中山大学妇产科学2019年考博真题试卷

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2019年广东中山大学医学综合考研真题解析版

2019年广东中山大学医学综合考研真题法医学综合：一、名词解释（共10题，每题6分）1．心脏指数2．冈崎片段3．动脉瘤4．炎症介质5．猝死6．根本死因7．诈病8．重伤9．等位墓因10．SNP二、简答题（共6题，每题15分）1．胃酸有哪些生理作用?2．体内酶活性的调节受到哪些因素的影响?3．简述组织坏疽的种类、发病机理及其病理改变．4．心脏传导系统有哪些结构组成?5．如何进行新鲜骨折与陈旧骨折的鉴别诊断?6．人类基因组有哪几种遗传方式?三、问答题（共9题，选答6题，每题25分）1．在动物实验中，夹闭一侧颈总动脉后，动脉血压有何变化?为什么?2．以操纵子为例，说明原核生物是如何利用顺式作用元件和反式作用因子相互作用来调控墓因表达的。

3．肝硬化所致门脉高压症的表现有哪些?4．在大地震等灾难事件中，如何通过法医学检验进行死者身份识别?5．在心性猝死中，以哪种心脏疾病为主?有何依据?6．对于外伤性失血性休克失代偿期，如何进行法医学认定?7．在活体损伤鉴定过程中，如何处理损伤与疾病的关系?8．试述目前亲子鉴定的判定标准及其主要理由。

9．试述X染色体和Y染色体上的STR基因座的特点及其在法医学工作中的应用。

生物医学综合：一、名词解释（每题7分；共84分）1．生理性止血2．心脏指数3．肺活量4．肾小球滤过率5．P/O比值6．脂肪动员7．冈崎片段8．启动子9．线粒体嵴10．细胞骨架11．常染色质12．转分化二、简答题（每题10分；共90分）1．胃酸有哪些生理作用?2．影响能量代谢的主要因素有哪些?3．感受器的一般生理特性是什么?4．体内酶活性的调节受到哪些因素的影响?5．简述磷酸戊糖途径的调节因素和生理意义。

6．简述原癌基因活化的机制有哪些?7．高尔基复合体各部分结构的功能是什么?8．溶酶体的生理功能主要有哪些?9．简述细胞减数分裂的生物学意义。

三、问答题，21分/题，（9题选6题作答。

请在试卷上勾出所选题号，答题超过6题的按得分低的题目计分），共126分。

2019年中山大学护理专业考研真题+答案

2019年中山大学护理专业考研真题1.在临床工作中，最常见的医院感染传播途径是A. 医务人员的手B.器械传播C.空气传播D.飞沫传播E.接触传播(以下病例为2～3题共用)患儿男，3岁，腹痛3小时入院，经检查后诊断为：胃肠痉挛。

2.以下适宜该患儿的治疗是A.湿热敷B.热水袋外敷C.冰袋外敷D.烤灯照射E.冷湿敷3.使用该治疗方法时，温度应为A.0℃B.10CC.30℃D.50℃E.60℃4.临床上用乙醇作为消毒剂浓度不能超过80%的主要原因是A.乙醇杀菌需要一定量的水分B.可减轻对人体呼吸道的刺激C.增加其化学稳定性D.避免过敏E.减少挥发5.患者男，30岁，入院诊断急性非淋巴细胞白血病，口腔评估见其左侧颊粘膜有3mm×3mm溃烂。

以下最适合该患者的口腔护理液是A.甲硝唑B.生理盐水C.过氧化氢D.碳酸氢钠E.硼酸溶液6.给患者留置导尿管前，需要彻底清洁外阴的目的是A.防止污染导尿管B.使患者舒适C.便于固定导尿管D.清洁并减少会阴部病原微生物E.防止污染导尿的无菌物品7.给尿潴留患者首次导尿时，放出的尿量不应超过A.300mlB.500mlC.1000mlD.1500mlE.2000ml(以下病例为8～9题共用)患者，男，76岁，糖尿病。

护士拟用Norton压疮风险评估表对患者的皮肤情况进行评估。

8.该评估表的内容不包括A.精神状态B.营养状况C.灵活程度D.活动能力E. 失禁情况9.当评估得分是以下哪个数值时，患者容易发生压疮A. ≤12B. ≤14C.≤16D.≤18E.≤2010.在为患者吸痰的操作中，以下手法不正确的是A.接电源、接管道、试机B.零负压插管至需要吸痰处C.左右旋转、边吸边退管并观察D.先冲管，然后关机，最后撤管E.每次吸引时间起码15秒以上(以下病例为11～12题共用)护理查房时，患者：“昨天半夜我觉得肚子闷闷痛，胀胀的，难受得睡不着觉..….…”，护士；“你刚才说你半夜感到肚子痛和胀胀的，是吗？”患者：“是的.....”。

中山大学2042生物化学2019年考博真题试卷

中山大学医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生学考试试题
考试科目：2042生物化学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释
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1. PC 2. 模体 3. Kin of 酶 cy 4. TCGA 5. transma 6. Gpcr 7. Emsa 8. Sh2结构域 9. mrna编辑 10. The cancer genome altas 二、简答题 1. 红细胞氧化还原机制 2. 阻塞性黄疸，尿胆素尿胆原减少、尿胆红素升高 3. 生即化，化即生，生化即化生，新后陈，陈后新，新陈恒代谢含义 4. 细胞焦亡，列举2条信号通路 5. X染色体，上调不影响，下调表达减少，敲除细胞死亡，试述突变对其影响 6. 断裂基因，意义三、论述题 1. 为什么说地中海贫血的患者是有患者死亡，但他却使所有人免受疟疾？ 2. DNA中有很多回文序列和发夹结构？他们的生物学特征是什么。举3个例子并说明他们的生物学
作用。 3. HPV2008年获得诺贝尔奖。请论述HPV导致宫颈癌的发病机制。 4. 真核生物的基因表达调控是怎样的。请分层叙述。
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2019妇产科考试试题及答案 DOC 文档

2019年妇产科第四季度三基考试试题一、选择题（共30题，每题2分，共60分）1、急性心肌梗死最突出的症状A、休克B、心前区疼痛C、心率失常D、充血性心力衰竭E、胃肠道症状2、急性心肌梗死常见的死亡原因A、心源性休克B、心力衰竭C、严重心率异常D、电解质紊乱E、发热3、下列哪项不是心绞痛的疼痛特点A、阵发性前胸、胸骨后部痛B、劳动或情绪激动时发作C、可放射至心前区与左上肢D、持续时间长，像针刺刀扎样痛E、持续数分钟为压榨性疼痛。

4、最常见的咯血原因是A、支气管扩张B、慢性支气管炎C、肺结核D、支气管肺癌E、风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄5、下列哪种病人临床上不出现发绀A、急性肺炎B、慢性阻塞性肺气肿C、自发性气胸D、严重贫血E、右心衰6、肝性脑病早期病人头痛、烦躁、失眠时可用的镇静药为A、巴比妥类药B、奋乃静或10%水合氯醛C、地西泮D、艾司唑仑E、安眠酮7、消化道出血应用三强气囊管压迫止血，放气的时间是术后A、12小时B、24小时C、48小时D、72小时E、96小时8、肝硬化腹水产生的机制不包括A、门脉内压增高B、血清白蛋白减少C肾小球滤过减少D、醛固酮分泌增多E、脾功能亢进9、肝硬化出现腹水血浆白蛋白应低于A、30g/LB、25 g/LC、50g/LD、27g/LE、40g/L10、胃溃疡疼痛规律为A、进食--缓解B、进食--疼痛C、疼痛--进食--缓解D、进食--缓解--疼痛E、进食--疼痛--缓解11、胃肠消化功能障碍大便为A、大便糊状、灰色且带油彩B、大便次数多量少，带粘液或脓血C、糊状带泡沫便，深褐色有恶臭D、便中大量粘液E、大便次数少，量多，稀薄而臭。

12、过敏性紫癜与血小板减少性紫癜的主要区别A、毛细血管脆性实验阳性B、紫癜呈对称分布C、血小板正常D、下肢皮肤有紫癜E、有过敏史13、再生障碍性贫血引起贫血的最主要的原因是什么A、造血原料缺乏B、无效性红细胞生产C、红细胞破坏过多D、骨髓造血功能低下E、失血14、再生障碍性贫血应选用A、铁剂B、叶酸C、丙酸睾酮D、硫酸亚铁E、维生素B615、巨幼细胞性贫血应选用A、叶酸、维生素B12B、促红细胞生成素C、硫酸亚铁D、雄激素E、丙酸睾酮16诊断原发性甲状腺功能减退症最敏感的实验是A、基础代谢率测定B、血清胆固醇测定C、红细胞三碘甲状腺原氨酸摄取实验D、甲状腺E、血清促甲状腺激素测定17、糖尿病膳食治疗的目的是A、调整膳食中糖的供给量B、减轻胰岛细胞的负担C、纠正糖代谢紊乱D、降低血糖E、控制体重18、甲亢治疗方法中，哪种最易引起甲状腺功能减退A、甲流嘧啶B、甲流咪唑C、放射性碘131D、手术切除甲状腺E、碘剂19、目前糖尿病主要死亡原因A、心血管并发症B、糖尿病酮症酸中毒C、神经病变D、高渗性非酮症糖尿病昏迷E、感染20、下列哪项不是甲亢的临床表现A、骨痛B、大便次数增加或腹泻C、周围血管征D、月经量增多E、肌肉萎缩21、尿毒症最常见的病因A、高血压病B、慢性肾小球肾炎C、慢性肾盂肾炎D、肾动脉硬化E、红斑狼疮性肾炎22、导致成人肾性高血压最常见的疾病A、肾动脉缩窄B、慢性肾盂肾炎C、急性肾小球肾炎D、肾动脉硬化E、慢性肾炎23、代谢性酸中毒的临床表现A、呼吸快而浅B、呼吸慢而浅C、尿液呈碱性D、钾离子进入细胞内E、呼吸深而快24、破伤风最早发生的强直性痉挛的肌群是A、咽肌B、面肌C、咀嚼肌D、颈背肌E、腹肌25、甲状腺次全切除术并发甲状腺危象常发生于术后A、4小时B、5-6小时C、7-10小时D、12-36小时E、48-72小时26、开颅术后继发颅内出血的观察内容不包括A、头痛B、呕吐C、生命体征D、肢体活动E、尿量27、急性枕骨大孔疝早起表现为A、意识障碍B、呼吸和循环衰竭C、瞳孔散大D、肢体瘫痪E、头痛呕吐28、急性脓胸最常见且难治性的致病菌是A、肺炎链球菌B、链球菌C、葡萄球菌D、大肠埃希菌E、铜绿假单胞菌29、肾结核最常见的症状A、肾积水B、尿频C、肾区疼痛D、潮热、盗汗E、贫血30、骨盆骨折最常见的并发症为A、尿道损伤B、膀胱破裂C、血管损伤D、直肠损伤E、脾脏破裂二、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1、风湿性心脏病是指急性风湿性心脏炎所遗留的心脏瓣膜病变，临床上常以（）最为常见。

积年各校考博妇产科真题

2011年华科同济医院妇产科专业考博试题一名词解释1.cephalopelvic disproportion, CPD2.luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, LUFS3.twin to twin transfusion syndrome, TTTS4.atupical squamous cell of undetermined significance, ASCUS5.vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, VAIN6.胎心力基线7.侵蚀性葡萄胎8.种植前遗传学诊断9.卵巢早衰 10.假绝经疗法二问答题 1.影响产程的因素有哪些？ 2.子宫肌瘤的变性及其治疗。

选答题：妇科：1.围绝经期症状及治疗。

2.子宫内膜异位症的诊断及鉴别。

妇瘤：1.宫颈癌的筛查。

2.子宫内膜癌的治疗方案。

生殖医学与计划生育：1.不孕的病因。

2.激素避孕的机制和禁忌症。

围产期医学：1.产后出血 2.名词解释：胎粪吸入综合症、风疹综合征、鳞状细胞癌抗原、细胞合体膜、足月前胎膜早破、先天性肾上腺功能发育不全、简答：1.常见的阴道流血原因；2.女性体内雄激素的来源、雄激素的临床意义；3.子宫内膜异位症的预防、论述：1.低促性素行闭经和高促性素行闭经见于哪些疾病如何鉴别；2.子宫内膜癌的治疗、进展；3.子宫颈癌的同步放化疗的理论基础和临床意义；4.药物对胚胎、胎儿、新生儿的作用2007年华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试妇产科学专业试题一、名词解释（首先英汉互译，然后解释。

）1.primodial follicle2.hyperemesis gravidarum3.premature rupture of membrane4.cervical erosion5.nonhormonal contraception6.胎儿窘迫7.经前期综合征8.卵巢瘤样病变9.宫颈上皮内瘤样病变 10.体外受精与胚胎移植二、问答题1、如何诊断输卵管妊娠及其处理原则2、产后出血的病因及预防计生与不孕:3、激素避孕的禁忌症 4、输卵管性不孕的原因及处理围产:3.常见胎儿畸形的类型？如何降低畸形儿的出生率？4.前置胎盘的分类及处理？妇瘤:3.宫颈癌发病相关因素及预防 4.卵巢交界性肿瘤的临床和病理特点华中科技大学同济医学院2005年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题一．名词解释（先中英互译，再用中文解释。

中山大学人体解剖学A2019(2039)年考博真题试卷

（5）腹腔探查时，发现胆囊极度膨大，并触及许多结石，用一手指插入网膜孔，触摸胆总管中的结石。简述围成网膜孔（Winslow孔）的结构及结构内走形的血管。
（6）在切口关闭之前，认为有必要留置腹腔引流管，以便发现从缝合的残余部分或从意外损伤的胆管系统中漏出的胆汁。其引流最合适的部位位于何处？
（7）与肋弓平行的泪下切口作分层缝合，术后第一天允许病人起床，第三天去除引流管（无胆汁泄露），第10天病人出院。由于切口的位置和方向，病人在愈合后可能发生什么情况？
（3）损伤后分别可能出现的临床症状
3. 患者女，46岁，酒店服务员。因剧烈腹痛、恶心、呕吐2天而急症入院，诉5年来在饱食后有类似发作时。患者中度肥胖，有2个子女。剧烈而持续性锐痛始于上腹部，并围绕胸部向两侧放射，至两侧肩胛骨的下方，继而疼痛局限于右季肋部。触诊时右季肋部有明显压痛，腹肌略紧张。在不用造影剂的X线片中，胆囊区显示大量结石，但无黄疸。请回答以下士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学A（2039）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题 6选5 每题20分
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1. 一名25岁的妇女分娩已经持续了24h，阴道外口可见胎儿的头部。产科医生考虑胎儿头部过大极有可能发生会阴撕裂，决定性会阴斜向侧切以扩大产道下口。切开前进行阴部神经阻滞麻醉减轻疼痛。请问其中：
（1）阴部神经阻滞麻醉的的体位和骨性标志是什么？
（2）阴部神经的起源、走形和其分支的分部？
（3）在行外科切开时，哪些会阴结构可能被切开？
（4）如果会阴严重撕裂，哪些结构会损伤？
2. 上肢骨折再临床中经常遇到，请问其中：

医学考博2019真题

Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。

考研真题——2019中山大学真题(下)

考研真题——2019中山大学真题（下）2019中山大学真题（下）41.尿毒症最早出现的症状是A.心血管系统症状B.胃肠道症状C.血液系统症状D.呼吸系统症状E. 神经精神和肌肉系统症状42.护士对维持性血液透析患者进行健康教育时，下列内容正确的是A.优质低蛋白饮食B.多食蘑菇、橘子等食物C.尽可能多卧床休息D. 每日饮水量为透析脱水量E.每天定时测量体重43.关于溶血性贫血的骨髓象描述正确的是A.骨髓增生低下B.粒细胞明显减少C.非造血细胞比例明显增多D.可见大量中幼和晚幼红细胞E.三系细胞均有不同程度减少44.下列符合重型再障患者的骨髓象的描述是A. 细胞核发育晚于细胞质B.骨髓增生活跃C.红系增生为主D.可见大量巨核细胞E.粒、红细胞均明显减少45.下列关于血友病的说法正确的是A.皮下软组织及肌肉出血最为常见B.血友病A 是缺乏凝血因子 FIXC.血友病B病情较重D.血友病为常染色体遗传性疾病E.关节腔出血是导致病人死亡的主要原因46.非APL 急性髓细胞性白血病的诱导缓解化疗方案常用A. DNR+ Ara-CB.DNR+VCR+L-ASP+PC. ATRAD. HD MTXE. HD Ara-C47.患者女，40岁，因“纳差、乏力、毛发脱落1年，胸闷1月”就诊。

实验室检查结果示TSH升高，T3、T4降低。

下列针对该患者的护理措施中错误的是A.定时复查甲状腺功能，根据检查结果按医嘱调整药量B.高蛋白、高维生素、低钠、低脂肪饮食C.指导病人避免进食含碘丰富的海带、紫菜等食物D.适当锻炼，注意防寒保暖，避免感冒E.指导患者多食用新鲜蔬菜，养成规律排便的习惯48.患者女，28岁，因“肥胖、月经不规则1年”就诊。

CT结果示垂体肿物。

诊断为Cushing综合征。

针对该患者的饮食护理错误的是A.低钠B.低钾C.低碳水化合物D. 高蛋白E.高钙49.患者女，51岁。

因“多饮、多食、消瘦6个月，双足烫伤2周”就诊。

2019年中山大学大学博士研究生考试英语真题

中山大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced[B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when itwas first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’products, and started designing,_______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across the road whenthey get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge_____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___ Shanghai iswell on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of[D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the fact that thosecomponents are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%, which _____a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a general practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times of prosperity,and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before l ong.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helpedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism of automobile came in a discussion of human environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do w ith his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a soc iety that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsible for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.31. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.32. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.33. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.34. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become less dependent upontheir cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.35. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPassage TwoQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they won’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs.Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited th e genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pig broker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice cha ncellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreement with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check w ith FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any circumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.36. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm37. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat38. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty39. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness40. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the o ffspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。

中山大学医学院妇产科及儿科复试历年试题

妇产科学（一）名词解释1.紧急避孕2.卵巢功能早衰3.葡萄胎4.子宫肌瘤红色变性5.子宫胎盘卒中6.药物性卵巢切除7.早产8.A-S 反应9.asherman 综合征10.FGR11.PGD12.种植窗13.胎盘剥离征象（二）简答题1.如何诊断胎膜早破？2.自然流产的病因？3.压力性尿失禁的检查方法4.异位妊娠药物治疗指征5.子宫内膜异位症的临床表现？6.孕激素的作用7.输卵管妊娠的保守化疗指证？8.早产的危险因素9.子宫肌瘤手术适应证10.围绝经期的激素水平变化11.影响子宫内膜癌的预后因素？12.人工流产的并发症13.Apgar评分内容14.宫颈癌的转移途径？15.卵巢功能的检查办法16.葡萄胎恶变的危险因素17.输卵管妊娠药物治疗适应证18.胎盘早剥的原因（三）论述题1.阴道流血的原因2.子宫肌瘤的治疗原则？3.产后出血的处理原则及步骤4.绝经期综合征的临床表现5.卵巢功能检查有哪些及各自的意义？6.腹腔镜手术治疗的适应证和禁忌证7.无排卵性功血的治疗方法及适应证8.妊娠期糖尿病对母体、胎儿及新生儿的影响？（四）翻译题1.英译中一篇关于子宫内膜异位症的英语短文，100字左右2.中译英关于自然流产及难免流产诊断标准的中文，100字左右2018年中山大学第一附属医院妇产科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.TTTS2.OHSS3.凶险性前置胎盘4.Ashermen综合征5.产后出血（二）简答题1.卵巢肿瘤的并发症2.盆腔炎性疾病的诊断标准3.胎盘剥离的征象4.绝经期的内分泌变化5.胚胎着床的条件（三）问答题1.继发性闭经的原因2.妊娠期糖尿病对产妇，胚胎，新生儿的影响3.多囊卵巢综合症的内分泌变化和病理生理（四）翻译题1.英译中（1）有关膀胱癌切除手术（2）有关妊娠期糖尿病2.中译英不孕症及辅助生殖技术2018年中山大学第二附属医院妇产科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.DUB2.TTTS2.种植窗4.子宫胎盘卒中5.肾上腺功能初现（二）简答题1.产前诊断适应证2.绒毛膜羊膜炎诊断3.孕激素实验的意义4.移形层柱状上皮鳞状上皮化机制5.子宫内膜异位症不孕机制（三）论述题1.宫颈癌手术治疗2.胎膜早破辅助检查3.合并羊膜腔感染检查（四）翻译（英译中）1.流产类型和难免流产诊断2.月经激素的相互作用2018年中山大学第三附属医院妇产科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.压力性尿失禁2.抗磷脂抗体综合征3.amniotic fluid embolismplete breech presentation5.missed abortion（二）简答题1.早产的诊断和预测2.剖宫产瘢痕妊娠的诊断和治疗3.葡萄胎的随访4.卵巢未成熟畸胎瘤的治疗策略（三）论述题1.胎儿生长受限的分类和临床表现2.子宫内膜癌的可能病因和保留生育功能的适应证（四）翻译（中译英）1.胎盘植入2.产褥感染3.子宫腺肌症4.细菌性阴道病5.卵泡过度刺激征2017中山大学附属第二医院妇产科复试笔试题（一）名词解释1.早产2.卵巢功能早衰（英文）3.子宫肌瘤红色变性4.葡萄胎（二）简答题1.葡萄胎恶变的危险因素2.孕激素的作用3.子宫肌瘤手术适应证4.早产的危险因素（三）论述题1.阴道流血的疾病2.绝经期综合征的临床表现（四）翻译1.英译中：卵巢过度刺激综合征、宫颈的作用、宫颈癌根治术2.中译英：对于分化差、腹水及腹腔冲洗液中查到癌细胞的，必须进行全面手术分期；对于35岁以上的妇女，必须在月经周期第三天监测fsh水平，如果大于25U/L就提示卵巢早衰可能2015年中山大学第一附属医院妇产科复试真题（一）名词解释1.FGR2.PGD3.asherman综合征4.S反应5.子宫胎盘卒中（二）简答题1.围绝经期激素水平变化2.异位妊娠药物治疗指征3.Apgar评分内容4.人工流产的并发症5.胎盘剥离征象（三）论述题1.阴道流血的原因2.产后出血的处理原则及步骤3.腹腔镜诊断及治疗的适应证及禁忌证（四）翻译子宫内膜异位症和细胞因子2010年中山大学妇产试题（一）名词解释1.药物性卵巢切除2.原发性闭经3.卵巢黄素化囊肿4.胎儿生长受限5.子宫胎盘卒中（二）问答题1.影响子宫内膜癌预后的因素2.宫颈癌的转移途径3.内异症的临床表现4.自然流产的病因5.宫外孕的化疗指征6.胎膜早破的诊断（三）论述题1.卵巢功能的检查方法及其意义2.子宫肌瘤的处理原则3.GDM对孕妇胎儿新生儿的危害（四）翻译题1.英译中内异症相关的2.中译英流产、早期流产、晚期流产的定义等2000年中山大学医学院硕士妇产科试题（一）名词解释1.Invasive mole2.晚期产后出血3.经前期紧张综合症4.性交后试验5.前不均倾位（二）问答题1.子痫的处理2.新生儿窒息的临床表现和诊断3.急性盆腔炎的治疗措施4.垂体性闭经的原因及检查5.试述宫颈原位癌的病理、临床表现及治疗儿科学（一）名词解释1.高危儿2.肋骨串珠3.新生儿持续肺动脉高压4.疱疹性咽峡炎5.类白血病反应6.气道重塑7.生长迟缓8.reye 综合征9.cerebral palsy10.congenital adrenal hyperplasia11.somony现象（二）简答题1.川崎病的诊断标准2.采集肺结核患儿病史要点3.先天性免疫缺陷患儿共同的临床特点问答题4.简述腹泻的主要治疗措施5.惊厥的病因分类6.麻疹的出疹顺序7.潜伏性结核的诊断要点8.黄疸患儿换血的好处9.与哮喘相鉴别的疾病有哪些10.如何鉴别肾小球性血尿与非肾小球性血尿11.糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗12.何为高危型急性淋巴细胞白血病13.新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的病因14.新生儿窒息的并发症15.解释新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的发绀、吸气性三凹征、呼气性哮鸣音、鼻煽的病因（三）论述题1.急性感染性喉炎的处理2.论述支原体肺炎临床特征3.儿童生长发育规律4.病毒性心肌炎的诊断标准5.儿童白血病的种类6.新生儿坏死性结肠肠炎病因及发病机制7.结核菌素实验的操作方法、部位以及结果判断8.足月新生儿与早产儿的外观区别9.能引起小细胞低色素性贫血的疾病有哪些，论述小细胞低色素贫血形成的机制2018年中山大学儿科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.X染色体相关性谷丙球蛋白缺乏症2.无症状性肾炎3.类白细胞反应(英文)4.SIADH（抗利尿激素分泌异常综合症）5.生长迟缓（二）简答题1.房间隔缺损的病理生理学2.急性肾衰的少尿期的治疗3.除Vd缺乏外，还有什么可以导致佝偻病4.变异性哮喘的诊断标准5.换血治疗的指标和血源的选择（三）论述题1.重型急性淋巴细胞性白血病的诊断标准2.肺炎性脑病的治疗2017年中山大学儿科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.脑瘫（英文）2.新生儿持续肺动脉高压3.类白细胞反应4.先天性肾上腺皮质增生（英文）5.肋骨串珠（二）简答1.惊厥的病因分类2.如何鉴别肾小球性血尿与非肾小球性血尿?3.川崎病的诊断标准4.新生儿窒息的并发症5.小儿急性腹泻的治疗（三）论述题1.正常足月儿与早产儿的区别2.结核菌素实验的方法、部位及结果判断（四）翻译1.英译中：关于低血糖2.中译英：关于地中海贫血2017年中山大学附属第三医院儿科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.Febrile seizure2.小于胎龄儿（二）简答题1.法洛四联症的主要畸形和治疗原则2.风湿热的活动性指标3.肾病综合征的并发症4.生长发育的规律5.化脓性脑膜炎的并发症（三）论述题1.缺铁性贫血的实验室指标2.光疗的并发症和换血疗法的使用指征3.肺炎合并中毒性脑膜炎的诊断标准和治疗原则（四）翻译1.英译中：急性呼吸衰竭2.中译英：过敏型哮喘2016中山大学附属第二医院皮肤科复试考题（一）名词解释1.特应性皮炎2.苔藓样变3.窗口期4.ssss（二）简答题1.白癜风的病因2.寻常型银屑病的临表和分期3.硬下苷和软下苷鉴别4.湿疹性药疹临表5.外用药的治疗原则（三）论述题1.天疱疮和类天疱疮的鉴别2.覃性肉芽肿临表和病理（四）翻译题1.英译中关于天疱疮的糖皮质激素2.中译英瘙痒带状疱疹后神经痛2015年中山大学附属第二医院儿科学复试真题（一）名词解释1.高危儿2.生长迟缓3.疱疹性咽峡炎4.气道重塑5.reye综合征（二）简答题1.ITP的治疗2.潜伏性结核的诊断要点3.糖尿病酮症酸中毒的治疗4.川崎病的诊断标准5.心力衰竭的诊断6.何为高危型急性淋巴细胞白血病7.鉴别肾小球源性血尿和非肾小球源性8.支气管玢岩的临床表现和诊断治疗（三）论述题1.急性感染性喉炎的处理2.新生儿坏死性结肠肠炎病因及发病机制3.病毒性心肌炎的诊断标准（四）翻译1.英译中：生长激素缺乏症2.英译中：手足口病2013年中山大学附属第一医院儿科学复试真题（一）简答题1.黄疸患儿换血的好处2.与哮喘相鉴别的疾病有哪些3.somogyi现象4.麻疹的出疹顺序5.采集肺结核患儿病史要点6.先天性免疫缺陷患儿共同的临床特点7.新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的病因8.解释新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的发绀.吸气性三凹征.呼气性哮鸣音.鼻煽的病因（二）论述题1.论述支原体肺炎临床特征2.儿童白血病的种类3.儿童生长发育规律4.能引起小细胞低色素性贫血的疾病有哪些，论述小细胞低色素贫血形成的机制。

历年各校考博妇产科真题

IVF-ET K T GO 4. 蔣性程度fl勺谨牠现S. 继发性闭细怖咎1 , 1W 咎宫内-特百4S 域直眉蕖豆2- 子宫J1H勵EU坎.酬些t当况.』左供鶴锤墜诃f准円一简述缄癌化疔粹葩扌旨征呈什么论述=1. 柄例f略、丸#5M各毂如何册胃［目生嗣”吕fl）L3W 2, 产航T逢賂T 3, Eh ria -1, Ifti借壬5. HELJ.-P£$-^-41E簷=麻籲傑粗疗F产的除理及注赣卒项简述羊水栓空的先希連竺理福咎如娠加临每朋病Ml发汕钏.計刑■. 貓例 c >2-试诬子舲iMH田的苗疔轅点2011年华科同济医院妇产科专业考博试题一名词解释1. cephalopelvic disproportion, CPD2.lu teinized unruptured follicle syndrome, LUFS3. twin to twin transfusion syndrome, TTTS4. atupical squamous cell of undetermined significance, ASCUS5. vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, VAIN6. 胎心力基线7.侵蚀性葡萄胎8.种植前遗传学诊断9.卵巢早衰10.假绝经疗法二问答题1.影响产程的因素有哪些？ 2.子宫肌瘤的变性及其治疗。

选答题：妇科：1.围绝经期症状及治疗。

2.子宫内膜异位症的诊断及鉴别。

妇瘤：1.宫颈癌的筛查。

2. 子宫内膜癌的治疗方案。

生殖医学与计划生育：1.不孕的病因。

2. 激素避孕的机制和禁忌症。

围产期医学：1.产后出血 2.名词解释：胎粪吸入综合症、风疹综合征、鳞状细胞癌抗原、细胞合体膜、足月前胎膜早破、先天性肾上腺功能发育不全、简答：1.常见的阴道流血原因；2. 女性体内雄激素的来源、雄激素的临床意义；3. 子宫内膜异位症的预防、论述：1.低促性素行闭经和高促性素行闭经见于哪些疾病如何鉴别；2. 子宫内膜癌的治疗、进展；3.子宫颈癌的同步放化疗的理论基础和临床意义；4. 药物对胚胎、胎儿、新生儿的作用2007年华中科技大学博士研究生入学考试妇产科学专业试题一、名词解释（首先英汉互译，然后解释。

中山大学肿瘤学2019年考博真题试卷

中山学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、必答题
1、简述局限性小细胞肺癌的治疗策略。
2、错配修复基因和微卫星不稳定性的意义。
3、免疫检查点的意义。
4、简述寡转移的定义。
二、选答题
1、MR在加速器中的优势
2、简述高LET射线的生物学特点。
3、肿瘤免疫治疗有哪些方法?
4、PD1/PDL1通路中的疗效预测指标。
5、肿瘤综合性治疗的定义和基本原则。
6、简述局限期小细胞肺癌的治疗的策略。
7、直肠癌TME的手术原则

2019年妇产科学(副高)历年真题精选

2019年妇产科学(副高)历年真题精选[单项选择题]1、发生下壁心肌梗死时出现V导联R波增高，最可能的原因为A.右束支阻滞B.右心室肥厚C.正常变异D.后壁心肌梗死E.预激综合征参考答案：D[单项选择题]2、外伤后腰痛伴脊柱畸形的疾病是A.佝偻病B.脊椎退行性变C.脊椎结核D.强直性脊柱炎E.脊椎压缩性骨折参考答案：E[单项选择题]3、关于妊娠时限，以下错误的是A.妊娠不足28周终止者称流产B.妊娠14周以前的流产称早期流产C.妊娠28周至不足37周分娩为早产D.妊娠达到或超过42周尚未分娩者称过期妊娠E.妊娠37周至不足42周为足月妊娠参考答案：B参考解析：妊娠12周前的流产，称早期流产[单项选择题]4、38岁，初次妊娠，孕16周出现口渴，24周糖筛查，血糖值为10.5mmol/L。

病人需要进一步检查A.尿糖检测B.空腹血糖C.OGTTD.尿酮体E.羊水穿刺参考答案：C[单项选择题]5、葡萄胎随访的主要目的是A.指导避孕B.盆腔检查C.及早发现妊娠D.指导下一步妊娠E.早期发现及治疗滋养细胞肿瘤参考答案：E参考解析：葡萄胎清宫后术后每周一次直至hCG正常连续3次，以后每月一次持续至少6个月，此后每半年一次，共随访1～2年。

[多项选择题]6、剖宫产切口裂开出血的特点是A.无痛性B.突然发生C.大量出血D.可以反复发生E.患者多合并贫血和休克参考答案：A,B,C,D,E[多项选择题]7、关于子宫肌瘤，下列哪些说法正确A.往往在绝经后有所缩小B.是妇女最常见的良性肿瘤C.可能与雌激素有关D.肉瘤变较多见E.一般不引起症状而在盆腔检查时被发现参考答案：A,B,C,E[材料题]8、二十六岁初产妇，妊娠38周，规律宫缩8小时，宫口开大3cm，未破膜，枕左前位，估计胎儿体重2505g，胎心148次／分，骨盆外测量未见异常。

[子母单选]1.此时诊断应是A.足月妊娠，潜伏期延长B.足月妊娠，正常产程C.足月妊娠，活跃期停滞D.足月妊娠，第一产程延长E.足月妊娠，第二产程延长参考答案：B[子母单选]2.若观察2小时，宫口由3cm开达4cm，此时恰当处理应是A.立即剖宫产术B.严密观察，等待自然分娩C.人工破膜D.静脉滴注缩宫素E.以上都不是参考答案：C[子母单选]3.若破膜后宫缩转弱，产程进展已19小时，宫口仅开大5cm，此时恰当处理应是A.肌注麦角新碱加强宫缩B.静滴葡萄糖液内加维生素C.静注地西泮加速产程进展D.静脉滴注缩宫素E.立即剖宫产参考答案：D[子母单选]4.若宫口已开全2小时尚未分娩，胎心音168次／分，先露s=+4，此时处理应是A.肌注哌替啶100mgB.静滴葡萄糖液内加维生素CC.静脉滴注缩宫素D.会阴侧切，产钳助娩E.立即剖宫产参考答案：D•参考解析：1.足月妊娠是指孕37足周到不足12周，患者孕38周，故是足月妊娠。

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1.Poi dor Pof含义
2.子宫肌瘤用
3.gnrh指证
4.胎儿非整倍体产前筛查
四、论述题
1.子宫内膜异位症合并不孕的因素
2.葡萄胎后滋养细胞疾病的诊断
3.子闲前期的预测和预防
五、病例分析题
停经51天hcg6000多，b超提示宫外孕，双侧卵巢囊肿，后手术，术中没看见异常，只剥了右侧囊肿，术后查hcg 10000,mtx保守治疗，复查hcg23333，查b超提示右侧附件宫外孕约7周，胚胎存活，问诊断鉴别诊断，治疗方案？
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：妇产科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（30个）
二、名词解释
1.席汉综合征
2.前置胎盘/植入
3.绝经过ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้期
4.TORCH综合症
5.卵泡募集
三、简答题