生物化学【英文】
生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter1英
Through biochemical research, people can understand the basic processes and mechanisms of organisms, explore the mechanisms of disease occurrence and development, and provide scientific basis for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Biochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that aims to reveal the chemical essence behind life phenomena.
Definition of Biochemistry
Biochemistry helps to increase crop yield and improve quality in agriculture, and contributes to the development of nutritious, safe, and reliable new types of food in the food industry.
Large molecules in living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, all have carbon as their core.
Carbon atoms can form complex network structures through covalent bonds, which endow biomolecules with high diversity and stability.
生物化学英文词汇
生物化学词汇VOL.1tabun 塔崩，二甲氨基氰磷酸乙酯[有机磷毒物] tachykinin 速激肽tachysterol 速固醇，速甾醇tacrine 塔克林tag 标记（物），标志；尾（端）tagatose 塔格糖tagging 标记tail 尾（部）；[噬菌体]尾部tail growth 尾增长[如用于描述聚合酶作用机理]tail tube [噬菌体]尾管tailing 加尾tailing peak 拖尾峰tailpoxin 泰攀蛇毒素talin 踝蛋白[膜下的一种细胞骨架蛋白，见于粘着斑] talopeptide 端肽talose 塔罗糖tamoxifen 三苯氧胺tandem enzyme 串联酶[同一多肽具有不同的酶活性] tannase 鞣酸酶tannin 鞣质，单宁tannin red 鞣红taq DNA ligase taq DNA连接酶targeted 定向的targeted toxin 导向毒素targeting sequencing 前导序列，导向序列targeting signal 引导信号，导向信号tautomerism 互变异构tautomerization 互变异构化tautomycin 互变霉素taxis 趋（向）性taxol 红豆杉醇，紫杉酚taxon 分类单位，分类群tectivirus 复层病毒[一类噬菌体]tektin 筑丝蛋白[与中间丝相类似的一种可形成丝状聚体的蛋白]telecrine 远距分泌，远程分泌teleocidin 杀鱼菌素teliospore 冬孢子telomerase 端粒（末端转移）酶telomere 端粒telopeptide 端肽telophase 末期telosynapsis 对端联会tenascin 腱生蛋白，肌腱蛋白[由星形细胞合成并释放，可调节细胞的形态]tendo 腱tenericute 无壁（细）菌[缺乏胞壁的细菌]teniposide 表鬼臼毒噻吩糖苷tensin 张力蛋白[可维持微丝锚着点的张力]tenuin 细丝蛋白，细棒蛋白[一种肌肉蛋白]tenuivirus 细病毒组[一组植物病毒，模式成员是水稻条叶枯病毒]teratocarcinoma 畸胎癌[恶性的畸胎癌]teratogen 致畸剂teratoma 畸胎瘤[由来自内胚层，中胚层和外胚层的混合组织组成的良性肿瘤]terminalization （末）端化terminase 末端酶[如见于λ噬菌体，可切除cos位点] terminator 终止子；终止剂terminus 末端terpene 萜terpenoid 类萜，萜类化合物terrace 平台testa 种皮testosterone 睾酮tetanolysin 破伤风（菌）溶血（毒）素tetanospasmin 破伤风（菌）痉挛（毒）素tetrads 四联球菌[四个球菌作正方形排列] tetraethylammonium 四乙铵tetrahydrobiopterin 四氢生物蝶呤tetrahydrofolate 四氢叶酸；四氢叶酸盐、酯、根tetrahydrofuran 四氢呋喃tetrahydroisoquinoline 四氢异喹啉tetrahymena 四膜虫属tetraiodothyronine 四碘甲状腺原氨酸，甲状腺素tetramer 四聚体tetramethylsilane 四甲基硅烷tetraphenylphosphonium 四苯金粦tetraploid 四倍体tetraploidy 四倍性tetrasaccharide 四糖tetrasome 四体(染色体)生物tetrasomy 四体性tetraspore 四分孢子tetravirus 四病毒tetrazole 四唑[在DNA合成反应作为缩合剂]tetrodotoxin （河）豚毒素texas Red [商]德克萨斯红[Molecular Probe公司生物学燃料的商标，是磺基罗丹明101的两种单磺酰氯衍生物的混合物] thalassemia 地中海贫血，珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血thallophyte 原植体植物thallospore 体裂孢子，无梗孢子thallus [真菌]菌体thapsigargin 毒胡萝卜素，毒胡萝卜内酯thaumatin 奇（异果）甜蛋白[在热带灌木奇异果的果实中法线的一种甜蛋白]thelykaryon 雌核thelyplasm 雌质thelytoky 产雌孤雌生殖theoflavin 茶黄素[茶中的多元酚氧化产物]theophylline 茶碱，1,3-二甲基黄嘌呤thermolysin 嗜热菌蛋白酶thermophile 嗜热生物thermophilic 嗜热的，耐热的thermus aquaticus 粞热水生菌thevetin 黄花夹竹桃苷thiaole 噻唑thienamycin 噻烯霉素thigmotaxis 趋触性thioesterase 硫酯酶thioglucosidase 硫葡糖苷酶thiokinase 硫激酶thiolase 硫解酶thiolutin 硫藤黄素thionin 硫素[一类富含Cys的植物抗病蛋白] thionine 硫堇thiophene 噻吩thiophenol 苯硫酚thioredoxin 硫氧还蛋白thiosemicarbazide 氨基硫脲thiosemicarbazone 缩氨基硫脲thiostrepton 硫链丝菌肽thiouracil 硫尿嘧啶thoracic duct 胸导管thrombin 凝血酶thrombocytasthenia 血小板无力症thrombocytopathy 血小板病thrombocytopenia 血小板减少thrombocytosis 血小板增多thromboglobulin 血小板球蛋白thrombolytics 溶栓剂thrombomodulin 凝血调节蛋白，（血）栓调（节）蛋白[内皮细胞的膜蛋白，凝血酶的受体]thromboplastin 促凝血酶原激酶thromboplastinogen 促凝血酶原激酶原thrombopoiesis 血小板生成thrombopoietin 血小板生成素thrombospondin 血小板反应蛋白[一种可接受促分裂原刺激的钙结合糖蛋白，对血栓块有稳thrombosthenin 血栓收缩蛋白thromboxane 凝血烷，血栓烷thuricin 苏云金菌素thylakoid 类囊体thymic 胸腺的thymidine 胸（腺嘧啶脱氧核）苷thymidylate 胸苷酸thymine 胸苷嘧啶thymocrescin 胸苷促生长素thymocyte 胸腺细胞thymolphthalein 百里酚酞，麝香草酚酞thymolsulfonphthalein 百里酚蓝，麝香草酚蓝thymopoietin 胸腺（细胞）生成素thymosin 胸腺素thymulin 胸腺（九）肽[胸腺上皮细胞分泌的一种金属肽激素] thynnin 鲔精蛋白thyroglobulin 甲状腺球蛋白thyroliberin 促甲状腺素释放素thyromodulin 促甲状腺素调节素[可调节促甲状腺素的释放] thyronine 甲状腺原氨酸thyrotrophin 促甲状腺素thyrotropin 促甲状腺素thyroxine 甲状腺素ti plasmid Ti质粒，根瘤诱导质粒titin 肌联蛋白，粗丝联接蛋白tobamovirus 烟草花叶病毒组tobramycin 妥布拉霉素tobravirus 烟草脆裂病毒组tocopherol 生育酚toeprinting 趾纹法togavirus 披膜病毒toleragen 耐受原tomatidine 番茄碱，番茄苷配基tomatine 番茄苷tombusvirus 番茄丛矮病毒组tomography 断层照相tomoscan 断层扫描tonoplast 液泡形成体，液泡膜topoisomerase 拓扑异构酶totipotency [分化]全能性totipotent cell 全能细胞totivirus 全病毒toxemia 毒血症toxicosozin 抗毒防卫素toxoid 类毒素toyocamycin 丰加霉素trachea 气管tracheid 管胞[见于植物]track [电泳]泳道tract 段，片，（序列）段，序列（片）trans effect 反位效应trans elimination 反式消除transacetylase 转乙酰（基）酶transacetylation 转乙酰（基）作用transacylase 转酰（基）酶transacylation 转酰基作用transaldolase 转酰酶transaminase 转氨酶transamination 转氨基作用，氨基交换transcarbamylase 转氨甲酰（基）酶transcarbocylase 转羧（基）酶transcobalamin 钴胺传递蛋白transcortin 运皮质（激）素蛋白，皮质（激）素运载蛋白transcribed spacer （可）转录间隔区transcript 转录物transcriptase 转录酶transcription 转录transcytosed protein 胞转蛋白transcytosis 胞（吞）转（运作用），转胞吞（作用）transcytotic vesicle 胞转小泡transdeamination 联合脱氨（基）作用transdetermination 转决（定）transdifferentiation 转分化transducer 转导物，转导器，转导蛋白transducin 转导素[一种可激活cGMP特异性磷酸二酯酶的G蛋白]transductant 转导子，转导体transduction 转导[以病毒为媒介的基因转移]；[信号]转导，转换，传导transesterification 转酯（作用），酯基转移（作用），酯交换（作用）transfectant 转染子transfection 转染[通过病毒核酸进入细胞而实现的遗传转化] transfectoma 转染瘤transfer cell 传递细胞[见于植物]transfer DNA 转化DNA[Ti质粒上能转移至植物基因组的DNA] transferase 转移酶transferon 转移决定子[决定某一蛋白从一个区室转移到另一个区室的序列要素]transferrin 运铁蛋白transformant 转化体transformation 转化transframe protein 跨读框蛋白（质）transgene 转基因[整合到转基因动植物基因组中的外源基因] transgenic 转基因的transgenics 转基因学transgenome 转移基因组transglycosylase 转糖基酶，转糖苷酶transglycosylation 转糖基作用，转糖苷作用transgressive 超亲的transhydrogenase 转氢酶transhydroxylation 转羟基（作用），羟基转移transhydroxylmethylase 转羟甲基酶transillumination 透照，透射transilluminator 透照仪，透射仪transition （碱基）转换；过度；跃迁transketolase 转酮酶translation 翻译；平移translation hop 翻译跳步[翻译时越过某些密码子] translational intron 翻译内含子[翻译过程中被绕过的mRNA 部分编码序列]translocation 运输，转运；易位，转位translocator 转运蛋白translocon 易位子transmembrane 跨膜的transmissible 可传递的（遗传）的transmitter 递质transpeptidase 转肽基酶transpeptidation 转肽作用transpeptidylase 转肽基酶transpeptidylation 转肽基作用transpiration 蒸腾作用transporter 转运蛋白，运载蛋白transposable 转座的transposase 转座酶transposition 转座（作用）transpositional 转座的transposon 转座子transsulfation 转磺基作用，转硫磺酸基作用transthyretin 运甲状腺素蛋白，甲状腺素运载蛋白transversion （碱基）颠换trasylol [商]胰Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂[Bayer公司商标] traumatin 愈伤激素，创伤激素trehalase 海藻糖酶trehalose 海藻糖treponema 密螺旋体属triacetin 三乙酰甘油酯trichoderma 木霉菌属trichodermin 木霉菌素trichome （细菌）毛状体trichomycin 抗滴虫霉素，曲古霉素trichophyton 毛癣菌属trichoplusia ni 粉纹夜蛾trichosanthin 天花粉蛋白trichothecin 单端孢菌素trimethoprim 三甲氧苄二氨嘧啶[抗代谢物，二氢叶酸类似物] triskelion 三脚蛋白体，三脚蛋白复合体[网格蛋白由三条重链和三条轻链组成，在电镜下呈现特殊的三脚形]trisome 三体（染色体）生物trisomy 三体性tristearin 三硬脂酰甘油酯triterpene 三萜triton [商]曲通，非离子型去污剂tropane 托烷trophoblast 滋养层trophonucleus 滋养核tropocollagen 原胶原tropoelastin 原弹性蛋白tropomodulin 原肌球调节蛋白【可与原肌球蛋白结合】tropomyosin 原肌球蛋白troponin 肌钙蛋白truffles 块菌[一类真菌]trypan blue 台盼蓝，锥虫蓝trypanosome 锥虫trypsin 胰蛋白酶trypsinization 胰蛋白酶消化trypsinogen 胰蛋白酶原tryptamine 色胺tryptone 胰（蛋白酶）化（酪）蛋白胨tryptophyllin 色氨肽tubercidin 杀结核菌素tuberculin 结核菌素tubocurarine 筒箭毒，管箭毒碱，箭毒块茎碱tubulin 微管蛋白tumoricidal 杀肿瘤的tumorigenesis 致瘤，肿瘤发生tumorigenicity 致瘤性tunicamycin 衣霉素tunicate 被囊动物turanose 松二糖tween [商]吐温[ICI Americas公司商标，非离子型去污剂] twichin 颤搐蛋白[一种肌肉蛋白，具有调节肌肉收缩的功能] tygon [商]聚乙烯[Norton公司商标]tylophora alkaloid 娃儿藤属生物碱tylophorine 娃儿藤碱tylophorine alkaloid 娃儿藤属生物碱tylosin 泰乐菌素tymovirus 芜菁黄花叶病毒组tyndallization 间歇灭菌（法）tyramine 酪胺tyrocidine 短杆菌酪肽tyrosinase 酪氨酸酶tyrothricin 短杆菌素，混合短杆菌肽tyrotoxin 酪毒素，氢氧化偶氮苯tyrphostin 酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂tyvelose 泰威糖，3,6-二脱氧甘露糖。
生物化学原理课件(英文)：Chapter32 Nucleotide Metabolism
Why does UMP Cure Orotic Aciduria?
Carbamoyl Phosphate
X Orotate UMP Synthetase
Disease (-UMP)
– No UMP/excess orotate
Feedback Inhibition
☺Disease (+UMP)
Purines are synthesized on the Ribose ring
The metabolic origin of the nine atoms in the purine ring system
Many Steps Require an Activated Ribose Sugar (PRPP)
Catalyzes conversion of NDP to dNDP Highly regulated enzyme Regulates the level of cellular dNTPs Activated prior to DNA synthesis Controlled by feedback inhibition
The synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP
Salvage Pathway for Purines
Hypoxanthine
or
+ PRPP = IMP or GMP + PPi
Guanine
(HGPRTase)
Adenine + PRPP = AMP + PPi
(APRTase)
de novo Pathway
Salvage Pathway
De novo Synthesis Committed step: This is the point of no return
生物化学名词解释
绪论1.生物化学（biochemistry）：从分子水平来研究生物体（包括人类、动物、植物和微生物内基本物质的化学组成、结构，以及在生命活动中这些物质所进行的化学变化（即代谢反应）的规律及其与生理功能关系的一门科学，是一门生物学与化学相结合的基础学科。
2.新陈代谢（metabolism）：生物体与外界环境进行有规律的物质交换，称为新陈代谢。
通过新陈代谢为生命活动提供所需的能量，更新体内基本物质的化学组成，这是生命现象的基本特征，是揭示生命现象本质的重要环节。
3.分子生物学（molecular biology）：分子生物学是现代生物学的带头学科，它主要研究遗传的分子基础（分子遗传学），生物大分子的结构与功能和生物大分子的人工设计与合成，以及生物膜的结构与功能等。
4.药学生物化学：是研究与药学科学相关的生物化学理论、原理与技术，及其在药物研究、药品生产、药物质量控制与药品临床中应用的基础学科。
第一章糖的化学1．糖基化工程：通过人为的操作（包括增加、删除或调整）蛋白质上的寡糖链，使之产生合适的糖型，从而达到有目的地改变糖蛋白的生物学功能。
2．单糖（monosaccharide）：凡不能被水解成更小分子的糖称为单糖。
单糖是糖类中最简单的一种,是组成糖类物质的基本结构单位。
3．多糖（polysaccharide）：由许多单糖分子缩合而成的长链结构，分子量都很大，在水中不能成真溶液，有的成胶体溶液，有的不溶于水,均无甜味,也无还原性。
4．寡糖（oligosaccharide）：是由单糖缩合而成的短链结构（一般含2~6个单糖分子）。
5．结合糖（glycoconjugate）：也称糖复合物或复合糖，是指糖和蛋白质、脂质等非糖物质结合的复合分子。
6．同聚多糖（homopolysaccharide）：也称为均一多糖,由一种单糖缩合而成，如淀粉、糖原、纤维素、戊糖胶、木糖胶、阿拉伯糖胶、几丁质等。
7．杂多糖（heteropolysaccharide）：也称为不均一多糖，由不同类型的单糖缩合而成,如肝素、透明质酸和许多来源于植物中的多糖如波叶大黄多糖、当归多糖、茶叶多糖等。
(完整版)生物化学专业英语单词
单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体Tetrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素Insulin 胰岛素第八章fatty acid 脂肪酸hydrocarbon 烃、碳氢化合物carboxylic acid 羧酸Unsaturated 不饱和的Triacylglycerol 三酰甘油Acetyl 乙酰基Thioester 硫酯Carnitine 肉(毒)碱Hydration 水合作用Thiolysis 硫解Consume 消耗ketone bodies 酮体acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸D-3-hydroxybutyrate D-3-羟基丁酸Acetone 丙酮diabetes 糖尿病toxic 有毒的lethal 致命的multifunctional 多功能的malonyl 丙二酰基carboxylation 羧化condensation 缩合acetoacetyl 乙酰乙酰基hydroxybutyryl 羟丁酰基crotonyl 丁烯酰基butyryl 丁酰基hydrolyzation 水解作用palmitoyl 软脂酰基palmitate 软脂酸lipoproteins 脂蛋白globular 球状的micelle 胶束、微囊第九章Respiration 呼吸作用citric acid cycle 柠檬酸循环、三羧酸循环concomitant 伴随的isocitrate 异柠檬酸酸盐α-ketoglutarate α-酮戊二酸succinate 琥珀酸盐succinyl 琥珀酰基fumarate 延胡索酸盐malate 苹果酸盐oxaloacetate 草酰乙酸盐cytochrome 细胞色素oxidase 氧化酶reductase 还原酶Rotatory 旋转的engine 发动机第十章Nitrogen 氮Diet 常吃的食物Erythrose 赤藓糖Ribose 核糖Transamination 转氨基作用Deamination 脱氨基作用Transdeamination 联合脱氨基作用Ammonia 氨Excrete 排泄Aquatic 水生uric acid 尿酸terrestrial 陆生的reptile 爬行动物urea 尿素vertebrates 脊椎动物ornithine 鸟氨酸arginine 精氨酸citrullin 瓜氨酸permanently 不变地。
生物化学(Biochemistry)是研究生命化学的科学.
如催产素（9肽）、加压素（9肽）、促肾上腺皮 质激素（39肽）、促甲状腺素释放激素（3肽）。
• 神经肽主要与神经信号转导作用相关，包括脑啡 肽（5肽）、-内啡肽（31肽）、强啡肽（17肽） 等。
垂体后叶分泌的激素如催产素和加压素
缬氨酸 valine
Val V 5.96
亮氨酸 leucine Leu L 5.98
异亮氨酸 isoleucine Ile I 6.02
苯丙氨酸 phenylalanine Phe F 5.48
脯氨酸 proline
Pro P 6.30
2. 极性中性氨基酸
色氨酸 tryptophan Trp W 5.89
二硫键
胱氨酸
苯丙氨酸Phe、酪氨酸Tyr 和色氨酸Trp
＊蛋白质分子中Phe, Tyr和Trp残基的存在使得
蛋白质在近紫外区(220-300nm)有特征性吸收
• 苯丙氨酸的max＝257nm • 酪氨酸的max＝275nm • 色氨酸的max＝280nm
（二）氨基酸的理化性质
1. 两性解离及等电点
H2O2
2GSH
GSH过氧 化物酶
NADP+
GSH还原酶
2H2O
GSSG
NADPH+H+
GSH上的氢，在谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的催化下，能还原细胞 内产生的H2O2，使其变成H2O，同时GSH成为氧化型即GSSG，后者 又在谷胱甘肽还原酶催化下，再生成GSH。
因此，GSH是细胞内十分重要的还原剂。
2. 多肽类激素及神经肽
2. 每 隔 3.6 个 氨 基 酸 残 基 上 升一圈，螺距为0.54nm。
生物化学英文课件Chapter5 Properties of Enzymes
5.1 The six classes of enzymes
➢ Nomenclature Suffix –ase Common name Systematic name
习惯用名 乙醇脱氢酶 谷丙转氨酶 (GPT) 过氧化物酶
系统命名 乙醇∶NAD+氧化还原酶 丙氨酸∶α-酮戊二酸氨基转移酶 H2O2∶邻甲氧基酚氧化酶
No
Class
1
Oxidoreductase
2
Transferase
Types of reaction
AH2+B A+BH2 AR+B A+BR
Enzyme 脱氢酶、氧化酶、 过氧化物酶、加氧酶
谷丙转氨酶、已糖激酶
3
Hydrolase
4
Lyase
5
Isomerase
6 Ligase（Synthetase)
10
2. Transferases
• Catalyze group transfer reactions
11
3. Hydrolases
• Catalyze hydrolysis reactions where water is the acceptor of the transferred group
12
4. Lyases
• Catalyze lysis of a substrate, generating a double bond in a nonhydrolytic, nonoxidative elimination (Synthases catalyze the addition to a double bond, the reverse reaction of a lyase)
（完整版）生物化学专业英语单词
（完整版）生物化学专业英语单词单词表第一章Prokaryote 原核生物Eukaryote 真核生物fractionation 分级、分馏biomolecule 生物分子organism 生物体、有机体membrane 膜nucleus 细胞核cocci 球菌bacilli 杆菌spirilla 螺旋菌Eubacteria 真细菌Archaebacteria 原细菌Gram-positive 革兰氏阳性菌Gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性菌Cyanobacteria 蓝细菌Plasma 细胞浆Mesosome 间体Nuleoid 拟核Sytosol 细胞质、原生质Bilayer 双分子层（膜）Protein 蛋白质Lipid 脂类Carbohydrate 糖类、碳水化合物osmotic pressure 渗透压Peptidoglycan 肽聚糖Subcellular 亚细胞的Ganelle 细胞器Genetic 遗传的Chromosome 染色体ribosomal ribonucleic acid rRNA Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网Phospholipid 磷脂Detoxification 解毒Golgi apparatus 高尔基体Refresh 更新Mitochondria 线粒体oxidative phosphorylation 氧化磷酸化fatty acid 脂肪酸degradation 降解Chloroplasts 叶绿体thylakoid vesicles 类囊体photosynthesis 光合作用Lysosomes 溶酶体Macromolecule 大分子Enzyme 酶Cytoskeleton 细胞支架Metabolic 新陈代谢的Centrifugation 离心Isolate 分离Equilibrium 平衡Density 密度Friction 摩擦力Velocity 速率Supernatant 上清夜Pellet 沉淀第二章Amino acid 氨基酸Enantiomers 对映体T etrahedral 正四面体的Hydrophobic 疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic 脂肪族的Aromatic 芳香族的Polar 极性的Charged 带电荷的Glycine Gly,甘氨酸alanine Ala,丙氨酸valine Val,缬氨酸leucine Leu,亮氨酸isoleucine Ile,异亮氨酸methionine Met,甲硫氨酸proline Pro,脯氨酸cystine Cys,半胱氨酸Phenylalanine Phe,苯丙氨酸Tyrosine Tyr,酪氨酸Tryptophan Trp,色氨酸Asparagines Asn, 天冬酰胺Glutamine Gln,谷氨酰胺Serine Ser,丝氨酸Threonine Thr,苏氨酸Varginine Arg, 精氨酸Lysine Lys,赖氨酸Histidine His,组氨酸aspartic acid Asp,天冬氨酸glutamic acid Glu,谷氨酸base 碱carboxyl 羧基isoelectric point 等电点positive 正的、阳性的negative 负的、阴性的buffering 缓冲physiological 生理的Primary structure 一级结构Secondary structure 二级结构Tertiary structure 三级结构Quaternary structure 四级结构peptide bond 肽键sequence 顺序、序列covalent Bond 共价键polypeptide 多肽terminal 末端carbonyl 羰基resonance structures 共振结构rigid 刚性的rotate 旋转trans configuration 顺式构象disulfide bonds 二硫键α-helix α-落选hydrogen bond 氢键β-pleated sheet β-折叠片parallel 平行的antiparallel 反平行的random coil 无规卷曲unique 唯一的spatial 空间的arrangement 排列、安排linear sequence 线性序列residue 残基Hydrophobic interaction疏水相互作用Interior 内部的Electrostatic force 静电力salt bridge 盐桥、盐键van der Waals force 范德华力subunit 亚基allosteric effect 变构效应Noncovalent interactions 非共价相互作用protein stability 蛋白质的稳定dimensional 空间的、维的proton 质子donor 供体、赠与者lone pair of electrons 孤对电子collinear 在同一直线上Hydrophobic force 疏水力Nonpolar 非极性Minimize 最小化protein folding 蛋白质折叠Accessory protein 辅助蛋白质molecular chaperones 分子伴侣Myoglobin 肌红蛋白Hemoglobin 血红蛋白prosthetic group 辅基essential 必需的heme 血红素crevice 缝隙protoporphyrin 原卟啉porphyrin 卟啉ferrous 含铁的proximal 最接近的cooperative 协同的noncooperative 非协同的dissociation curve 解离曲线sigmoidal S形曲线hyperbolic 双曲线affinity 亲和性blood capillaries 血管Bohr effect 波尔效应2,3-biphosphoglycerate 2,3-二磷酸甘油酸Mechanism 机制Relaxed state 松弛状态tense state 紧张状态hemoglobinopathies 血红蛋白分子病Sickle-cell anemia 镰刀形细胞贫血症Erythrocyte 红血球sticky patch 粘性小区therapeutic 治疗的Collagen 胶原蛋白Skin 皮肤Bone 骨骼Tendon 腱Cartilage 软骨blood vessel 血管mammal 哺乳动物fibrous 纤维状的tripeptide 三肽的triple-helical 三股螺旋的cross-linke 交联Allysine 醛基赖氨酸Antibodie 抗体immune system 免疫系统pathogen 病原体trigger 引发、触发response 响应、应答antigen 抗原antigenic determine 抗原决定簇epitope 抗原决定簇Immunolocalization 免疫定位Antibody 抗体Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA酶联免疫吸附测定purification 提纯、纯化Homogenization 匀浆solubilization 溶解Ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵Precipitation 沉淀Dialysis 透析Chromatographic techniques 层析技术gel filtration 凝胶过滤affinity chromatography 亲和层析Electrophoretic techniques 电泳技术isoelectric focusing 等电聚焦SDS polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳semi-permeable 半透性ligand 配基inert 惰性的matrix 基质elute 洗出、流出lectin 外源凝集素glycoprotein 糖蛋白molecular sieve 分子筛polyampholytes 聚两性电解质gradient 梯度migrate 迁移、移动chymotrypsin 胰凝乳蛋白酶sequencing 测序2-mercaptoethanol ２－巯基乙醇ninhydrin 茚三酮fluorescamine 荧光胺fluorodinitrobenzene 二硝基氟苯dansyl chloride 丹磺酰氯phenyl isothiocyanate PITC苯异硫氰酸酯fragment 片断、碎片encoding 编码decipher 解读、破译anchor 锚定第三章biocatalyst 生物催化剂active site 活性中心substrate 底物The induced –fit model 诱导契合学说Stereospecificity 立体异构专一性Specificity 专一性Trypsin 胰蛋白酶Elastase 弹性蛋白酶Oxidoreductase 氧化还原酶Transferase 转移酶Hydrolase 水解酶Lyase 裂合酶Isomerase 异构酶Ligase 连接酶Ribozyme 核酶Abzyme 抗体酶catalytic antibody 抗体酶analog 类似物assay 化验、测定optimal 最佳的Coenzyme 辅酶Cofactor 辅因子apoenzyme 脱辅酶holoenzyme 全酶acetylcholinesterase 乙酰胆碱酯酶Nicotinamide 烟酰胺Adenine 腺嘌呤Dinucleotide 二核苷酸Phosphate 磷酸Oxidation 氧化reduction 还原Flavin 黄素Mononucleotide 单核苷酸Acyl 酰基thiamine pyrophosphate 焦磷酸硫胺素decarboxylase 脱羧酶Pyridoxal 吡哆醛Pyridoxamine 吡哆胺Pyridoxine 吡哆醇Ubiquinone 泛醌Isoenzymes 同功酶Kinetic 动力学lactate dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶proportional 成比例的saturate 使饱和thermal 热的denaturation 变性optimum 最适宜的diversity 多样性Michaelis-Menten equation 米氏方程double-reciprocal plot 双倒数作图法inhibition 抑制Inhibitor 抑制剂Metabolite 代谢物Irreversible 不可逆的Reversible 可逆的Competitive 竞争性的Noncompetitive 非竞争性的Probe 探测Clinically 临床上Regulation 调节committed step 关键步骤activator 激活剂Adjust 调节Feedback 反馈Sequential 连续的Branched 分支的Conformational 构象的homotropic effect 同促效应heterotropic effect 异促效应Phosphofructokinase 磷酸果糖激酶Citrate 柠檬酸盐Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate 2,6-二磷酸果糖phosphorylation 磷酸化dephosphorylation 去磷酸化hydroxyl 羟基hormone 激素Glycogen phosphorylase 糖原磷酸化酶Phosphorylate 使磷酸化glycogen synthase 糖原合酶unphosphorylate 使去磷酸化proteolytic 蛋白质水解的proenzymes 酶原zymogen 酶原hydrolysis 水解pancreatic 胰腺的pancreas 胰腺small intestine 小肠blood clotting 血液凝固amplification 扩大cascade 级联第四章boundary 边界compartments 小室Mechanical 机械的signaling 发信号insoluble 不可溶的glycerophospholipids 甘油磷脂类sphingolipids 鞘脂类sterols 固醇类glycerol 甘油sphingosine 鞘氨醇sphingomyelins 鞘磷脂cholesterol 胆固醇steroid 类固醇Amphipathic 两性的Hydrophilic 亲水的Bulky 体积大的self-assemble 自组装的fluidity 流动性rotational 转动的lateral 侧向的Fluid mosaic model 流体镶嵌模型Integral 整体的、内在的Flip 翻跟头integral membrane proteins 内在膜蛋白peripheral membrane proteins外周膜蛋白asymmetry 不对称asymmetrically 不对称地membrane-spaning protein 跨膜蛋白Multiple 多重的Lipid-anchored proteins 脂锚定蛋白Heterokaryon 异核体Fusion 融合Reconstitution 重建Reincorporated 重新合并Extracellular 细胞外的Intercellular 细胞内的Passive transport 被动运输active transport 主动运输concentration 浓度diffusion 扩散saturable 可饱和的facilitated 协助的、推动的symport 同向运送antiport 逆向运送epithelial cells 上皮细胞exocytosis 分泌作用endocytosis 内吞作用phagocytosis 吞噬作用pinocytosis 胞饮作用Receptor mediated endocytosis fusion受体介导的内吞作用debris 碎片transduction 转导Lipophilic 亲脂性的Receptors 受体second messengers 第二信使第五章Nucleic acid 核酸Replication 复制Nucleotide 核苷酸Pyrimidine 嘧啶Guanine 鸟嘌呤Thymine 胸腺嘧啶Cytosine 胞嘧啶Nucleoside 核苷Deoxyribonucleoside 脱氧核糖核苷ribonucleoside 核糖核苷deoxyribonucleotide 脱氧核糖核苷酸genes 基因complementarily 互补地nucleosome 核小体loop 突环rosette 玫瑰花结semi-conservative 半保留的polymerase 聚合酶template 模板primer 引物fork 叉Bidirectional 双向的Okazaki fragments 冈崎片段semi-discontinuous 半不连续的strand 链、一股hybridization 杂交melting temperature 熔融温度renaturation 复性labeled 标记的fluorescent 荧光的tag 标记、标签annealing 退火amplify 增强、扩大The central dogma 中心法则Transcription 转录initiation 起始Elongation 延伸termination 终止promoters 启动子palindrome 回文结构processing 加工splicing 拼接reverse transcription 逆转录第六章genetic code 遗传密码intermediate 中间的、媒介codons 密码子unambiguous 明确的correspond 相应、符合degenerate 简并的mutation 变异incorporation 合并nonoverlapping 不相重叠的reading frames 阅读框aminoacyl-tRNA 氨酰-tRNA peptidyl-tRNA 肽酰-tRNA stem 茎、干、臂anticodon 反密码子translocation 移位第七章metabolism 代谢Saccharides 糖类monosaccharides 单糖aldehyde group 醛基ketone group 酮基Stereoisomers 立体异构体Oligosaccharides 寡糖Glycosidic bond 糖苷键Polysaccharides 多糖Starch 淀粉Cellulose 纤维素Dextran 葡聚糖Amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉Glycolysis 糖酵解Cytoplasm 细胞质Glucose 葡萄糖Galactose 半乳糖Mannose 甘露糖Sucrose 蔗糖Trehalose 海藻糖Lactose 乳糖Hexokinase 己糖激酶Fructose 果糖Phosphoglucoisomerase 磷酸葡萄糖变位酶Bisphosphate 二磷酸glyceraldehydes 甘油醛dihydroxyacetone 二羟丙酮aldolase 醛缩酶triose 丙糖1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 1,3 二磷酸甘油酸dehydrogenase 脱氢酶3-phosphoglycerate 3-磷酸甘油酸kinase 激酶mutase 变位酶phosphoenolpyruvate 磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolase 烯醇化酶pyruvate 丙酮酸Gluconeogenesis 糖异生Noncarbhydrate 非糖的Liver 肝脏skeletal muscle 骨骼肌phosphorylase 磷酸化酶Phosphorolysis 磷酸化pyrophosphorylase 焦磷酸化酶glucosyl 葡萄糖基nonreducing end 非还原端Epinephrine 肾上腺素glucagon 胰高血糖素。
护理学本科〈生物化学〉课程标准
《生物化学》课程标准第一部分课程概述一、课程名称中文名称：生物化学英文名称：Biochemistry二、学时与适用对象课程总计39学时，为理论课。
本标准适用于四年制护理学专业。
三、课程性质地位《生物化学》是学习护理学及相关课程的基础，是护理学专业一门必修的学科通识课程。
本课程分十七章，第一章为绪论，简单介绍了生物化学的研究内容和生物化学与医学的关系；第二章至第六章介绍了生物分子的化学组成、分子结构、生物学功能以及生物分子与医学的关系；第七章介绍了细胞之间的信息转导以及细胞化学信号转导与疾病的关系；第八章至第十一章介绍了营养物质的体内代谢、代谢平衡与调节以及代谢紊乱与医学的关系；第十二章至第十四章介绍了遗传信息的传递以及蛋白质生物合成与医学的关系；第十五章简单介绍了癌基因、抑癌基因和分子生物学基本技术及其在临床上的应用；第十六章和第十七章介绍了器官的正常代谢以及代谢异常与临床疾病的关系等。
第一章绪论第二章蛋白质的结构与功能第三章核酸的结构与功能第四章维生素和无机物第五章酶第六章生物氧化第七章细胞信号转导第八章糖代谢第九章脂类代谢第十章含氮化合物代谢第十一章物质代谢的调节第十二章DNA的生物合成第十三章RNA的生物合成第十四章蛋白质的生物合成第十五章分子生物学基本原理和肿瘤基因第十六章肝脏的生物化学第十七章红细胞的生物化学护理学专业的预修课程为《医用化学》、《医用生物学》等，修完本门课程后，学生将进一步学习《生物化学》课程及相关课程。
四、课程基本理念（一）准确把握本课程在人才培养方案中的作用和地位，课程设计兼顾四年制护理学专业的特点，对于护理学专业，引导学生注意将护理学基础知识和临床需要密切联系。
（二）在学习内容上，采取“轻结构、重功能”、“讲理论、重应用”的基本思路。
所谓“轻结构、重功能”，是指学习时淡化学科复杂的知识理论体系，注重理解这些基础知识和临床护理的联系及意义。
所谓“讲理论、重应用”，是指在准确把握基础医学理论知识的基础上，积极思考它们在临床护理中的实际运用，以及它们对于开发新技术所起到的推动作用。
生物化学的英语名词解释
生物化学的英语名词解释生物化学是一门研究生命体内化学反应过程的学科，主要关注生命体内的分子和化学反应，以及它们对生命体结构和功能的影响。
在生物化学领域中，有许多专业术语和名词，下面将对其中一些常见的名词进行解释。
1. Protein（蛋白质）：Proteins are large molecules composed of amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds. They play a crucial role in many biological processes, serving as structural components, enzymes, hormones, receptors, and transporters in the body.2. Enzyme（酶）：Enzymes are catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms. They accelerate the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are usually proteins, and each enzyme is specific to a particular reaction.3. DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）：DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. It consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix structure.4. RNA（核糖核酸）：RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that plays multiple roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. It is involved in protein synthesis and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.5. Metabolism（代谢）：Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life. It can be divided into two main processes: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which synthesizes molecules to build and repair tissues.6. Lipid（脂质）：Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids serve as a source of energy, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes.7. Carbohydrate（碳水化合物）：Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are an essential source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides.8. Metabolite（代谢产物）：Metabolites are the small molecules that are intermediates or end products of metabolic reactions. They can serve as signaling molecules, energy sources, or building blocks for complex molecules.9. pH（pH值）：pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) present in the solution. pH values range from 0 to 14, with 7 being considered neutral, values below 7 acidic, and values above 7 alkaline.10. ATP（三磷酸腺苷）：ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is a molecule that serves as the primary energy source for many cellular processes. It is often referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell, as it stores and releases energy during reactions.这些是生物化学中常见的一些名词和术语的英语解释。
生物化学(英文版)biochemistry-chapter 1英文1
In 1828 ， F.WÖ hler (Germany Chemist，1800-1882）showed by synthesizing urea from ammonium cyanate that compounds found in living organisms could be made in the laboratory from inorganic substrances.Accordingly,he rejected the “Vitalism theory”
In 1883, Anselme Payen (French chemist) discover Amylase.“-ase” was postfix of enzymes. He isolated Cellulose and named it .“-ose” was postfix of carbohydrates.
1780s Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (French): Combustion of a candle is similar to the “respiration ”of animals, as both need O2 . For the first time a physiological process was explained with reference to a nonliving mechanism. Disaffirming “The Phlogiston Theory”
introducechemicalactionscourseslivingsystemsmetabolismproteinproteinenzymeenzymecarbohydratecarbohydratelipidlipidnucleicacidnucleicacidvitaminvitaminhormonehormonestaticbiochemistrydynamicbiochemistrymetabolismenergymetabolismenergycarbohydratemetabolismcarbohydratemetabolismlipidmetabolismlipidmetabolismproteinmetabolismproteinmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismnucleicacidmetabolismgeneticinformationtransmissiongeneticinformationtransmissioncontentsbiochemistrycontentstextbooksprinciplesbiochemistryprinciplesbiochemistry3rdeditionhrhorton等主编科学出版社20034生物化学第三版生物化学第三版王镜岩朱圣庚等主编高等教育出20029chapterbiochemistrychapterbiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry11briefhistorybiochemistry1212whatanswer
生物化学 英文Section C Enzyme
Enzyme nomenclature :
uniquely identified by a four-digit classification number
substrate name + conformation + reaction type + ase
Protein Enzyme classification
Substrate active site altered
Enzyme Noncompetitive Inhibitor
Inhibitors
23
Substrate concentration Factors affecting enzyme activity Enzyme concentration temperature pH Coenzymes and prosthetic groups
Diagnostic Applications
• Usefulness:
– Enzyme assays provide important information concerning the presence and severity of diseases – Provide a means of monitoring the patient’s response
NAD+
Isoenzymes
• Isoenzymes are different forms of an enzyme which catalyze the same reaction, but which exhibit different physical or kinetic properties.
• Lock -and-k ey m odel
生物化学英语词汇_生物化学英语词汇
active center.活性中心a specialized region of an enzyme where the enzyme interacts with the substrate and catalyzes its conversion to products. many aminoacyl residues contribute to the active center.adenylyl cyclase.腺苷酸环化酶an enzyme that catalyzes the synthetic reaction of cyclic amp from atp in response to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon.alanine-glucose cycle.丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环a cooperative pathway between liver and muscle in which the ammonia and carbon from amino acid metabolism are removed from the muscle as alanine, taken up by the liver, transaminated to pyruvate, converted into glucose, and shipped out back to the muscle.albumin.清蛋白albumin makes up 50% to 55% of the proteins of plasma and is thought to be the main contributor to osmotic pressure of blood. another important function is that albumin has very broad and non-specific binding properties.allosteric enzyme.变构酶allosteric enzymes are enzymes whose activity at the catalytic site may be modulated by the presence of allosteric effectors at an allosteric site. allosteric means “occupy another space”, so an allosteric effector occupy another space, giving an effect on enzymes.allosteric regulation.变构调节a type of enzyme regulation in which an effector binds to one site on the enzyme and increase or decreases the activity at another site. allosteric regulation provides a rapid means for regulation of their activity.aminoacyl-trna synthetase.氨基酰trna合成酶the enzymes are responsible for the recognition and attachment of the 20 amino acids to specific trna.anticodon.反密码子the template-recognition site on trna is a sequence of three bases called the anticodon, which recognizes a complementary sequence of three bases on mrna.apoprotein.载脂蛋白the protein moiety of a lipoprotein. they mediate the interaction between lipoproteins and tissues.apoptosis.细胞凋亡programmed cell death. the programmed cell death is tightly regulated, which plays important roles in physiologic processes. typical morphologic changes can be observed in apoptosis. one or more endonucleases degrade dna, leading to characteristic ladder of discrete dna fragment on electrophoresis.bile salts.胆汁酸盐salt form of bile acids and their conjugates. since bile contains significant quantities of sodium and potassium and the ph is alkaline, it is assumed that the bile acids and their conjugates are in a salt form, so called “bile salts.”biotin.生物素a cofactor involved in carboxylation reactions. most enzymes that catalyze the atp-dependent addition of co2 to a substrate (like acetyl-coa carboxylase) requires the cofactor biotin.calcitonin.降钙素a 32-amino-acid peptide secreted by the parathyroid. the dominant biological action of calcitonin is to mediate a lowering of serum calcium levels. the hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects of calcitonin are believed to be due to an inhibition of pth-mediated calcium resorption.calcium-binding protein.钙结合蛋白1,25(oh)2-d3 stimulates gene transcription and formation of specific mrna that codes for “calcium-binding protein”, also called “calbindin”. three distinct vitamin d-induced “calbindin” have been isolated. two of them are found exclusively inside the intestinal and kidney cells, which are actively involved in calcium translocation.calmodulin.钙调蛋白a ubiquitous calcium sensor in eukaryotes, regulates the activities of many intracellular proteins. the binding of ca2+ to multiple sites in calmodulin induces a major conformational change that converts it from an inactive to an active form. activated calmodulin binds to many enzymes and modifies their activities.camp.环化腺苷一磷酸second messenger for increased demand for energy and glucose. camp activates camp-dependent protein kinase. increased camp levels are associated with increased protein phosphorylation. increases in the camp concentration cause activation of glycogen degradation, increased fatty acid breakdown, stimulation of glycolysis in muscle, and stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver.camp-dependent protein kinase，pka.依赖camp的蛋白激酶most effects of cyclic amp in eukaryotic cells are mediated by the activation of a single protein kinase. this key enzyme iscalled protein kinase a or camp-dependent protein kinase, which alters the activities of target proteins by phosphorylating specific serine or threonine residues.capping.帽子生成putting a 7-methylguanosine triphosphate on the 5’ end of an mrna molecule. capping is involved in the recognition of mrna and may increase the stability of the rna by preventing the attack of 5’exonucleases.carnitine shuttle.肉碱穿梭gets fatty acyl groups into mitochondria. fatty acyl-coa in the cytosol is transferred to carnitine to make fatty acyl carnitine, which is transported into mitochondria. once inside, the fatty acyl group is transferred to coa and the carnitine is returned to the mitochondrial membrane.catabolic pathway.分解代谢途径degradative metabolism. catabolic pathways involve oxidative processes that release free energy.catabolic repression.分解代谢阻遏catabolic repression means that an intermediate in a sequence of catabolic enzyme-catalyzed reactions has ability to repress synthesis of catabolic enzymes.catabolite gene activator protein, cap.分解（代谢）物基因激活蛋白a camp-binding protein that is capable of stimulating transcription by binding to certain promoter sites. it consists of two subunits, each of which contains a dna-binding domain and a camp binding domain.cdna library.cdna文库a library is a collection of recombinant clones. cdna library represents the population of mrna in a tissue. see also cdna.cdna.互补dnacomplementary dna. cdna copies from a population of cytoplasmic mrna using enzyme reverse transcriptase, converting the cdna single strands to double-stranded dna. the reverse transcriptase copies rna templates into dna-rna hybrids. after the rna in these hybrids is specifically destroyed, double-stranded dna may be produced by dna polymerase. cdna is a copy of an mrna so that it contains only the exon sequences.cis-acting element.顺式作用元件this word described the regulatory interactions between two dna sequences on the same gene. an enhancer or repressor sequence in the dna is a cis-acting element or factor that affects the transcription of the gene.cistron.顺反子a stretch of dna that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called cistron.clone.克隆group of cells or sequences of dna that are identical with a single parental cell or molecule.coding strand.编码链the coding strand of dna has the same sequence as that of the rna transcript except for t in place of u. it is so-called because it matches the rna transcript that encodes the protein. the coding strand is also known as the sense strand.codon.密码子each amino acid in a protein is specified by an mrna sequence of three nucleotides, which is called a codon.coenzyme.辅酶a molecule bound to an enzyme and is essential for its activity. the coenzymes allow the enzyme to have functional groups that are not available from the side chains of the amino acids.competitive inhibition.竞争性抑制substrate and inhibitor combine at the same site and resultin raising the apparent km for the substrate.. in competitive inhibition, inhibitor can be completely displaced by a high concentration of the substrate.configuration.构型the stereochemical arrangement of atoms in a molecule. configuration cannot be changed without breaking and reforming covalent bonds.conformation.构象differences in rotation around bonds. the conformation of a molecular can be changed by simply rotating groups around single bonds.conjugated bilirubin.结合胆红素adding glucuronic acid molecules to bilirubin. hepatocytes perform the process and convert bilirubin to a water-soluble form.cosmid vector.柯斯质粒载体a special class of artificially constructed e.coli plasmids that carry the λ cos site, which allows them to be packaged intoλphage particles for efficient introduction into bacteria.creatine kinase.肌酸激酶kinases incorporate phosphate from atp into the substrate. creatine kinase converts creatine to creatine phosphate, a major energy reserves in muscle.de novo synthesis.从头合成biosynthesis of nucleotides with simple materials. purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotides are synthesized via two pathways, in which the purines are built as nucleotides via phosphoribosyl intermediates, whereas the pyrimidine ring is completed to the stage of orotate before coupling to ribose.degenerate.简并more than one codon can specify the same amino acid and all codons are unambiguous in that each specifies no more than one amino acid.denaturation.变性destroy the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of a protein, dna, or rna molecule.dna damage.dna损伤dna damage is that changes in the dna sequence resulted from copying errors and the effects of various physical and chemical agents or carcinogens，which alters one or more nucleotides in dna.dna polymerase.dna聚合酶the principal synthetic enzyme, dna polymerase, extends the primers in the 5’ to 3’ direction by catalyzing addition of deoxyribonucleoside 5’-phosphates to the primer 3’ends. synthesis proceeds in the 5’ to 3’ direction as the template strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction.dna replication.dna复制generation of a new copy of double-stranded dna from a parental dna molecule.domain.结构域some polypeptide chains fold into two or more compact supersecondary structures. these compact globular supersecondary structures are called domains, which is one level of protein’s str uctures between secondary structure and tertiary structure.effector.效应剂a class of small molecules capable of binding at a regulatory site. the binding of an effector changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to alter the kinetic properties of the catalytic site.enhancer.增强子the sequence elements that can increase the rate of transcription initiation of eukaryotic genes. enhancers have nopromoter activity of their own but they can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of several thousand base pairs.enterohepatic circulation.肠肝循环the primary bile acids are synthesized in the liver and the secondary bile acids are formed in the intestine. the secondary bile acids are absorbed in the intestine, returning to the liver then recycle between intestine and liver, which is known as the entero-hepatic circulation.epidermal growth factor (egf) .表皮生长因子epidermal growth factor can stimulates growth of many epidermal and epithelial cells. also see “growth factor”.essential amino acid.必需氨基酸the amino acids that humans can not synthesize. the human diet must contain these amino acids to support growth or maintain health.exon.外显子regions that are retained in the mature rna.fad.黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide. fad is derived from vitamin riboflavin, which serves as cofactor for oxidation and reductionreactions.fat.脂肪mainly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue. the adipose tissue releases fatty acids by the activation a hormone-sensitive lipase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglyceride. the fatty acids are then transported through the serum and oxidized via b oxidation in the tissues to yield energy.feedback inhibition .反馈抑制feedback inhibition refers to the inhibition of the activity of an enzyme in a biosynthetic pathway by an end product of that pathway.ferritin.铁蛋白intracellular form of iron storage. it stores iron that can be used as condition requires.fh4.四氢叶酸tetrahydrofolate. a reduced form of folic acid involved intimately in one-carbon transfer reactions.gene.基因a stretch of dna that carries the information for a polypeptide chain is called gene or cistron. also see cistron.genome.基因组total information of gene contained in a cell, an organism or a virus.genomic dna library.基因组dna文库fragments of dna from the genome of some organism. they are prepared from the total dna of a cell line or tissue by performing partial digestion of total dna with a restriction enzyme that cuts dna frequently. it contains exons, introns, untranslated regions that can occur in dna.glucogenic amino acid.生糖氨基酸the amino acid that yield pyruvate or citric cycle intermediates.gluconeogenesis.糖异生making glucose or glycogen from noncarbohydrate. the term used to include all mechanisms and pathways responsible for converting noncarbohydrate to glucose or glycogen.glycerol-a-phosphate shuttle.a-磷酸甘油穿梭get electron from cytoplasmic nadh into the mitochondria so that 2 atps can be made by oxidation of the nadh. the enzymes of the shuttle in mitochondria is linked to the respiratory chainvia a flavoprotein.glycolysis.酵解metabolic pathway that provides pyruvate as fuel to the citric cycle or for fat synthesis. in the absence of oxygen, lactate is produced from the pyruvate to regenerate nad+ so that the pathway can continue to work in the absence of oxygen.gout.痛风it is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the joints and kidneys caused by hyperuricemia. though some patients have a partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hgprt), it is not sole cause of the disease.growth factor.生长因子small polypeptides (more properly called cytokines) that stimulate the growth of particular classes of cells. the factors have a variety of effects, including changes in the uptake of small molecules, initiation or stimulation of the cell cycle, and ultimately cell division. examples of secreted cytokines are egf (epidermal growth factor), pdgf (platelet-derived growth factor), and insulin.guide rna.指导rnaguide rna is a sequence that is complementary to the correctly edited mrna.hairpin structure.发夹结构a double-helical stretch formed by base paring between neighboring complementary sequences of a single strand of dna or rna.helicase.解链酶an enzyme whose activity involved in dna replication that relieves the strain associated with unwinding the dna double helix during replication.heme.血红素a cofactor consisting of a porphyrin ring containing an iron atom. heme has different functions depending on the protein that used them as a cofactor. heme are used to carry oxygen without oxidizing it in hemoglobin and myoglobin, but in other proteins, like cytochrome p450, the heme iron produces a very reactive iron-oxygen species at the active site.hemoglobin.血红蛋白hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying system found in erythrocytes, which transports oxygen from the lungs to all tissues of the body. the quaternary structure of hemoglobin confers its allosteric properties that adapt it to its biologic roles and permit its precise regulation.hexokinase.responsible for the phosphorylation of glucose for entry into glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, or the pentose phosphate pathway.hnrna.不均一核内rnaheterogeneous nuclear rna. they are formed in the nucleus that is a precursor to mrna, which has both the intron and exon sequences.hormone response element, hre.激素反应元件a specific dna sequences capable of binding activated receptors. these elements regulate the gene expression. both steroids and peptide hormones exert their effects on transcription through hres, but the initial reactions are different.housekeeping gene.管家基因the genes that are expressed at a reasonably constant rate and not known to be subject to regulation.induction.诱导synthesis of a particular protein in response to a signal stimulation in cellular metabolism. for example, the synthesis of an enzyme can be induced by its substrate.intron.the mosaic nature of eukaryotic genes is discontinuous. the primary transcript of a gene contains the regions that are not present in the mrna. regions that are removed from the primary transcript are called introns.isoelectric point.等电点the ph at which a molecule has a net zero charge.isomerase.异构酶an enzyme that catalyzes an intramolecular rearrangement.isozyme.同工酶distinct physical forms of an enzyme with the same catalytic activity. separation and identification of isozymes is of diagnostic value.jaundice.黄疸when bilirubin in the blood reaches a certain concentration, hyperbilirubinemia exists and bilirubin diffuses into the tissues, which then became yellow. the condition is called jaundice.ketogenic amino acid.生酮氨基酸an amino acid that yields only acetyl-coa. they can not yield pyruvate or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.ketone bodies.酮体acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate and acetone. at high rate of fatty acid oxidation, the liver produces considerable quantities of acetoacetate and hydroxybutyrate. the former continually undergoes spontaneous decarboxylation to yield acetone. ketone bodies are metabolized in muscle and brain as an energy source.km.米氏常数if an enzyme follows hyperbolic kinetics, the km is equal to the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half its maximal value.ligase.连接酶a ligase catalyzes the joining of two pieces of dna covalently. dna ligase joins the backbone phosphates in a phosphodiester bond.lipids.脂类lipids consist of a diverse set of hydrophobic molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and so forth. it is soluble in organic solvents like chloroform or ether.malate-aspartate shuttle.苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭gets electrons from cytoplasmic nadh into the mitochondria so that 3 atps can be produced by oxidation of the nadh.mitogen-activited-protein kinase ( mapk).有丝分裂原激活蛋白激酶mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and is involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell growth, and cell death.messenger rna (mrna).信使rnathe rna in cytoplasm that serve as templates for protein synthesis. the primary rna transcript is processed to mrna by adding a cap and a tail and removing introns.nad+-nadh.辅酶inicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. nadh is an electron carrier. nad+ accepts two electrons and a proton from substrates and ultimately transfers them to the electron transport chain to make three atps and h2o.nicotinic acid.尼克酸a vitamin that serves as a source of the pyridine ring of nad+ and nadp+. dietary deficiency of nicotinic acid can lead to pellagra. humans can synthesize nicotinic acid that derived from tryptophan.non-competitive inhibition.非竞争性抑制in non-competitive inhibition, inhibitor bind to a different domain of an enzyme, lowering the maximum velocity but with normal km.nucleosides.核苷a nucleoside consists of a purine or pyrimidine base linked to a pentose.nucleotides.核苷酸a nucleotide is a phosphate ester of a nucleoside on 3’- or 5’-carbon of ribose. phosphorylation on 5’-carbon of ribose is the one most commonly esterified forms.okazaki fragment.冈崎片段the short discontinuous segments, which later are joined by dna ligase, are called okazaki fragment after their discoverer.oncogene.癌基因oncogenes are the genes capable of changing a normal cell into a transformed cells. many oncogenes encode abnormal signal transduction proteins involved in imitating the action of polypeptide growth factor.operator.操纵序列the operator is a dna segment adjacent to the structuralgenes. the binding of the repressor to the operator prevents the transcription of these genes.operon.操纵子a collection of prokaryotic structural genes that are present in a linear array and whose expression is controlled by the same regulatory region of the dna. this arrangement allows simple control over the expression of proteins that are all needed for a common job. it should be noted that an operon includes both operator and its associated structural genes.osteomalacia.软骨病osteomalacia is caused by vitamin d deficiency in the adult, which leads to softening and weakening of bones.oxidation.氧化when something is oxidized, something else must become reduced. with removal of an electron, ferrous is oxidized to ferric ion. so oxidation is a process with the loss of electrons.oxidative phosphorylation.氧化磷酸化the process in which atp is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from nadh or fadh2 to oxygen by a series of electron carriers.parathyroid hormone (pth) .甲状旁腺素parathyroid hormone, an 84-amino acid-containing protein, is secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland. the biological actions of pth are related to regulate calcium metabolism.pentose phosphate pathway.磷酸戊糖途径an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. the pathway generates both nadph for reductive syntheses and ribose residues for nucleotide biosynthesis.peptide bond.肽键the bond that the a-carboxyl group of one amino acid is joined to the a-amino group of another amino acid by an amide bond in a polypeptide.phospholipase c.磷脂酶cthe activation of the phospholipase c is mediated by g protein. the active form of the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a membrane-bounded substrate to form two second messengers, diacylglyceride and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. diacylglyceride is capable of activating protein kinase c. inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate is effective for the release of calcium from intracellular calcium pool.plasmid.质粒independently replicating circular pieces of dna whose natural function is to confer antibiotic resistance to the host cell.platelet-derived growth factor.血小板源生长因子platelet-derived growth factor can stimulates growth of messenchymal and glial cells. also see “growth factor”.point mutation.点突变it is cause by a single base change of dna gemone, which in turn results in a change in the messenger rna, a structural abnormality of gene expression.polycistronic mrna.多顺反子mrnaa single mrna that encodes more than one separately translated protein is referred to as a polycistronic mrna, which contains multiple independent translation start and stop codons for each cistron.polypeptide chain.多肽链many amino acids joined by peptide bonds form a polypeptide chain, which has two different ends, i.e. n-terminal and c-terminal respectively.polyribosome.多核糖体an mrna molecule with many ribosomes bound to it. manyribosomes can translate the same mrna simultaneously.primary transcript.初级转录本primary transcript is the original unmodified rna product corresponding to a transcription unit.primase.引物酶primase catalyzes polymerization o f ribonucleoside 5’-triphosphates to form rna primers. the sequence of monomer addition is dictated by a template strand of dna and the chain lengths of primers are usually 10-50 nucleotides.promoter.启动子promoter is a region of dna involved in binding of rna polymerase to initiate transcription.prosthetic group.辅基many proteins require tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide units for their biological activities. such a unit is called a prosthetic group.protease.蛋白酶an enzyme that hydrolyzes the amide bonds in a protein. most proteases recognize a specific type of amino acid side chain and cleave the protein at specific points.proto-oncogene.原癌基因normal cellular genes with the potential to become oncogenes are called proto-oncogenes or cellular oncogenes. these genes were conserved in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. the conserved sequences were important components of normal cells and their products are believed to play important roles in normal differentiation and other cellular process.pyridoxal phosphate.磷酸吡多醛all transamination reactions require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. the important functional groups of the coenzyme are the aldehyde group, which can form a schiff base with the a-amino group of an amino acid and facilitate transamination.rate-limiting enzyme.限速酶enzymes catalyzing committed steps in unidirectional anabolic and catabolic pathways, which act as natural governors of metabolic flow and represent the most efficient regulatory intervention.receptor.受体all of receptors are proteins that can selectively bind specific molecule and initiate their biologic effects.recombinant dna.重组dnainformation exchanging by breaking and joining chromosomal dna. recombination can occur between genes with similar sequences or between genes with different sequences.reduction.还原chemically, reduction is defined as the gain of electrons. nad+ is reduced to nadh. it follows that reduction is accompanied by oxidation of an electron donor.replication.复制generation of a new copy of double-stranded dna from a parental dna molecule.residue.残基in a polypeptide chain, an amino acid unit is called a residue.respiratory chain.呼吸链exists in the mitochondria, consists of a number of redox carriers. the respiratory chain provides most of the energy captured in metabolism.restriction endonuclease.限制性内切核酸酶the classes of endonucleases cut dna at specific dna sequences within the molecule.reverse transcriptase.反转录酶an rna-directed dna polymerase in retroviruses; capable of making dna complementary to an rna.reverse transcription.反转录rna-directed synthesis of dna, catalyzed by reverse transcriptase.ribosomes.核糖体complex cytoplasmic particles each consisting of two ribonucleoprotein subunits. translation of mrna occurs on it.ribozyme.核酶a class of rnas that meet all the classic criteria for definition as enzymes. these catalytic rnas catalyze highly specific hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in rnas and are important in the processing events involved in maturation of pre-mrna.rickets.佝偻病vitamin d deficiency in childhood produces rickets characterized by low plasma calcium and phosphorus levels and by poorly mineralized bone with associated skeletal deformities.rna editing.rna 编辑the information content of some mrna is altered following transcription by process other than rna splicing.rna polymerase.rna聚合酶rna polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes rna using a dna template.rrna.核蛋白体rrnaribosomal rna. structural components of ribosomes. there are several discrete size classes of rrna, usually referred to by their sedimentation coefficients as 5s, 5.8s, 18s, and28s in eucaryotic cells.s-adenosyl methionine, sam.s腺苷蛋氨酸sam is a major donor of one-carbon unit at the methyl oxidation state, which is formed from methyl-thf and homocysteine by a vitamin b12-dependent reaction.salting out.盐析the solubility of the proteins is lowered at high salt concentrations, so-called the “salting out”. it can be used to fractionate proteins because the dependence of solubility on salt concentration differs from one protein to another.salvage pathway.补救合成途径the pathways that purines and pyrimidines derived from nucleic acid catabolism react with prpp and form the corresponding ribonucleotides. corresponding deoxyribonucleotides are produced by reduction of the ribonucleoside diphosphates, using nadph as the reducing agent.semiconservative replication.半保留复制dna replication follows a law called semiconservative replication, i.e., one of the strands of each daughter dna molecule is newly synthesized, whereas the other is passed on unchanged from the parent dna molecule.sigma factor.σ因子sigma factor is the subunit of bacterial rna polymerase needed for initiation. it is the major influence on selection of binding sites (promoters).signal transduction.信号转导the process by which an extracellular signal is amplified and converted to a cellular response. for example, growth factors act on the cell cycle and mitosis via transmembrane signal transduction.snrna.小核rnasmall nuclear rna. they have roles in rna processing but are not directly involved in protein synthesis.。
生物化学 英文Section H
Reading
frames:
The mRNA sequence can be read by the ribosome in three possible reading frames.
Only one reading frame codes for a functional protein since the other two reading frames contain multiple termination codons. In some bacteriphage, overlapping genes occur which use different reading frames.
The release factors trigger peptidyl transferase to transfer the polypeptide to a water molecule instead of to aminoacyl-tRNA.
The polypeptide, mRNA, and free tRNA leave the ribosome and the ribisome dissociates into its subunits ready to begin a new round of translation.
H2 Translation in prokaryotes
Translation relies upon aminoacyl-tRNAs that carry specific amino acids and recognize the corresponding codons in mRNA by anticodoncodon base-pairing. Translation takes place in three phases: initiation, elongation and termination. During translation the mRNA is read in a 5’ to 3’ direction and protein is made in an Nterminal direction.
生物化学英文缩写符号
生物化学英文缩写符号1．NAD+（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide）2．FAD（flavin adenine dinucleotide）3．THFA（tetrahydrofolic acid）4．NADP+（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate）5．FMN（flavin mononucleotide）6．CoA（coenzyme A）7．ACP（acyl carrier protein）8．BCCP（biotin carboxyl carrier protein）9．PLP（pyridoxal phosphate）10．UDPG（uridine diphosphate-glucose）11．ADPG（adenosine diphosphate-glucose）12．F-D-P（fructose-1,6-bisphosphate）13．F-1-P（fructose-1-phosphate）14．G-1-P15．PEP：16．GOT17．GPT18．APS19．PAL20．PRPP21．SAM22．GDH23．IMP24. CAP（Catabolic gene activator protein）：25. PKA（Protein kinase）：26. CaM（Calmkdulin）：27. ORF（Open reading frame）：28．IF（initiation factor）：29．EF（elongation factor）：30．RF（release factor）：31．hnRNA（heterogeneous nuclear RNA）：32．fMet-tRNA f ：33．Met-tRNA i ：1．NAD+ （nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide）：烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸；辅酶Ⅰ。
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Cellular Neurochemistry
Neurons Action potentials Synapses
Neuron
The neurons are the brain cells that are responsible for intracellular and intercellular signalling. Action potential is large and rapidly reversible fluctuation in the membrane potential, that propagate along the axon. At the end of axon there are many nerve endings (synaptic terminals, presynaptic parts, synaptic buttons, knobs). Nerve ending form an integral parts of synapse. Synapse mediates the signal transmission from one neuron to another.
2. Direct links: http://www.lf1.cuni.cz/zfisar/psychiatry/
(presentation of lectures from psychiatry)
http://psych.lf1.cuni.cz/bpen/default.htm
(teaching material from biological psyNeurons communicate with one another by
• direct electrical coupling • secretion of neurotransmitters
Synapses are specialized structures for signal transduction from one neuron to other. Chemical synapses are studied in the biological psychiatry.
1. Presence in presynaptic nerve terminal
2. Synthesis by presynaptic neuron 3. Releasing on stimulation (membrane depolarisation) 4. Producing rapid-onset and rapidly reversible responses in the target cell 5. Existence of specific receptor
Introduction
Biological psychiatry studies disorders in human mind from the neurochemical, neuroendocrine and genetic point of view mainly.
It is postulated that changes in brain signal transmission (at the level of chemical synapse) are essential in the development of mental disorders.
Neurotransmitters Growth factors Receptors G proteins Effector systems (2nd messengers, proteinkinases, transcription factors)
Criteria to Identify Neurotransmitters
Biological Psychiatry: Web Pages
1. Educational portal of our faculty: http://connect.lf1.cuni.cz http://portal.lf1.cuni.cz/
(section Psychiatry, Psychology, Sexuology)
Biochemistry and Biological Psychiatry
ass. prof. Zdeněk Fišar, CSc. Department of Psychiatry 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University, Prague Head: prof. MUDr. Jiří Raboch, DrSc.
Morphology of Chemical Synapse
Chemical Synapse Signal Transduction
Model of Plasma Membrane
Membrane Transporters
Intercellular and Intracellular Signalling
Biochemistry and Biological Psychiatry
cellular neurochemistry (neurons, action potentials, synapses) intercellular signalling (neurotransmitters, receptors, growth factors) intracellular signalling (G proteins, effectors, 2nd messengers, proteinkinases, transcription factors) psychotropic drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants) biological hypotheses of mental disorders (schizophrenia, affective disorders)