2012昆明理工大学考博英语

昆明理工大学2012年秋季入学博士研究生招生考试试题（A）考试科目代码：1111 考试科目名称：英语试题适用招生专业：考生答题须知所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。

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Part II．Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Directions:There are forty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet with a single line through the center.Dreams are ______ in themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.A. uninformativeB. startlingC. harmlessD. uncontrollableAlthough the false banknote fooled many people, they did not ______ to close examination.A. look upB. pay upC.keep upD. stand up______ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field.A. GivingB. To giveC. GivenD. Being givenThe physicist has made a discovery, ______ of great importance to the progess of science and technology.A. think which isB. that I think isC. which I think isD. which I think it isFool ______ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. thatD. likeFortune tellers are good at making ______ statements such as “ Your sorrows will change.”A.philosophicalB. ambiguousC. literalD.invalidThere is no doubt ______ the company has made the right decision on the sales project.A. whyB. thatC. whetherD. whenIntellect is to the mind ______ sight is to the body.A. whatB. soC. thatD.likeAll of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ______ quite such a crowd of people there.A. weren’tB. hasn’t beenC. hadn’t beenD. wouldn’t beenYou’d better look at the difficulty ______ .A.the other wayB. by the other wayC.another wayD. by another wayThings went well for her during her early life, but in her middle age her ______ seemed to change.A. affairB. luckC. eventD. chanceIn the present economic ______ we can make even greater progress than previously.A. airB. moodC. areaD. climateWhile a full understanding of what causes the disease may be several years away, ______ leading to a successful treatment could come much sooner.A. a distinctionB.a breakthroughC. an identificationD. an interpretationThe disagreement over trade restrictions could seriously ______ relations between the two countries.A.tumbleB. jeopardizeC.manipulateD. intimidateBeer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ______ overall consumption is signifcantly higher than that of women.A. whoseB. whichC. thatD. whatNow a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from the ______ on earth rather than bacteria in Mars.A. configurationB.constitutionC. condemnationD.contaminationWhen he arrived, he found ______ the aged and the sick at home.A. none butB.none other thanC. nothing butD. no other thanAlthough not an economist himself, Dr.Smith has long been a severe critic of the government’s ______ policies.A.economicalB. economicC. economyD.economicsIt is recommended that the project ______ until all the preparations have been made.A. not be startedB. will not be startedC. is not startedD. is not to be startedAll the key words in the article are printed in ______ type so as to attract readers’ attention.A. darkB. boldC. denseD. blackThe supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ______ , but he gave us an idea about his plan.A. at handB. in conclusionC. in turnD. at lengthRadio, television and press ______ of conveying news and information.A. are the most three common meansB. are the three most common meansC. are the most common three meansD. are three the most common meansTurn on the television or open a magazine and you ______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.A.are often seeingB.will often seeC. often seeD. have often seenAlthough the body is made up of many different tissues, these tissues are arranged in an ______ and orderly fashion.A. incredibleB. internalC. intricateD. initialThe ______ physicist has been challenged by others in his field.A. respectableB. respectfulC. respectiveD. respectingYou will see the lightning ______ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.A. the instantB.for an instantC.on the instantD. in an instantBarry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.A. since thatB.in thatC. at thatD. so thatI felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, ______ something occurred whichattracted my attention.A. unlessB. untilC. whenD. whileHaving finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, ______ themselves.A. expandingB. prolongingC.stretchingD. extendingThis kind of material can ______ heat and moisture.A.deleteB.repelC. compelD. constrainGenerous public funding of basic science would ______ considerable benefits for the country’s health, wealth and security.A. result fromB. settle downC. lie inD. lead toTo ______ important dates in history, countries create special holidays.A. commendB. memorizeC.propagateD. commemorateIf only the committee ______ the regulation and put them into effect as soon as possible.A. approveB. will approveC.can approveD. would approveWhen she saw the clouds she went back to the house to ______ her umbrella.A. carryB.fetchC.bringD. reach______ , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equalOne way for writers to support a point is through ______ , that is , by means of several examples to back up an idea.A.illustrationB. explanationC.demonstrationD. interpretationYour advice would be ______ valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.A. exceedinglyB. excessivelyC.extensivelyD. exclusivelyThe brilliance of his satires was ______ make even his victims laugh.A. so as toB. such as toC. so thatD. such thatIf your car ______ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.A. shall needB.should needC.would needD. will needIf the building project ______ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.A. being completedB. is completedC.to be completedD. completedPart III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage oneHow might we stabilize the composition of the atmosphere? That question looms large in the eyes of scientists and political leaders as the levels of carbon dioxide grow. Carbon dioxide and methane have long lives in the atmosphere and, once they are there, Earth may be destined to become warmer. If we find that the climate is becoming too warm, there is no easy or rapid way to remove the gases and return to an earlier climate pattern.We may be able to control fossil fuel use and rates of deforestation, but tere is no direct way to control the acceleration of decay except by stopping the warming. To stabilize the composition of the atmosphere immediately, we would have to cut present release about 4 billion tons of carbonannually. It is not now possible to accomplish this without reducing both defrestation and our comsumption of fossil fuels.Most scientists believe that if immediate global action is not taken, the rapid increases of atmospheric carbon from decay will exceed the reductions made possible through control of fossil fuel use and management of forests. In 1990, the United Nations gathered many scientists from around the world to review these issues. This group, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, concluded that an immediate 60 percent reduction in fossil fuel use would be necessary. But by April 1992, no nation had accepted the goal, though several had recognized a need for reducing emissions by 20 percent.At the Earth Summit in June 1992, leaders from most industrialized nations agreed in principle to return to earlier levels of carbon dioxide emissions --- though opposition from the United States prevented them from agreeing to specific targets for emissions, as many scientist had hoped. The leaders also agreed to assist developing nations in limiting their releases of greenhouse gases. Human beings are only one of millions of organisms sufficiently different one another to be recognized as species. Unitl the 1980s,scientists estimated that there were between 3 million and 10 million species on Earth. Then, scientists began to examine populations of insects living in the high foliage of trees in tropical forest, and the experience caused them to increase their estimate to 30 million species. After scientists began to consider the populations of microorganisms in the tropics, the upper limit of their estimates rose to 100 million species. We shall probably never have an accurate count of the different kinds of organisms that share our planet.We do know, however, that these species ---plants and animals together ---keep the planet functioning as a habitat suitable for all. We also know that human activities are reducing both the numbers of species on Earth and the potential of land and water for supporting them. This process is commonly called biotic impoverishment --- the loss of the rich biological of Earth.The reason why it is not easy to correct global warming is that ______.most scientists and political leaders have not awakened to the severity of the problem deforestation is rampant in many parts of the worldthere is no easy way to restore the atmosphere to its normal state once damagedthe United States is unwilling to cut down on its carbon dioxide emissionsTo stop the global warming, we have to ______ .cut both deforestation and use of fossil fuelsremove carbon dioxide from the atmospherefind a new source of energy other than fossil fuelcut present releases to 4 billion tons of carbon a yearIt is implied that, at the 1992 Earth Summit, ______ .many scientists had hoped specific targets for emissions might be reachedthe U.S. showed its unwillingness to reduce the level of carbon dioxide emissionsseveral countries had recognized a need for reducing emissions by 20 percentmost countries promised to cut their carbon dioxide emissions to earlier levelsWhich of the following is true about species on earth?There are about 100 million of them on earth.About one third of them are found in tropical forest.The human population has well exceeded that of other species.Human and other species are closely linked for survival.The text is mainly about ______ .the survival of diverse species on earththe prevention of global warmingthe biotic impoverishmentthe composition of the atmospherePassage twoOver the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But the one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refer to discrimination against those whose surname begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chr tien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami )are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely by coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zys-man junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?A kind of overlook inequality.A type of conspicuous bias.A type of personal prejudice.A kind of brand dicrimination.What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?In both East and West, names are essential to success.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ nammes.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.The fourth paragraph suggests that ______ .questions are often put to the more intelligent studentsalphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from classteachers should pay attention to all of their studentsstudents should be seated according to their eyesightWhat does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Para. 5)?They are getting impatient.They are noisily dozing off.They are feeling humiliated.They are busy with word puzzles.which of the following is true according to the text?People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.VIPs in the western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.The campaign to eliminate alphabtism still has a long way to go.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentinal bias.Passage threeON No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better -or worse -part of my life. Being rich wouldn’t be bad either, but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat -or even only somewhat overweight -is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength.Our obsession with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, begin over-weight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, many have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem -too much fat and a lack of fiber - than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free form paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory .In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that ______.A. the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB. looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC. being thin is viewed as a much desired qualityD. religious people are not necessarily virtuousSwept by the prevailing trend, the author ______.A. had to go on a diet for the greater part of her lifeB. could still prevent herself from going off the trackC. had to seek help from rich distant relativesD. had to wear highly fashionable clothesIn human history, people’s views on body weight ______.A. were closely related to their religious beliefsB. changed from time to timeC. varied between the poor and the richD. led to different moral standardsThe author criticizes women’s obsession with thinness ______.A. from an economic and educational perspectiveB. from sociological and medical points of viewC. from a historical and religious standpointD. in the light of moral principlesWhat’s the author’s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?A. They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.B. They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.C. They should gain weight to look healthy.D. They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.Passage fourWar may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society isresponsible for imposing punishment. In a sate controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that ______.A. it threatens the existing social systemsB. it is influenced by societyC. it has roots in religious conflictsD. it is directed against institutions of lawThe function of legal systems, according to the passage, is ______.A. to control violence within a societyB. to protect the world from chaosC. to free society from the idea of revengeD. to give the government absolute powerWhat does the author mean by saying “… in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 5-6, Para. 2) ?A. Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B. Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C. Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D. Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.The word “allegiance” (Line 5, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ______.A. loyaltyB. objectiveC. survivalD. motiveWhat can we learn from the last paragraph?A. Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B. In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C. In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D. Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.Part IV Translation (15 points)Directions: Translate the following two paragraphs into Chinese, and write the Chinese version on the Answer Sheet.Once you turn over a new leaf, you can’t expect to change completely right away. You are bound to vacillate at times. The key is to be satisfied with gradual improvement, expecting and accepting the occasional slips that come with any change. And even after you are handling these decisions in a firmer and more confident manner, you can’t expect your children to respond immediately. For a while they’ll keep on applying the old pressures that used to work so well. But they ‘ll eventually come to respect your decisions once they learn that nagging and arguing no longer work. In the end, both you and your children will be happier for it.The trends are quickly accelerating for a simple reason: Information is power, andtechnology democratizes and universalizes the availability of information. Hence, organizations will no longer be able to subsidize processes and jobs that glorify hierarchical control but turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow. Futurist George Gilder describes a world where the economy is based on sand, glass and air. Sand is the silicon used to make microchips, the building blocks of computing --- and that building block is growing exponentially. The performance of microchips doubles every 18 months..Part V Writng (15 points)You are to write a compostion of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the Anwser Sheet. Your compostion should be based on the following:The world of work is changing rapidly. Working conditions today are not the same as they used to be, and people no longer count on doing one job for life. Discuss the possible causes of these changes, and give your suggestions as to how people should prepare for work in the future. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.昆明理工大学2012年博士研究生招生考试试题。