculties in Japan’, Information-Knowledge-Systems Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp.167-78, viewed 17 November 2005, </citation.cfm?id 1096329.1096334&coll=GUIDE&dl=GUIDE&CFID=63620412& CFTOKEN= 89901306>.Periodicals: Magazine articles, print & electronicMagazine article, print Note use & placement of day & month of publication in reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 33-9. Publisher & place of publication not required.In-text:Le Mesurier and Tandukar (2006, pp. 34-5) clarify this viewpoint which ... This viewpoint holds that ... (Le Mesurier & Tandukar 2006, pp. 34-5). Reference list:Le Mesurier, K & Tandukar, A 2006, ‘Conflict stirs trade fears’, BRW, 1 April, pp. 33-9.Magazine article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided in reference list, pp. 5-9. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list. In-text:Reason (2005, p. 7), on the other hand, believes that ...On the other hand, it is believed that ... (Reason 2005, p. 7).Reference list:Reason, T 2005, ‘The narrowing GAAP: the convergence of foreign anddomestic accounting rules could catch some U.S. companies by surprise’, CFO, vol. 21, no. 17, December, pp. 5-9, viewed 5 May 2006, Business Source Premier database.Magazine article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos. (paras 2-3) if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Wolff (2006, paras 2-3) argues that there has been a paradigm shift in ... Due to technology, one argument is that ... (Wolff 2006, paras 2-3). Reference list:Wolff, M 2006, ‘ipod, therefore, I am’, AFR Boss, 9 March, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au/edition.aspx>.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronicNewspaper article, print Day & month provided in reference list. Publisher & place of publication not required. In-text:Indeed, Baker’s (2005, p. 4) confirmation that ...Indeed, it was confirmed that ... (Baker 2005, p. 4).Reference list:Baker, J 2005, ‘No rest for credit cards’, Sydney Morning Herald, 26 December, p. 4.Newspaper article, no title, no author, printTitle of newspaper in italics used in in-text citations & reference list. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 13-14. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:As was noted recently in the Sydney Morning Herald (2006, p. 13), the ... The use of natural resources ... (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2006, p. 13). Reference list:The Sydney Morning Herald 2006, 15 May, pp. 13-14.Newspaper article, electronic database Name of database provided, URL not required. Page nos. of complete article provided, pp. 11-16. Publisher & place of publication not required in reference list.In-text:Austen (2005, pp. 14-15) reports that ...It is reported that ... (Austen 2005, pp. 14-15).Reference list:Austen, I 2005, ‘A patent dispute threatens to cut executives off’, The NewYork Times, 3 December, pp. 11-16, viewed 26 December 2005, Expanded Academic ASAP database.Periodicals: Newspaper articles, print & electronic, continuedNewspaper article, internetIf page nos. not available, use paragraph nos., paras 5-6, if these can be reasonably identified. In-text:Gittins (2003, paras 5-6) examines a number of possible causes for ... Several possible causes for ... are examined (Gittins 2003, paras 5-6). Reference list:Gittins, R 2003, ‘The truth of the rich-poor divide’, The Age, 4 March, viewed 22 July 2005, <.au/articles/2003/10/28/10672331 B71873.html?from=storyrhs&oneclick=true>.WEBSITES & ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION FORUMSWebsite, e.g. companies, government & non-government organisationsYear 1999, year website created or last revised; Author & publisher same entity. Domain name enclosed in < > brackets. In-text:The St Vincent de Paul Society (1999) provides information which ... Available information indicates ... (St Vincent de Paul Society 1999). Reference list:St Vincent de Paul Society 1999, St Vincent de Paul Society, ACT, viewed 8 July 2005, <.au>.Website document, authorConventions for author & title of document follow that of a print book. Year 2005 refers to year page created or last revised. Complete URL enclosed in < > brackets should be provided irrespective of URL length.In-text:In discussing the accounting cycle, Ketz (2005, paras 11-12) indicates ... The accounting cycle seems to indicate that ... (Ketz 2005, paras 11-12). Reference list:Ketz, JE 2005, The accounting cycle, viewed 20 February 2006, <http:// /x50918.xml>.Website document, authoring bodyIf the authoring body uses paragraph numbering, these can be used in the in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. AASB, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. AASB may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:In relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, paras 29-32), outlines ... orIn relation to multi-employer plans, the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) (2006, pp. 22-3), outlines ...Multi-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, paras 29-32). orMulti-employer plans are those which ... (Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, pp. 22-3).Reference list:AASB—see Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006.Australian Accounting Standards Board 2006, AASB 119 Employee Benefits,AASB, Canberra, viewed 14 July 2006, <.au>.Website document, no dateIf there is no date, use ‘n.d.’ in place of the date. In-text:According to the Australia China Business Council (n.d.) an FTA between Australia and China would result in increased living standards in both countries.Reference list:Australia China Business Council n.d., Australia China FTA Round-up, viewed 16 July 2008, .au/.Website, PDF document .pdf in URL indicates PDF document and page numbers should be provided in in-text citations. Acronym, e.g. NAATI, may be used in author position in subsequent citations, but then 2 cross-referenced entries needed in reference list. NAATI may be used in ‘publisher’ position in reference list.In-text:According to the National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters (NAATI) (2005, p. 66), it seems that ...... (National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, p. 66).Reference list:NAATI 2005—see National Accreditation Authority for Translators &Interpreters 2005.National Accreditation Authority for Translators & Interpreters 2005, Manual for candidates 2004, rev. edn, NAATI, viewed 22 December 2005, <http:// .au/documents/manuals/manual_for_candidates.pdf>.。
哈佛引用格式（文字版）
1.文内引用格式无论是否直接引用还是改写，只要不是你自己的观点，都必须在文中以及reference页上面说明。
文内引用主要是需要注明作者及年份。
比如说你引用或改写了一段别人的作品，作者的名字是James Robert，日期为1992，但根据不同的表达方式，格式略有不同（1）如果作者没有很自然的在正文中出现，则需要在括号中写上作者的姓以及日期（姓，日期）There is some evidence (Jones, 1992) that these figures are incorrect.（2）如果作者的姓或名字出现在正文中，则在姓或名字的后面直接加括号，写上日期Jones (1992) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.（3）如果有两个作者，则都要写出来。
（姓and 姓，年份）It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less”(Bellamy and Taylor 1998, p.41).需要注意的是，这里有直接引用（有双引号的部分）。
直接引用就是抄的原话，必须用双引号标出，并且在文内引用的括号内写上页码。
（1）和（2）都是改写的句子，所以没有加页码（4）两个以上的作者，（第一个作者的姓et al. 日期）et al代表and other的意思…adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable (Levy et al. 1991).（5）如果一个作者在一年当中发表了多部作品，并且你需要引用到同一个作者在这个年分当中的多个作品，为了区分，在时间的后面分别加上a，b，c。
哈佛参考文献格式具体写法
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。
怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。
因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”（Author-date method）。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。
比如，In a recent study Harvey （1993）argued that ...。
2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey,1993）shows that…。
3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson （1989a) discussed the subject…。
4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones （1992）have proposed that…。
Harvard(哈佛)格式标注参考文献
LoginSearch for:Print viewAdministratorsChicago Press, Chicago, IL.Patton, M.Q. (1990), Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods , 2nd ed., Sage, Newbury Park, CA.A chapter from an edited bookSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Title of chapter"in Editor surname, initials (Ed.)Title of BookEditionPublisherPlace of publicationChapter page numbers.ExampleBourdieu, P.(1977), "The forms of capital", in Richardson, J.G. (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Researchfor the Sociology of Education, Greenwood Press, New York, NY, pp. 311-56.A translated workSurname, A.N.(year of publication)Title of BookEditionTranslated by Translator name, initialsPublisherPlace of publication.ExampleBourdieu, P. (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by Nice, R., Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.Journal articlesSurname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue number (if it exists)Article page numbers.ExampleBaron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. (1986), "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in socialpsychological research", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, pp. 1173-82.Guthrie, J. and Parker, L. (1997) "Editorial: Celebration, reflection and a future: a decade of AAAJ",Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal , Vol. 10 No.1, pp. 3-8Electronic sourcesNB this refers to a source which is only available electronically, and not to sources which you may have accessed electronically but which are also available in print form, such as an article from an Emerald journal accessed via the Web.These follow the same convention of referencing as for printed sources, but include elements unique to the Web: Name(year of publication)"Article title"available at: full url(accessed date)For the last two elements, please try to remember the following conventions:When giving the url, "http://" should only be included if the address does not include "www"(accessed date) is important because of the lack of permanence of Internet sites.ExampleBetter Business Bureau (2001), "Third-party assurance boosts online purchasing", available at:/about/press/2001/101701.asp (accessed 7 January 2002).Hummingbird (2002), Hummingbird corporate website, available at: (accessed 2January 2002).Leeds Metropolitan University (2002), "Business Start-Up@Leeds Met", available at:/city/bus_startup.htmPitkow, J. and Kehoel, C. (1997), "GVU's WWW user surveys", available at: Ballantyne, D. (2000), "Dialogue and knowledge generation: two sides of the same coin in relationshipmarketing", paper presented at the 2nd WWW Conference on Relationship Marketing, November 1999-February 2000, Monash University and MCB University Press, available at:/services/conferen/nov99/rm/paper3.htmlAn electronic journal would be referenced as follows:Surname, A.N.(year of publication)"Article title"Journal TitleVolume number, Issue numberArticle page numbersAvailable at: url(accessed date)ExampleSwaminathan, V., Lepkoswka-White, E. and Rao, B.P. (1999), "Browsers or buyers in cyberspace? Aninvestigation of electronic factors influencing electronic exchange", Journal of Computer-MediatedCommunication, Vol. 5 No. 2, available at: www. / jcmc/vol5/ issue2/Conference papersSome papers may not be published in journals but may be delivered at a conference and then published as part of the proceedings of that conference, in which case, use one of the following styles as appropriate.ExampleLodi, E., Veseley, M. and Vigen, J. (2000), "Link managers for grey literature", New Frontiers in GreyLiterature, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Grey Literature, Washington, DC, October4-5, 1999, GreyNet, Amsterdam, pp. 116-34.Naude, P. and Holland, C. (1998), "Marketing in the information domain", in Halinen-Kaila, A. andNummela, N. (Eds), Interaction, Relationships and Networks: Visions for the Future, Proceedings of the14th Annual IMP Conference, pp. 245-62.Stauss, B. and Weinlich, B. (1995), "Process-oriented measurement of service quality by applying thesequential incident technique", paper presented at the Fifth Workshop on Quality Management inServices, EIASM, Tilburg.Strandvik, T. and Storbacka, K. (1996), "Managing relationship quality", paper presented at the QUIS5Quality in Services Conference, University of Karlstad, Karlstad.As you see, some of the above references give the date of the conference, others do not; if in doubt, follow the convention used by the conference.Government or commercial reportsParticularly when writing a case study, you may want to refer to company or government documents. In which case, the organization may become the author and the form of entry would be as follows:Organization name(year of publication)Title of reportPublisher and place of publication (may be same as author).ExampleApollo Enterprises (1993), Annual Report , p. 8.Ernst and Ernst (1978), Social Responsibility Disclosure: 1978 Survey, Ernst and Ernst, Cleveland, OH.Bank of England (2003), Quarterly Report on Small Business Statistics, Bank of England, London.Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) (2002), White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation, DTI,London.European Commission (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship in Europe: Priorities for the Future, EuropeanCommission, Brussels.Yorkshire Forward (1999), Regional Economic Strategy, Yorkshire Forward, Leeds...Some guidelines to remember for all source typesIf all the above seems complicated, it's worth remembering that the Harvard system is actually quite logical. Bear in mind the following guidelines:The entry always begins with the author's surname, followed by initials, followed by the date in brackets.Authors' surnames and initials are always inverted, i.e. Other, A.N. (whether you are referring to the author of anarticle/chapter, or the editor of the work within which the work is found).If more than one entry by the same author, put in order of dates.Publications, whether book or journal titles, are always in italic, with significant words only capitalized. Make sure that the journal title is exactly the same, e.g. use of &/and.Excerpts from publications, i.e. book chapters, journal articles, always come in "quotes", with only the first word, proper names, and German nouns, capitalized.The name of the publisher is shown before the place of publication (as it would be in an address). Abbreviations for US states should be in short capitalized form, e.g. CA, MA, rather than Ca., Mass., and should be added as necessary.Electronic references follow the same conventions as printed ones, followed by "available at:" and the URL. Only retain "http://" if the address does NOT include www. Also, state the date when last accessed (accessed ...).Use commas to separate elements of the entry.。
哈佛文献注释规范及论文一般性要求
哈佛文献注释规范及论文一般性要求Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】导言参考资料还是参考文献参考文献或参考资料目录是任何一份学术作品的必要和重要部分。
在每一作业的末尾，你都应该以有顺序的和连贯一致的方式列出你所参考过的全部来源（书面的或电子的）但是如何确定这个目录是叫参考资料（References）还是参考文献（Bibliography）呢参考资料有时被称为“引用的作品”、“引用的文献”或“引用来源”，它包括在你的文章中明确引用的书籍、期刊文章和论文。
参考文献比这更广，它包括那些有价值的但是在你的文章内容中没有具体引用的作品。
无论你是在写普通论文，毕业论文，论述文或只是对你的阅读作记录，你都应当始终记录下能哈佛文献注明系统建议使用哈佛文献注明系统，或作者/日期注明系统这意味着当你在你的作品的文本中参照了别人的东西时，你需要提供作者/编辑/单位作者的姓氏和出版日期。
例如“(伯格斯, 1992)，”或者如果伯格斯在一个句子中自然出现，则为“伯格斯(1992)”。
或者如果该作者在一年中被引述一次以上，则在日期后面加上小写字母，例如“伯格斯(1998a) 指出…”和“伯格斯继续发现(1998b)…”所参考过的全部书籍、期刊文章等，应该按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列在作品的结尾。
读者将看到你对于参考伯格斯 (1992)的注明，并且能够利用该参考资料或参考文献找出全部细节内容。
参考资料或参考文献--—格式a. 标点使用与常规方式相同。
见示例。
b. 作者/编辑的姓氏应在其名的缩写之前，且应大写。
c. 如果你对文件进行字处理，书籍、期刊和论文的标题要斜体，但书中的各章标题、期刊内的文章题目或录音的乐曲名称不要斜体。
如果你使用打字机，或者手写，可以在标题下划线，而不是用斜体。
d. 出版地放在出版者名称之前e. 在有三个或以上的作者的情况下，在文章中用“等”。
如（托马斯等）。
哈佛管理制度体系
哈佛管理制度体系哈佛大学是一所世界知名的高等学府，其管理制度体系被广泛认为是全球高等教育领域的典范之一。
哈佛大学的管理制度体系是其成功发展和持续优质教育的重要支撑，为教职员工提供了稳定的工作环境、明确的工作职责和良好的福利保障，同时也为学生提供了优质的教育资源和全方位的支持服务。
一、机构设置哈佛大学的管理制度体系涵盖了学校的各个方面，其机构设置包括学校理事会、校长办公室、院系、研究中心、图书馆、行政部门等。
学校的理事会是最高决策机构，负责制定学校的发展战略、审批预算和重要政策，并对校长及其他高级管理人员进行任命和监督。
二、人事管理哈佛大学的人事管理体系非常完善，包括招聘、考核、薪酬、福利、培训等各个环节。
学校招聘严格按照程序规定，对相关岗位进行公开招聘，实行公平竞争机制。
而且学校对教职员工的绩效考核非常重视，定期对其工作进行评价，并根据绩效考核结果对其进行薪酬调整和职级晋升。
此外，学校还为教职员工提供全面的福利保障，包括医疗保险、养老金、住房补贴、子女教育津贴等，确保他们能够稳定地生活和工作。
三、教学管理哈佛大学的教学管理实行了一套严格的规章制度，教学质量得到了充分保障。
学校设有专门的教学管理部门，负责规划和组织各类学术活动，包括课程设置、教学评估、教学成果奖励等。
同时，学校还注重教师的培训和职业发展，定期组织各类教学研讨会和学术交流活动，促进教师之间的交流和共享。
四、科研管理哈佛大学以其优秀的科研实力在国际上享有盛誉，其科研管理体系也是非常严格和完善的。
学校设有专门的科研管理部门，专门负责科研项目的立项、管理和验收工作。
学校还建立了严格的科研诚信制度，严厉打击学术不端行为，保障科研成果的真实性和可信度。
此外，学校还鼓励和支持教职员工的科研工作，为其提供一流的科研平台和资源，促进科研成果的产出和转化。
五、学生管理哈佛大学的学生管理体系也是严格规范的，学校为学生提供了全方位的支持服务。
学校设有专门的学生工作部门，负责学生的招募、培养和管理工作。
哈佛核心课程体系
哈佛核心课程体系摘要：一、哈佛核心课程体系简介二、课程体系涵盖的主要领域1.文学与艺术2.社会与行为科学3.自然科学4.历史与哲学5.宗教与道德价值6.外国语言与文化三、课程设置目标与意义四、课程体系对我国教育改革的启示正文：哈佛核心课程体系是哈佛大学为学生提供的一种全方位、跨学科的课程设置。
这套课程体系旨在帮助学生获得全面的知识结构，提高批判性思维能力，培养全球视野，并增进对各类学科的理解和尊重。
一、哈佛核心课程体系简介哈佛核心课程体系，始于1945年，经过多次调整和完善，现已发展成为一套成熟且具有广泛影响力的课程体系。
该体系要求学生在大一至大四期间，完成至少12门课程，涵盖六大领域。
二、课程体系涵盖的主要领域1.文学与艺术：学生可通过学习文学、戏剧、电影、音乐、艺术等课程，提升审美能力和艺术素养。
2.社会与行为科学：涉及经济学、心理学、社会学、政治学等学科，帮助学生了解社会现象和人类行为。
3.自然科学：包括数学、物理、化学、生物等基础学科，培养学生的科学精神和创新能力。
4.历史与哲学：通过学习历史和哲学课程，让学生了解历史演变和哲学思想的发展。
5.宗教与道德价值：探讨宗教、道德、伦理等议题，引导学生思考人生价值和道德观念。
6.外国语言与文化：学习其他国家和地区的语言、文学、文化，拓宽国际视野。
三、课程设置目标与意义哈佛核心课程体系旨在培养学生具备以下能力：批判性思考、有效沟通、全球视野、跨文化理解、道德判断与领导力。
通过这套课程体系，学生可以获得全面的知识结构，提高综合素质，为未来的职业发展和社会贡献奠定坚实基础。
四、课程体系对我国教育改革的启示哈佛核心课程体系的的成功经验，对我国教育改革具有重要的借鉴意义。
我们可以从以下几个方面进行改革：1.拓宽课程领域，实现跨学科融合，培养学生全面发展的素质教育。
2.强化通识教育，重视基础学科和人文素养的培养。
3.增加选修课程，满足学生个性化发展需求。
4.改革评价体系，注重过程与结果的结合，充分调动学生积极性。
英文参考文献著录常用格式 伦敦模式
英文参考文献著录常用格式伦敦模式
伦敦模式（The Harvard referencing system），又称哈佛体系，是英国伦敦大学作为文献引用的一种标准著录格式。
这种格式的主要
特点是崇尚作者、注重日期和发表媒介。
据《论文写作指南》统计，
伦敦模式是英国最常用的文献引用格式之一。
在伦敦模式中，一般都会对文献进行以下两种方式的引用，即直
接引用和间接引用。
对于直接引用，一般将直接引用的内容放在引文中，并在引文的结尾处标明来源文献的作者、年份以及页码信息；对
于间接引用，则直接通过作者的名字、年份以及出版物信息进行标注。
在伦敦模式中，文献著录提交主要分为以下几个部分：作者、出
版日期、标题、出版地点、出版商以及页码等。
特别需要注意的是，
对于Web和电子类书籍，需要对其进行“DOI码”和“访问时间”的记录。
伦敦模式的使用既提倡学者保持规范性，又使用简单方便。
与很
多文献引用格式不同的是，它大量使用了括号符号，并且不需要像华
盛顿模式那样规定页面（Reference list）中的条目项目排序。
总之，在学术论文写作过程中，准确明了、规范的文献引用格式
对于提高论文的质量至关重要。
而伦敦模式不仅在英国学术界广为应用，而且在国际领域尤为重要。
同样地，因为它简单易懂、方便快捷，也有很多出版物都默认其作为引用格式。
对此，我们应牢记伦敦模式
著录的基本要点，以达到规范、准确的引用效果。
哈佛参考文献注释体系.
哈佛参考文献注释体系哈佛参考文献注释体系分為兩部份：(1) 文内引注和(2) 参考文献。
1. 文内引注：(In-text citation)加在引文前的例子：•黄璐（2002）提出，为实现品牌资产的不断增值和价值最大化，需要对品牌资产进行精心的经营。
•阿基利斯和舍恩汲取了杜威（1938）提出的“求索”概念。
加在引文后的例子：•组织学习就是组织通过其老成员，又通过引进具有新知识的新成员进行学习（迈诺尔夫.迪尔克斯等2001）•协同品牌是指两个或多个己有的品牌以某种形式结合在一个产品上或共同营销的方法（Socker & Weitz 1998）2. 参考文献：(Bibliography)書本：期刊：例子文章內容1.土地供應施永青(2006)提及本地土地供應有限，再加上現時勾地政策，以致供應越少，再加上數間地產商之壟斷，樓價便被搶得越高。
2. 心理期望九七回歸後，預期將進入新的經濟週期，大量資金流入香港地產市場，導致樓價大升。
但在亞洲金融風暴後，投資者恐怕物業價格持續下降，導致成交量低，價格進一步下跌。
(馮邦彥2001)参考文献施永青2006，在厠板上悟出來的道，AM730出版有限公司，香港馮邦彥2001，香港地產業百年，三聯書店(香港)有限公司，香港周應峰，梁嘉銳，黃志輝，鄭顯輝及殷偉憲2002，香港房地產市場：事實與政策，明報出版社有限公司，香港報章- 打印(print)內文(In-text)(陳大2009) 或陳大(2009)參考文獻(Reference List)陳大2009，‘港經濟愈估愈低市民自求多福’，東方日報，產經要聞，1月1日，C2.1.作者(Author): 陳大2.年份(Date): 2009，3.文章標題(Title (article)):‘港經濟愈估愈低市民自求多福’，4.報章名稱(Title (newspaper)): 東方日報，5.部份(Section): 產經要聞，6.刊登日期(Issue date): 1月1日，7.文章業數(Page of article): C2.報章-取自綱上(online)內文(In-text)(張三2004) 或張三(2004)參考文獻(Reference List)張三2004，‘香港股市連升七天’，太陽報，提取資料日期為2009年3月1日，由2004/02/13/107651.作者(Author): 張三2.年份(Date): 2004，3.文章標題(Title (article)): ‘香港股市連升七天’，4.報章名稱Title (newspaper): 太陽報，5.資料使用日期(Access date): 提取資料日期為2009年3月1日，6.URL: 由<2004/02/13>雜誌內文(In-text)(張三2004) 或張三(2004)參考文獻(Reference List)張三2004，‘美麗何價’，一週刊，1月24日，19-23頁.1.作者(Author): 張三2.年份(Date): 2004，3.文章標題(Title (article)): ‘美麗何價’，4.雜誌名稱(Title (magazine)): 一週刊，5.刊登日期(Issue date): 1月24日，6.文章業數(Page of article): 19-23頁.電視或電台廣播: On-air presentation內文(In-text)(Sold down the river 2003) 或Sold down the river (2003)參考文獻(Reference List)Sold down the river 2003, television program, 4 Corners, ABC Television, Sydney, broadcast 14 July.1.專緝名稱(Title (edition)): Sold down the river2.年份(Date (year)): 2003,3.傳播媒介(Identifier): television program,4.節目名稱(Title (series)): 4 Corners,5.電視或電台名稱(Publisher): ABC Television,6.地點(Place): Sydney,7.廣播日期(Broadcast date): broadcast 14 July.World Wide Web: Identifiable, personal author內文(In-text)(陳大2004) 或陳大(2004)參考文獻(Reference List)陳大2004，‘金錢萬歲’，提取自中原地產綱址，提取日期為2009年3月1日，由1.作者(Authors): 陳大2.年份(Date): 2004，3.文章標題(Title (page)): ‘金錢萬歲’，4.綱址名稱(Title (website)): 提取自中原地產綱址，5.資料使用日期(Access date): 提取日期為2009年3月1日，6.資料來源(Source): 由7.。
哈佛大学文献标注方法的中文解说版
哈佛大学文献标注方法（Harvard referencing system）外国的老师很看重学生参考文献的引用，这个也是占分数的。
很多欧洲和澳洲的大学一般要求哈佛大学文献参考系统。
操作方法如下：一、正文中国外的文献引用方法和中文有很大的差异性，中文引用喜欢照搬别人的原话，但英文一般不这样，要自己归纳别人的观点，或者说别人做了什么研究，结论怎么样啊。
总之最好不要原文照搬。
（一）文中不出现作者姓名如果引用作者的某句话或者某个观点，就在这句话的末尾加（），（）内要标注作者的姓名和该文章出版的年份，如(Author 2005)。
反是有引用的，不管是从报纸上来的、还是书本、论文都要标。
如：Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack 1994).如：(Jones 1946; Smith 1948)如：Recent research has found that the majority of……(Green et al 1995)（二）文中出现作者姓名如果正文中出现了作者的姓名，如xxx said/ concluded/ suggests….则在姓名后面加（），（）内只要标注年份即可，如（2005）。
如：Cormack (1994, p.32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'.如：Jones (1946) and Smith (1948)have both shown……如：Green et al (1995) found that the majority ……(三) 其他情况如果一个作者同年出版了两本书，如2005年，要这样标：(Author 2005a) 或(Author 2005b)；如果在一篇文章中引用多篇报纸文章，要表明这篇报纸文章的具体日期，如(The Guardian, October 18, 2005)。
国外论文写作应该注意哪些点
国外论文该怎么写今天要讲的是论文应该怎么写，要注意哪些问题，那为什么论文对我们而言如此重要呢？1.论文在国外大学里的考试里一直占据着很重的比分，甚至很多时候决定了你学位等级的高低，关系到同学们能否顺利毕业的问题。
2.由于教学方式的不同，国外的论文要求可能与国内有着明显的差异。
比如，在结构、语言表达和逻辑思维方面。
首先，在写任何论文之前，应该做的是：1.Read the QuestionWhat is the question asking? (论文里主要的问题是什么，分清语句的主次，找出最重要的那句话)What key words or terms are in the question that need to explored? (论文问题里哪些关键字或者术语需要我们去研究)What is the nature of the essay？(论文的本质是什么，出题者想看到什么)比如，很多同学都会犯的一个错误，在读题时容易混淆题干中关键字的意思。
很多人往往因为区分不了，而造成论文很难下笔，或者花了很多心思，论文分数却不理想。
因此，我们在审题时，应该注意题目里的关键字，尤其是动词。
比如，如果题目里提到“outline”or“describe”，那么你的论文应该是more theory-intensive, 并且要求factual evaluation, 还需要一些论据去支持你的理论；如果题目中提到“explore” or “discuss”，你应该给出一场精彩的debate，体现出不同的ideas并给予恰当的论据。
2.Check the RequirementWhat is the word limit? (论文的字数限制是多少)When is the deadline and how will this coincide with other assignment? (截止日期是什么时候，与其它作业重合时间该怎么分配)Are there any specific requirements? (还有没有其它的特殊要求)通常的论文字数可多于或少于要求字数的10%，reference不算字数，不同学校可能会有差异，在字体以及间距等方面略有不同。
哈佛参考文献注释体系
哈佛参考文献注释体系哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，特别在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。
经过几十年的发展，哈佛体系已成为一种国际性的学术规范，因为它具备了灵活、简洁、清楚、对作者和读者来说都较为方便的特点。
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
（一）在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。
比如，In a recent study Harvey (1993) argued that ...。
2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey, 1993) shows that…。
3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson (1989a) discussed the subject…。
4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones (1992) have proposed that…。
5．如果有三位以上的作者，只给出第一位作者的姓，再用斜体写上et al.（等人），如，Wilson et al.(1993) conclude that…。
6．如果在文中直接引用其它作者，即原话照抄，而且引文不超过两行则直接插入文本中，用引号与文本隔开。
英文文稿能够用单引号，也可用双引号，只要全文一致即可。
还要在恰当的位置给出作者姓和出版年份以及页码。
比如，Aitchison (1981), for example, points out that language is subject to change, and is not caused by “unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance”(p 16). 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，有的更确切地规定引文超过30个词时，[2] 引文须另起一行空格与正文分开，左边缩进，字号缩小或字体变化，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。
markdown语句 -回复
markdown语句-回复哈佛大学简介及学术体系分析【哈佛大学（Harvard University）】是一所位于美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市的私立研究型大学，于1636年创立，是美国最古老的高等学府之一。
哈佛大学被认为是全球顶尖大学之一，其声誉和学术地位无与伦比。
在不同专业领域，哈佛都拥有许多杰出的教授和研究机构, 并且培养出了众多优秀的校友，包括几位美国总统和世界各国的政府首脑。
一、学术荣耀和声誉哈佛大学自成立以来一直致力于追求卓越的学术成就。
作为世界顶级研究型大学，哈佛的教授和研究人员一直在各个学科领域开展前沿研究并得到了广泛认可。
该大学的毕业生和教师在学术界享有很高的声誉，并且经常被其他大学和机构邀请合作或任职。
哈佛大学还拥有众多杰出的研究机构，如哈佛医学院、哈佛商学院、哈佛法学院等。
这些研究机构在各自领域内都有很高的学术声誉，吸引了世界各地的顶尖教授和优秀学生加入。
通过与这些机构的密切合作，哈佛大学为学生提供了更多的研究和学术机会。
二、学术体系和学科设置哈佛大学的学术体系非常庞大且多样化。
学校下设十二个学院和学部，涵盖了广泛的学科领域。
这些学院和学部包括哈佛医学院、哈佛商学院、哈佛法学院、哈佛教育学院、哈佛工程与应用科学学院等。
每个学院和学部都有自己独特的学科设置和专业课程。
例如，哈佛医学院是美国最古老的医学院之一，其专业课程覆盖了医学、生物医学研究、公共卫生等领域。
哈佛商学院则是全球最顶尖的商学院之一，其MBA项目在国际商业领域非常有声望。
除了学院和学部之外，哈佛大学还设有丰富的研究中心和实验室，为学生提供更多的实践和研究机会。
这些研究中心和实验室涉及的研究领域包括生命科学、工程技术、计算机科学、社会科学等等。
三、培养特点和优势哈佛大学的培养特点和优势主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 多学科交叉：哈佛鼓励学生在不同的学科领域进行学习和研究。
学生可以在不同的学院和学部之间选修课程，并且还可以参加跨学科的研究项目和活动。
浅析哈佛参照系统
浅析哈佛参照系统
周菲
【期刊名称】《高教发展与评估》
【年(卷),期】2004(000)003
【摘要】不同的文论作者在引用参考文献时其标注格式可谓五花八门,各行其是.能否有一种标准,使文论作者在参考文献的格式上走向规范和统一呢?哈佛参照系统正是国际上目前流行的标准.介绍这套系统并举例讲解其用法,以供国内学术界参考运用.
【总页数】2页(P87-88)
【作者】周菲
【作者单位】武汉科技学院,湖北,武汉,430070
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G250
【相关文献】
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3.线性参照系统在上海市公路设施管理地理信息系统中的应用 [J], 郭林泉;赵鸿铎
4.参照点位法下的参照状态在草原生态系统损害基线判定中的应用分析 [J], 李嘉珣; 曹飞飞; 汪铭一; 吴钢
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哈佛注释体系哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
经过几十年的发展，哈佛体系已成为一种国际性的学术规范，因为它具备了灵活、简洁、清楚、对作者和读者来说都较为方便的特点。
怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。
因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。
哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。
根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。
在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。
比如，In a recent study Harvey (1993) argued that ...。
2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey, 1993) shows that…。
3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson (1989a) discussed the subject…。
4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones (1992) have proposed that…。
5．如果有三位以上的作者，只给出第一位作者的姓，再用斜体写上et al.（等人），如，Wilson et al.(1993) conclude that…。
6．如果在文中直接引用其他作者，即原话照抄，并且引文不超过两行则直接插入文本中，用引号与文本隔开。
英文文稿可以用单引号，也可用双引号，只要全文一致即可。
还要在恰当的位置给出作者姓和出版年份以及页码。
比如，Aitchison (1981), for example, points out that language is subject to change, and is not caused by “unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance” (p 16). 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，有的更确切地规定引文超过30个词时，[2] 引文须另起一行空格与正文分开，左边缩进，字号缩小或字体变化，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。
比如，Paine et al.(1983)added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule:The “if-then rule” states that if the student is doing something you wantto encourage—something you want to see the student do again or domore often in the future (and if you are sure that that is what the studentis doing)—then (and only then) you should praise the student for1．所有参考书目以作者姓名的字母顺序排列，一个作者有多本著作时，则按年份先后排列顺序，一个作者一年内有多本著作出版或论文发表，在年份后按月份先后加小写字母a. b. c.等加以区别。
这样排列的好处是：只有一个按字母顺序排列的参考书目，便于读者查阅；整个文档不需要脚注；便于修改，即使是最后一刻要删去或增加某条注释，可随时增删，不需要重新排序；每个注释只在参考书目中出现一次，而无论它在文中被引用过几次。
2．参考书目信息应从书名页上获取而不是从封面获取。
3．每一项参考文献注释应包含一定的内容或要素（element），并按一定的顺序排列。
（1）著作的注释内容要素和顺序。
作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).书名.出版地：出版商.比如，White, R.( 1988). Advertising: What it is and How to do it. 2nd ed. London: McGrawhill.注意：英语人名书写的顺序一般为名在前，姓在后，比如，Mark Wolery, 和汉语正好相反。
当姓放在名前面时，姓的后面紧跟逗号。
换句话说，只要后面紧跟了逗号，说明逗号前面的就是姓，而不是名，比如，Wolery, M.。
（2）同一著作中有多位作者时的要素和顺序。
作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版年份).章节标题.In: 主编名首字母大写.姓，ed. 或者eds. 书名.再版著作注明版次.丛书注明卷次.出版地：出版商.出版年份.论文所在页码.如，Wright, P.(1986). Reactions to an Ads contents versus judgments of Ads impact. In: J. Olsen, & K. Sentis, eds. Advertising and consumer psychology. Vol. 3. New York: Praeger, 1986, 108-117.（3）学术期刊、学报参考文献注释要素和顺序。
作者姓，名的首字母大写.(出版或发行年份).论文题目.刊物名称. 总卷号（本期号）.页码。
如，Greco, A.J., & Swayne, L.D. (1992). Sales response of elderly customers to point-of-purchase advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (5), 43-63.注意：多位作者时，作者与作者之间用逗号，名的首字母大写后用句号。
（4）学术会议论文集的注释要素和顺序。
作者姓，名首字母大写.(年份).论文题目In: 会议文集主编名首字母大写. 姓，ed. 或eds. 文集名，会议地点.时间.出版地：出版商.论文所在页码.如果不是会议文集，而只是会议交流论文，则不必写出编者姓名和文集名，但要给出会议名称、具体的时间、地点。
如，Silver, K.（1989）. Electronic mail: the new way to communicate. In: D.I. Raitt, ed. 9th international online information meeting, London 3-5 December 1988. Oxford: Learned Information, 323-330.（5）来自法人团体（如政府部门或其它机构）的参考文献注释。
文献颁布团体的名称.(年份).文献名.出版地：出版商.报告或文件号码。
如，Independent Television Commission.(1991). The ITC code of advertising standards and practice. London: ITC.（6）网上信息或电子出版物参考文献注释。
现在越来越多的信息载体为电子出版物或国际互联网，特别是国际互联网上的信息素来以最快、最新著名，有些是一瞬即逝的，有些是不断更新，是变化着的信息。
有些是仅仅发布在网上，并无印刷版文本。
还有些没有准确的日期，很难分辨其创作的时间，这带来一个问题，既无法确认文献的新旧，难免有鱼目混珠的现象。
所以在引用时一是要做一些辨伪工作，二是要如实给出详细的检索信息和网址以及下载时间。
其规范如下：作者姓，名首字母大写.(日期).题目.[在线]. (编辑、版次). 出版地: 出版商. 网站名: [下载时间].如，Holland, M. (1996). Harvard system [online]. Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: 如果没有在网上发布的时间，则不必标明，但无论如何一定要给出下载时间。
英文脚注规范对于一本著作而言，如果将所有的注释都放在书后的参考书目里，尤其是当一本书很厚的时候，读者要参考很不方便。
所以，尽管哈佛体系不主张使用脚注，很多出版机构还是采用，其方法是在文中引用处用数字表明序号，在当前页下方用一条线与正文隔开，按每页上注释顺序逐一做注。
这一点，可使用word文档的自动格式。
注释的具体规范如下：（1）著作。
作者姓名，书名（用斜体或下划线）,（出版地和出版年份）,页码.如，James Barrett, The Great Southern Railway, (Dublin, 1982), p.3.(2) 论文.作者姓名，题目（用引号），in 刊物名称（用斜体或下划线），卷次（年份），页码.如，Jennifer Ryan, “Management Marketing: a case study of Grafton Printers plc”, in The Irish Marketing Journal, Vol. 3 (December 1998), p. 12.(3)论文集。
作者姓名，题目（用引号），in编者姓名（ed），文集名（下划线或斜体），出版地和出版时间（放入括号），页码.如，Howard Lemontree, “Discourse Markers” in Joseph Keyes (ed), Discourse across Varieties, (Oxford, 1980), p. 45.(4)重复脚注.当文中连续两次或多次引用同一文献的资源时，第一次引用时按上面规范，同一页上第二次引用同一本书或同一篇论文时，用ibid, 页码。
Ibid中文意思是“同上”。
共同遵守的行为准则参考文献的注释规范是学术研究人员应共同遵守的行为准则，目前全球各种语言的注释规范不尽统一，仅英文的注释规范就有哈佛体系（Harvard system）、英国标准（British Standard BS 5605）、APA（The American Psychological Association）方式、MHRA （The Modern Humanities Research Association ）方式、MLA（The Modern Language Association）方式等。