跨文化翻译
跨文化阅读课文翻译终极版
Unit 1Settling down at college around the world适应校园生活——来自世界各地的访谈Tanya Zarutskaya Moscow, Russia塔尼娅•扎茹茨卡娅莫斯科,俄罗斯This time last year I was nervous about my new life.去年的这个时候,我对新生活感到很紧张。
I didn't have any friends, and it was my first time away from home. 我没有朋友,也是第一次离开家。
At first I worked all the time, going to lectures and studying late into the night.一开始,我一天到晚都在忙功课:上课,并且学习到深夜。
But then I realized I was missing out on so many other things at university. 可后来我意识到我错过了大学里许多其他活动。
One day a girl in my hall of residence invited everyone in the dorm to a dinner party.一天,跟我住同一幢宿舍楼的一个女孩儿邀请全楼的人去参加一个晚宴。
I've no idea where she managed to buy the food, or how she had enough money. 我不知道她在哪儿买的那些吃的,也不清楚她怎么会有足够的钱。
And she dressed like a model.而且她穿得像个模特儿。
I don't know why she was bothering with university!我真不知道她干嘛还要费那劲儿上大学!I've got to know lots of interesting people and I now enjoy myself as well as study hard.现在我结识了许多有趣的人,既努力学习,也快乐地生活。
跨文化交际Chapter 1部分翻译
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生,当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道,空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉,the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑,用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时,有些事情似乎就错过了,The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单,并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌,不犯任何文化失礼,不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢?Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间,一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
跨文化交流翻译工作指南
跨文化交流翻译工作指南第1章翻译概述与跨文化交流基础 (2)1.1 翻译的定义与功能 (2)1.2 跨文化交流的重要性 (2)1.3 翻译在跨文化交流中的作用 (3)第2章翻译规范与伦理 (3)2.1 翻译规范概述 (3)2.1.1 语言规范 (3)2.1.2 文化规范 (3)2.1.3 专业规范 (3)2.2 翻译伦理的基本原则 (3)2.2.1 尊重原文 (4)2.2.2 保护客户利益 (4)2.2.3 社会责任 (4)2.3 翻译失误与避免策略 (4)2.3.1 提高语言能力 (4)2.3.2 加强专业知识学习 (4)2.3.3 注重实践经验积累 (4)2.3.4 运用辅助工具和资源 (4)第3章语言学基础与翻译技巧 (5)3.1 语言学基本概念 (5)3.2 语言学在翻译中的应用 (5)3.3 常用翻译技巧 (5)第4章文化差异与翻译策略 (6)4.1 文化差异的表现形式 (6)4.1.1 价值观与信仰 (6)4.1.2 习俗与传统 (6)4.1.3 语言表达 (6)4.1.4 社会制度 (6)4.1.5 历史背景 (6)4.2 文化差异对翻译的影响 (7)4.2.1 理解与表达 (7)4.2.2 语言风格与韵味 (7)4.2.3 文化负载词汇 (7)4.3 文化适应与翻译策略 (7)4.3.1 了解目标文化 (7)4.3.2 选择合适的翻译方法 (7)4.3.3 注重文化适应性 (7)4.3.4 借鉴目标文化的表达方式 (7)4.3.5 寻求专业人士的意见 (7)第5章词语语义与翻译 (8)5.1 词语的语义层次 (8)5.2 词语语义的翻译方法 (8)5.3 文化背景下的语义转换 (8)第6章句子结构与翻译 (8)6.1 句子结构分析 (8)6.2 句子翻译的基本原则 (8)6.3 句子翻译实例分析 (9)第7章文体与翻译 (9)7.1 文体概述 (9)7.2 文体特征的翻译方法 (10)7.3 不同文体的翻译实践 (10)第8章口译技巧与实践 (11)8.1 口译概述与分类 (11)8.2 口译技巧训练 (11)8.3 口译实践案例分析 (11)第9章翻译质量控制与评价 (12)9.1 翻译质量标准 (12)9.2 翻译质量控制方法 (12)9.3 翻译评价与反馈 (13)第10章跨文化交流翻译职业发展 (13)10.1 跨文化交流翻译的职业素养 (13)10.2 翻译行业现状与趋势 (13)10.3 跨文化交流翻译的职业规划与发展路径 (14)第1章翻译概述与跨文化交流基础1.1 翻译的定义与功能翻译作为一种语言活动,其核心在于将一种语言的信息准确、完整地转换成另一种语言,以实现信息的传递与沟通。
跨文化翻译
跨文化翻译
跨文化翻译是一种将文字、图像和音频等多种形式的信息从一种语言转
换成另一种语言的过程。
它不仅仅是一种文本翻译,而且要涉及到不同文化
的理解和融洽。
跨文化翻译的主要目的是把原文的意思保持完整,尊重不同
文化的差异,使读者更容易理解原文的内容和文体。
跨文化翻译不仅要求翻译人员熟悉双方语言,而且还需要精通语言学和
文化方面的知识,并较好地掌握双方文化之间的差异。
只有充分了解不同文
化背景下言谈举止中存在的差异,才能有效地完成翻译任务。
例如,英国人
和阿拉伯人在谈话时具有很大不同,阿拉伯人谈论话语要求礼貌,而英国人
则偏重有趣的话题。
当英译阿时,翻译人员需要注意这两种文化之间的差异,把意思正确地传达到另一方,从而才能达到翻译效果。
此外,跨文化翻译有可能出现字面上无法准确翻译、两语言表达法不同
而不能翻译相应意思的问题,这就要求对于跨文化翻译的翻译人员必须学习
更多的文化知识,掌握有效的翻译工具和途径从而让翻译达到最高质量。
总的来说,跨文化翻译不仅是文字翻译的过程,还涉及到不同文化的理
解和融洽。
它既要求翻译人员学习语言学和文化知识,又要提升他们的技能
去辨认文化差异,并对双方文化使用有效的翻译方式,使翻译保持原文的意
思完整,从而实现跨文化交流和理解。
跨文化翻译
四、翻译unit1ExercisesPartC Euphemism Understandingndscape engineer 园林工人2.tonsorial artist 理发师3.sanitation engineer 清道夫4.shoe rebuilder补鞋匠unit2 PartC1.soft in the head发疯的2.reckless disregard for truth撒谎3.to take things without permission偷窃4.industial climate劳资关系紧张unit4A new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。
Many hands make light work.人多好办事。
Don't off until tomorrow what you can do today.今日事,今日毕。
Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕。
Haste makes waste.欲速则不达。
Where there's smoke there's fire.无风不起浪。
The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.这山望着那山高。
Beauty is only skin deep.美貌是肤浅的。
Spare the rod and spoil the child.玉不琢不成器。
Give a person a dose of his own medicine.以其人之道还治其人之身。
中译英Frank's advice is like good herbal medicine:hard to take,but ultimately beneficial.良药苦口利于病。
Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch;nor your hat under a plum tree.瓜田不纳履,李下不整冠。
跨文化交际翻译
fully by letter, telephone, fax or e-mail in such cultures. It is not necessary to meet face-to-face with a colleague to get things done.完全在这种文化的信函,电话,传真或电子邮件。
满足面对面与同事把事情做好是没有必要的。
High-context cultures are the exact opposite. Communication tends to be imprecise and as much attention is paid to the person delivering the message as to the message itself. In high-context cultures---most of Latin America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa---personal encounters are essential before business can begin.高语境文化是完全相反的。
沟通往往是不精确的,对提供消息的人比对消息本身关注的更多。
高语境文化中---大多数拉丁美洲,亚洲,中东和非洲---个人遭遇实在业务开始之前必不可少的。
These people need as much ancillary information as possible. They pay more attention to physical surroundings, how a business colleague is dressed or coiffured---the general ambiance of the negotiations---than individuals from low-context countries. Body language, facial gestures and voice inflection are important methods of communication. The physical surroundings for a meeting or a business meal are just as important as the substance of the discussion.这些人需要尽可能多的辅助信息。
跨文化翻译句子翻译
跨文化翻译句子翻译Part II 句子翻译Uint1Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我幼稚可欺吗?Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必过早担心。
/不必自寻烦恼。
/ 船到桥头自然直。
One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.”一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。
1.He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time.他是个神枪手,可这次却遭遇了滑铁卢(遭到惨败)。
2.After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.他的上一本小说写砸了,名声从此岌岌可危。
3.Studies serve for delight, for ornament(装饰,美化)and ability. Their chief use fordelight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability,is in the judgment, and disposition(安排)of business.读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。
其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博采也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
(王佐良译)1. Diction 选词用字the After-class Assignment-11.Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. (根据词类选择词义)微机监测、检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。
《红楼梦》在国外传播的跨文化翻译问题
《红楼梦》在国外传播的跨文化翻译问题赵建忠 摘 要 《红楼梦》的跨文化翻译是困难的,这不仅是由于译者有着自己对原著的“前理解”(Preunderstanding),同时还由于不同国家文化差异形成的翻译过程中的“文化过滤”,造成翻译失真,如采用翻译理论中的“等效翻译”,或可对这种情况有所纠正。
从这个意义上讲,不仅是《红楼梦》,而且其它名著在翻译实践中亦可借鉴类似经验。
关键词 文化过滤 前理解 翻译失真 霍译本 等效翻译 跨文化翻译A bstract The translating of The Story of the Stone is very difficult,not only because of the transla-tor's preuderstanding of the original,but also because of the c ultural screening caused by cultural differ-ences,which will lead to translation distortion.But maybe the equivalent translation can solve the prob-lem.So we can put it into practice in translating famous works.Key words cultural screening,preunderstanding,translation distortion,Hawks'version,equiva-lent translation,cross-cultural translation一红学与甲骨学、敦煌学鼎足而立,被列为当代显学,并且在国际上成为汉学的重要内容之一,这固然是由于《红楼梦》这部巨著自身的文化品格,它的博大堂庑“引无数骚人竟折腰”,同时,也是与无数学者和众多翻译工作者的辛勤工作分不开的。
跨文化交际课文翻译
关于跨文化交流,跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民,他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去,我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过:“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出,交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑,全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场,其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败,是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里,如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小,那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司,他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时,他们就把车重新命名,然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司,美国又一个汽车界的领头羊,也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto 牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售,原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为corcel,其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯,一个日用电器制造者,其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是,他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国,suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫cue。
它被人们所耻笑。
因为它的名字使人想起了臭名昭著的色情杂志——Cue。
但是市场中的文化意识更多于细心的翻译。
每一文化都有其微妙之处,当然也有其鲜明的禁忌。
尽管大多数的人不能列出他们自己文化的规则,但是他们很明白什么时候这些禁忌被触碰了。
跨文化交际_Unit_2_参考翻译
Unit Two Task 11)A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner. 平静的大海决不能造就出熟练的水手。
/花盆里生长不出参天大树。
/温室里长不出栋梁之才。
2)He who would search for pearls must dive below.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
/ 欲寻珍珠就要潜到水里。
/ 欲寻珍珠欲潜入水。
3)Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标如同航行没有罗盘。
/没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。
4)To have another fish to fry另有要事/ 另有事情得做5)The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟,亦能覆舟。
(The same knife cuts bread and fingers.)6)前人栽树,后人乘凉。
One sows and another reaps. / One man sows and another reaps. / One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. / The precedence planted, the later generations enjoy its cool.7)斩草不除根,逢春又发青。
If the grass is only cut, then the next spring it will revive. / Cut weeds and dig up the roots.8)种田不用问,深耕多上粪。
Planting has no better measures but ploughing deeply and fertilizing much more.9)生米煮成熟饭。
跨文化翻译的基本概念和策略
跨文化翻译的基本概念和策略作者:朱素平来源:《科教导刊》2009年第22期摘要翻译是一种把语言文字(文化)的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
跨文化交际的本质就是一种文化对话,从广义上来说,是指不同民族文化传统相互影响,而狭义的文化对话是指不同民族的代表为交流信息所进行的接触,其间,翻译就是这种文化对话的有效中介,起着极其重要的作用。
关键词跨文化翻译基本概念策略中图分类号:H059文献标识码:A翻译是一种把语言文字(文化)的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
从现代符号学的观点来说,翻译的本质就是以两种不同的语言符号来表达同一的思想。
因此可以说翻译是跨文化交际,这就不止是原语文本的符号再现,而是体现在跨文化意义的传达和转换。
翻译体现了不同文化的价值观,传统习俗等不同的特点和其多样性。
跨文化交际的本质就是一种文化对话,从广义上来说,是指不同民族文化传统相互影响,而狭义的文化对话是指不同民族的代表为交流信息所进行的接触,其间,翻译就是这种文化对话的有效中介,起着极其重要的作用。
1 跨文化翻译的概念跨文化翻译要求译语要从文化的角度准确地再现原语所要传达的意义、方式及其风格。
意思就是说中心任务就是再现原文的思想,而不是原文的语言符号,并将其原语中的形、神在译语中体现出来。
这就对译者提出了更高的要求,不仅要有双语能力,还要有双语文化甚至是多文化的知识,尤其是对两种语言的文化形成过程、心里意识、历史习俗、宗教文化等各个方面都要有一定的了解。
所以,正是由于这这些因素,英汉民族的语言才能体现出各自特有的民族色彩。
2 跨文化翻译的两种策略——归化和异化由于语言是文化的载体,是文化的传播途径,而文化具有独特的民族特征,因此在语言翻译中必须考虑如何处理源文化与目的语文化的差异。
译者可以选择归化或异化的方法,前者是以民族主义为中心,把外国的价值观归化到目的语文化之中,把原文作者请回家来; 后者则以偏离主义为中心,离经叛道地把外国文本中的语言和文化差异表现出来,把读者送到外国去。
跨文化翻译的国内外研究
跨文化翻译的国内外研究
跨文化翻译是一个研究领域,涉及到国内外许多学者和研究机构的关注和研究。
国内外的研究者关注的重点和方法略有不同,下面简要介绍一下两者的研究情况。
国内的跨文化翻译研究主要集中在对翻译过程、影响因素和策略等方面的探讨。
国内研究者从语言学、社会文化学和应用语言学的角度出发,关注翻译的准确性、效率和误译现象,同时也关注文化因素对翻译的影响。
一些研究还会探讨跨文化交际的语用学、文化衝突和文化认同等问题。
在国外,跨文化翻译涉及到更广泛的研究范围,包括语言、文学、社会科学和人文学科等多个领域。
国外的研究者倾向于将跨文化翻译放在更广阔的跨文化交流和跨文化沟通的框架中进行研究,并且注重理论和实证研究相结合。
一些研究者还借助计算机辅助翻译和机器翻译等先进技术,进行跨文化翻译的实验和模拟。
综上所述,国内外的跨文化翻译研究在研究范围和方法上存在一些差异,但都致力于深化对跨文化交流和翻译现象的理解,为实践提供有价值的指导和启示。
cross-culture 跨文化翻译和交际
跨文化交际课文翻译
Speaki ng Englis h with a Japane se mind 日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语,这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流,但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时,在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子,一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时,日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延,美国人的关注也开始减弱,然后日本人说,不管怎样。
AM告诫说,接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话,如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说,在日本你可能是大多数,但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式,社交礼仪,价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子,比如英国人会说,你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说,因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么,日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是,一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语,同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
跨文化交际课后翻译原文1--8单元
Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. Translation 2Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture:culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.Translation 3Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Cultural values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. V alues, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that cultural value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different under similar circumstance.Translation 4When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meaning of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication. Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, w must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources. 1, the language they have used, and 2, our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances. Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means--whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication? In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.Translation 5Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different ages, different ethnic or culture groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it more difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable. People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what others mean. When we are communicating with people who are very different from us, it is very difficult to know how ti draw inferences about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretation.It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the sane families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals of their communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. He asks her what she would like to have for her birthday--- she can ask for anything. Unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels beast about the situation if he is told quiet directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.Translation 6Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it is very difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communication as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all. What we want to here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which can not be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding to each other.Of course we have to emphasize the importance of communication in speaking and writing, and yet we should also realize that much much communication also takes place without the use of words. The way a person dresses for a meeting may suggestion to other participants how he or she is prepared to participate in it. In fact, we can use virtually any aspect of our behavior or our presentation which others can perceive as means of communication.Translation 7Many people today want to do many things within so little time. The sense o time might be called time urgency, it is a syndrome of behavior in which the persons continually tries to accomplish more than can be humanly accomplished. Until very recently, time urgency was thought to be a characteristics of Americans, particularly American males in the generation born in the period from the Great Depression through to the end of the World War .It should be obvious that that this sense of time urgency is no longer a cultural characteristic of just this one generation of American males. It is a characteristic of the Asian “salary man”, and is spreading throughout the world rapidly as one aspect of the internationalization of business.One of the most important effects of this sense of time is that in communication it will almost produce a negative evaluation to the slower participants by the faster participants. Those who share in this concept of time urgency will come to see anyone who moves more slowly than they do as conservative, as uncooperative, as resistant to change, and as opposing progress. Behind the concept of time urgency is the idea that what lies ahead in the future is always better than what lies behind in the past; it based solidly on the belief in progress.Translation 8If we accept the belief that our past influences our view of reality and the corresponding tenet that each of us may have similar but not identical personal histories, then it should follow that another person’s picture of the universe will not be exactly like ours. Y et most of us act as if our way of perceiving things is the correct and only way. We often overwork perceptual differences and conclude that if the other person doesn’t see that Pablo Picasso is the greatest artist that ever lived, he simply does not art. Actually, it may well be that he has a different past history and what is great art for him may not match our perception of art.In our daily activities these differences in perception appear between different groups. V arious generations, minorities, occupation and cultures have conflicting values and goals that will influence their orientation and interpretation of reality.Our culture is a major of factor in perceptual discrepancies. Culture helps supply us with our perceptive of reality. It therefore plays a dominant role in intercultural communication. Our cultures tell us, in a variety of ways, how to judge others and what to use as criteria for those judgments. The danger of such evaluations is that they are often false, misleading, and arbitrary. It is truly a naive view of the world to believe and behave as if we an our culture have discovered the true and only set of norms.。
翻译跨文化基础知识总结
翻译基础知识总结1.异化(foreignization) 和归化(domestication)保留原语所包含的文化、形象色彩,叫异化,读者通过这样的译文可以感受到异域文化的东西。
例如,把crocodile tears 译为鳄鱼泪,就是异化的翻译方法;舍弃原语所包含的文化、形象色彩,取而代之用译文的文化色彩,或者牺牲这种文化色彩而只翻译出其意义就是归化,就是让原文“归顺”于译文。
例如把crocodile tears 译为假惺惺的眼泪,就是归化的翻译方法。
2.直译(literal translation) 和意译(free translation) 直译即照着原文直接翻译,例如藏龙卧虎– Hidden dragons and hidden tigers. 意译就是抛弃原文形式而只传达其意义,例如Dutch courage –酒后之勇3.音译(transliteration) 比如:store –士多cheese –汁斯风水–fungshui4.翻译的标准:信达雅faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance “信”指的是忠实于原文的内容和风格(faithful to the content and style of the source text;“达”指的是译文语言流畅自然而不生硬阻滞(the translation or target text should be natural and expressive);“雅”指的是译文译文语言风格尽可能贴近原文风格。
5.词类的转化conversion :名词动词形容词副词根据表达需要,在翻译中,往往需要进行词类的转化,此外,还包括抽象与具体的转化。
6.增添法amplification 比如:增添连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等7.省略法omission比如:省略连接词、范畴词、冠词、介词等等8.汉语是意合(parataxis)语言,分句之间的关系是隐性的(covert),英语是形合(hypotaxis) 语言,分句之间关系还是显性的(overt)9.英语的54种基本句型:SV / SVC / SVO / SVOO / SVOC (参考教材15面)10.比较来说,汉语是动态(dynamic) 语言英语是静态( static) 语言;汉语更喜欢使用有灵主语(及人或其他有生命的词作主语animate subject),英语更喜欢无灵主语(inaminate subject),例如:The sight of the photo reminded me of ...(参考教材31面)11.句子层次来说,英译汉常要分division, 汉译英常要合combination.翻译部分题型:一、篇章汉译英(15分):请注意词的处理技巧的恰当运用,以及句子的组合。
跨文化翻译策略简述
跨文化翻译策略简述摘要:语言和文化密不可分,译员在进行翻译时,不仅仅是翻译语言,更是翻译源语和目的语背后的文化。
因此,译员在翻译时,必须时刻重视翻译中的文化因素,并掌握应对文化差异的翻译策略,这样才能更好地起到沟通桥梁的作用。
关键词:跨文化翻译文化语境翻译策略现代语言学创始人索绪尔(ferdinand de saussure)把语言定义为一种“表达思想的符号系统,由语音、词汇、句法、篇章等构成的层阶系统。
”目前最具权威并受到广泛接受和使用的关于文化的定义来自于英国人类学家泰勒(edward tylor):“文化是一种综合体,包括知识,信仰,艺术,道德,法律,风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。
”iris varner和linda beamer则认为:“文化是群体成员连贯一致的、后天习得的、群体共享的观念,人们藉此决定事情的轻重缓急,就事情的适宜性表明自己的态度,并决定和支配后续的行为。
”他们在intercultural communication in the global workplace一书中指出,“有效的跨文化沟通的第一步是理解并承认差异。
但并不是指赞同或接收另一种文化的价值观。
而是必须分析双方的文化偏好,确定如何在求同存异的前提下最好地并肩工作。
”国内外许多研究语言和文化的专家都认为语言和文化密不可分。
我国语言学家罗常培先生曾说过:“语言文字是一个民族文化的结晶,这个民族过去的文化靠它来流传,未来的文化也仗着它来推进。
”鉴于语言和文化之间有着如此密切的联系,译员在翻译时,必须重视文化因素。
英国著名的翻译学理论家苏珊·巴斯内特(susan bassnett)曾说“如同在做心脏手术时,人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体的其他部分一样,我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容与文化分开来处理。
”linda schueler也在how to communicate effectively with native english speakers一书中指出:“不同的文化,具有不完全相同的价值观和理念。
跨文化翻译策略
跨文化翻译是指在不同文化背景下的翻译,它要求翻译者对原文和目标文本之间的差异进
行充分理解,以便将原始信息准确无误地传达到目标语言中。
因此,重要的是了解不同文
化之间的差异:
1. 注意受众: 理解受众所处的文化能力、习惯和价值观念对于成功实现有效的翻译非常
重要。
如果你不了解受众所处的文化能力、习惯和价值观念,就很难使用适当的方法来表
述原始信息。
2. 使用正确有效地表述方法: 在不同国家/地区/民族中存在一些特定衔接成分(如俚語);考虑利用这些特定衔接成分来减少理解上下文之间差异性带来的影响。
3. 预测并避免冲突: 距防止冲突应考量原始信息中存在及其扩大思想上、道德上、感情
上或者其他方面内容对相应受众造成影响; 如有必要, 应作出选择性削减, 以避免引发冲突。
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从跨文化交际的角度看习语翻译中的文化差异在英汉语言中有非常丰富的习语,它们或含蓄、幽默、严肃、典雅,它们承载着不同的民族文化特色和文化信息,在表达语言的文化内涵方面更具典型性,常起到画龙点睛的作用。
习语从广义上来说包括成语、典故、谚语、格言、俗语、俚语和歇后语,具有言简意赅、形象生动的特点。
由于习语的文化内涵是由不同民族的历史渊源、地理环境、生活习惯、思维方式等所决定的,因此,习语中的文化因素成为翻译的难点。
著名学者王佐良曾说过:翻译中最大的困难,就是两种文化的不同,译者必须是一一个真正意义上的文化人。
事实上,习语翻译是一种跨文化交际活动。
这就要求译者能培养跨文化意识,准确地把握两种文化异同,充分照应译文大众的文化心理,使译文符合接受语的文化传统和语言表达习惯。
本文以/ 跨文化交际理论0为基础,通过分析不同民族文化差异对习语翻译的影响,探索习语在跨文化背景下互动翻译的技巧。
一、习语翻译与跨文化交际什么是跨文化交际?跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人们之间的交际,即不同人的文化和社会背景、生活方式、受教育情况、信仰、人生观、价值观、道德、风俗、习惯、政治、经济状况乃至爱好、交友条件、性格等方面都存在着不同程度上的差异。
不同的国家,不同的民族,使用不同语言的人群,就有不同的历史、文化,而不同的历史和文化又孕育了各自的语言并形成了各自的语言特色。
在自己的生活环境下,创立了自己特有的文化体系,同时也被自己的文化所塑造。
正如美国人类学家鲍阿司指出,各个社会具有各自独特的文化,由于这样,它们才具有不同于其他社会的风俗习惯、信仰、地理环境、天文历法、文化心理和思维方式。
可见文化涵盖的内容十分广泛,是我们进行跨文化交际时要十分注意的。
语言作为文化的一部分,不能脱离文化而独立存在,因此,在对英汉习语进行翻译时,一定要注重文化背景的不同,特别要注意某些习语,尽管它们在字面上或比喻形象上有某些类同之处,但由于不同的文化内涵,其深层涵义即隐含意义却迥然不同。
汉习语所反映的文化差异主要表现在以下方面:(一)文化背景一定的民族自有其形成的历史背景,各个时代的历史人物、历史事件反映到习语上,使其具有浓厚的民族色彩及鲜明的文化个性。
中国文化拥有悠久的历史,有大量的历史典故形成的习语。
英美文化的产生和发展与古希腊有深远的历史渊源,英语中有些习语源于《荷马史诗》中的寓言故事和神话传说。
中西文化中不同的历史典故,必然会渗透在各自的语言中。
翻译时,我们不仅要忠实表达原文的意义,而且必须考虑各自的历史文化背景,注意习语中的隐含意义。
例如:汉译英时,采用直译和增译相结合的方法,才能使原文的文化信息得以充分再现。
三个臭皮匠,抵个诸葛亮Three cobblers 修鞋匠with their witscombined equal Zhu ge Liang,the Master mind.杞人忧天:It ' unnecessary anxiety.说曹操,曹操到Speak of the devil and he w ill appear.汉语的曹操没有贬义,英语中的有些习语源于久远的历史多来自圣经,寓言和罗马神话。
女口blow hot and cold;apple of discord;Homer sometmies nods ;Live like a king.blow hot and cold(反复无常)apple of discord (引起争端的根源)Homer sometmies nods (智者千虑, 必有一失)Live like a king(过得像国王一般奢侈)(二)思维方式中西文化的不同传统和发展道路造成了思维方式的差异。
思维方式的差异,也是构成不同文化类型的重要原因。
从主张天人合一到对一切事物采取辩证统一的观点,中国文化习惯从整体上、直观上看问题,强调和谐和联系。
每个民族都有自己独特的思维方式而思维方式是沟通语言与文化的桥梁。
如汉民族传统文化认为,事物都有阴阳两面,只有阴阳交合,才能滋生万物,所以双数在汉语中蕴含着吉祥的文化含义,习语有/十全十美、/八拜之交0、/六六大顺0、/四平八稳等等,而另一个数字/九对中国人来说就极具神奇色彩,它象征着天,即是最高处,如/九重天,十拿九稳,而英美文化源自古希腊,习惯于逻辑分析,强调以个人为中心。
由于受基督教和圣经的影响,/三、/七、/十三等单数在英语中亦有其独特的文化内涵,相关的习语如a third wheel at sixes and sevenstwo - faced tacticsa third wheel(无足轻重之人),/ at sixes and sevens (乱七八糟), / two - faced tactics 战术;策略(两面三刀)等等。
由于英语语言思维方式的差异,在翻译中,就要进行恰当的思维切换,准确把握原文的文化内涵,否则就会出现失当现象。
(三)世情风俗差异东西方人的风俗习惯不同,导致英语习语的表达不同。
女口/龙(dragon) 0在古代是汉民族的图腾物,炎黄子孙称自己是/龙的传人0,可在圭寸建时代,龙是皇帝的象征。
在我国古代传说中,龙是能兴云降雨的神异动物。
对中国人来说,大多数情况下,龙是吉祥的象征。
与龙有关的习语大都含有褒义,如/龙腾虎跃、/生龙活虎、/望子成龙、/ 画龙点睛、/龙飞凤舞、/车水马龙等等。
而在西方神话传说中dragon是一只巨大的邪恶而凶残的怪兽。
由于文化的显著差异,因此在翻译习语/望子成龙时就很难达到神形俱似的境地。
/望子成龙通行译法如下:(1) to long to see one' son succeed in life.(2) to hope one' children w ill have a bright future.翻译时无需把/龙(dragon) 0 '直译出来。
中国是个龙的国度,已形成一种龙文化。
在电视里、广告上、商品名、地名、人名,尤其在喜庆的场合,到处都可看到龙及代表它的符号。
西方人特别喜欢养宠物,在西方文化内涵中/狗0被认为是人类最好的朋友所以有He worked like a dogEvery dog has his dayI am a jolly dog.Let sleeping dogs lie./ He worked like a dog(他工作很卖力),/ Every dog has his day (凡人皆有得意日),/lam a jolly dog (我是乐天派),/ Let sleeping dogs lie(别惹是生非) 0。
(四)宗教信仰佛教是中国影响最大的宗教,习语中就有诸多反映其独特文化内涵的表达。
如/不看僧面看佛面、/大慈大悲、/借花献佛等等。
在我国传统文化中,有神话的/夸父追日、/女娲补天和/主宰自然界的老天爷。
而这些概念在欧美文化中并不存在。
众所周知,英美人有着长期的基督教传统,认为世界是由上帝创造的,上帝主宰一切,与基督教有关的词语渐渐进入英语。
/ God bless(上帝保佑),/ Go to hell(下地狱),/ act of god(不可抗力),/ Trojan horse(特洛伊木马)))堡垒从内部攻破)。
由于中西方宗教信仰的差异,翻译时要特别注意英汉习语的形神兼备。
如汉语习语/家家有本难念的经,这里的/经指的是/佛,而不是/圣经0,如果直译成/ Every family has a book of scripture which is hard for prayer chanting,这样的译文会让人不知所云,而意译/ Every family has a story totell, 让人一看就明白其意。
三、英汉习语翻译的策略、原则首先让我们来看看中外翻译大师们翻译的标准。
严复是我国近代翻译史上著名的翻译家,他提出了/信、达、雅0的翻译标准。
/信0即忠实于原文,/达0是不拘泥于原文形式,尽译文语言的能事,以求原意明显,/雅0即/理文精者不能载以粗犷之词,情之正者不可以鄙之信之气0。
只有精美的译文才能藏之名山而不朽。
除了严复的/信达雅0之外,还有鲁迅的/易解、丰姿0双标准以及林语堂的/达意传神论0,还有奈达提出的/功能对等0,霍姆斯的/功能导向0翻译理论。
翻译不是简单的机械运动,是科学、是高级的思维活动。
原文是表现,翻译是再现。
能忠实再现原作的全部内容和特点的译文就是好的译文。
好的译作是离不开各种翻译方法和技巧的。
以下通过举例分析说明习语中常用的翻译方法:(一)直译所谓直译实质上就是在译语中找到对立的说法,而不是逐词逐字的替换,能够比较完整地保留原语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。
直译就是在不引起读者误解和不违背译文表达习惯的前提下,比较完整地保留原习语的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。
即在译语中找到对应的说法,而不是逐词逐字的替换。
各民族的文化作为人类发展的一个组成部分,有共性的东西,也就是说,由于人们在感情、在对客观事物的感受及社会经历等方面会有相似之处。
随着跨文化交际的深入发展,许多英语习语所蕴含的文化信息在译语中长期使用,已经完全融入译语,成为汉语中固有的习语,in at one ear and out at the other;tooth for tooth;eye for eye;show one ' true colours/ in at one ear and out at theother(耳边风)0,/ tooth for tooth(以牙还牙)0,/ eye for eye(以眼还眼)0, / show one ' true colours(原形毕露)0等,因此,我们在翻译这些表达方式时,就可选择采用直译法,而不必担心读者会因文化差异而有障碍。
但是直译的选择必须是慎重的,要以不影响译语读者理解原文为原则,避免读者因不同的文化背景知识而感到茫然不解。
有些习语的比喻形象可能对读者比较生疏,但由于它在一定的上下文中具有强烈的政治意义,或明显的民族、地方历史等色彩宜米用保留原文习语表达方式的直译法。
如:/ Trojan horse(特洛伊木马)0, /Might is right(强权就是公理)0, /咳,这一来,竹篮子打水一场空! Ah! we were draw ing water in a bamboo basket。
0[ 4](二)意译意译即在译文中舍弃原语形象,用浅显易懂的词句指出原语的真正含义,尤其是一些文化意义很浓的习语,直译不能传达其文化意义,翻译时就要抓住内容和喻义。
如文章前面所提到汉语中/龙0是/尊严0的象征,而英语中对应的dragon的文化意义是/怪物、磨鬼、凶残0等,因此/望子成龙0不可直译成/ to hope that one ' son become dragon。