2013年考研英语阅读理解背景知识
2013年考研英语真题答案及解析
看，说“这个等级考虑了几种因素……”，是对上文评级的进一步解释，也没有问题。
15.[A] instead 代替，反而 [B] then 那么，然后 [C] ever 曾经，究竟
[D] rather 宁可，宁愿
【答案】B
【考点】上下文逻辑衔接
【解析】还是承接上文讲到的评级得分，后半句讲到的是（平时学校等级）考试得分，再结合中间 conjunction
有偏见。”首先注意到空前面有定冠词 the，指代上文信息，即不考虑背景信息、不考虑大环境。而大局，大环境的
表达，此处选择 picture 是最贴切的。A 选项 issue 问题，B 选项 vision 想象力，美景都不合适，故答案选 C。
4.[A] Above all 首先 [B] On average 平均，通常 [C] In principle 大体上，原则上 [D] For example 例如
Simonsohn 指出，这种优势有可能是劣势。他认为不考虑外界因素容易受片面信息影响，无法做出客观判断，
并通过法官判案这个例子来支撑这一观点。第二段 Dr. Simonsohn 进一步通过大学招生程序，来验证自己的观
点。针对当前面试者不受其他面试者影响这一观点，提出怀疑。第三段具体介绍了面试过程的安排。第四段
[D] promote 促进
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+动词辨析
【解析】首先注意到 idea 前面有指示代词 this，很明显指代上文提出的观点。而且跟上文以法官为例一样，下
文“他们把注意力转向大学录取过程”也是上文观点的例证，目的是对上文的观点进行检验，而不是 A 选项“促
进”，B 选项“强调”或 C 选项“分享”，故答案选 D。
[C] chosen 精选的 [D] identified 经鉴定的
2013年英语二第四篇阅读解析
文章标题：2013年英语二第四篇阅读解析1、背景引言在2013年英语二考试中，第四篇阅读材料是考生阅读的重点之一。
这篇文章涉及的内容丰富，语言表达深刻，需要我们对其进行深度解析和广度探讨。
本文将结合文章的具体内容，对该篇阅读材料进行全面评估和解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对这一考试内容。
2、整体概述该篇阅读材料主要围绕着“成长”这一主题展开，通过描述一个年轻人成长的过程，揭示了成长中的烦恼和挑战，以及如何应对这些挑战。
文中精彩的语言和深刻的思想，让人印象深刻。
3、深度解析3.1 语言表达在文章中，作者运用了丰富多彩的语言，如比喻、排比、修辞等手法，使得文章既生动有趣，又能深刻表达作者的思想和观点。
文章中提到“充满阳光的日子”、“犹如夜空中的繁星”等比喻，生动地展现了主人公成长的历程。
作者还通过“不断尝试、不断失败、不断努力”的排比，展现了成长过程中的坚韧不拔和不畏挫折的精神。
3.2 主题展开文章围绕“成长”这一主题展开，深入探讨了成长过程中的烦恼、挑战以及成功的秘诀。
通过描述主人公的成长历程，读者能够更加深刻地认识到成长是一段充满困难和挑战的过程，而成功的关键在于坚持和努力。
这一主题丰富多彩，具有较强的感召力和启发性，对考生来说具有重要的指导意义。
4、总结回顾文章通过描述主人公的成长过程，让我们对“成长”这一主题有了更加深刻的理解。
通过分析文章的语言表达和主题展开，我们可以感受到作者对成长的理解和思考。
成长是一段充满困难和挑战的旅程，但只要不断努力，最终一定能够获得成功。
5、个人观点对于我而言，成长是一个永恒的话题。
无论是在学习生活中，还是在工作社会中，都需要不断地成长和进步。
通过阅读这篇文章，我更加深刻地认识到了成长的重要性，也受到了很大的启发和鼓舞。
6、结语2013年英语二第四篇阅读材料是一篇内容丰富、主题深刻的文章，通过对其深度解析和广度探讨，我们可以更好地理解和掌握文章的内容。
希望考生在备战考试时，能够通过阅读和分析这篇文章，提升自己的阅读理解能力，取得优异的成绩。
2013考研英语真题讲解
2013考研英语真题讲解2013年的考研英语真题是许多考生备战考试时必备的资料。
在这篇文章中，我们将对2013年的考研英语真题进行全面的讲解，帮助考生更好地理解考试内容和题型，提高备考效果。
一、阅读理解部分2013年考研英语真题的阅读理解部分分为两篇文章，分别是文章A 和文章B。
文章A题型为判断正误，文章B题型为选择题。
下面我们来具体分析每篇文章的内容和解题技巧。
1. 文章A文章A是关于城市洪水预警系统的介绍。
根据文章内容可知，该系统可以帮助城市更好地应对突发的洪水灾害，并为居民提供准确的预警信息。
在解题过程中，我们需要细致地阅读文章，注意理解各个细节和信息，并根据所给的判断句对其进行判断。
例如，题目可能会出现以下形式：“According to the passage, the flood warning system can accurately predict the occurrence of floods.（根据文章，洪水预警系统可以准确预测洪水的发生。
）”。
我们需要在文章中找到相关信息，判断该句的真实性。
2. 文章B文章B是关于乘坐飞机旅行的经济影响的一篇报告。
文章提到了飞机旅行对经济的影响和贡献，并列举了一些数据和统计数字。
在解题过程中，我们需要仔细研读文章内容，理解各个段落的主旨，并根据题干选择正确答案。
例如，题目可能会出现以下形式：“Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a positive impact of air travel on a country's economy?（下面哪项不是飞机旅行对一个国家经济的积极影响之一？）”。
我们需要根据文章内容排除选项，选择正确答案。
二、完形填空部分2013年考研英语真题的完形填空部分是一篇关于石油能源的文章。
文章主要讲述了石油能源的重要性和目前面临的困境。
在解题过程中，我们需要仔细阅读短文，理解全文的逻辑关系，并根据上下文选择正确的单词或短语填入空格中。
考研英语2013年阅读
考研英语2013年阅读在2013年的考研英语考试中，阅读理解部分的难度适中，题型涵盖了细节理解、推理判断、主旨大意和词义猜测等多种类型。
这些文章不仅考察了考生的词汇量和语法知识，还要求考生具备一定的逻辑思维和分析能力。
文章选材广泛，包括了科技、社会、文化和教育等多个领域，这要求考生在备考过程中广泛阅读，增加自己的知识储备。
例如，有一篇文章讨论了现代科技对人类生活方式的影响，文章中提到了智能手机和社交媒体的普及如何改变了人们的交流方式。
考生需要理解这些科技产品如何影响人们的日常生活，并能够从文章中提取关键信息，回答相关问题。
在推理判断题中，考生需要根据文章内容推断作者的意图、文章的隐含意义或某些细节。
这类题目要求考生不仅要理解文章的字面意思，还要能够把握文章的深层含义。
例如，有一道题目要求考生推断作者对于某个社会现象的看法，这就需要考生仔细分析文章中的论点和论据，从而得出合理的结论。
主旨大意题则要求考生把握整篇文章的中心思想。
这类题目通常要求考生从多个选项中选择一个最能概括文章主题的答案。
考生需要通读全文，理解文章的结构和逻辑关系，才能准确把握文章的主旨。
词义猜测题则是考察考生对词汇的理解和运用能力。
在这类题目中，考生需要根据上下文的语境来推测某个生词或短语的含义。
这不仅要求考生具备一定的词汇量，还要求考生能够灵活运用词汇，理解词汇在不同语境中的变化。
总的来说，2013年的考研英语阅读部分对考生的综合英语能力提出了较高的要求。
考生在备考时，除了要注重词汇和语法的学习，还应该加强阅读训练，提高自己的逻辑思维和分析能力。
通过广泛阅读不同类型的文章，考生可以增加知识面，提高对不同题材文章的理解和分析能力，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。
2013年考研英语一text
文章主题：2013年考研英语一text解析1. 考研英语一text题目回顾2013年考研英语一text题目为"The Sickening Business of Health"，文章主要讨论了医疗保健系统中存在的问题，探讨了商业化医疗对病人和医生所带来的负面影响。
2. 文章结构分析该text文章由三段组成，第一段主要引出了商业化医疗所带来的问题，第二段详细分析了商业化医疗对病人和医生的影响，第三段提出了作者对医疗保健系统的建议。
3. 语言特点分析该text文章运用了大量的修辞手法，如比喻、排比、反问等，这些修辞手法不仅增加了文章的表现力，也让文章更加生动有力。
4. 问题讨论作者在文章中主要讨论了商业化医疗对病人和医生的负面影响，如医院为了牟取利润而进行不必要的手术、药品价格虚高等问题，这些问题引起了社会的广泛关注。
5. 解决方案分析作者在最后一段提出了自己对医疗保健系统的建议，包括加强监管、减少药品价格等建议，这些解决方案，值得我们深入思考和讨论。
6. 文章意义和启示通过对该text文章的解析，我们不仅对商业化医疗的问题有了更深入的了解，也更加清晰地认识到了医疗保健系统中存在的问题和不足之处。
这对我们在未来的医疗改革中提出了许多有益的启示。
7. 个人感悟通过对该text文章的深入学习和分析，我更加意识到了商业化医疗对社会的负面影响，也对医疗保健系统的改革提出了更多的思考和建议。
希望在未来的医疗保健系统中，我们能够找到更好的解决方案，让医疗更加人性化、合理化。
8. 社会反响2013年的这篇text文章在社会上引起了强烈的反响。
人们对商业化医疗问题的关注度明显提高，各界开始就医疗改革展开讨论和建议。
一些医疗机构也受到了关注，开始认真审视医疗服务的质量和医疗成本的控制。
9. 医患关系该文中涉及的商业化医疗问题也引发了人们对医患关系的深入思考。
商业化医疗使得医生们可能面临着推荐不必要的治疗和药物，以达到提高医疗机构利润的目的。
2013考研英语阅读真题及参考答案解析
2013考研英语阅读真题及参考答案解析2013年考研英语阅读参考答案及解析Part AText 121.【答案】B (insensitivity to fashion)【解析】事实细节题。
根据题干，首先定位到首段。
由文章第一句后半句scoldsher unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her。
意思是：批评她没有魅力的助理，因为助理认为高级时尚对她的生活影响不大。
可知criticize是对scolds的同义替换，B项中的insensitivity to fashion是imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her。
的同义替换。
所以B项为正确答案。
A项在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。
C项和D项是对文章第一句的曲解。
22.【答案】D (shop for their garments more frequently)【解析】事实细节题。
根据题干，首先定位到第二段。
由倒数第二句these labels encouragestyle-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable, , and to renew their wardrobeevery few weeks。
意思是这些商标(畅销商标)促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是用完就可以丢弃的，，并且每周更新他们的衣橱。
D选项shop for their garments morefrequently的意思是更加频繁地购买服装，正好是renew their wardrobe every few weeks的同义替换。
A，B，C项均属于无中生有项。
23.【答案】A (accusation)【解析】词义题。
题干中需要猜测词义的单词出现在第二段的第一句thefeverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Clines three-year indictment of fast fashion。
2013考研英语2阅读
2013考研英语2阅读
（原创实用版）
目录
1.2013 考研英语 2 阅读概述
2.文章主题与结构
3.文章细节解析
4.文章主旨与启示
正文
一、2013 考研英语 2 阅读概述
2013 年考研英语 2 的阅读部分，主要考察了考生对英语文章的理解能力，包括对文章主题、细节和作者观点的把握。
这篇文章具有一定的难度，需要考生具备较高的英语阅读水平和理解能力。
二、文章主题与结构
文章的主题是关于公共图书馆在未来的发展趋势和所面临的挑战。
全文共分为四个部分，分别是：1) 公共图书馆的历史与现状；2) 公共图书馆所面临的挑战；3) 公共图书馆的改革与创新；4) 公共图书馆在未来的发展趋势。
三、文章细节解析
1.公共图书馆的历史与现状：文章开头简要介绍了公共图书馆的起源和发展历程，以及在现代社会中的重要性。
2.公共图书馆所面临的挑战：文章第二部分详细阐述了公共图书馆在当今社会所面临的诸多挑战，如资金不足、读者需求多样化、科技发展带来的影响等。
3.公共图书馆的改革与创新：文章第三部分探讨了公共图书馆如何应
对这些挑战，进行改革与创新，如引入新技术、提供多样化服务、与其他机构合作等。
4.公共图书馆在未来的发展趋势：文章最后一部分展望了公共图书馆在未来的发展趋势，如数字化、智能化、网络化等。
四、文章主旨与启示
通过分析这篇文章，我们可以看出公共图书馆在未来的发展将面临许多挑战，但同时也拥有巨大的发展潜力。
为了应对这些挑战，公共图书馆需要不断进行改革与创新，与时俱进，满足读者的需求。
2013年考研英语阅读
2013年Text 11---①In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.②Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.2---①This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of“fast fashion”.②In the last decades or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.③Quckier turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.④Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.⑤By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.3---①The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.②For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage,overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.4---①Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.②Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable,and wasteful,”Cline argues,Americans,she finds,buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away,this excess leads to waste.5---①Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully.②But as Cline is the first to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example,can’t be knocked off.6---①Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer.②She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.③Vanity is a constant;people will onl y start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.[A]insensitivity to fashion. [B]obsession with high fashion.[C]poor bargaining skill. [D]lack of imagination.22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to__________.[A]combat unnecessary waste.[B]shop for their garments more frequently.[C]resist the influence of advertisements.[D]shut out the feverish fashion world.23.The word“indictment”(Line 3,Para.2)is closest in meaning to__________.[A]tolerance. [B]indifference. [C]enthusiasm. [D]accusation.24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A]Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B]Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.2013年Text 21---①An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted——the trouble is,no one knows which half.②In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.③By watching what people search for,click on and say online,compa nies can aim“behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.2---①In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?②Or should they have explicit permission?3---①In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.②Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.③In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.4---①On May 31st Microsoft set off the row:It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear with Windows 8,would have DNT as a default.5---①Advertisers are horrified.②Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.③Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is off it will stay off.④Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers，says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.⑤People will not get fewer ads,he says.⑥“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.”6---①It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.②Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.③Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.7---①Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.②After all,it has an ad business too,which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.③If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.④DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8——though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google's on that count before.⑤Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer,blogge d:“we believe consumers should have more control.”⑥Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in paragraph 1 that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to__________.[A]provide better online services[B]ease competition among themselves[C]avoid complaints from consumers[D]lower their operational costs27.“The industry”(Line 6,Para.3)refers to__________.[A]internet browser developers [B]digital information analysis[C]e-commerce conductors [D]online advertisers28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default__________.[A]may cut the number of junk ads [B]fails to affect the ad industry[C]will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of__________.[A]indulgence[B]understanding [C]appreciation [D]skepticism2013年Text 31---①Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely——though by no means uniformly——glowingly positive.②Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity,leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.2---①Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change.②You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.3---①But such gloominess is misplaced.②The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years——so why shouldn’t we?③Take a broader look at ou r species’place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.④Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation o f Nature(IUCN),and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”4---①So what does our deep future hold?②A growing number of researchers and organizations are nowthinking seriously about that question.③For example,the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.5---①Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.②The potential evolution of today’s technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.③That’s one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.6---①But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.②As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.7---①This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad.②To be sure,the future is not all rosy.③But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by__________.[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment[B]our faith in science and technology[C]our awareness of potential risks[D]our belief in equal opportunity32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggest that human being are__________.[A]a sustained species [B]the world’s dominant power[C]a threaten to the environment [D]a misplaced race33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A]The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C]Technology offers solutions to social problem.[D]Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to__________.[A]adopt an optimistic view of the world[B]draw on our experience from the past[C]explore our planet’s abundant resources[D]curb our ambition to reshape history35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [B]Science,Technology and Humanity[C]Evolution of the Human Species [D]Uncertainty about Our Future2013年Text 41---①On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday---a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.②But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrati on’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.2---①In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.②The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.③Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.3---①Just ice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.②On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.4---①However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.②That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.5---①Two of the three objecting Justice---Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas---agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.②The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.6---①The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.②The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.③In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.7---①Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.②But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.③It never did so.④The adm inistration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.⑤Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkableclaim.36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they__________.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies.37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B]States’independence from federal immigration law.[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts_________.[A]violated the Constitution. [B]undermined the states’interests.[C]supported the federal statute. [D]stood in favor of the states.39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement__________[A]outweighs that held by the states. [B]is dependent on the states’support.[C]is established by federal statutes. [D]rarely goes against state laws.40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.。
2013年考研英语阅读理解背景知识
［背景知识］①The Devil Wears Prada《时尚女魔头》：2006年轰动全球的一部集“时尚、人性、幽默”于一体的美国现实主义电影。
影片中光鲜高雅到无懈可击、却也尖酸刻薄到人见人怕的时尚女王米兰达；懵懂善良聪明努力的个性女孩、刚走出校门的助理安迪，带给观众与众不同的心理感受。
Prada, Valentino，Hermes等顶级品牌的集中亮相则带给人们强烈的视觉冲击。
这部电影改编自同名畅销小说，故本文用到“电影版的《时尚女魔头》”。
②high fashion〔高级时尚〕：其特征是强调专属感和个性化。
它借助独有的设计、精确的裁剪和精细的工艺定义什ô是奢侈；它把衣物当作艺术品一般雕琢，令其美得炫目；它以高昂的价格控制产量，保证其稀缺性。
③fashion shows(时装秀)：四大时装周ÿ年一届，分为春夏〔9、10月上旬〕和秋冬〔2、3月〕两个部分。
尽管偏重风格不同〔纽约——休闲运动；伦敦——先锋前卫；米兰——时髦；巴黎——高级定制〕，但ÿ个时装周的秀场都是各大牌设计师作品的首次亮相，是时尚的前沿，指导当季服饰佩饰的流行。
④bargain bin〔打折区〕：又作bargain basement/clearancebin，最初指商家将所有过季产品或下线货品全部放入一个大箱子，以折扣价销售。
后泛指各种形式的打折品聚集区，现在往往被视为与“劣质、廉价、仿制”等相连。
［阅读技巧］①借经典电影片段开篇，无疑会带给读者具体的感受。
许多人会因对《时尚女魔头》“米兰达训斥安迪”片段中前者那消沉的语调与飞快的语速及其背后的挑剔与傲慢印象深刻，而依然清晰记得她对“时尚”的解读，故用其做引能邀读者共鸣。
②英文中介绍书籍、电影时常使用一般现在时态，以营造身临其境之感。
［注释补充］①否认词与比较级连用，表最高级之意，但起到高于直接运用最高级的强调效果。
再如：①What you say can’t be more true. = What you s ay is extremely true.你的话真的是太对了。
考研英语一2013阅读解析
考研英语一2013阅读解析一、了解考研英语一2013阅读解析的重要性考研英语一阅读部分是整个考试中至关重要的一部分，它不仅考察考生的语言能力，还考察其逻辑思维和分析能力。
因此，对2013年的阅读解析进行深入研究，有助于我们更好地掌握考试动态，提高答题速度和正确率。
二、分析文章结构及题型特点2013年的考研英语一阅读部分共有四篇文章，分别是社会科学、自然科学、人文科学和商业经济。
文章难度逐渐递增，考查了考生的各类阅读技巧。
1.社会科学：文章讲述了一个话题，如教育、政策等，考查考生对观点、事实和论证的理解。
2.自然科学：文章围绕科学发现、研究进展等展开，考查考生的科普阅读能力。
3.人文科学：文章涉及到历史、文化等方面，考查考生对作者观点和态度的理解。
4.商业经济：文章与市场经济、企业管理等有关，考查考生的商业英语阅读能力。
三、详解试题及答题技巧1.事实细节题：此类题目要求考生根据文章中的具体信息选择正确答案。
解题技巧包括定位关键词、筛选选项等。
2.推理判断题：此类题目要求考生根据文章内容和语境推断出作者的观点、态度或某人的意图。
解题技巧包括理解作者立场、分析选项等。
3.主旨大意题：此类题目要求考生理解文章的主题和结构，选出符合文章主旨的选项。
解题技巧包括把握文章脉络、分析段落主题等。
4.猜测词义题：此类题目要求考生根据上下文推测生词的意思。
解题技巧包括观察上下文、分析词根词缀等。
四、总结提高阅读理解的方法1.扩大词汇量：词汇是阅读的基础，考生需要不断积累词汇，提高自己的词汇储备。
2.提高阅读速度：阅读速度是影响答题速度的关键因素，考生需要通过大量阅读提高自己的阅读速度。
3.培养阅读策略：掌握一定的阅读策略，如寻读、略读等，有助于提高阅读效率。
4.加强语法功底：语法是英语阅读的基础，考生需要扎实的语法知识来理解长难句。
5.注重练习：多做阅读练习，总结错误原因，不断提高自己的阅读能力。
通过以上分析，我们可以看出考研英语一2013阅读解析的规律和特点。
2013考研英语一阅读
2013考研英语一阅读2013年的考研英语一阅读部分，对于许多考生来说，是一次挑战与机遇并存的体验。
这一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，从社会现象到科技发展，从文化差异到经济问题，无一不体现了出题者对于考生综合理解能力的考查。
文章的第一篇讲述了全球化背景下，不同文化之间的交流与碰撞。
作者通过一系列生动的例子，展示了文化差异如何影响人们的日常生活和商业活动。
文章强调了跨文化交流的重要性，并提出了一些有效的沟通策略，以帮助人们更好地理解和适应不同的文化环境。
第二篇文章则聚焦于科技对人类生活的影响。
文章指出，随着科技的飞速发展，人们的生活变得更加便捷，但同时也带来了一些负面影响，如隐私泄露和信息过载。
作者呼吁人们在享受科技带来的便利的同时，也要警惕其潜在的风险，并采取相应的措施来保护个人权益。
第三篇阅读材料探讨了经济危机对全球经济的影响。
文章分析了经济危机的成因，以及它对不同国家和地区经济的冲击。
作者认为，面对经济危机，各国需要加强合作，共同应对挑战，以实现经济的稳定和复苏。
最后一篇文章则关注了环境问题。
文章描述了全球气候变化的严峻形势，以及它对人类社会和自然环境的深远影响。
作者强调了采取有效措施减少温室气体排放的重要性，并提出了一些可能的解决方案，如发展可再生能源和提高能源效率。
整体来看，2013年考研英语一的阅读部分不仅考查了考生的语言能力，还考查了他们对当代社会重要问题的理解和分析能力。
这些文章的选材和内容，无疑为考生提供了一个全面了解世界的机会，同时也为他们未来的学术研究和职业发展奠定了坚实的基础。
2013年考研英语阅读 2精读精讲
2013年考研英语阅读是考研英语阅读题型中的一部分，是考研英语考试中的重要内容。
以下是关于2013年考研英语阅读的精读精讲：一、2013年考研英语阅读题型的特点1. 题型内容：2013年考研英语阅读题型内容涉及到社会、文化、科技等多个领域，涵盖面广。
2. 题目数量：2013年考研英语阅读题型的题目数量较多，需要考生花费较长的时间来解答。
3. 题目难度：2013年考研英语阅读题型的题目难度较大，需要考生具有一定的英语阅读能力和理解能力。
4. 题型要求：2013年考研英语阅读题型要求考生能够对文章内容进行深入的理解和分析，综合运用语言和逻辑推理能力。
二、2013年考研英语阅读题型的备考方法1. 夯实基础：在备考2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生首先要夯实英语语法、词汇等基础知识，扎实基础是解答阅读题的前提。
2. 阅读练习：考生在备考2013年考研英语阅读题型时，需要大量进行阅读练习，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力，同时锻炼自己的阅读技巧。
3. 分析解题技巧：考生在备考2013年考研英语阅读题型时，要重点分析解题技巧，掌握不同题型的解题方法和技巧，提高自己的解题效率和准确率。
三、2013年考研英语阅读题型的解题技巧1. 词汇理解：在解答2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生需要注重对文章中的生词和短语的理解，尤其是一些中文翻译的生僻词汇。
2. 文章结构：在解答2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生要对文章的结构和逻辑进行分析，把握文章的主题和重点。
3. 推理判断：在解答2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生需要通过文章内容进行推理和判断，提高自己的逻辑推理能力。
四、2013年考研英语阅读题型的应试策略1. 合理安排时间：在应对2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生需要合理安排时间，把握好答题的速度和节奏，确保每道题的答题时间。
2. 充分把握题意：在应对2013年考研英语阅读题型时，考生需要充分把握题意，确保自己对文章内容和题目要求的理解准确。
2013年考研英语一text4
2013年考研英语一text41. 背景介绍2013年考研英语一text4是考研英语一科的一道阅读理解题，题目涉及了当时社会上的热点话题，对考生的文学素养、阅读理解能力和对社会热点问题的认知能力都提出了一定的要求。
2. 题目内容概述该文本是一篇社会议论文，主要讨论了美国当前的就业状况以及全球化对美国就业的影响。
文章结构清晰，主要分为美国就业市场的现状、全球化对美国就业的影响以及可能的解决方案三个部分。
3. 文章分析3.1 美国就业市场的现状文章一开始通过数据统计和图表呈现了当时美国就业市场的景象，指出了面临失业困扰的年轻人和长期失业的中年人。
作者在这一部分通过数据的客观呈现，为后续的论述打下了基础。
3.2 全球化对美国就业的影响文章接着讨论了全球化对美国就业市场的影响，指出了全球化加剧了美国的就业危机，尤其是对于中低端产业的冲击。
作者通过列举事实和案例，深入剖析了全球化对美国就业的负面影响，引起读者对全球化的思考。
3.3 可能的解决方案文章提出了一些可能的解决方案，包括政府政策的调整、教育体系的改革等方面。
作者对于如何解决当前就业问题提出了一定的建议，为考生提供了一些启发和思考。
4. 阅读建议针对这篇文章，考生在阅读时应注重把握文章的主旨和脉络，对于作者的观点和论证进行分析和思考，可以帮助考生提高阅读理解能力和分析问题的能力。
5. 总结2013年考研英语一text4是一篇有关社会热点问题的议论文，对考生的文学素养、阅读理解能力以及对社会热点问题的认知能力提出了一定的要求。
通过解析这篇文章，希望能帮助考生更好地应对考研英语阅读理解的挑战。
很抱歉，我之前的回答中似乎出现了一些重复的部分。
我会在此基础上进行续写，扩展新的内容。
6. 分析深入6.1 就业市场现状的影响对于美国就业市场的现状，可以进一步分析其中所反映的问题。
这些问题不仅仅是经济层面的挑战，也涉及到社会结构、政治因素等多方面的因素。
除了失业率的上升，还需分析不同裙体的就业状况，比如青年人、妇女、少数族裔等，他们面临的挑战可能有所不同。
2013考研英语阅读
2013考研英语阅读在2013年的考研英语考试中，阅读理解部分无疑是考察考生英语能力的重要环节。
这部分不仅测试了考生对文章的理解和分析能力，还考察了他们对细节的把握和推理判断能力。
文章选材广泛，涉及社会、文化、科技等多个领域，要求考生具备较强的语言综合运用能力。
首先，考生在阅读文章时需要快速捕捉文章的主旨大意。
这通常可以通过阅读文章的首段和尾段来实现，因为这些段落往往包含了文章的核心观点。
此外，考生还应注意文章中的转折词和连接词，这些词汇往往标志着作者观点的转变或强调，对于理解文章结构和逻辑关系至关重要。
其次，细节理解是阅读理解中的关键部分。
考生需要仔细阅读文章中的每个段落，特别是那些包含数据、例子和引用的段落。
这些信息往往是题目中细节题的来源。
在解答这类题目时，考生应迅速定位到原文中的相关信息，并对比选项，找出最符合原文意思的答案。
推理判断题也是阅读理解中常见的题型。
这类题目要求考生根据文章内容进行逻辑推理，得出结论。
在解答这类题目时，考生需要避免主观臆断，而应基于文章提供的信息进行客观分析。
有时，正确答案可能并不是文章中直接给出的信息，而是需要考生通过分析和比较不同信息点来得出。
此外，考生在备考过程中还应注意提高阅读速度和理解能力。
这可以通过广泛阅读不同题材和难度的文章来实现。
同时，定期进行模拟练习也是提高应试能力的有效方法。
在模拟练习中，考生应严格按照考试时间限制来完成阅读和答题，以培养在有限时间内快速准确答题的能力。
最后，考生在考试中应保持良好的心态。
阅读理解部分虽然难度较大，但只要考生在平时的学习和练习中打下坚实的基础，考试时保持冷静和自信，就能够取得理想的成绩。
通过不断的努力和练习，考生可以提高自己的英语阅读能力，为考研英语考试的成功打下坚实的基础。
考研2013英语阅读
考研2013英语阅读考研英语阅读是考研英语考试中的重要组成部分，它不仅考察学生的词汇量和语法知识，还考察学生的阅读理解能力和逻辑分析能力。
2013年的考研英语阅读部分，相较于往年，难度有所提升，但依然遵循了一定的出题规律和技巧。
首先，2013年的考研英语阅读材料涵盖了多个领域，包括科技、社会、文化、经济等，这要求考生具备广泛的知识面和对不同话题的敏感度。
在阅读过程中，考生需要快速捕捉文章的主旨大意，理解作者的观点和态度，同时要注意文章中的细节信息，这些细节往往是解题的关键。
其次，2013年的考研英语阅读题目类型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题等。
对于细节理解题，考生需要仔细阅读文章，找到与题目相关的信息点，然后进行比较和分析，选出正确答案。
推理判断题则要求考生在理解文章的基础上，进行逻辑推理，找出作者的隐含意义。
词义猜测题则需要考生根据上下文的语境，推断生词或短语的含义。
而主旨大意题则要求考生把握文章的整体结构和中心思想，选出最能概括文章主题的选项。
在解题技巧方面，2013年的考研英语阅读同样适用一些通用的策略。
例如，考生可以采用略读和寻读相结合的方法，先快速浏览文章，把握大意，然后再根据题目要求，有针对性地寻找相关信息。
此外，考生还需要注意文章中的转折词、比较级和最高级等语言标志，这些往往预示着作者的观点转变或强调，对于理解文章和解题都有很大帮助。
最后，考生在备考2013年考研英语阅读时，应该注重平时的积累和训练。
通过大量阅读英文材料，提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力。
同时，也要不断练习历年真题，熟悉题型和出题规律，掌握解题技巧。
只有这样，才能在考试中取得理想的成绩。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年考研英语真题及解析2013年硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语⼀试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn‘t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant‘s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stor es and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn‘t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline‘s three-year indictment o f ―fast fashion‖. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don‘t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world‘s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan‘s The Omnivore‘s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,‖ Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can‘t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——includingH&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can‘t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word ―indictment‖ (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim ―behavioural‖ ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft‘s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that ―behavioural‖ ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. ―The industry‖ (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN‘s ―Red List‖ suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world‘s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet‘s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona‘s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration‘s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisio ns of Arizona‘s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to ―establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ‖and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court‘s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federa l sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately ―occupied the field‖ and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal‘s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That‘s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as ―a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power‖.The White House argued that Arizona‘s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn‘t want to carry out Congress‘s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona‘s plan wer e overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers‘ duty to withhold immigrants‘information.[B] States‘ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States‘ legitimate role in immigration enfo rcement.[D] Congress‘s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states‘ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states‘ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today‘s global challenge s including climate change,security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywor ds ―environmental changed‖ or ―climate change‖ have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whe ther the community‘s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more intoday‘s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing inhighly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamentalurges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of p eace in the midst of turbulence, a ―still point of the turning world,‖ to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one‘s relation to one‘s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn‘t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a ―liberated‖ sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In the m we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语⼀真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第⼀句提到―总体⽽⾔，当⼈们⾃⼰做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
考研英语二13年text3精讲
考研英语二13年text3精讲近几年来，考研英语二的阅读理解部分的难度逐渐增加，要求考生不仅能够理解文本表面的意思，还需要深入挖掘其中的细节和隐含信息。
为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对2013年考研英语二的第三篇阅读理解文本进行精讲，帮助考生突破考试难点。
文章主题：全球经济中的跨国公司全球化是当今世界的一大趋势，跨国公司在这一趋势下发挥着重要的作用。
这种形式的经济组织不仅能有效地整合跨国资源，还为全球经济的发展带来了巨大的推动力。
在2013年考研英语二的第三篇文章中，作者通过介绍跨国公司的发展历程和影响，为考生提供了一个全面了解这一现象的机会。
文章第一段：跨国公司的定义和特点跨国公司是指在两个或两个以上国家设立子公司或进行经营活动的企业。
这种跨国经营模式使得公司能够在不同国家的市场上进行生产和销售，大大拓展了公司的经营范围和市场份额。
文章第二段：跨国公司的发展历程在本段中，作者详细介绍了跨国公司的发展历程。
从20世纪初的国际贸易到20世纪中叶的直接外国投资，再到当前跨国公司享有的权力和地位，跨国公司的发展经历了多个阶段。
作者通过描述这一过程，突出了跨国公司的重要性和影响。
文章第三段：跨国公司的优势和挑战本段主要讨论了跨国公司的优势和面临的挑战。
跨国公司通过整合全球资源和市场，可以实现规模经济，降低成本，提高竞争力。
然而，跨国公司也面临着文化差异、法律制度复杂等挑战，需要在不同国家间平衡利益和遵守各国法律。
文章第四段：跨国公司对全球经济的影响文章最后一段讨论了跨国公司对全球经济的影响。
跨国公司的发展为全球经济带来了巨大的推动力，促进了国际贸易和技术转移。
而跨国公司也在全球范围内制定了一系列经济规则和标准，对全球经济的运行产生重要影响。
总结：通过对2013年考研英语二的第三篇阅读理解文本的精讲，我们对跨国公司的定义、发展历程、优势和挑战以及对全球经济的影响有了全面的了解。
考生在备考过程中应该注重对相关词汇的积累，同时也要注重对历史和经济方面的了解，以帮助理解和把握文章的内容。
2013考研阅读英语
2013考研阅读英语在2013年的考研英语阅读部分，考生们面临着一系列挑战，这些挑战不仅考验了他们的语言能力，还考验了他们对文章结构和内容的理解。
这一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，包括科技、文化、教育和环境等，要求考生具备较高的词汇量和快速阅读的能力。
文章的结构通常遵循传统的段落划分，每个段落都围绕着一个中心思想展开。
考生需要在有限的时间内，快速识别出每个段落的主旨，并理解作者的观点和论据。
此外，文章中常常包含一些复杂的句型和长难句，这要求考生具备较强的语法分析能力。
在阅读过程中，考生需要留意文章中的关键词和短语，这些往往是理解文章和回答问题的关键。
同时，考生还需要关注文章中的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、对比等，这些关系有助于考生把握文章的整体结构和作者的意图。
对于阅读理解部分，考生需要掌握一定的解题技巧。
例如，通过快速浏览文章的首尾段落，可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
在回答问题时，考生应仔细阅读问题，理解问题的意图，并在文章中寻找相应的信息点。
有时，问题的答案可能直接在文章中给出，而有时则需要考生进行推理和判断。
2013年的考研英语阅读部分也强调了对细节的考察。
考生需要在阅读时留意文章中的具体数据、例子和引用，这些细节信息往往是回答问题的关键。
同时，考生还需要具备一定的推理能力，能够根据文章提供的信息，推断出作者未明确表述的观点或结论。
总的来说，2013年的考研英语阅读部分要求考生具备全面的阅读技能，包括快速阅读、理解主旨、分析细节和推理判断等。
通过有效的阅读策略和解题技巧，考生可以在这一部分取得优异的成绩。
英语考研阅读2013
英语考研阅读2013英语考研阅读在2013年的考试中占据了相当重要的地位，它不仅测试了考生的词汇量和语法知识，更重要的是考查了考生的阅读理解能力和逻辑分析能力。
这一年的考研英语阅读部分，题型设计巧妙，内容覆盖广泛，对考生的综合英语应用能力提出了较高的要求。
首先，2013年的考研英语阅读部分包含了四篇阅读理解文章，每篇文章后面都附有五道选择题。
这些文章选材丰富，涉及了社会科学、自然科学、人文历史等多个领域，要求考生不仅要有广泛的知识面，还要能够快速捕捉文章的主旨和细节信息。
在阅读理解的题型设计上，2013年的考研英语阅读包含了细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题等多种类型。
这些题目要求考生不仅要能够理解文章的字面意思，还要能够根据上下文进行逻辑推理，甚至需要对文章的深层含义进行分析。
例如，在一篇关于社会心理学的文章中，考生需要理解作者对于某个社会现象的分析，并根据文章内容推断出作者的观点和态度。
这不仅要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力，还要求考生能够准确把握文章的逻辑结构和作者的写作意图。
此外，2013年的考研英语阅读还特别强调了对考生词汇量的考查。
文章中出现了大量的专业术语和生僻词汇，这要求考生在平时的学习中不断积累词汇，提高自己的词汇量。
同时，这也提醒考生在备考过程中要注重词汇的学习和记忆，以便在考试中能够迅速识别和理解这些词汇。
在备考2013年的考研英语阅读时，考生应该注重以下几个方面：首先，要广泛阅读，增加自己的知识面和词汇量；其次，要通过大量的练习来提高自己的阅读理解能力，特别是对于长难句和复杂结构的理解；再次，要培养自己的逻辑推理能力，学会从文章中提取关键信息并进行分析；最后，要注重时间管理，因为在考试中时间是非常宝贵的资源。
总的来说，2013年的考研英语阅读是对考生英语综合应用能力的一次全面考查。
通过这一年的考试，考生不仅能够检验自己的英语水平，还能够发现自己在英语学习中的不足，为今后的学习提供方向。
2013年英语二第三篇阅读第一题
2013年英语二第三篇阅读第一题
摘要：
，然后根据撰写一篇文章。
1.引言
2.2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题的背景和重要性
3.解答该题目的关键点和策略
4.总结和建议
正文：
【引言】
2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题是一个具有挑战性的题目，要求考生具备扎实的英语基础知识和阅读理解能力。
通过解答这个问题，考生可以检验自己的英语水平，并为提高自己的英语能力找到方向。
【2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题的背景和重要性】
2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题是针对英语阅读理解部分的一个问题，旨在测试考生对英语文章的综合理解能力。
解答这个问题对于考生在英语考试中取得好成绩具有重要意义，因为它可以帮助考生熟悉考试题型，了解出题者的思路，从而更好地应对类似的题目。
【解答该题目的关键点和策略】
要解答2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题，考生需要掌握以下关键点和策略：
1.仔细阅读题目和文章，理解题目要求。
2.分析文章结构，找出关键信息。
3.根据题目要求，对关键信息进行整合和归纳。
4.注意审题，确保答案符合题目要求。
【总结和建议】
总之，2013 年英语二第三篇阅读第一题是一个有难度的题目，需要考生具备较强的英语阅读理解能力。
要解答这个问题，考生需要认真审题，仔细阅读文章，并运用一定的解题策略。
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［背景知识］①The Devil Wears Prada《时尚女魔头》：2006年轰动全球的一部集“时尚、人性、幽默”于一体的美国现实主义电影。
影片中光鲜高雅到无懈可击、却也尖酸刻薄到人见人怕的时尚女王米兰达；懵懂善良聪明努力的个性女孩、刚走出校门的助理安迪，带给观众与众不同的心理感受。
Pr ada, Valentino，Hermes等顶级品牌的集中亮相则带给人们强烈的视觉冲击。
这部电影改编自同名畅销小说，故本文用到“电影版的《时尚女魔头》”。
②high fashion（高级时尚）：其特征是强调专属感和个性化。
它借助独有的设计、精确的裁剪和精细的工艺定义什ô是奢侈；它把衣物当作艺术品一般雕琢，令其美得炫目；它以高昂的价格控制产量，保证其稀缺性。
③fashion shows(时装秀)：四大时装周ÿ年一届，分为春夏（9、10月上旬）和秋冬（2、3月）两个部分。
尽管偏重风格不同（纽约——休闲运动；伦敦——先锋前卫；米兰——时髦；巴黎——高级定制），但ÿ个时装周的秀场都是各大牌设计师作品的首次亮相，是时尚的前沿，指导当季服饰佩饰的流行。
④bargain bin（打折区）：又作bargain basement/clearance bin，最初指商家将所有过季产品或下线货品全部放入一个大箱子，以折扣价销售。
后泛指各种形式的打折品汇集区，现在往往被视为与“劣质、廉价、仿制”等相连。
［阅读技巧］①借经典电影片段开篇，无疑会带给读者具体的感受。
许多人会因对《时尚女魔头》“米兰达训斥安迪”片段中前者那低沉的语调与飞快的语速及其背后的挑剔与傲慢印象深刻，而依然清晰记得她对“时尚”的解读，故用其做引能邀读者共鸣。
②英文中介绍书籍、电影时常使用一般现在时态，以营造身临其境之感。
［注释补充］①否定词与比较级连用，表最高级之意，但起到高于直接运用最高级的强调效果。
再如：①What you say can’t be more true. = What you say i s extremely true.你的话真的是太对了。
②His words can’t be less convincing. = His words are least convincing. 他的话不具备哪怕是一点点说服力。
②fashion/ trend / style 三词在文中虽均指向“流行”，但侧重点略有不同：①fashion意为the business or study of making and selling cl othes, shoes etc in new and changing styles，侧重“时装业，时尚业”，如：fashion world, fashion business, fashion shows, fashion maga zine, fashion models；②style意为a particular design or fashion for something such as clothes, hair，侧重“具体的设计，款式”,如：modern style, traditional style；③trend 意为a general direction in which fashion is changing or developing，侧重“流行趋势”，如：recent trend, new trend, emerging trend。
［背景知识］①fast fashion（快时尚）: 当代时尚零售商将T台上最时尚的设计以最快的速度制造并铺货到卖场的一种销售模式，其基本理念是：将“秀场服饰”快速变成“卖场服装”，它让主流消费群体在紧追流行的同时以十分低廉的价格购买流行服装。
Zara是这次服饰革命的先行者，它基本上成了快时尚的代名词。
在一些人看来，快时尚在某种程度上等同于一次性时尚，制造着畸形的消费文化，逆环保潮流而动，早该终结。
②three-year indictment of fast fashion:为完成《着装过度》一书，克莱恩进行了为期三年的调查研究，包括：跟踪整个服装生产线，到快速时尚零售店进行实地调查，跟踪网络用户对自己购物体验的吹嘘等。
③快时尚品牌鼓励消费的主要方式：①以各种手段唤起年轻人的爱美之心或虚荣心；②通过减少产品数量造成消费者心理上的“饥渴”，即所ν的“限量版的挑逗”；③宣扬只要佩戴一件奢侈品，哪怕全身上下都是便宜货也无妨，从而使得便宜不再是时尚禁忌。
［注释补充］无灵主语+拟人转义动词：英语中常用此搭配使静止的事物带有动态的人格，从而使得句子言约义丰，新颖别致。
本段②句采用这一“移人于物”使得句子生动传意：无生命的volumes (大量订单) 替代“因追逐利润而过度利用自然资源的商家”做主语；strain 意为to stretch to limit, to t ry to make sth do more than it is able to do“过度使用，使不堪承受”，此处为“拟人转义”。
再如：①Peace brings prosperity.和平带来繁荣。
②Laziness and negl igence lost him his job.懒惰和粗心使他丢掉了工作。
③Every day se es the company’s flourishing. 这家公司在日益繁荣。
［背景知识］①consumer activists（消费者活跃分子）：他们往往认为消费大众对自己的消费习惯和生活方式不善思考，无视自己购物行为的社会影响和道德意义，因此试图通过探究产品来源的道德性，提升消费者的集体意识改变消费者文化，从而使产品和服务更安全，更优质，更环保。
他们甚至倡导回归原始朴素的生活方式，远离工业化，过起男耕女织的生活。
其“尊重自然，爱惜自然、保护自然”的观点唤醒了大众对自身生活方式的审视，但其“回归自然”的倡导则往往会被认作是对公众“选择自由”的限制，对社会进步的抵制、是无法实现的理想主义。
②The Omnivore’s Dilemma (《杂食者的困境》)：作者迈克尔·普兰调查了人类社会获得食物的四种基本方式（目前的工业化农业系统，大型有机农业运作，本地自给自足的小农场及原始的狩猎采集），告知读者对食物的选择如何影响我们的身体和地球，并指出自然界的规律同人类工业社会之间存在根本ì盾。
作者甚至认为，“食物”一词只应用于指那些自然纯粹的、新鲜的食物，“加工食品”不能算作食物。
③give away (捐赠)：在美国，ÿ逢换季都是衣服捐赠的高峰。
在捐赠点，不要的衣服满满当当地塞在捐赠者的后备箱里，里面不乏标签都û剪掉的裙子、夹克、牛仔裤……。
不能否认的是，在“某人正好需要自己用不着的衣物”的美好愿望里还掺杂着“我又可以买新衣填衣橱了”的窃喜。
［注释补充］argue（to state, giving clear reasons, that something is true）：英文文章中常用于引出他人观点，带有观点持有者强烈的感情色彩：认为自己观点言之凿凿，确可信据。
因此，文章往往会在用其引出观点之前先用偏重介绍的文字作铺垫（如第二段），或在引出观点之后进行补充说明，提供支撑（如第四段）。
但是，该词的“铿锵有力”不能用于判断文章作者的态度，作者大都会在后文对该观点提出质疑（如本文，2010-Text3等）。
［注释补充］①be it...or...：一种表示让步的虚拟倒装结构，句中作用相当于whether引导的让步状语从句。
它既可λ于句首，也可λ于句末或穿插句中。
可用于此结构的不仅有it,其他人称代词或名词亦可。
又如：The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite sm oothly.ÿ天的生意，无论是售货还是运货，都在顺利进行。
②consumer/customer：细心的读者可发现，第二、第四段一直在用consumer一词，第六段却用customer称呼基本相同的群体。
有此用词变化的原因在于：consumer(a person who acquires goods and services for hi s or her own personal needs, used especially when you’re talking about people’s rights“消费者”)指购买并最终使用某产品/服务的人，侧重消费者“获得产品用于满足个人需求”以及“具有（知晓产品来源、影响等）权利”；它与producer（生产者）对应，是市场营销的对象。
customer（a general word, anyone who buys something from a parti cular shop“顾客”）则指商店等具体的服务对象，与shop/store等对应，展现的是“直接的购买行为”，它是一个非常笼统的词，指一切购买东西的人。
故第二段中用consumer一词来展现“大众品牌”对“消费者”的大力诱导；第四段中用其表明消费者积极分子“对产品来源的探究”以及“改变消费者意识、甚至使其回归自制、回归天然”的欲望；而本段转为customer一词意在展现克莱恩眼中应对快时尚的简单、直接的方式——人们全都放弃对快时尚店的光顾。
③green Conscious Collection line：H&M的绿色时装系列，尝试使用可回收利用的材质生产服装。
［背景知识］“behavioural” ads（“行为”广告）：为了定λ广告，对消费者的在线活动进行追踪的做法。
试图将产品或服务覆盖至最恰当观众的广告商认为，根据观察到的用户在线行为和兴趣对用户投放广告的方式是成功的。
事实上，以这种方式定λ的广告，在转换率和知名度方面，其效果是一般定λ广告的三至五倍。
若是相关机构通过立法严格限制在线行为广告的使用，将可能大大降低这一广告形式对广告商的影响力。
［背景知识］①Do Not Track（DNT，禁止追踪）之背景：当用户使用任何浏览器访问网站时，会自动向该网站提供一些信息，如 Cookie、IP 地址及其他标准计算机信息。
如果网站中包含由第三方网站提供的内容（例如地图、广告，W eb 信号或脚本等），用户信息则可能会自动发送给内容提供商。
这虽便于用户访问第三方内容，但同时（必将）给用户隐私造成影响，因为这些内容提供商可能跟踪用户对多个网站的访问。
当浏览器中的DNT功能启用时，将向用户访问的网站及在这些网站上托管内容的第三方发送DNT请求，以此通知这些网站“你”不希望被跟踪。