英语国家概况Chapter13
英语国家概况 其它国家部分
Chapter 11 爱尔兰共和国Geography and History 地理与历史1.the Great Famine Chapter 11The Great Famine refers to the disaster that happened in the mid 19th century in Ireland. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began , marked the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. As the result of this disaster , the population reduced 19.5% and shrank to 6.6 million . And many people left Ireland during and after the Great Famine. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a Great Famine.2.Geographical FeaturesThe British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country.The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70, 282 sq. km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. The countrys total boundary is 3, 603 km long, of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.The capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey River at its confluence with the Dodder River. Dublin is a city of over I million. The other main urban centres are: Cork, Limerick, Gaiway and Waterford. Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands. he principal mountain ranges are the Maurne Mountains, the Wicklow Mountains in the east and the Macgillicuddy's Reeks in the southwest. The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1, 041 m) and Mount Brandon (953 m) near Killarriey, and Lugnaquilla (926 m), about 64 km. south of Dublin.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, flows sluggishly over the western part of the lowland and then fills Lough Derg before beginning its final flow through rapids to its estuary.there are only 1,300 species of plants in Ireland, as against 2, 300 in Britain. The most common trees in Ireland are oak, ash, elm and birch. Pine is dominant on poorer soils.Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.3.Climate and WeatherThe weather of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." Ireland has excessive rainfall.The Central Lowland: This is the area of the tightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum The mean winter temperatures are about 4t to 5t.4.Population and ReligionIn Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English. Ireland has four unusual demographic features: a low birthrate compounded by a century of emigration, a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women), an excess of males in the population and a high proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all ages.Together they have reduced Ireland's population by one-half during the past 100 years. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. The first census of Ireland, in 1821, recorded a population of 6,802,000 and it rose to 8.2 million by 1841. There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and en!ture. Missionary work in Ireland was begun by Palladius in 431 AD and by Patrick in 432 AD and Ireland became a centre for the evangelization of other countries, including England. Today 93 % of the Irish population are Roman Catholics. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denominati5.Historical BackgroundIreland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 wasperhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.Towards the end of the 8th century the Viking invasions began. However, the Danes were defeated and driven away by Brian Boru in 1014 (battle of Clontarf). In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland. Tiey gradually gained control of the island. Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years.Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War 11 to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British. In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-.General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic). In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.6.Foreign PolicyIt has contributed personnel to U. N. peacekeeping units in the Middle East, New Guinea,, Zaire and Cyprus. Since Albert Reynolds became prime minister in February 1992, both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland.7.the Easter Uprising of 1916Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century .In 1916 the Easter Uprising broke out and an Irish Republic was proclaimed. War broke out betweem the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government (1919-21). In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.8.the Irish Republic Army Chapter 11The Irish Republic Army is an army formed in the Easter Uprising by Irish nationalists against the British rule in 1916. It fought a war with the British government in 1919-1921. It showed its violent opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and a civil war which lasted for one year broke out. The Irish Republic Army continued to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that form Northern Ireland. It is an illegel organization in Ireland.9.Anglo-Irish TreatyFrom 1918—1921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Gritish government agreed to organize a partition of Ireland. The southern part of Ireland gained dominion status as the Irish Free State,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.Chapter 23 Canada Geography and History 加拿大历史与地理10.Size and location 地理与所处位置Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million square kilometres(9, 976, 186 square kilornetres to be exact). It covers about two fifths of the North American continent. Canada lies to the north of the United States. The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and northern Vermont and New York of the United States. However, most of Canada is north of the 49th parallel. Canada and the United States share a 6, 378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Every day it is crossed by thousands of travelers.With such a vast territory Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million( 1994). Most of Canada is thinly inhabited. Nearly 89 % of the land has no permanent population. Nearly 80 % of Canadians live in large cities near the border with the United States. 60 % of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the westernend of Lake Ontario.Toronto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3. 4 million. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2. 9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver which has a population of over 1.3 million.11.Topography 地形Canada has an extremely varied topography. In the east the mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. Westward towards the Pacific, the area is covered by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan (6, 050 m), which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence , with its tributaries is navigable for over 3, 058 kilometres.12.Mackenzie River 马更些河Mackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North American.13.Climate 气候The climate throughout Canada is varied and uncomfortable.A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.Because of the cold climate that exists throughout most of Canada, a major part of the population lives along the southern border.14.Geographical regions 地理区域Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. From east to west they can be divided into six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian Shield, Prairie provinces, British Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.(1)Atlantic provinces include New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. Potatoes grow well there and are particularly important in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.Some farming also takes place in the valleys of Nova Scotia, where apples are grown. The climate is milder there because mountains give protection against wind and fog. Dairying and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region.The irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic allows for good fishing habours and the Grand Banks, off the eastern shore of Newfoundland, form one of the world's great fishing grounds.The tourist trade is an important part of the region's economy. The rich green mountains and valleys make these provinces some of the most beautiful in Canada.(2)St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces include the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the southern part of Quebec and Ontario. This is the most highly developed part of Canada. This area, which is among the mast fertile, was easily accessible to European settlers and is today the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada.(3)Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.(4)The Prairie Provinces lie west of Ontario. They are Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. This region is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Much of the southern part of these provinces is made up of great stretches of level and fertile grasslands. It is ideal for growing wheat. The area also contains important deposits of oil, gas, coal and potash.Winnipeg is the chief city of the wheat region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg. This important collection and shipping point for the products of the prairie is sometimes called the Chicago ofCanada.(5)The province of British Columbia lies on the Pacific coast of Canada. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada. It is an important ice-free harbour and the major canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.(6)The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the country.15.the Canadian Shield 加拿大大地盾The Canadian Shield is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of rounded hills and tens of thousands of lakes and swamps.16.The European discovery 欧洲人的发现The name "Canada" is believed to have come from the native people, the Indians, who used the word "kanata" to describe a settlement. The word was misheard and understood to be the name of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century. Two men are important in the early discovery of Canada. They were John Cabot, an Italian sea captain, and Jacques Cattier, a French navigator from St. Malo, France.John Cabot discovered and claimed Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada in the name of King Henry VII of England in 1497. However, it was Jacques Cartier who in 1535 sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as what it is today the site of Montreal. While he failed to find the passage to Asia he was seeking, he opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers.Four years later in 1608, Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer established his" habitation"in what now is Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada.In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, gave his name to the huge bay in the centre of Canada and later in 1670 the English Hudson Bay Company was established.Through the seventeenth century the French settled the banks of the St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia or"Arcadia"of Canada's eastern coast, while the English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies and Virginia.17.the Seven Year s’ War 七年战争By the middle of the 18th century the French in North America realized that they could not avoid a fight to the death with the British and their American colonists. After the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.18.the Quebec Act of 1774 1774年魁北克法案The British-appointed Governor , Sir Guy Carleton , recongnized the French character of Quebec. This recognition was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right fo Catholic Church.19.Loyalist 忠诚分子The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence ( 1775-1783), because they felt they were more British than American. They called themselves Loyalists.20.British Canada 英国统治下的加拿大By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French)were created. In 1837 a conflict took place between Upper Canada and Lower Canada.So with the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.As a result three colonies, already controlling their local affairs, Canada(Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in 1867 in a" Confederaticn", a federal union and was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North America Act.21.Self-government and Confederation 自治政府和联盟制In 1869 Under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought from the Hudson's Bay Company the vast middle west from which the province of Manitoba ( 1870), and later the other prairie provinces (Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905) and northern territories were formed.During the years between 1866 and 1896 the country was govened by the Conservative Party, led by Sir John Macdonald except during the years 1873-78. In 1896, the Liberal Party took over and the country was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian, until 1911.Under Laurier a change also took place in Canada's foreign relations. He founded the Canadian Navy, and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.22.John Macdonald 约翰·麦克唐纳The first Prime Minister of Canada, John Macdonald let the country buy from the Hudson’s Bay Company the vast middle west ,from which the province of Manitoba and later the other prairie provinces and other territories were formed.23.The Canadian nation 加拿大国By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and "equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other", and bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province and in 1959 the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw a further growth in Canada's economy.Chapter 27 Australia Land and People 澳大利亚国土与人民24.Introduction 导言Australia is in the southern hemisphere. In other words it lies south of the equator. To the Europeans it is at the other end of the world. That is why Australia is popularly known in the West as "the Land Down Under". Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 million square km.It is the world's sixth largest country after Russia, Canada, China, Brazil and the USA. With a geological history of more than 3 billion years Australia is one of the oldest land masses in the world. Australia is the only continent that contains one country. The highest point is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 metres above sea level.25.The Geographical Structure 地理结构It is generally divided into three topographical regions—the Great Western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the great lowland belt known as the Central Eastern Lowlands.The Outback usually refers to the interior and the centre of the Western Plateau and its northern plains. The Red Centre refers to an area with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of the country.1. The Western Plateau is a vast upland made of ancient rock. It covers almost two thirds of the continent.2. The Eastern Highlands, better known as the Great Dividing Range, follow the eastern coast south from northern Queensland to southern T asmania. The Australian Alps, the highest plateau in Australia, and the Snowy Mountains lie in the southern part. Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in Australia, is also located there.The Great Dividing Range is Australia's main watershed. Short, swift rivers flow from the Eastern Highlands eastwards into the Pacific Ocean, while long inland rivers that supply water for the fertile lands flow slowly away from the coast. Off the north-eastern coast is a 2,000 km line of coral islands and reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef. The Murray, Australia's longest river(2, 520 km),.forms the major part of the boundary between the states of New South Wales and Victoria before it enters the sea in South Australia.3. The land between the Western Plateau and the Eastern Highlands is a great lowland known as the Central Eastern Lowlands. Lake Eyre is regarded as Australia's largest lake, but it is known as a part-time lake. In 1974 it was filled with water, making the lake 5.7 m deep at its deepest point.This lowland area has the country's richest farmland and best grazing land26.Climate 气候39 % of Australia lies in the tropics and the rest of the continent also has a warm climate. Australia is a dry land. More than half of Australia receives less than 350 mm of rainfall each year. Drought is a fact of life in Australia. There have been nine major droughts since European colonization in 1788. The worst one, which was between 1885 and 1903, affected the whole of Australia.Australia is hot and dry because of the following factors: First, most of Australia ties 20°and 35° south. This is a hot, dry area of the world. Secondly, Australia has few mountains. Mountain areas have cool, wet climates but Australia has few areas like this. Thirdly, the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry, sunny, high pressure cells. Finally, distance from the ocean also affects the weather.27.Plants and Animals 动植物Eucalypts and wattles are drought and fire resistant and grow in poor soils.Kangaroos and emus, the largest native desert animals, can survive in hot conditions, need little moisture arid can travel over long distances in search of food and water. The budgerigar, which is kept as a pet all over the world, can live in desert areas for up to 30 days without water.In Australia about half of the native animals are marsupials. Apart from kangaroos marsupials include koalas, wombats, and possums. Echidnas (spiny ant-eater) and platypus are monotremes.28.Multicultural society 多文化社会Among Australian people , the overwhelming majority are immigrants from over 30 countries, or their descendants. These people have come from other countries with a different way of life, often with different languages, religions, dress, customs, food and sports. In recent years, Australian government have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to keep their own culture, thus, Austalia is known as a multicultural society (multiculturalism).29.People 人民Although Australians are the descendants of many nations, Great Britain has had the greatest influence because Australia was settled as a British colony. The Australian population is still mainly of British descent. There are many aspects of Australian way of life that are British: their language, system of government, the Australian flag, legal system, sports, family and place names and even school system (including school uniforms). Two hundred years after the arrival of the First Fleet, the head of the Australian government is not their Prime Minister, but the Queen of England.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world. 80 % of Australians live in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns, with most of these in the narrow coastal strip between Brisbane and Adelaide. hy are there so few people in Australia? Why do so many people prefer to live in a coastal city or town? The main reason is an envi-ronmental one. The hot, dry environment has also had a great influence on population distributiOn. Since the north and centre of the continent are generally hot and/or dry, 80 % of Australians live in the cooler, wetter south and east. Lack of water, poor soils, heat and distance from the coast discourage people from living there.30.Australia’s Built Environment 澳大利亚的人造环境The environment can be divided into two types—the natural and the built. The natural environment consists of living and non-living features. The built environment refers to those parts of the environment built by people or changed by people.The term "urban sprawl" is used to describe a city that has grown over a large area of land. Urban sprawl occurs because most Australians prefer to live as small family units in their own homes on their own blocks of land, rather than share buildings or land in the form of flats, home units, townhouses or villas.Among the five cities with a population of more than one million, four of them (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide) are located on the eastern coast while one of them (Perth) is on the western coast.About 60 % of the land is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations. In the thinlypopulated outback, they have been so successful that Australia has ranked first in the world export of wool. Children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax. People can also use radio to call doctors who will come by plane. They are called flying doctors.31.Political Divisions 政治区划分Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories.1. New South Wales is located in the south-east of Australia. As the first colony established by Britain in 1788 it is the oldest of the Australian states. That is why it is called the premier state. Sydney, its capital, is the largest city in Australia with a population of 3. 6 million. It is one of the world's great seaports.2. Victoria is in the south-eastern corner of the mainland Australia. It became a colony in 1851. It grew rapidly during the goidrushes of the 1850s. Though the smallest mainland state, Victoria has an importance in the country's economy far greater than its size might indicate. Its economy is based on agricultural and pastoral industries. It produces about a quarter of Australia's rural output. It has a broadly based manufacturing industry and highly developed service industries. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is Australia's second largest city - It has a population of3. 1 million. It is also regarded as the cultural and sports centre of Australia. It is also known as the garden state.3.The second largest and youngest state, Queensland, occupies the tropical north-eastern corner of Australia. More than one million live in Brisbane, the capital. Queensland accounts for a fifth of Australia's agricultural and mining production and about a quarter of the value of its exports. Queensland is also called the sunshine state because it has 7. 5 hours of sunshine daily. The sunniest in Australia is Darwin, with 8.4 hours of sunshine daily. Brisbane is the gateway to two of Australia' s major tourist playgrounds, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef.4. South Australia is the third largest state in Australia. Half of the world's opals are found there. South Australia is also a leader in shipbuilding and lumbering. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is internationally known for its arts festival. Every other year, leaders in music, drama, and dance from many parts of the world join Australian artists for a fortnight of cultural events, including jazz, ballet and art exhibitions.5. Western Australia is the biggest Australian state, accounting for one third of the total area of the country, but its population ( about 1.5 million) is only 9% of the country's population. Western Australia is also known as the state of excitement. Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, has more than half the population in the state. Situated on the estuary of the Swan River, Perth is a beautiful city with a perfect climate.6. T asmania is the smallest of the Australian states. It is an island lying south of the south-eastern corner of the Australian mainland. It is the second oldest of the Australian states with a population of about half a million. T asmania is often called the holiday isle. The T asmanian Wilderness which consists of the Cradle Mountain-Lake, St Clair National Park, the Franklin-Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Pak and the Southwest National Park is on the World Heritage List. Hobart is the capital city of T asmania. It has a deep harbour and a big casino.7. The Northern Territory covers nearly a fifth of the continent. The southern area of the Northern Territory is the famous Red Centre of Australia. It consists of miles and miles of red-sand desert and mountain ranges. Uluru (it used to be called Ayers Rock) has probably Australia's best known national park and the rock itself probably attracts more overseas visitors than any other national scenic feature in Australia. Darwin is the only large city on the entire northern coast of Australia. The city is like a frontier town and often serves as the place of entrance and exit for people who come to visit the area.8. Australian Capital Territory: Shortly after the Australian colonies joined together to form a federation in 1901, it was decided that the new nation should have a new seat of government. So the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), an area of 2, 333 square km, was mapped out of the state of New South Wales to be the site of the national capital. "Canburry" is an Aboriginal word for "meeting place" and from it came the name of the capital, Canberra. Canberra is also called the garden city because of its beautiful layout.32.Flying Doctors 会飞的医生。
英语第十三单元
how men reacted in their mind when they found they had done something wrong; exposed the evils of the society by describing the psychological activities of human beings. ❖ most famous novel—The Scarlet Letter ❖ other works
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
2.2.1 Washington Irving (1783-1859)
❖ “the father of American literature”
▪ the first to write using the local
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1.3 Representative Figures
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards 1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
国家概况--美国部分.doc
英语国家概况第十三章美国地理位置GeographyChapter: 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4。
The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英语国家概况Chapter-13
III History: Discovery and Exploration
With the development of unorganized traffic in furs, the Canadian fur trade, later fur monopoly, gradually began to take shape.
魁北克 Sichuan University of Science & Engineering
Quebec city ?
II Geography: Major Cities—Vancouver
a coastal city and major seaport in southwestern British Columbia
II Geography: Location and Size
Canada has a landmass of nearly 10 million square kilometers, almost as big as the whole of Europe. Its 10 provinces and 3 territories cover about two-fifths of the North American continent. From north to south, its territory sprawls more than 4,600 kilometers. From east to west, the country stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, a distance that spans 6 time zones.
英语国家概况 谢福之 课后习题答案 完整版
2018年最新版英语国家概况谢福之一、选择题（答案在所有选择题下面）I. Choose the one that best completes each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are .A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2.is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3.According to a 2005 estimate, Britain now has a population of over million.A. 160B. 600C. 60D. 164.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland5.Almost a quarter of the British population lives in England.A. northeasternB. southeasternC. northwesternD. southwestern6.English belongs to the group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman7.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of words toEnglish.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek8.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish9.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of .A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation10.At present, nearly of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifth11.The attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic12.By the late 7th century, became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity13.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great14.The marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law15.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster16.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church17.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians18.was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta19.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of thecentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th20.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of thecentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th21.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of thefollowing branches with the exception of the .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive22.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on .A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude23.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to the House ofCommons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect24.British Cabinet works on the principle of .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals25.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet26.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six27.has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland28.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party29.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism30.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD. enhanced the economic development31.The British economy achieved global dominance by the .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s32.In , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish a welfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 194833.The in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem34.Of the following practices, does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfarereform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions35.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality36.Britain has devoted of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%37.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland38.Coal mining industry in Britain provides of the energy consumed in thecountry.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/339.The car industry in Britain in mostly .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD.privately-owned40.Of the following sectors in Britain, has experienced spectacular growth sincethe end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industry41.In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended bythe introduction of comprehensive schools in the .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s42.About of British children receive primary and secondary education throughthe independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%43.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive theirremaining funds from all the following sources except .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions44.Of the following, is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’s universities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references45.To be admitted to the Open University, one need .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications46.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three”with the exception of .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph47.Life on Earth is a kind of program produced by the BBC and is popular among500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera48.is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB49.Of the following, is NOT a common feature of all the British holidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas50.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomime51.The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is .A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet52.is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.”A. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC.“Preface to Lyrical Ballads”D. Prometheus Unbound53.Of Dickens’ novels, is considered autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. David CopperfieldC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations54.is a representative of English Critical Realism at the turn of the 19th century.A. Robert Louis StevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConradD. Thomas Hardy55.Of the following statements, is NOT correct in terms of Neo-Romanticism.A. It prevailed at the end of the 19th century.B. The writers were dissatisfied with the social reality.C. The writers believed in “Art for Art’s Sake”.D. Treasure Island was a representative work.56.is NOT included in the modernist group.A. Oscar WildB. Virginia WoolfC. William Butler YeatsD. T. S. Eliot57.Of the following books, was NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A. Jude the ObscureB. Tess of the D’UrbervillesC. Adam BedeD. The Return of the Native58.Of the following statements, is NOT correct about Virginia Woolf.A. She was a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group”.B. She experimented with stream of consciousness.C. She was an influential feminist.D. Her masterpiece was The Rainbow.59.Of the following writers, is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A. Samuel BeckettB. James JoyceC. William GoldingD. V. S. Naipaul60.Waiting for Godot is written by .A. Samuel BeckettB. George OrwellC. William GoldingD. D. H. Lawrence61.The United States has states on the continent.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 3562.The state of is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida63.The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south,the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its .A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west64.The largest river in the U. S. is .A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River65.Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located .A. in the SouthB. along the Pacific CoastC. in New EnglandD. in the Midwest66.is located on the U. S. –Canadian border between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. The Grand CanyonC. Niagara FallsD. The Great Salt Lake67.The native Alaskan population includes the following except the .A. IndiansB. EskimosC. AleutsD. Blacks68.The largest minority in the United States is the .A. Pacific IslandersB. BlacksC. Native AmericansD. Asians69.The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States,particularly from .A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America70.The characteristic of dominant American culture is .A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-class71.The first successful English colony in North America was founded atin .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia72.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of who came to America to avoid persecution inEngland.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians73.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians74.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies75.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston76.In May 1775, was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of anational government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation77.Abraham Lincoln issued to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights78.The policy of the United States was at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement79.President applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy80.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughoutthe terms of Presidents .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson81.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 179382.The Constitution of the United States .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court83.The Bill of Rights .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution84.The following except are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes85.All the following except cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President86.The following except are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders87.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above88.The terms for a Senator and Representative are and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two89.The Supreme Court is composed of justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine90.The President is directly voted into office by .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives91.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fieldsexcept .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals92.The modern American economy progressed from to , and eventually,to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy93.Chartered companies were NOT granted the by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority94.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge of .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton95.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator96.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs likethe following except .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension97.About of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth98.The following statements are all true except .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports and exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.99.is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A. FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors 100.At present, U. S. exports account for of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25%101.Formal education in the United States consists of , secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private102.Of the following subjects, are NOT offered to elementary school students. A. mathematics and languages B. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education103.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University104.Of the following, are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges105.Of the following, is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees in U. S.institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll106.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits107.Of the following universities, has NOT cultivated any American President yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University108.is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News109.Of the following, is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)110.The National Day of the United States falls on .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th111.Of the following writers, are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods.A. Benjamin Franklin & Edgar Ellen PoeB. Edgar Ellen Poe & Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin & Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Ellen Poe & Washington Irving 112.is regarded as “the father of American literature”.A. James Fennimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving113.Of the following, is NOT Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work.A. The Scarlet LetterB. The House of the Seven GablesC. The Marble FaunD. Nature114.Of the following, is considered Herman Melville’s masterpiece.A. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Moby DickD. Daisy Miller115.Of the following, is NOT characteristic of Mark Twain’s works.A. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view116.Of the following writers, is NOT included in the group of naturalists.A. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville 117.F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is , and its theme is about .A. The Great Gatsby, the American DreamB. Tender is the Night, loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age, the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and the Damned, the evil of human nature118.Of the following books, is NOT written by Ernest Hemingway.A. The Sun Also RisesB. The Sound and the FuryC. A Farewell to ArmsD. For Whom the Bell Tolls119.Of the following writers, is Not a Nobel Prize winner.A. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neil 120.is the first African-American winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature.A.Ralph EllisonB. Tony MorrisonC. Richard WrightD. James Baldwin选择题参考答案：第一章 A B C D B C D A C B第二章 D D B C C A B A C D三 C D B A B C C B D A四 C B A C D C D B A C五 D B B A B C C D D A六 B C B D C A C D B A八 C A B B C C D B A D九 C B C D B B C A C D十 B C B B C C D D D C十一 C C D D D D B B D A十二 C B B B D C B B B B十三 C D D C D D A B A B二、判断题及答案Chapter 11.The island of Great Britain is geographically divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales. (T)2.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.(F)3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.(F)4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of the United Kingdom.(F)5.The longest river of Britain originates in Wales.(T)6.Because of political troubles,Northern Ireland has been quite significant among the four constituent parts of the United Kingdom.(T)7.Though the climate in Britain is generally mild,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below --10C in January.(F)8.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo--Saxons.(T)9.The Celtic people are the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T)10.English changed into what is described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F)Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)Chapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of the British government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)Chapter 61.The Canterbury Tales is a representative work of the Old English Period.(F)2.Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classics.(T)3.Hamlet depicts the hero's struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity and the need to avenge his father's murder.(T)4.Alexander Pope was a great English poet who also translated Homer's Iliad.(T)5.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.(F)6.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.(F)7.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, such as "Ode to the West Wind".(F)8.Jane Austen was a well--known novelist of the stream of consciousness school.(F)9.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed before World War II.(T)10.V.S.Naipaul detailed in his works the dual problems of the Third World: the oppression of colonialism and the chaos of postcolonialism.(T)Chapter 71.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland.(F)2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe.(F)3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.(F)4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic,but belonged to the Commonwealth of Nations.(T)5.To support the government's neutrality in World War II, there was no Irishman participating in the war.(F)6.With the help of Britain, Ireland entered the EEC in 1973 without difficulties.(F)7.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern countries.(F)8.In Ireland, both the House of Representatives and the Senate have the power of making laws.(F)9.English is the only official language in Ireland, because the majority of people speak it as their tongue.(F)10.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith.(T)Chapter 81.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country's continental territory.(F)2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.(T)3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line.(T)4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island, and Queens.(T)5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here.(F)6.Half of the U.S. Population lives in the western metropolitan centers.(F)7.The Blacks brought from Africa to America usually worked on plantations or farms in the。
英语国家概况
英语国家概况《英语国家概况》教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程编码：B170832223课程类别：专业基础课课程名称：英语国家概况课程性质：必修适用专业：翻译开课学期：第三学期总学分：2总学时：32先行课程：英语语法、英语口语、英语听力、英汉翻译课程简介：本课程属于翻译专业教学课程体系中的专业基础课。
该课程旨培养学生实际运用语言的能力，帮助学生打下坚实的专业基础，达到专业四级水平；同时培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。
推荐教材：王恩铭. 英语国家概况[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2013参考书目：[1] 来安方. 英美概况[M]. 河南: 河南人民出版社, 2007[2] 余志远. 英语国家概况主编[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000[3] 朱永涛. 英国社会与文化[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003二、课程总目标以《英语国家概况》（王恩铭著）为蓝本。
本课程主要是为了使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识进行语言基本功的训练，巩固和提高英语水平。
三、教学指南课程重点：本课程教学的重点使英语专业学生了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治等方面的概况，了解主要英语国家的文化传统，风俗习惯和社会生活的其他情况。
课程难点：在使学生了解英语国家主要的地理、历史、经济和政治等方面的概况同时，还要培养学生良好学习作风和正确学习方法，培养学生逻辑思维能力和独立工作能力，丰富学生社会文化知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性。
教学方法和手段：讲授+讨论+练习学时分配：四、理论课程教学内容第一章Britain: Land and People教学目的：掌握英国的自然、地理、人口概况。
英语国家概况Chapter13
Applying for studying in a University
❖ Dear Sir or Madam, My name is ***. I am a graduate of Zhongkai University of
Agriculture and Engneering majoring in Business English with a B.A.Degree.
the native lands.
❖Best Representatives
▪ Washington Irving & James Fennimore Cooper ▪ Walt Whiteman & Emily Dickinson
2.2 Writers of Fiction
2.2.1 Washington Irving 2.2.2 James Fennimore Cooper 2.2.3 Ralph Waldo Emerson 2.2.4 Nathaniel Hawthorne 2.2.5 Edgar Allan Poe 2.2.6 Herman Melville
▪ defined as “the recognition in man of the
capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”. ❖ His essays have a casual style.
《英语国家概况》自学教材目录及考试大纲
附：自学考试《英语国家概况》自学考试教材目录（课程代码：0522）Part one The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleChapter2The Origins of a Nation(5000BC-AD1066)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(1066——1381)Chapter4Transition tO the Modern Age(1455——1688)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(1688——1990)Chapter6The EconomyChapter7Government and AdministrationChapter8Justice and the LawChapter9Social AffairsChapter10Cultural AffairsPart Two The Republic of IrelandChapter11Geography and HistoryChapter12Ireland TodayPart Three The United States of AmericaChapter13GeographyChapter14Population．Race and Ethnic GroupsChapter15American History(I)(1600——1900)Chapter16American History(II)(1900-1945)Chapter17American History(III)America in Post Era(1945-1980s)Chapter18The EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsChapter20EducationChapter21Literature．Architecture and MusicChapter22Holidays and FestivalsPart Four CanadaChapter23Geography and HistoryChapter24The EconomyChapter25Government and PoliticsChapter26Society and CulturePart Five AustraliaChapter27Land and PeopleChapter28Australian History(I)Australia to FederationChapter29Australian History(II)Australia Since FederationChapter30The EconomyChapter31Government and PoliticsChapter32Society and CulturePart Six New ZealandChapter33The Making of New ZealandChapter34New Zealand Today第一部分英国概况第一章国土和人民第二章英国民族起源（5000BC~AD1066）第三章民族的形成（1066~1381）第四章向现代过渡时期的英国（1455~1688）第五章大英帝国的兴衰（1688~1990）第六章经济第七章英国政府机构第八章法律与司法机构第九章英国社会第十章英国文化第二部分爱尔兰概况第十一章爱尔兰地理与历史第十二章今日爱尔兰第三部分美国概况第十三章美国地理第十四章人口、种族和种族集团第十五章美国历史（I）（1600~1900）第十六章美国历史（II）（1900~1945）第十七章美国历史（III）二次大战后的美国（1945-1980S）第十八章美国经济第十九章政治体制第二十章教育第二十一章文学、建筑和音乐第二十二章假日和节日第四部分加拿大概况第二十三章加拿大地理与历史第二十四章加拿大经济第二十五章加拿大政府与政治第二十六章加拿大的社会与文化第五部分澳大利亚概况第二十七章土地与人民第二十八章澳大利亚联邦成立之前的历史第二十九章澳大利亚联邦成立以来的历史第三十章澳大利亚经济第三十一章澳大利亚政府与政治制度第三十二章澳大利亚社会与文化第六部分新西兰概况第三十三章新西兰地理与历史第三十四章今日新西兰附件：《英语国家概况自学考试大纲》的考核目标Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter1Land and PeopleI.Different Names for Britain and its PartsChapter2The Origins of a NationI．Early Settlers3．The CeltsII．Roman BritainIII．The Anglo-SaxonsⅣ．The Viking and Danish InvasionsV．The Norman ConquestChapter3The Shaping of the NationⅠ．Norman Rule1.William’s RuleⅡ．The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament1.The Great CharterⅢ．The Hundred Years’War with FranceⅣ．The Black Death and the Peasant UprisingChapter4Transition to the Modern AgeⅠ．Transition to the Modern AgeⅡ．The English ReformationⅢ．Elizabeth I1.Elizabeth and Parliament2.Elizabeth’s Religious Reform3.Elizabeth’s Foreign PolicyⅣ．The English RenaissanceVII.The Civil WarsVIII.The CommonwealthIX.The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution of1688Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British EmpireⅠ．Whigs and ToriesⅡ．Agricultural Changes in the Late18th CenturyⅢ．The Industrial RevolutionⅣ．The Chartist MovementVII．Twentieth Century1.Britain and the First World War3.Britain and the Second World War4.Postwar BritainChapter7Government and AdministrationⅠ．The MonarchyⅡ．Parliament1.The House of Lords2.The House of CommonsⅢ．The Cabinet and MinistryⅣ．The Privy CouncilChapter8Justice and the LawIV．The JudiciaryV．PoliceChapter9Social AffairsⅠ．Health and Social Services1．The National Health ServiceⅢ．Religion1．Established churchesⅣ．Festivals and Public Holidays1．Christian festivals2．Other festivals3．Public holidaysChapter10Cultural AffairsⅠ．Education3．Higher educationⅡ．The Media1．NewspapersⅢ．SportsⅣ．The Arts3．DramaPart Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter11Geography and HistoryI.Geographical FeaturesII.Climate and WeatherIII.Population and ReligionIV.Historical backgroundPart Three The United States of America Chapter14Population,Race and Ethnic GroupsI.IntroductionIV.Racial and Ethnic Minorities1．BlacksChapter15American History(I)Ⅰ．Discovery of the New WorldⅡ．The Colonial PeriodⅢ．The War of IndependenceⅣ．A New Form of GovernmentⅥ．Territorial Expansion and Westward MovementⅦ．The Civil WarⅧ．Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil WarChapter16American History(II)Ⅰ．Economic DevelopmentⅡ．ProgressivismⅢ．World War I and the United StatesⅣ．The United States in the1920sⅤ．The Great Depression and the New DealⅥ．World War II and the United StatesChapter17American History(III)Ⅰ．The Origins of the Cold WarⅡ．The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan V．McCarthyismVII．American Society During the Postwar Boom:1945-1960s VIII．The Cuban Missile CrisisIX．The Vietnam WarX．United States’Relations with ChinaXII．Watergate ScandalChapter18The Economy(Two paragraphs)Ⅰ．The Economic System of the United StatesV．Foreign TradeVI．Problems in the U.S.EconomyChapter19Political InstitutionsⅠ．The U.S.Constitution1．The Federal system2．Separation of powers:checks and balances3．Provisions for amendmentⅡ．The Executive Branch1．The Presidency2．Presidential PowersⅢ．The Legislative Branch2.Powers of the House and Senate3.Officers of the Congress4.Functions of the CongressⅤ．Political Parties(two-party system)Chapter20EducationⅠ．Characteristics of American EducationⅡ．Elementary and Secondary EducationⅢ．Higher EducationⅤ．Education ReformsChapter21Literature,Architecture and MusicⅠ．American Literature1．Washington Irving2．Emerson and Hawthorne3．Mark Twain4．Whitman and Dickinson5．Theodore Dreiser6．T.S.Eliot7．Ernest Hemingway8．Hughes and WrightChapter22Holidays and FestivalsⅠ．New Year’s DayIV．Valentine’s DayVI．Easter DayVIII．Independence DayIX．HalloweenXI．Thanksgiving DayⅩII．Christmas DayPart Four Canada Chapter23Geography and HistoryⅠ．Geographic Features4.Geographic regionsⅡ．The making of Canada1．The European discovery3．Self-government and Confederation4．The Canadian nationChapter26Society and CultureI．Canadian Society1．Population2．Immigration3．Bilingualism4．MulticulturalismPart Five Australia Chapter27Land and peopleⅠ．The Geographical Structure1．The Great Western Plateau2．The Eastern Highlands3．The Central Eastern LowlandsⅡ．Climate3.Causes and effects of the hot and dry climate Ⅳ．People1．Population2．Population density and distributionⅤ．Australia’s Built Environment1．Sprawling cities2．Rural areasⅥ．Political Divisions1．New South Wales2．Victoria3．Queensland4．South Australia5．West Australia6．TasmaniaChapter32Society and CultureIV．Australian Culture1．Aboriginal culture2．Modern Australian culturePart Six New Zealand Chapter33The Making of New ZealandⅠ．GeographyⅡ．ClimateⅢ．Plants and AnimalsⅣ．Historical Background2．The Treaty of Waitangi1840VI.Maoritanga5.Race relations《<英语国家概况>自考辅导》目录（配合《英语国家概况》余志远，外语教学与研究出版社2005版）Part One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North IrelandChapter1Land and People(英国的国土与人民)Chapter2The origins of the Nation(国家的起源)Chapter3The Shaping of the Nation(英国的形式)Chapter4Transition to the Modern Age(向现代过度的英国)Chapter5The Rise and Fall of the British Empire(英帝国的兴衰)Chapter6The Economy(英国经济)Chapter7Government and Administration(英国政府机构)Chapter8Justice and the Law（法律和司法机构）Chapter9Social Affairs(社会事务)Chapter10Cultural Affairs(文化事务)Part Two The Republic of IrelandThe Republic of Ireland(爱尔兰共和国)Part Three United States of AmericaChapter1A Survey of American Natural Circumstances and Geography(美国的自然环境和地理概况)Chapter2People and Ethnic Groups(人口和名族)Chapter3American History(Ⅰ)(1600-1900)(美国历史)Chapter4American History(Ⅱ)(1900-1945)(美国历史)Chapter5American History(Ⅲ)(1945-1980s’)(美国历史)Chapter6American Literature(美国文学)Chapter7American Economy(美国经济)Chapter8American Politics(美国政治)Chapter9American Education(教育)Chapter10American Music,Architecture and Newspaper（音乐、建筑和报纸）Chapter11Holidays and Festivals（美国的节假日）Part Four CanadaChapter1The History of Chanada（加拿大的历史）Chapter2Canadian Geography(加拿大地理)Chapter3The Economy（经济）Chapter4Government and Politics（政府和政治）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Five AustraliaChapter1Australia”s Land and People（澳大利亚的国土与人口）Chapter2Australian History（澳大利亚历史）Chapter3Australian Economy（澳大利亚经济）Chapter4Polotical System(澳大利亚政治体制）Chapter5Society and Culture（社会与文化）Part Six New ZealandChapter1The making of New of New Zealand（地理与历史）Chapter2New Zealand Today（今日新新西兰）。
英语国家概况必背-英语国家概况答案
英语国家概况精讲：第一章英国的国土与人民Chapter 1： Land and People 英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境
Part Three The United States of AmericaChapter 13 Geography第一部分：Location and Size1. 美国的地理位置：The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.2. 识记：The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.3. 简答：Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australia.(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)4. 美国最大和最小的州：Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.5. 美国两大主要山系：the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)----- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descendfrom the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.9. 有关the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”. （英语里father=old man）10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。
英语国家概况Chapter课件
添加标题
Practical influence
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Historic influence
1
2
3
4
5
The Civil War (1861~1865)
Do you know the origin of American slavery system?
Discuss with your partner
Shots in Lexington in 1775 the Second Continental Congress in 1775 George Washington Declaration of Independence A great victory at Saratoga in 1777 Yorktown campaign 1781 Treaty of Paris in 1783
03
South----- Agricultural economy (plantations) The abundant land was suitable for farming and the planters had to manage their plantations using black African slaves. Black slaves could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly. The Southerners advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries.
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They could be bought, sold and were often treated cruelly.
英语国家概况精讲系列（十三）
I. Trade Unions and the Labour Party⼯会和⼯党1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.1871年通过的《⼯会法》使⼯会合法化并给其财政保障。
2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.⼯党起源于独⽴⼯党，于1893年1⽉成⽴。
1900年，⼯会代表，独⽴⼯党和许多⼩型社会主义社团⼀起成⽴了⼯⼈代表委员会。
1906年的⼤选迫使⼯⼈代表委员会及时更名为⼯党。
II. Colonial Expansion殖民扩张1. The growth of dominions⾃治领的兴起English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area.英国殖民扩张开始于1583年纽芬兰的殖民化。
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。
The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。
Scotland。
XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。
the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。
due to its length。
people often refer to it as Britain。
the United Kingdom。
or simply the UK。
The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。
with its capital in London。
Another country。
the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。
is also located on the island of Ireland。
It occupies the rest of the island。
in the south。
It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。
英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积，而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。
英国地形多样，有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。
英国的气候温和而多雨，因为受到暖流的影响，所以冬季不会太冷，夏季也不会太热。
英语国家概况Chapter13
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
• chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism—summit of American Romanticism. – defined as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”. • His essays have a casual style. – The best—Nature and Essays – 拉尔夫· 沃尔多· 爱默生，美国思想 家，诗人。1836年出版处女作《论 自然》。
II The Romantic Period (1790-1865)
Feature
Writers of Fiction
Writers of Poetry
Questions
Feature
• American Renaissance. • Character of American writings
Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
• Autobiography—most famous work. • “the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man”—rising from poverty and obscurity (身份低微) to wealth and fame. • Autobiography—a record of spiritual growth in addition to self-examination and selfimprovement.
英语国家概况-谢福之-修正-判断题
Chapter 11.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to theircountry. "*"2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales andflows through western England."*"3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welshlanguage. "*"4.In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part ofBritain."*"5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northernScotland often falls below -10℃ in January . "*"6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons."*"7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain."*"8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16thcentury."*"Chapter 2 p291.British history before 55BC is basically undocumented."*"2.The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century."*"3.The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. "*"4.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century."*"5.HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France."*"6.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged classand the townspeople."*"7.The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between theBritish and the Vikings for trade and territory."*"8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, QueenElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation."*"Chapter 3 p411.Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working ofthe British government."*"2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history."*"3.In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers."*"4.The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth ofNations."*"5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected."*"6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament."*"7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political partiesin Parliament."*"8.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are muchsimilar in terms of law, organization and practice."*"1.British was the first industrialized nation in the world."*"2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-warperiod."*"3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems thatprevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ."*"4.Thatcher’s revolu tion turned out to be a great success in dealing with all theBritish economic and social problems."*"5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the oldLabor Party and the Conservative Party."*"6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics fromeconomic policy."*"7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history."*"8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy source in Britain."*"Chapter 5 p631.The British government has been responsible for education since the early1800s."*"cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and15."*"3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and theindependent system."*"4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a nationalGCSE examination."*"5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enterfamous universities than those from independent schools."*"6.The Times is the world’s oldest Sunda y newspapers."*"7.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world."*"8.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christiancalendar, and some others are related to local customs and traditions."*" Chapter 6 p781.The Canterbury Tales is a representive work of the Old English period.”*”2.The renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classicworks.”*”3.As a great English poet,Alexander Pope also tanslated Homer’s Iliad.”*”4.Jonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language,and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece. “*”5.William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge brought the RomanticMovement to its height.”*”6.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems, suchas "Ode to the West Wind".”*”7.Jane Austen is a well-known novelist of the stream of consciousness school. “*”8.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism, which prevailed beforeWorld War II. “*”1.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachians hold one third of the country'scontinental territory."*"2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate,with some mild subtropical and tropical zones."*"3.Almost through the middle of the United States, north to south,runs a well--known 50-centimeter rainfall line."*"4.New York is the commercial and financial center of the United States , and it is composed of five boroughs including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island , and Queens."*"5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world famous Hollywood and Disneyland are located here."*"6.During the 1830s and 1840s, many northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America."*"7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians."*"8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard fora higher standard of living."*"Chapter 9 p1221.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus."*"2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson."*"3.The American Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that AmeRica was a single, indivisible nation."*"4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War."*"5.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched OperationDesert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait."*"6.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Ladenwere responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001."*"7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil.””*"8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq."*"Chapter 10 p1361.The Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787."*"2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism,the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law."*"3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords."*"4.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts."*"5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology."*"6.The American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice."*"7.The American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality."*"8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention."*"Chapter 11 p1471.America is the world's largest industrial nation."*"2.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified."*"3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products."*" 4.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s."*"5.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses."*"6.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade."*"7.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry."*"8.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade."*"Chapter 12 p160cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America."*"2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education."*"3. After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation."*"4.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality."*"ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree."*"6.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States."*"7.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters."*"8.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November."*"Chapter 13 p1761.Walt Whitman introduced great innovations to American literature,and devised a poetic style,free verse."*"2.Emily Dickinson’s poems are usually long,exploring the inner life of the individual."*"3.Stephen Crane is famous for his writing about the meeting of America and Europe."*"4.Ezra Pound leads the School of Imagnism,which advocates a clear,highly visual presentation."*"5.Jack Kerouac’s On the Road is a representative work of the Beat Writers."*"6.Alice Walker was passionate about the civil rights movement and the women’s movement of the 1960s,and The color Purple is her masterpiece."*"7.America’s most renowned playwright is Tennessee Williams,and his plays are highly experimental in form and style."*"8.Arthur Miller is concerned with the conflicts of the individual within society,and Death of a Salesman is his masterpiece."*"。
西方国家概况
Chapter 3 Politics
1. General Elections
1) Why are they important? 2) When do election occur? 3) Who can stand for election as an MP? 4) What happens in an election?
4) Bronte sisters
Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights 5) Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist
6) Robert Louis Stevenson
Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
5. Twentieth Century Literature
1) facts of decline 2) reasons for decline firstly, secondly, thirdly. fourthly
2. Recent History
3. The Current UK Economy three industries
1) primary industries 2) secondary industries 3) tertiary industries
4. The Nineteenth Century Novel
1) Romantic movement, Romantics
Keats, Shelly, Wordsworth 2) Mary Shelly: Frankenstein 3) Jane Austin: Sense and Sensibility
Chapter 8 British Holidays and
美国概况
英语国家概况美国文学主要分为四个时期：1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。
3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。
4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。
Geography美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
英语国家概况 13
Dadaism
An avant-garde movement of anarchic protest against bourgeois society, religion and art. From 1919, the Dadaist group assembled in Paris and experimented with anti-logical poetry and collage pictures and sculptures. (surrealism, impressionism, and collage)
Marianne Moore (1887-1972)
Her poems on exotic animals and plants and things such as steamrollers won many awards for her. avocation Never biased against anything including the trivial, the banal/commonplace, and the sordid and ugly, and sensitive and observant by nature, Moore was good at catching hold of the poetic in the varied manifestations of mundane/worldly reality around her. "Poetry", "The Fish (Elizabeth Bishop)", "Silence", "The Student"… p211
Frost's concern for order
英语国家概况精讲
英语国家概况精讲第十三章美国地理位置英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能）2。
The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
4。
The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide.落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
5。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
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Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
• Almanac—published continuously for almost a quarter of a century. • adages (格言) and sayings – ―A penny saved is a penny earned.‖ – ―Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.‖
Herman Melville (1819-1891)
fame—established on Moby Dick. • acknowledged as one of the world’s great masterpieces. • theme—too far advanced for his contemporaries – presenting a bleak view of the world: • the universe is Godless and purposeless; • human life is also meaningless and futile. 赫尔曼· 梅尔维尔，19世 纪美国最伟大的小说家、 散文家和诗人之一，与 纳撒尼尔· 霍桑齐名，著 名小说有：《泰比》 《奥穆》《玛迪》（合 称《波里尼西亚三部 曲》）、《
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
• a descendant of Puritan immigrants. • a pioneer in psychological description. • wrote as a moralist; tried to find out how men reacted in their mind when they found they had done something wrong; exposed the evils of the society by describing the psychological activities of human beings. • most famous novel—The Scarlet Letter • other works – The House of Seven Gables (1851) – The Blithedale Romance (1852) – The Marble Faun (1860)纳撒尼尔· 霍 桑。19世纪前半期美国最伟大的小
说家。 其代表作品有：短篇小说集 《古宅青苔》、《重讲一遍的故事》 等，长篇小说《红字》、《带七个 尖顶的阁楼》、《
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
• a lonely writer both in life and literature history. • literary output: poetry, short stories, and reviews for literary works. • strange theme and style make him an outsider of the main current of American literature. • foreigners acclaimed him as genius • masterpieces – The Raven (1845) – The Fall of the House of Usher (1839)埃德加· 爱伦· 坡（Edgar Allan Poe）（1809～1849）， 十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和 文学评论家，
– free expression of emotions, attention to the psychic (精神的) states of their character. – exalted (赞美) the individual and the common man. – revealed unique characteristics of their own and grew on the native lands.
The Revolutionary Period
• representative work—Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence. • Character of Declaration of Independence – rhetorical (带修辞色彩的) vigor – refined diction (措辞) – polished style – ardent longing for freedom
VI
The Contemporary Period
The Colonial Period (1607-1775)
• Character of Writings—religious, practical, or historical. • American Puritanism—major topic stresses清 教主义
II The Romantic Period (1790-1865)
Feature
Writers of Fiction
Writers of Poetry
Questions
Feature
• American Renaissance. • Character of American writings
Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
• Autobiography—most famous work. • “the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man”—rising from poverty and ofame. • Autobiography—a record of spiritual growth in addition to self-examination and selfimprovement.
Walt Whitman (1819-1892)沃尔特· 惠特曼（Walt Whitman，1819年5月31日－1892年3月26日）， 生于纽约州长岛，他是美国著名诗人、人文主义者， 他创造了诗歌的自由体（Free Verse），其代表作 品是诗集《草叶集》。 • poems—The Leaves of Grass
• Best Representives
– Washington Irving & James Fennimore Cooper – Walt Whiteman & Emily Dickinson
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
• “the father of American literature” – the first to write using the local color and the details in his works. – symbolism to the themes. • Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow—most famous stories. 华盛顿· 欧文是19世纪美国最著名的 作家，号称美国文学之父。
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
• chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism—summit of American Romanticism. – defined as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”. • His essays have a casual style. – The best—Nature and Essays – 拉尔夫· 沃尔多· 爱默生，美国思想 家，诗人。1836年出版处女作《论 自然》。
– – – – predestination (预言) original sin原罪 total depravity (堕落) limited atonement (赎罪) or the salvation (拯救) of a selected few who would receive God’s grace.
James Fennimore Cooper (1789-1851)库柏
• two great figures of American mythology: the brave frontiersman and the bold Indian. • author of the ―Leather Stocking Tales‖—a series of five novels – The Pioneers (1823) – The Last of the Mohicans (1826) – The Prairie (1827) – The Pathfinder (1840) – The Deerslayer (1841) • frontiersman hero—Natty Bumppo纳蒂· 班 波representing the ideal American.
英语国家概况
The United States of America
The United States of America
Chapter 13 Literature
英 语 国 家 概 况
CONTENT
I II III IV V The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods The Romantic Period The Realistic Period The Naturalistic Period The Modern Period