光伏发电系统外文翻译文献
光伏发电中英对照文献
外文参考文献译文及原文目录外文文献译文 (1)1.中国光伏发电的战略地位 (1)2.世界光伏产业现状和发展预测 (2)3.中国光伏发电市场和产业现状 (3)4.中国光复发电的市场预测和规划建议 (5)5.结论 (6)外文文献原文 (7)1.China's strategic position PV (7)2.The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industryforecast (9)3.The Chinese PV market and industry statu s (10)4.China's PV market forecasting and planning proposals (13)5.Conclusions (15)外文文献译文1、中国光伏发电的战略地位1.1 中国的能源资源和可再生能源现状和预测；无论从世界还是从中国来看，常规能源都是很有限的，中国的一次能源储量远远低于世界的平均水平，大约只有世界总储量的10％。
从长远来看，可再生能源将是未来人类的主要能源来源，因此世界上多数发达国家和部分发展中国家都十分重视可再生能源对未来能源供应的重要作用。
在新的可再生能源中，光伏发电和风力发电是发展最快的,世界各国都把太阳能光伏发电的商业化开发和利用作为重要的发展方向。
根据欧洲JRC 的预测，到2030年太阳能发电将在世界电力的供应中显现其重要作用，达到10%以上，可再生能源在总能源结构中占到30％；2050 年太阳能发电将占总能耗的20%，可再生能源占到50％以上，到本世纪末太阳能发电将在能源结构中起到主导作用。
我国政府重视可再生能源技术的发展，主要有水能、风能、生物质能、太阳能、地热能和海洋能等。
我国目前可再生能源的发展现状如下：水能：我国经济可开发的水能资源量为3.9 亿千瓦，年发电量1.7 万亿千瓦时，其中5 万千瓦及以下的小水电资源量为1.25 亿千瓦。
光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
光伏发电逆变器毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献附录：文献翻译TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402DSP CONTROLLERSThe TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features.The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for:◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades.◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-baseddevices.Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming.All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter control with a single ‗240x DSP controller.The high performance, 10-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has a minimum conversion time of 500 ns and offers up to 16 channels of analog input. The auto sequencing capability of the ADC allows a maximum of 16 conversions to take place in a single conversion session without any CPU overhead.A serial communications interface (SCI) is integrated on all devices to provide asynchronous communication to other devices in the system. For systems requiring additional communication interfaces; the ‘2407, ‘2406, and ‘2404 offer a 16-bit synchronous serial peripheral interface (SPI). The ‘2407 and ‘2406 offer a controller area network (CAN) communications module that meets 2.0B specifications. To maximize device flexibility, functional pins are also configurable as general purpose inputs/outputs (GPIO).To streamline development time, JTAG-compliant scan-based emulation has been integrated into all devices. This provides non-intrusive real-time capabilities required to debug digital control systems. A complete suite of code generation tools from C compilers to the industry-standard Code Composerdebugger supports this family. Numerous third party developers not only offer device-level development tools, but also system-level design and development support.PERIPHERALSThe integrated peripherals of the TMS320x240x are described in the following subsections:●Two event-manager modules (EV A, EVB)●Enhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module●Controller area network (CAN) module●Serial communications interface (SCI) module●Serial peripheral interface (SPI) module●PLL-based clock module●Digital I/O and shared pin functions●External memory interfaces (‘LF2407 only)●Watchdog (WD) timer moduleEvent manager modules (EV A, EVB)The event-manager modules include general-purpose (GP) timers, full-compare/PWM units, capture units, and quadrature-encoder pulse (QEP) circuits. EV A‘s and EVB‘s timers, compare units, and capture units function identically. However, timer/unit names differ for EV A and EVB. Table 1 shows the module and signal names used. Table 1 shows the features and functionality available for the event-manager modules and highlights EV A nomenclature.Event managers A and B have identical peripheral register sets with EV A starting at 7400h and EVB starting at 7500h. The paragraphs in this section describe the function of GP timers, compare units, capture units, and QEPs using EV A nomenclature. These paragraphs are applicable to EVB with regard to function—however, module/signal names would differ.Table 1. Module and Signal Names for EV A and EVBEVENT MANAGER MODULESEV AMODULESIGNALEVBMODULESIGNALGP Timers Timer 1Timer 2T1PWM/T1CMPT2PWM/T2CMPTimer 3Timer 4T3PWM/T3CMPT4PWM/T4CMPCompare Units Compare 1Compare 2Compare 3PWM1/2PWM3/4PWM5/6Compare 4Compare 5Compare 6PWM7/8PWM9/10PWM11/12Capture Units Capture 1Capture 2Capture 3CAP1CAP2CAP3Capture 4Capture 5Capture 6CAP4CAP5CAP6QEP QEP1QEP2QEP1QEP2QEP3QEP4QEP3QEP4External Inputs DirectionExternalClockTDIRATCLKINADirectionExternal ClockTDIRBTCLKINBGeneral-purpose (GP) timersThere are two GP timers: The GP timer x (x = 1 or 2 for EV A; x = 3 or 4 for EVB) includes:● A 16-bit timer, up-/down-counter, TxCNT, for reads or writes● A 16-bit timer-compare register, TxCMPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-period register, TxPR (double-buffered with shadow register), forreads or writes● A 16-bit timer-control register,TxCON, for reads or writes●Selectable internal or external input clocks● A programmable prescaler for internal or external clock inputs●Control and interrupt logic, for four maskable interrupts: underflow, overflow, timercompare, and period interrupts● A selectable direction input pin (TDIR) (to count up or down when directionalup-/down-count mode is selected)The GP timers can be operated independently or synchronized with each other. The compare register associated with each GP timer can be used for compare function and PWM-waveform generation. There are three continuous modes of operations for each GP timer in up- or up/down-counting operations. Internal or external input clocks with programmable prescaler are used for each GP timer. GP timers also provide the time base for the other event-manager submodules: GP timer 1 for all the compares and PWM circuits, GP timer 2/1 for the capture units and the quadrature-pulse counting operations. Double-buffering of the period and compare registers allows programmable change of the timer (PWM) period and the compare/PWM pulse width as needed.Full-compare unitsThere are three full-compare units on each event manager. These compare units use GP timer1 as the time base and generate six outputs for compare and PWM-waveform generation using programmable deadband circuit. The state of each of the six outputs is configured independently. The compare registers of the compare units are double-buffered, allowing programmable change of the compare/PWM pulse widths as needed.Programmable deadband generatorThe deadband generator circuit includes three 8-bit counters and an 8-bit compare register. Desired deadband values (from 0 to 24 µs) can be programmed into the compare register for the outputs of the three compare units. The deadband generation can be enabled/disabled for each compare unit output individually. The deadband-generator circuit produces two outputs (with orwithout deadband zone) for each compare unit output signal. The output states of the deadband generator are configurable and changeable as needed by way of the double-buffered ACTR register.PWM waveform generationUp to eight PWM waveforms (outputs) can be generated simultaneously by each event manager: three independent pairs (six outputs) by the three full-compare units with programmable deadbands, and two independent PWMs by the GP-timer compares.PWM characteristicsCharacteristics of the PWMs are as follows:●16-bit registers●Programmable deadband for the PWM output pairs, from 0 to 24 µs●Minimum deadband width of 50 ns●Change of the PWM carrier frequency for PWM frequency wobbling as needed●Change of the PWM pulse widths within and after each PWM period as needed●External-maskable power and drive-protection interrupts●Pulse-pattern-generator circuit, for programmable generation of asymmetric,symmetric, and four-space vector PWM waveforms●Minimized CPU overhead using auto-reload of the compare and period registersCapture unitThe capture unit provides a logging function for different events or transitions. The values of the GP timer 2 counter are captured and stored in the two-level-deep FIFO stacks when selected transitions are detected on capture input pins, CAPx (x = 1, 2, or 3 for EV A; and x = 4, 5, or 6 for EVB). The capture unit consists of three capture circuits.Capture units include the following features:●One 16-bit capture control register, CAPCON (R/W)●One 16-bit capture FIFO status register, CAPFIFO (eight MSBs are read-only, eightLSBs are write-only)●Selection of GP timer 2 as the time base●Three 16-bit 2-level-deep FIFO stacks, one for each capture unit●Three Schmitt-triggered capture input pins (CAP1, CAP2, and CAP3)—one input pinper capture unit. [All inputs are synchronized with the device (CPU) clock. In order fora transition to be captured, the input must hold at its current level to meet two risingedges of the device clock. The input pins CAP1 and CAP2 can also be used as QEPinputs to the QEP circuit.]●User-specified transition (rising edge, falling edge, or both edges) detection●Three maskable interrupt flags, one for each capture unitEnhanced analog-to-digital converter (ADC) moduleA simplified functional block diagram of the ADC module is shown in Figure 1. The ADC module consists of a 10-bit ADC with a built-in sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit. Functions of the ADC module include:●10-bit ADC core with built-in S/H●Fast conversion time (S/H + Conversion) of 500 ns●16-channel, muxed inputs●Autosequencing capability provides up to 16 ―autoconversions‖ in a single session.Each conversion can be programmed to select any 1 of 16 input channels●Sequencer can be operated as two independent 8-state sequencers or as one large16-state sequencer (i.e., two cascaded 8-state sequencers)●Sixteen result registers (individually addressable) to store conversion values●Multiple triggers as sources for the start-of-conversion (SOC) sequence✧S/W – software immediate start✧EV A – Event manager A (multiple event sources within EV A)✧EVB – Event manager B (multiple event sources within EVB)✧Ext – External pin (ADCSOC)●Flexible interrupt control allows interrupt request on every end of sequence (EOS) orevery other EOS●Sequencer can operate in ―start/stop‖ mode, allowing multiple ―time-sequencedtriggers‖ to synchronize conv ersions●EV A and EVB triggers can operate independently in dual-sequencer mode●Sample-and-hold (S/H) acquisition time window has separate prescale control●Built-in calibration mode●Built-in self-test modeThe ADC module in the ‘240x has been enhanced to pro vide flexible interface to event managers A and B. The ADC interface is built around a fast, 10-bit ADC module with total conversion time of 500 ns (S/H + conversion). The ADC module has 16 channels, configurable as two independent 8-channel modules to service event managers A and B. The two independent 8-channel modules can be cascaded to form a 16-channel module. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the ‘240x ADC module.The two 8-channel modules have the capability to autosequence a series of conversions,each module has the choice of selecting any one of the respective eight channels available through an analog mux. In the cascaded mode, the autosequencer functions as a single 16-channel sequencer. On each sequencer, once the conversion is complete, the selected channel value is stored in its respective RESULT register. Autosequencing allows the system to convert the same channel multiple times, allowing the user to perform oversampling algorithms. This gives increased resolution over traditional single-sampled conversion results.Figure 2. Block Diagram of the ‘240x ADC ModuleFrom TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402数字信号处理控制器TMS320LF240x和TMS320LC240x系列芯片作为’24x系列DSP控制器的新成员，是C2000平台下的一种定点DSP芯片。
光伏发电介绍英文作文
光伏发电介绍英文作文英文：As we all know, photovoltaic power generation, also known as solar power generation, is a method of generating electricity by converting solar energy into electrical energy using photovoltaic materials. The most common photovoltaic materials are solar cells, which are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon. When sunlight hits the solar cells, it excites the electrons in the material, creating an electric current that can be captured and used as electricity.One of the great things about photovoltaic power generation is its sustainability. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to pollution, solar energy is abundant and renewable. This means that we can continue to harness the power of the sun for electricity without depleting natural resources or harming the environment. In fact, many countries and regions are investing heavily insolar power as a clean and sustainable energy source.Another benefit of photovoltaic power generation is its versatility. Solar panels can be installed on a wide rangeof surfaces, from rooftops to open fields, making it a flexible option for generating electricity. In addition, solar panels can be used in both grid-connected and off-grid systems, providing power to remote areas that may not have access to traditional electricity sources.In my own experience, I have seen the impact of photovoltaic power generation firsthand. In my hometown, many households have installed solar panels on their roofsto generate electricity for their own use. This has notonly reduced their reliance on traditional power sources, but also saved them money on electricity bills. Furthermore, I have visited solar farms where vast fields of solarpanels are used to generate large amounts of electricityfor the local community. It's amazing to see how the powerof the sun can be harnessed to provide clean andsustainable energy for so many people.Overall, photovoltaic power generation is a promising and environmentally friendly method of generating electricity. With ongoing advancements in technology and increasing awareness of the importance of renewable energy, I believe that solar power will play an increasingly significant role in meeting our energy needs in the future.中文：众所周知，光伏发电，也被称为太阳能发电，是一种利用光伏材料将太阳能转换为电能的发电方法。
太阳能光伏系统蓄电池充电毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Design of a Lead-Acid Battery Charging and Protecting IC in Photovoltaic System1.IntroductionSolar energy as an inexhaustible, inexhaustible source of energy more and more attention. Solar power has become popular in many countries and regions, solar lighting has also been put into use in many cities in China. As a key part of the solar lighting, battery charging and protection is particularly important. Sealed maintenance-free lead-acid battery has a sealed, leak-free, pollution-free, maintenance-free, low-cost, reliable power supply during the entire life of the battery voltage is stable and no maintenance, the need for uninterrupted for the various types of has wide application in power electronic equipment, and portable instrumentation. Appropriate float voltage, in normal use (to prevent over-discharge, overcharge, over-current), maintenance-free lead-acid battery float life of up to 12 ~ 16 years float voltage deviation of 5% shorten the life of 1/2. Thus, the charge has a major impact on this type of battery life. Photovoltaic, battery does not need regular maintenance, the correct charge and reasonable protection, can effectively extend battery life. Charging and protection IC is the separation of the occupied area and the peripheral circuit complexity. Currently, the market has not yet real, charged with the protection function is integrated on a single chip. For this problem, design a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC is very necessary.2.System design and considerationsThe system mainly includes two parts: the battery charger module and the protection module. Of great significance for the battery as standby power use of the occasion, It can ensure that the external power supply to the battery-powered, but also in the battery overcharge, over-current and an external power supply is disconnected the battery is to put the state to provide protection, the charge and protection rolled into one to make the circuit to simplify and reduce valuable product waste of resources. Figure 1 is a specific application of this Ic in the photovoltaic powergeneration system, but also the source of this design.Figure1 Photovoltaic circuit system block diagramMaintenance-free lead-acid battery life is usually the cycle life and float life factors affecting the life of the battery charge rate, discharge rate, and float voltage. Some manufacturers said that if the overcharge protection circuit, the charging rate can be achieved even more than 2C (C is the rated capacity of the battery), battery manufacturers recommend charging rate of C/20 ~ C/3. Battery voltage and temperature, the temperature is increased by 1 °C, single cell battery voltage drops 4 mV , negative temperature coefficient of -4 mV / ° C means that the battery float voltage. Ordinary charger for the best working condition at 25 °C; charge less than the ambient temperature of 0 °C; at 45 °C may shorten the battery life due to severe overcharge. To make the battery to extend the working life, have a certain understanding and analysis of the working status of the battery, in order to achieve the purpose of protection of the battery. Battery, there are four states: normal state, over-current state over the state of charge, over discharge state. However, due to the impact of the different discharge current over-capacity and lifetime of the battery is not the same, so the battery over discharge current detection should be treated separately. When the battery is charging the state a long time, would severely reduce the capacity of the battery and shorten battery life. When the battery is the time of discharge status exceeds the allotted time, the battery, the battery voltage is too low may not be able to recharge, making the battery life is lower.Based on the above, the charge on the life of maintenance-free lead-acid batteries have a significant impact, while the battery is always in good working condition, battery protection circuit must be able to detect the normal working condition of the battery and make the action the battery can never normal working state back to normal operation, in order to achieve the protection of the battery.3.Units modular design3.1The charging module Chip, charging module block diagram shown in Figure 2. The circuitry includes solar battery array Charge controller controller Discharge controller DC load accumulatorcurrent limiting, current sensing comparator, reference voltage source, under-voltage detection circuit, voltage sampling circuit and logic control circuit.Figure2 Charging module block diagramThe module contains a stand-alone limiting amplifier and voltage control circuit, it can control off-chip drive, 20 ~30 mA, provided by the drive output current can directly drive an external series of adjustment tube, so as to adjust the charger output voltage and current . V oltage and current detection comparator detects the battery charge status, and control the state of the input signal of the logic circuit. When the battery voltage or current is too low, the charge to start the comparator control the charging. Appliances into the trickle charge state when the cut-off of the drive, the comparator can output about 20 mA into the trickle charge current. Thus, when the battery short-circuit or reverse, the charger can only charge a small current, to avoid damage to the battery charging current is too large. This module constitutes a charging circuit charging process is divided into two charging status: high-current constant-current charge state, high-voltage charge status and low-voltage constant voltage floating state. The charging process from the constant current charging status, the constant charging current of the charger output in this state. And the charger continuously monitors the voltage across the battery pack, the battery power has been restored to 70% to 90% of the released capacity when the battery voltage reaches the switching voltage to charge conversion voltage Vsam charger moves to the state of charge. In this state, the charger output voltage is increased to overcharge pressure driverV oltage amplifierV oltage sampling comparatorStart amplifier State level control Charging indicator Logical module Undervoltage detection circuit R- powerCurrent sampling comparator Limiting amplifier Power indicatorV oc is due to the charger output voltage remains constant, so the charging current is a continuous decline. Current down to charge and suspend the current Ioct, the battery capacity has reached 100% of rated capacity, the charger output voltage drops to a lower float voltage VF.3.2 Protection ModuleChip block diagram of the internal protection circuit shown in Figure 3. The circuit includes control logic circuit, sampling circuit, overcharge detection circuit, over-discharge detection comparator, overcurrent detection comparator, load short-circuit detection circuit, level-shifting circuit and reference circuit (BGR).Figure3 Block diagram of battery protectionThis module constitutes a protection circuit shown in Figure 4. Under the chip supply voltage within the normal scope of work, and the VM pin voltage at the overcurrent detection voltage, the battery is in normal operation, the charge and discharge control of the chip high power end of the CO and DO are level, when the chip is in normal working mode. Larger when the battery discharge current will cause voltage rise of the VM pin at the VM pin voltage at above the current detection voltage Viov, then the battery is the current status, if this state to maintain the tiov overcurrent delay time, the chip ban on battery discharge, then the charge to control the end of CO is high, the discharge control side DO is low, the chip is in the current mode, general in order to play on the battery safer and more reasonable protection, the chip will battery over-discharge current to take over the discharge current delay time protection. The general rule is that the over-discharge current is larger, over the Sampling circuitOver discharge detection comparator Control logic circuitLevel conversion circuit Overcharge detection comparator Over-current detection comparator2 Over-current detection comparator1Over-current detection circuitLoad short detection circuitshorter the discharge current delay time. Above Overcharge detection voltage, the chip supply voltage (Vdd> Vcu), the battery is in overcharge state, this state is to maintain the corresponding overcharge delay time tcu chip will be prohibited from charging the battery, then discharge control end DO is high, and charging control terminal CO is low, the chip is in charging mode. When the supply voltage of the chip under the overdischarge detection voltage (Vdd <Vdl,), then the battery is discharged state, this state remains the overdischarge delay time tdl chip will be prohibited to discharge the battery at this time The charge control side CO is high, while the discharge control terminal DO is low, the chip is in discharge mode.ProtectionmoduleFigure4 Protection circuit application schematic diagram4.Circuit DesignTwo charge protection module structure diagram, the circuit can be divided into four parts: the power detection circuit (under-voltage detection circuit), part of the bias circuit (sampling circuit, the reference circuit and bias circuit), the comparator (including the overcharge detection /overdischarge detection comparator, over-current detection and load short-circuit detection circuit) and the logic control part.This paper describes the under-voltage detection circuit (Figure 5), and gives the bandgap reference circuit (Figure 6).Figure5 Under-voltage detection circuitFigure6 A reference power supply circuit diagramBattery charging, voltage stability is particularly important, undervoltage, overvoltage protection is essential, therefore integrated overvoltage, undervoltage protection circuit inside the chip, to improve power supply reliability and security. And protection circuit design should be simple, practical, here designed a CMOS process, the undervoltage protection circuit, this simple circuit structure, process and easy to implement and can be used as high-voltage power integrated circuits and other power protection circuit.Undervoltage protection circuit schematic shown in Figure 5, a total of five components: the bias circuit, reference voltage, the voltage divider circuit, differential amplifier, the output circuit. The circuit supply voltage is 10V; the M0, M1, M2, R0 is the offset portion of the circuit to provide bias to the post-stage circuit, the resistance, Ro, determine the circuit's operating point, the M0, M1, M2 form a current mirror; R1 M14 is the feedback loop of the undervoltage signal; the rest of the M3, M4 and M5, M6, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, composed of four amplification comparator; M15, DO, a reference voltage, the comparator input with the inverting Biasing circuit Reference circuit Bleeder circuit difference amplifier Output circuitAmplifierAmplifierinput is fixed (V+), partial pressure of the resistance R1, R2, R3, the input to the inverting input of the comparator, when the normal working of the power supply voltage, the inverting terminal of the voltage detection is lost to the inverting terminal voltage of the comparator is greater than V+. Comparator output is low, M14 cutoff, feedback circuit does not work; undervoltage occurs, the voltage divider of R1, R2, R3, reaction is more sensitive, lost to the inverting input voltage is less than V when the resistor divider, the comparator the output voltage is high, this signal will be M14 open, the voltage across R into M at both ends of the saturation voltage close to 0V, thereby further driving down the R1> R2, the partial pressure of the output voltage, the formation of the undervoltage positive feedback. Output, undervoltage lockout, and plays a protective role.5. Simulation results and analysisThe design of the circuit in CSMC 0.6 μm in digital CMOS process simulation and analysis of the circuit. In the overall simulation of the circuit, the main observation is that the protection module on the battery charge and discharge process by monitoring Vdd potential and Vm potential leaving chip CO side and DO-side changes accordingly. The simulation waveform diagram shown in Figure 7, the overall protection module with the battery voltage changes from the usual mode conversion into overcharge mode, and then return to normal working mode, and then into the discharge mode, and finally back to normal working mode. As the design in the early stages of the various parameters to be optimized, but to provide a preliminary simulation results.Figure7 Overvoltage and under-voltage protection circuit simulation waveform6.ConclusionDesigned a set of battery charging and protection functions in one IC. This design not only can reduce the product, they can reduce the peripheral circuit components. The circuit uses the low-power design. This project is underway to design optimization stage, a complete simulation can not meet the requirements, but also need to optimize the design of each module circuit.光伏系统中蓄电池的充电保护IC电路设计1.引言太阳能作为一种取之不尽、用之不竭的能源越来越受到重视。
用太阳能发电的英语作文
用太阳能发电的英语作文Solar Energy: A Sustainable Solution for Power Generation。
Introduction。
In recent years, the world has witnessed an increasing demand for energy due to population growth and industrial development. As a result, traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels have been heavily relied upon, leading to environmental degradation and concerns about future energy security. In light of these challenges, solar energy has emerged as a promising alternative for power generation. Harnessing the power of the sun, solar energy offers numerous advantages, including sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. This essay will delve into the various aspects of solar energy, exploring its benefits, applications, and potential for the future.Harnessing the Power of the Sun。
Solar energy refers to the conversion of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar thermal collectors. PV cells, made of semiconductor materials, absorb photons from sunlight and convert them into direct current (DC) electricity. This electricity can either be used immediately or stored in batteries for later use. On the other hand, solar thermal collectors utilize the sun's heat to generate steam, which drives turbines to produce electricity.Advantages of Solar Energy。
中英文翻译光伏系统设计精品
Photovoltaic System Design1 IntroductionAfter PV workers unremitting efforts, solar cell production technology constantly improve, and increasingly widely used in various fields. Posts and telecommunications in particular, the telecommunications industry in recent years because of the rapid development of communication power requirements have become more sophisticated, so stable and reliable power Solar energy is widely used in communications. And how the various regions of solar radiation conditions, to the design of both economic and reliable photovoltaic power system, which is one of the many experts and scholars study the long-standing issue, but there are many excellent research results, for the development of China's photovoltaic laid a solid foundation. The author of the study at the design methodology of experts found that the design has only considered the self-maintenance of battery time (that is, the longest consecutive rainy days), without taking into account the loss of electric batteries as soon as possible after the recovery time (ie, two sets of the longest continuous rain days, the shortest interval between the days). This problem particularly in the southern China region should pay great attention to the southern region because of our rainy day is long too, and for the convenience of independent photovoltaic power system, because there is no other emergency backup power protection, so this problem should be included in the design considered together.In this paper, an integrated design method of the previous advantages, combined with the author over the years actually engaged in the design of photovoltaic power systems experience, the introduction of two sets of the longest consecutive rainy days, the shortest interval between the number of days as the basis for the design of one, and comprehensive consideration of the the impact of solar radiation conditions of thefactors that made solar cells, the formula for calculating battery capacity, and related design methods.2 Many factors affect the designSun solar cells on the ground square on the radiation of light spectrum, light intensity by the thickness of the atmosphere (ie air quality), geographic location, the location of the climate and weather, terrain and surface features such as the impact of its energy in one day, January and a year of great change, or even years between the total annual amount of radiation There were also large differences.Square solar photoelectric conversion efficiency, by the battery itself, temperature, sunlight intensity and battery voltage fluctuations, which is three in one day will change, so square photovoltaic solar cell conversion efficiency is also variable.Battery is charging in the float state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature.Solar energy battery charge and discharge controller made by the electronic components manufacturer, it is also necessary energy, while the use of components of performance, quality, etc. is also related to the size of energy consumption, thus affecting the efficiency of charge.Load of electricity, but also as determined by uses, such as communications relay stations, unmanned weather stations and so on, have a fixed power equipment. Some equipment such as a lighthouse, beacon lights, civilian power consumption such as lighting and equipment power consumption are often changing.Therefore, the solar power system design, the need to consider many factors and complex. Characteristics are: the data used in most previous statistical data, thestatistical data measurement and data selection are important.Designers of the mission are: In the solar cell matrix under the conditions of the environment (that is, the scene of the geographical location, solar radiation, climate, weather, terrain and surface features, etc.), the design of solar cell and battery power system matrix is We should pay attention to economic efficiency, but also to ensure system reliability.Location of a particular energy of solar radiation data to meteorological information provided the basis for the design of solar cells used phalanx. These meteorological data required to check the accumulation of several years or even decades on average.Various regions on the Earth by sunlight and radiation changes in the cycle for the day, 24h. In a square area of solar cells also have the power output 24h of the cyclical changes in its laws and sun radiation in the region, the changes of the same. However, changes in weather will affect the square of the generating capacity. If you have a few days consecutive rain days, almost square on the power generation should not rely on batteries to power, and battery depth of discharge and then need to be added as soon as possible good. Most designers in order to weather the sun to provide a daily total of radiation energy or the annual average sunshine hours as the design of the main data. Each year because of a regional data is not the same as for the sake of reliability should be taken within the last decade of the minimum data. Under the load of electricity consumption, in sunshine and no sunshine when battery power is required. Weather provided by solar power or the total amount of radiation the total sunshine hours on the battery capacity of the size of the decision is indispensable data.Phalanx of the solar cell, the load should include all power system devices (except for use but also have a battery and electrical circuits, controllers, etc.)consumption. Matrix components of the output power and the number of series-parallel, and series are required in order to obtain the operating voltage, in parallel are necessary in order to obtain the current work, an appropriate number of components through which the composition of series-parallel connection of solar cells required phalanx.3 Designed capacity of batteriesSolar cell power supply system is the battery energy storage devices. And solar cell batteries are usually square matching job at Floating state, with the square of its voltage output and load power consumption changes. Its load capacity than the power required is much greater. Batteries to provide energy is also affected by environmental temperature. And solar cells in order to match the job requirements of long life battery and easy maintenance.(1)Battery SelectionAnd be able to support the use of solar cells, many different types of batteries, widely used at present have lead-acid maintenance-free batteries, ordinary lead-acid batteries and alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries of three. Domestic use are mainly maintenance-free lead-acid batteries, because of its inherent "free"maintenance of properties and less polluting to the environment characteristics, it is suitable for the performance of reliable power systems solar power, especially in unattended workstations. Ordinary lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance because of its larger environmental pollution, so the main suitable for the maintenance of the ability or have the use of low-grade occasions. Although alkaline nickel-cadmium batteries have better low-temperature, over-charge, take-off performance, but because of their higher prices, only applies to more special occasions.(2)Calculation of battery capacityBattery capacity to ensure continuous power supply is very important. At one year, the month of matrix generation has very different. Phalanx at the generating capacity can not meet the electricity needs of the month, to rely on battery power give supplement; electricity required in more than month, are relying on batteries to store excess energy.Phalanx so inadequate generating capacity and surplus value, is to determine the basis for one of the battery capacity. Similarly, the continuous overcast and rainy days during the load of electricity must also be obtained from the battery. Therefore, the power consumption during this period to determine the battery capacity is also one of the factors.光伏系统设计1引言通过光伏工作者们坚持不懈旳努力，太阳能电池旳生产技术不停得到提高，并且日益广泛地应用于各个领域。
太阳能发电-中英文翻译Solarelectricalenergygeneration文献翻译
文献翻译英文原文：Solar electrical energy generationAlong with economical development, society's progress, the people to the energy proposed that more and more high request, seeks for the new energy to become the urgent topic which the current humanity faces. The existing energy mainly has 3 kinds, namely thermal power, water and electricity and nuclear power.The thermal power needs to burn fossil fuels and so on bunker coal, petroleum. On the one hand the fossil fuel reserves limited, the fever are less, is facing the danger which dries up. It is estimated that the world oil resource will have 30 years then to dry up again. On the other hand the combustion fuel will discharge CO2 and the sulfur oxide compound, will therefore cause the greenhouse effect and the acid rain, will worsen the terrestrial environment.The water and electricity must submerge the massive lands, has the possibility to cause the ecological environment to destroy, moreover large reservoir, once collapses, the consequence will be inconceivable. Moreover, country's hydro-electric resources are also limited, moreover must receive the season influence.The nuclear power in the normal condition no doubt is clean, but has the nuclear leakage accidentally, the consequence is similarly fearful. The former Soviet Union Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station accident, has caused 9,000,000 people to receive the varying degree harm, moreover this influence has not terminated.These force the people to seek for the new energy. The new energy must simultaneously meet two conditions: First, the implication rich will not dry up; Second, is safe, is clean, will not threaten the humanity and the destruction environment. At present found the new energy mainly had two kinds：first, solar energy; second, fuel cell. Moreover, the wind power generation may also be the auxiliary new energy. And, the most ideal new energy is greatly positive energy.1. The solar electrical energy generation is the most ideal new energyShines is huge on Earth's solar energy, about 40 minutes shine on Earth's solar energy, then sufficiently supplies global humanity one year energy the expense. It can be said that the solar energy is true inexhaustible, the inexhaustible energy. Moreover the solar electrical energy generation is absolutely clean, does not have the environmental damage. Therefore the solar electrical energy generation is honored asis the ideal energy.Obtains the electric power from the solar energy, must carry on the electro-optical transformation through the greatly positive battery to realize. It completely was formerly different with other power source electricity generation principle, has the following characteristic: ①Non-depletion danger; ②Clean (does not have environmental damage) absolutely; ③It is not distributed the resources the region the limit; ④But is using electricity place nearby generates electricity; ⑤The energy quality is high; ⑥The user easy to accept from the sentiment; ⑦The gain energy expenditure's time is short. The deficiency is:①The illumination energy distribution density is small, namely must take the huge area; ②Obtains the energy with four seasons, the day and nights and cloudy clear and so on meteorological conditions concerns. But generally speaking, the flaw does not cover the fine jade, takes the new energy, the solar energy has the enormous merit, therefore receives various countries the value.Must enable the solar electrical energy generation to achieve the practical level truly; first, must raise the solar energy electro-optic conversion efficiency and reduce its cost; second, must realize the solar electrical energy generation with present's electrical network networking.At present, solar panels mainly has the mono-crystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon, the amorphous state silicon three kinds. The mono-crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is highest, has reached above 20%, but the price is also the most expensive. The amorphous state silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is lowest, but the price is the cheapest, from now on most will be hopeful uses in generally generating electricity will be this kind of battery. Once its big area module electro-optic conversion efficiency achieves 10%, each watt generating set price falls to 1-2 US dollars, then sufficiently compete with present's electricity generation way. It is estimated that at the end of this century it may achieve this level.Certainly, in the special use and the laboratory uses the solar cell efficiency must be much higher, if the US Boeing develops by the gallium arsenic semiconductor with the positive electricity place which too the stibium gallium semiconductor overlaps becomes, the electro-optic conversion efficiency may reach 36%, has caught up with the coal-burning electricity generation efficiency quickly. But because it is too expensive, at present can only be restricted on the satellite uses.2. Solar electrical energy generation applicationAlthough solar electrical energy generation day and nights, clear and rain, season influence, but may carry on scattered, therefore it is suitable for various each household minute to carry on the electricity generation severally, moreover must join in the power supply network, causes each family when the electric power is wealthy may sold it to the Electricity company, when the insufficiency be possible from the Electricity company to buy up. Realizes this point’s technology not to be difficult to solve, the key lies in must have the corresponding legal safeguard. Now the US, Japan and so on developed country has made the corresponding law, guaranteed that carries on the solar electrical energy generation the family benefit, encourages the family to carry on the solar electrical energy generation.Japan has realized the solar electrical energy generation system the same electricity company electrical network's networking in April, 1992, had some families to start to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry started from 1994 take individual housing as an object, implemented to purchases the solar electrical energy generation equipment's expense to subsidize 2/3 systems. Requests the first year had 1000 households families, when 2000 to have 70,000 households families to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment.According to the Japanese Department concerned estimates in the Japanese 21,000,000 households individual housing, if has 80% to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment, then may satisfy 14% which the national total power needs, if units and so on factory and office building also carry on the solar electrical energy generation with the room, then the solar electrical energy generation will occupy the national electric power 30%-40%. The current hindrance solar electrical energy generation popular most primary factor is the expense is expensive In order to satisfy the general family power requirement 3 kilowatt generating system, needs 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 Japanese Yen, has not included the installment wages. The concerned expert believed that when must fall at least to 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Japanese Yen, the solar electrical energy generation only then can popularize truly. The key to reduce the expense lie in the solar cell to raise the conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost.Some time ago, the US Texas Instruments Company and SCE Corporation announced that they develop one kind of new solar cell, each unit is the diameter less than 1 millimeter bead, they distribute regularly densely and numerously on the softaluminum foil, looks like many silkworm eggs to cling on the paper is the same. Then distributes in about 50 square centimeters area has 1,700 such units. This kind of new battery's characteristic is, although the conversion efficiency has 8%-10%, but the price is cheap. Moreover aluminum foil bottom bush soft solid, may look like the cloth to fold equally at will, and durable, hangs in toward the sun place then may generate electricity, is convenient. It is said that uses this kind of new solar cell, so long as each watt power capacity equipment 1.5 to 2 US dollars, moreover each round of once electricity's expense might also fall to 14 cents about, definitely may compete with the ordinary power plant. Each family hangs this kind of battery on the roof, the wall toward the sun, every year may obtain 1,000-2,000 degrees electric powers.3. Solar electrical energy generation prospectThe solar electrical energy generation has a more exciting plan. First, Japan proposes creates the century plan. Prepares the desert and the sea area carries on the electricity generation using the ground, and through superconducting cable whole world solar power station connection unification electrical network in order to global. According to reckoning, to 2000, in 2050, in 2100, even if all uses the solar electrical energy generation supplies the whole world energy, the occupying land area is also 651,100 square kilometer, 1,867,900 square kilometer, 8,291,900 square kilometers. 8,291,900 square kilometers only occupy the complete sea area 2.3% or the complete desert area 51.4%, even is the Sahara area 91.5%. Therefore this plan has the possibility to realize.Another one is the space electricity generation plan. As early as in 1980 the NASA and Department of Energy proposed that in the spatial construction solar power station tentative plan, prepares on the synchronous orbit to put one long 10 kilometers, to extend 5 kilometer big plates, above covers entirely the solar cell, like this then may provide 5,000,000 kilowatts electric powers. But this needs to solve to the ground wireless electric transmission question. Already proposed with the micro wave beam, the laser beam and so on each kind of plan. At present although has realized the short distance, the short time, the low power microwave wireless electric transmission with the mockup, but to true practical also has the long distance.Along with our country technology's development, in 2006, China had three enterprises to enter global first ten, symbolizes that China will become one of global new energy science and technology central, in the world the solar energy light bends down widespread application, what caused present to be deficient was raw materialsupply and the price rise, we needed dissemination of technology at the same time, to use the new technology, with the aim of reducing the cost large scale, was this new energy long-term development provides the driving force!The solar energy use mainly divides into several aspects: The family with the small solar energy power plant, the large-scale incorporation power plant, the building integration light bends down the glass curtain wall, the solar energy street light, the scenery supplementary street light, the scenery supplementary power supply system and so on, now main application way for construction integration and scenery supplementary system.The world present had the nearly 200 companies to produce the solar cell, but produces the plants mainly hand in the Japanese business.Recent years the South Korean Tri-star, LG expressed the positive participation's desire, China two sides across the Taiwan Strait are similarly very warm-hearted. It is reported that our country Taiwan in 2008 crystallizes the silicon solar cell productivity to reach 2.2GW, later will expand by every year 1GW productivity in the past and started to produce the thin film solar cell, this year will strengthen vigorously, Taiwan anticipated that “the solar cell great nation” emulated to Europe. in 2010 various countries and the area have above 1GW the productive plan solar cell manufacturer to have Japanese Sharp, German Q-Cells, Scho~Solar, turns 5 prestige RWE Solar, Chinese Suntech Power and so on 5 companies, above other 7 500MW productivity company.Recent years the world solar cell market advanced triumphantly, an excellence, but the rare financial storm brought the economic crisis, was similarly presses in solar cell market on dark clouds, the Major enterprise like Germany Q-Cells achievement declined accordingly, because pre-year the world too positive electricity market also the demand will be this year worn out, the petroleum price dropped, but the competitive power counter-promotion and so on disadvantage factor lowered But at the same time, the people also see the US. After the Obama comes on stage, soon applies the Green New Deal policy, may have 150,000,000,000 US dollar subsidy funds including the among them green energy program, Japan will also carry out the subsidy system to continue to popularize solar cell's application4. Solar cell electricity generation principle:The solar cell is pair of light has the response and can transform the energy of light the electric power the component. Many kinds of materials can produce the lightto bend down the effect, for example: Mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenic, selenium indium copper and so on. Their electricity generation principle basic same, presently take crystal as example description light electricity generation process. The P crystalline silicon may result in the N silicon after the doping phosphorus, forms the P-N knot.When light illumination solar cell surface, part of photons by silicon material absorption; The photon energy transfer has given the silicon atom, caused the electron to occur more moved, becomes the free electron to tie the both sides in P-N to gather has formed the potential difference, when exterior key-on, under this voltage's function, will have the electric current to wind through the exterior electric circuit to have certain output. This process's essence is: The photon energy transforms the electrical energy the process.5. Crystalline silicon solar cell's manufacture process:The silicon is on our star preserves one of most abundant quantity materials. Had discovered after the 19th century scientists crystalline silicon semiconductor characteristic, it changed all nearly, even humanity's thought. 20 century's ends, in our life everywhere obviously “silicon” the f orm and the function, the crystalline silicon solar cell is in the recent 15 years forms the industrial production to be quickest. The production process may divide into five steps approximately: a、depuration process.b、pulls good process.c、slice process.d、system battery process.e、and the seal process.6. Solar cell's application:In the 1960s, the scientists already applied the solar cells in the spatial technology-communication satellite power supply, on the century's end, in the human self-introspection's process, bends down unceasingly regarding the light generates electricity this kind so clean and the direct energy form already even more kind, not only in the spatial application, but also gives full play in the numerous domains.For example: The solar energy garden lamp, the solar electrical energy generation household with the system, the stockaded village power supply's independent system, the light bends down the water pump (potable water or irrigation), the correspondence power source, the petroleum oil pipeline cathodic protection, the fiber optic cable communications pumping station power source, in the seawater desalination system, the cities the guidepost, the highway guidepost and so on. Europe and America and so on advanced countries bend down the electricitygeneration the light to merge the city to use electricity the system and the remote border district nature village power supply system integrate the development direction. The solar cell and the building system's union already formed the industrial production tendency.参考译文：太阳能发电随着经济的发展、社会的进步，人们对能源提出越来越高的要求，寻找新能源成为当前人类面临的迫切课题。
光伏发电系统外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics Power Generation Systems（光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案）国外作者：Tamer T.N.Khatib，Azah Mohamed，Nowshad Amin文献出处：《European Journal of Scientific Research》,2009，Vol.33 No.3, pp515-524字数统计：英文1337单词，7006字符；中文2149汉字外文文献：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics PowerGeneration SystemsAbstract:This paper presents a new controller scheme for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed PV controller scheme controls both the boost converter and the battery charger by using a microcontroller in order to extract maximum power from the PV array and control the charging process of the battery. The objective of the paper is to present a cost effective boost converter design and an improved maximum power point tracking algorithm for the PV system. A MATLAB based simulation model of the proposed standalone PV system has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of the system in ensuring maximum power point operation.1.IntroductionRecently, the installation of PV generation systems is rapidly growing due to concerns related to environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs. PV generation system is considered as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy. The main applications of PV systems are in either standalone or grid connected configurations. Standalone PV generationsystems are attractive as indispensable electricity source for remote areas. However, PV generation systems have two major problems which are related to low conversion efficiency of about 9 to 12 % especially in low irradiation conditions and the amount of electric power generated by PV arrays varies continuously with weather conditions. Therefore, many research works are done to increase the efficiency of the energy produced from the PV arrays.The solar cell V-I characteristics is nonlinear and varies with irradiation and temperature. But there is a unique point on the V-I and P-V curves, called as the maximum power point (MPP), at which at this point the PV system is said to operate with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output. The location of the MPP is not known but can be traced by either through calculation models or search algorithms. Thus, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array’s operating point at its MPP. Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature in which the techniques vary in many aspects, including simplicity, convergence speed, hardware implementation and range of effectiveness. However, the most widely used MPPT technique is the perturbation and observation (P&O) method. This paper presents a simple MPPT algorithm which can be easily implemented and adopted for low cost PV applications. The objective of this paper is to design a novel PV controller scheme with improved MPPT method.The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account mathematical model of each component as well as actual component specification. The dc–dc or boost converter is the front-end component connected between the PV array and the load. The conventional boost converter may cause serious reverse recovery problem and increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference problem becomes severe under this situation. To increase the conversion efficiency, many modified step-up converter topologies have been investigated by several researchers. V oltage clamped techniques have been incorporated in the converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diodes. In this paper, focus is also given in the boost converter design. Another important component in the standalone PV systemsis the charge controller which is used to save the battery from possible damage due to over-charging and over-discharging. Studies showed that the life time of a battery can be degraded without using a charge controller.The proposed new controller scheme for the standalone PV system controls both the boost converter and the charge controller in two control steps. The first step is to control the boost converter so as to extract the maximum power point of the PV modules. Here, a high step-up converter is considered for the purpose of stepping up the PV voltage and consequently reducing the number of series-connected PV modules and to maintain a constant dc bus voltage. A microcontroller is used for data acquisition that gets PV module operating current and voltage and is also used to program the MPPT algorithm. The controller adopts the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to increase the duty cycle of the generated pulses as the PV voltage decreases so as to obtain a stable output voltage and current close to the maximum power point. The second control step is to control the charge controller for the purpose of protecting the batteries. By controlling the charging current using the PWM technique and controlling the battery voltage during charging, voltages higher than the gassing voltage can be avoided.2.Design of the Proposed Photovoltaic SystemMost of the standalone PV systems operate in one mode only such that the PV system charges the battery which in turns supply power to the load. In this mode of operation, the life cycle time of the battery may be reduced due to continuous charging and discharging of the battery. The proposed standalone PV system as shown in terms of a block diagram in Figure 1 is designed to operate in two modes: PV system supplies power directly to loads and when the radiation goes down and the produced energy is not enough, the PV system will charge the battery which in turns supply power to the load. To manage these modes of operation, a controller is connected to the boost converter by observing the PV output power.3.MethodologyFor the purpose of estimating the mathematical models developed for the proposed standalone PV system, simulations were carried in terms of the MATLAB codes. Each PV module considered in the simulation has a rating of 80 Watt at 1000 W/m2, 21.2 V open circuit voltage, 5A short circuit current. The PV module is connected to a block of batteries with of sizing 60 Ah, 48 V.4.Results and DiscussionThe simulation results of the standalone PV system using a simple MPPT algorithm and an improved boost converter design are described in this section. Simulations were carried out for the PV system operating above 30o C ambient temperature and under different values of irradiation. Figure 9 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various irradiation values. From the figure, it is observed that the PV current increase linearly as the irradiation value is increased. However, the PV voltage increases in logarithmic pattern as the irradiation increases. Figure 10 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various temperature values. It is noted from the figure that, the PV voltage decreases as the ambient temperature is increased.Figure 4 compares the PV array P-V characteristics obtained from using the proposed MPPT algorithm and the classical MPPT P&O algorithm. From this figure, it can be seen that by using the proposed MPPT algorithm, the operating point of PV array is much closer to the MPP compared to the using the classical P&O algorithm.In addition, the proposed boost converter is able to give a stable output voltage as shown in Figure 5. In terms of PV array current, it can be seen from Figure 6 that the PV current is closer to the MPP current when using the improved MPPT algorithm. Thus, the track operating point is improved by using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In terms of efficiency of the standalone PV system which is calculated by dividing the load power with the maximum power of PV array, it is noted that the efficiency of the system is better with the proposed MPPT algorithm as compared to using the classical P&O algorithm as shown in Figure 7.5.ConclusionThis paper has presented an efficient standalone PV controller by incorporating an improved boost converter design and a new controller scheme which incorporates both a simple MPPT algorithm and a battery charging algorithm. The simulation results show that the PV controller using the simple MPPT algorithm has provided more power and better efficiency (91%) than the classical P&O algorithm. In addition, the proposed boost converter design gives a better converter efficiency of about 93%. Such a PV controller design can provide efficient and stable power supply for remote mobile applications.中文译文：光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案摘要：本文提出了一种新的光伏（PV）发电系统控制器方案。
光伏发电系统的建模英文参考文献
光伏发电系统的建模英文参考文献英文回答：Modeling of Photovoltaic Power Systems.Photovoltaic (PV) power systems convert sunlight into electricity using semiconductor devices called solar cells. These systems are becoming increasingly popular as a source of renewable energy due to their low operating costs, environmental benefits, and scalability.The modeling of PV power systems is essential for designing, optimizing, and evaluating their performance. Accurate models can help engineers predict the power output of a PV system under different operating conditions, assess the impact of system parameters on performance, and develop control strategies to maximize energy production.There are various approaches to modeling PV power systems, including:Equivalent circuit models: These models represent the electrical characteristics of a PV cell or module using an equivalent circuit consisting of resistors, diodes, and current sources.Mathematical models: These models use mathematical equations to describe the relationship between the input (solar irradiance) and output (electrical power) of a PV cell or module.Statistical models: These models use statistical techniques to estimate the probability distribution of the power output of a PV system based on historical data.The choice of modeling approach depends on the specific requirements of the analysis. For example, equivalentcircuit models are often used for detailed design and simulation of PV systems, while mathematical models are more suitable for performance analysis and optimization.中文回答：光伏发电系统的建模。
太阳能发电的基础中英文文献翻译
The Basics of Solar Power for Producing Electricity Using solar power to produce electricity is not the same as using solar to produce heat. Solar thermal principles are applied to produce hot fluids or air. Photovoltaic principles are used to produce electricity. A solar panel is made of the natural element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically when subjected to sun light.Solar panels are directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are slightly different than magnetic compass north-south directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system. Many solar arrays are placed at an angle equal to the site latitude with no bias for seasonal periods.The intensity of the Sun's radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the year and weather conditions. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight perm, or Peak Sun Hours. This term, Peak Sun Hours, represents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year.It is presumed that at "peak sun", 1000 W/m of power reaches the surface of the earth. One hour of full sun provides 1000 Wh perm = 1 kWh/m - representing the solar energy received in one hour on a cloudless summer day on a one-square meter surface directed towards the sun. To put this in some other perspective, the United States Department of Energy indicates the amount of solar energy that hits the surface of the earth every +/- hour is greater than the total amount of energy that the entire human population requires in a year. Another perspective is that roughly 100 square miles of solar panels placed in the southwestern . could power the country.The daily average of Peak Sun Hours, based on either full year statistics, or average worst month of the year statistics, for example, is used for calculation purposes in the design of the system. To see the average Peak Sun Hours for your area in the United States, Choose the area closest to your location for a good indication of your average Peak Sun Hours.For a view of global solar isolation values (peak sun-hours) use this link: , then, you can use [back] or [previous] on your browser to return right here if you want to.So it can be concluded that the power of a system varies, depending on the intended geographical location. Folks in the northeastern . will need more solar panels in their system to produce the same overall power as those living in Arizona. We can advise you on this if you have any doubts about your area.The four primary components for producing electricity using solar power, which provides common 120 volt AC power for daily use are: Solar panels, charge controller, battery and inverter. Solar panels charge the battery, and the charge regulator insures proper charging of the battery. The battery provides DC voltage to the inverter, and the inverter converts the DC voltage to normal AC voltage. If 240 volts AC is needed, then either a transformer is added or two identical inverters are series-stacked to produce the 240 volts.The output of a solar panel is usually stated in watts, and the wattage is determined by multiplying the rated voltage by the rated amperage. The formula for wattage is VOLTS times AMPS equals WATTS. So for example, a 12 volt 60 watt solar panel measuring about 20 ×44 inches has a rated voltage of and a rated amperage.V × A = Wvolts times amps equals 60 wattsIf an average of 6 hours of peak sun per day is available in an area, then the above solar panel can produce an average 360 watt hours of power per day; 60w times 6 hrs= 360 watt-hours. Since the intensity of sunlight contacting the solar panel varies throughout the day, we use the term "peak sun hours" as a method to smooth out the variations into a daily average. Early morning and late-in-the-day sunlight produces less power than the mid-day sun. Naturally, cloudy days will produce less power than bright sunny days as well. When planning a system your geographical area is rated in average peak sun hours per day based on yearly sun data. Average peak sun hours for various geographical areas is listed in the above section.Solar panels can be wired in series or in parallel to increase voltage or amperage respectively, and they can be wired both in series and in parallel to increase both volts and amps. Series wiring refers to connecting the positive terminal of one panel to the negative terminal of another. The resulting outer positive and negative terminals will produce voltage the sum of the two panels, but the amperage stays the same as one panel. So two 12 volt/ amp panels wired in series produces 24 volts at amps. Four of these wired in series would produce 48 volts at amps. Parallel wiring refers to connecting positive terminals to positive terminals and negative to negative. Theresult is that voltage stays the same, but amperage becomes the sum of the number of panels. So two 12 volt/ amp panels wired in parallel would produce 12 volts at 7 amps. Four panels would produce 12 volts at 14 amps.A charge controller monitors the battery's state-of-charge to insure that when the battery needs charge-current it gets it, and also insures the battery isn't over-charged. Connecting a solar panel to a battery without a regulator seriously risks damaging the battery and potentially causing a safety concern.Charge controllers (or often called charge regulator) are rated based on the amount of amperage they can process from a solar array. If a controller is rated at 20 amps it means that you can connect up to 20 amps of solar panel output current to this one controller. The most advanced charge controllers utilize a charging principal referred to as Pulse-Width-Modulation (PWM) - which insures the most efficient battery charging and extends the life of the battery. Even more advanced controllers also include Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) which maximizes the amount of current going into the battery from the solar array by lowering the panel's output voltage, which increases the charging amps to the battery - because if a panel can produce 60 watts with volts and amps, then if the voltage is lowered to say 14 volts then the amperage increases to (14v ×amps = 60 watts) resulting in a 19% increase in charging amps for this example.Many charge controllers also offer Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) and Battery Temperature Compensation (BTC) as an optional feature. The LVD feature permits connecting loads to the LVD terminals which are then voltage sensitive. If the battery voltage drops too far the loads are disconnected - preventing potential damage to both the battery and the loads. BTC adjusts the charge rate based on the temperature of the battery since batteries are sensitive to temperature variations above and below about 75F degrees.The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or thousands of times. These batteries are rated in Amp Hours (ah) - usually at 20 hours and 100 hours. Simply stated, amp hours refers to the amount of current - in amps - which can be supplied by the battery over the period of hours. For example, a 350ah battery could supply continuous amps over 20 hours or 35 continuous amps for 10 hours. To quickly express the total watts potentially available in a 6 volt 360ah battery; 360ah times the nominal 6 volts equals 2160 watts or (kilowatt-hours). Like solar panels, batteries are wired in series and/or parallel to increase voltage to the desired level and increase amp hours.The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid battery should be sized at least 20% larger than this amount. If there is a source of back-up power, such as a standby generator along with a battery charger, the battery bank does not have to be sized for worst case weather conditions.The size of the battery bank required will depend on the storage capacity required, the maximum discharge rate, the maximum charge rate, and the minimum temperature at which the batteries will be used. During planning, all of these factors are looked at, and the one requiring the largest capacity will dictate the battery size.One of the biggest mistakes made by those just starting out does not understand the relationship between amps and amp-hour requirements of 120 volt AC items versus the effects on their DC low voltage batteries. For example, say you have a 24 volt nominal system and an inverter powering a load of 3 amps, 120VAC, which has a duty cycle of 4 hours per day. You would have a 12 amp hour load (3A × 4 hrs=12 ah). However, in order to determine the true drain on your batteries you have to divide your nominal battery voltage (24v) into the voltage of the load (120v), which is 5, and then multiply this times your 120vac amp hours (5 × 12 ah). So in this case the calculation would be 60 amp hours drained from your batteries - not the 12 ah. Another simple way is to take the total watt-hours of your 120VAC device and divide by nominal system voltage. Using the above example; 3 amps × 120 volts × 4 hours = 1440 watt-hours divided by 24 DC volts = 60 amp hours.Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM and Gel-cell deep-cycle batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free and they last a lot longer.太阳能发电的基础太阳能发电板由天然成分的硅制成，受太阳光控制的电池板。
太阳能光伏发电外文翻译汇总
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：电气工程学院专业：电气工程及其自动化专业姓名：刘哲瑄外文出处：University of Technology, Mauritius University of Mauritius B SeetanahAJ Khadaroo学号： 2011316020526 ：附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文太阳能发电技术——光伏发电系统控制器1 太阳能充放电控制器现状1.1太阳能光伏发电太阳能作为新能源有着巨大的优势，所以世界各国都在努力研发新技术进行获取比较成熟的是太阳能光伏发电技术。
太阳能光伏发电现已成为新能源和可再生能源的重要组成部分，也被认为是当前世界最有发展前景的新能源技术。
目前太阳能光伏发电装置已广泛应用于通讯、交通、电力等各个方面。
在进行太阳能光伏发电时，由于一般太阳能极板输出电压不稳定，不能直接将太阳能极板应用于负载，需要将太阳能转变为电能后存储到一定的储能设备中，如铅酸蓄电池。
但只有当太阳能光伏发电系统工作过程中保持蓄电池没有过充电，也没有过放电，才能使蓄电池的使用寿命延长，效率也得以提高，因此必须对工作过程加以研究分析而予以控制，这种情况下太阳能充电控制器应运而生。
1.2充电控制器的作用及现状太阳能充电控制器具备充电控制、过充保护、过放保护、防反接保护及短路保护等一系列功能，解决了这一难题，这样控制器在这个过程中起着枢纽作用，它控制太阳能极板对蓄电池的充电，加快蓄电池的充电速度，延长蓄电池的使用寿命。
同时太阳能充放电控制器还控制蓄电池对负载的供电，保护蓄电池和负载电路，避免蓄电池发生过放现象，由此可见，控制器具有举足轻重的作用。
目前市场上有各种各样的太阳能控制器，但这些控制器主要问题对于蓄电池的保护不够充分，不合适的充放电方式容易导致蓄电池的损坏，使蓄电池的使用寿命降低。
目前，控制器常用的蓄电池充电法包括三种;恒流充电法、阶段充电法和恒压充电法。
太阳能电池中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译英文原文Historical Review of Solar EnergySolar generally refers to the suns radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from H together into a helium the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earths atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earths atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earths surface.Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receiveabout 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as w ind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.At this stage, the worlds solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways. A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earths orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earths equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earths energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earths surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy systemof the role of subject to certain restrictions.The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are h igh there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.Although the Earths atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the suns energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earths fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large, he narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.Si is our planets abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century,scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almo st changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, silicon figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.Solar photovoltaicIs a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.Solar thermalModern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the su ns light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as the near future to add much-needed energy, the basis of the future energy mix is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the worlds first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plantscollect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.1. The First Stage (1900---1920)In this stage, the research focus of solar energy in the world were still on the solar-powered device which variable photospot method were applied and flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium were started to use; the capacity of the device was gradually expanded with the max. output power of 73.46kW; device was utilized with the definite end-use and in higher cost.The typical built device included: one set of solar energy pumping device constructed in California of U.S in 1901 which employed truncation taper photospot with the power of 7.36kW; 5 sets of twin-circulated solar-powered engine built in U.S in 1902 to 1908 which employed the flat plate heat collector and low boiling point actuating medium; 1 set of solar energy pump comprised of 5 parabolic mirror in a length of 62.5m, width of 4m built in Cairo of Egypt in which the total light collecting area could reach 1250m2.2. The Second Stage (1920-1965)For these 20 years, the research of solar energy was implementing on the poor stage, which the mandate to participate in the development and the research projects had been widely declined due to the mass utilization of fossil fuels and the second world war (1935---1945) while the s olar energy couldn’t satisfy the urgent demand upon the energy. Therefore, the research and development of solar energy was due to be gradually deserted.3. The Third Stage (1945-1965)For these 20 years after the Second World War, some foresight person has noticed that the petroleum and natural gas resources had been rapidly decreased and called for attention on these issues in order to gradually promote the recovery and development of the solar energy research. Solar energy institutes were setup and academic exchanges and exhibitions were held which raised the research upsurge again on solar energy.In this period, great progress was achieved in the research of solar energy, in particular: the foundation theory of selective paints proposed in the First International Solar Thermal Academic Conference in 1955, which black nickel had been developedas the practical selective paints, contributing to development of high-effective heat collector; the practical silicon solar cells developed by Bell Lab in U.S in 1954 which laid the foundation for large scale utilization of photovoltaic generation.Furthermore, there were still other significant results, including:a. One set of 50kW solar stove was built by French National Research Center in 1952;b. The worldwide prototype ammonia-water absorbing air conditioning system heated by flat plate heat collector with the capacity of 5 tons was built in Florida of U.S in 1960;c. An engine equipped with silicon window was invented in 1961.In this stage, research on foundation theory and foundation material of solar energy was reinforced and academic breakthrough, i.e. selective paints and silicon solar cells were achieved. The flat plate had been well developed and ripe in technologies. Progress had been achieved in the research of solar energy absorbing air conditioners and a batch of pilot solar room was established. Preliminary research was conducted on the engine and tower type solar-powered generation technologies.4. The Fourth Stage (1965---1973)In the stage, the research work on solar energy was standstill due to the reason that the utilization technologies of solar energy had entered into the growing stage which was no ripe in process, heavy in investment and lower in effect. Thus it cannot compete with conventional energy, which resulted in the absence of attention and support from the public, enterprise and government.5. The Fifth Stage (1973---1980)After petroleum played a leading role in the worldwide energy structure, it has been a key factor to control the economic and determine the fatal, development and declining of a country. After the explosion of Middle East War at Oc., 1973, OPEC employed the method of declining the production and increasing the price to support the struggle and safeguard the national benefits which resulted in heavy economic attack for those countries that relied on importing large amount of inexpensive petroleum from the region of Middle East. Thus, some people in the western countries were frightened to call that the energy or petroleum crisis had been launched in the world. This crisis made people realized that the existing energy structure should be completely changed and transition to the future energy structure should be speed up.From that on, many countries, especially the industrialized countries turned their attention towards the support on the research and development of solar energy andother renewable energy technologies. The upsurge of developing and utilizing solar energy had been raised again in the world. In 1973, U.S drew up a government scale sunlight power generation program which the research budget for solar energy were increased in a large amount, and solar energy development bank was to established to facilitate the solar energy products to be commercialized. In 1974, Japan published the sunlight program made by the government, among which the solar energy development projects included solar room, industrial-use solar energy system, solar thermal generation, solar cells production system, scattered and large scale photovoltaic generation system. In order to implement this program, the government of Japan input large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources.The upsurge on the utilization of solar energy raised in 1970s in the world also impacted on China. Some foresight technicians started to devote to the solar energy industry one after another and positively proposed to the relative department of the government and published books and periodicals to introduce the international trends on the utilization of solar energy. Solar stove was popularized and utilized in countryside; solar water heater was launched in the city; solar cells used in space have started to be applied in the ground. In 1975, the first national solar energy utilization working exchanges conference held in An yang, Henan Province further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China. After this meeting, the solar energy research and promotion had been brought into the government program and awarded support of specialized fund and material. In some universities and institutes, solar energy task team and research departments were established one after another. Solar energy research institutes were also launched in some places. At that time, an upsurge on utilization of solar energy was emerging in China.During this period, research and development of solar energy entered into an unprecedented well-developed stage with the following characteristics:a. Each country enhanced planning on solar energy research. Many countries worked out short term and long-term sunlight program. The utilization of solar energy had been a governmental action with intensive support. The international cooperation was very active which some developing countries had started to participate in the utilization of solar energy.b. The research field was expanding; research work was developed day by day and significant results achieved, for example, CPC, vacuum heat collecting pipe, non-crystal silicon solar cells, water-photolyzed hydrogen production and solar energy thermal power generation.c. The solar energy development program worked out by each country existed the problems that the requirement was too high and urgent and insufficient expectation on difficulty in implementation. They have thought to replace the mineral energy in the short time and to utilize the solar energy in large scale. For example, U.S has once scheduled to build a small size solar energy demonstration satellite power station in 1985 and one set of 5 million kW space solar energy power station in 1995. In fact, this program has been adjusted in later, and the space solar energy power station has not yet been realized.d. Products such as solar water heater and solar cells were started to commercialize. The solar energy sector has been preliminarily established with a small scale and ineffective economic effects.6. The Sixth Stage (1980-1992)The upsurge on utilization of solar energy emerged in 1970s was fallen into a stage of being developed in a low and slow step in 1980s. Many countries in the world declined the research budget for solar energy in successive in a large amount, in particular the U.S.The main reasons resulted in this situation were that the international oil price was corrected in a large range while solar energy product cost was still remaining as before which may be of no competitive capability; no any significant breakthrough on solar energy technologies to increase the efficiency and reduce the cost which led to break down people’s confidence to develop solar energy; increased development on nuclear power which may restrain on a certain degree on the development of solar energy.Influenced on the turndown of solar energy in the worldwide in 1980s, research work in China also declined in a certain degree. Due to the reason that the utilization of solar energy was heavy in investment, ineffective in results, difficult in energy storage and large in land covering, solar energy should be considered as the future energy. Some person even proposed that the technology could be introduced after it would be developed successfully. Only few people supported such viewpoint, but it was very harmful which will result in unfavorable influence on the development of solar energy industry.During this period, although the research budget has been mitigated in a large amount, the research work remained uninterruptedly, among which some projects achieved progress which facilitated people to investigate seriously on the program and goads worked out before and to adjust the research focus so that to strive for greatachievement by less input.7. The Seventh Stage (1992---Until Now)Excessive burning of fossil fuel led to worldwide environmental pollution and ecological destruction, which has been threatened the substance and development of human beings. Under such circumstance, UN held the international environment and development conference in Brazil in 1992. On this meeting, a series of importan t document were published including the Environment and Development Manifesto,Agenda of 21st century and UN Framework Pact on Climate Changing in which the environment and development were brought into the integrated framework, and sustainable model was established. After this conference, each country enhanced the development of clean energy technologies, and developed the solar energy in line with the environmental protection so as to make the utilization of solar energy be well developed.After this conference, Chinese government also turned their attention towards the environment and development and pointed out 10 pieces of tactic and measure definitely to develop and popularize the clean energy including solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy and biomass energy in accordance with the reality; worked out Agenda of 21st century in China and further focused the solar energy projects. In 1995, the State Planning, the State Economic and Trade Commission, the State Ministry of Science and Technology worked out the Outline for Development of New and Renewable Energy from 1996 to 2010, which definitely pointed out the goads, objectives and relative tactic and measure towards the development of new and renewable energy from 1996 to 2010 in China. The publishing and implementation of the document further promoted the development of solar energy industry in China.In 1996, UN held the worldwide solar energy summit conference in Zimbabwe. The Solar Energy and Sustainable Development Manifesto was published after the meeting. Important document, i.e.Worldwide Solar Energy 10-Year Action and Program (1996---2005), International Solar Energy Pact, Worldwide Solar Energy Strategic Planning were discussed during the meeting. This meeting further showed eac h country’s commitment to developing the solar energy. Worldwide joint action was required to extensively utilize the solar energy.After 1992, the worldwide utilization of solar energy has entered into a developing stage with the characteristic that:a. The utilization of solar energy can be consistent to the sustainable development and environment protection, and can be carried out jointly to realize thedevelopment strategy in the world;b. Definite development goals with focus projects and effective measure, which will be favorable to overcome the shortage to ensure the long-term development of solar energy industry;c. In the course of expanding the research of solar energy, attention was paid to convert the academic results into production, develop solar energy industry, speed up the progress to be commercialized, expand the utilization field and scale and increase the economic benefits;d. Active international cooperation in the field of solar energy with expanding scale and obvious effect.In view of the review, the development of solar energy in the 20th century was not so smooth. Generally speaking, low tide period was happened after every high tide period. The low tide period lasted for nearly 45 years. The development of solar energy differed with that of coal, petroleum and nuclear energy in understanding and development period, which could be demonstrated that it was very difficulty to develop the solar energy and it cannot be realized to large scale utilize in the short term. On the other hand, it was showed that the utilization of solar energy was also affected by the supply of mineral energy, politics and war. However, in a word, the solar energy has achieved greatly in academic results in 20th century than in any other century.英文翻译太阳能利用史太阳能一般指太阳光的辐射能量。
光伏发电英文文献Ultra-High Efficiency Photovoltaic
Ultra-High Efficiency Photovoltaic Cells for Large Scale Solar Power GenerationYoshiaki NakanoAbstract The primary targets of our project are to dras-tically improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency and to develop new energy storage and delivery technologies. Our approach to obtain an efficiency over40%starts from the improvement of III–V multi-junction solar cells by introducing a novel material for each cell realizing an ideal combination of bandgaps and lattice-matching.Further improvement incorporates quantum structures such as stacked quantum wells and quantum dots,which allow higher degree of freedom in the design of the bandgap and the lattice strain.Highly controlled arrangement of either quantum dots or quantum wells permits the coupling of the wavefunctions,and thus forms intermediate bands in the bandgap of a host material,which allows multiple photon absorption theoretically leading to a conversion efficiency exceeding50%.In addition to such improvements, microfabrication technology for the integrated high-effi-ciency cells and the development of novel material systems that realizes high efficiency and low cost at the same time are investigated.Keywords Multi-junctionÁQuantum wellÁConcentratorÁPhotovoltaicINTRODUCTIONLarge-scale photovoltaic(PV)power generation systems, that achieve an ultra-high efficiency of40%or higher under high concentration,are in the spotlight as a new technology to ease drastically the energy problems.Mul-tiple junction(or tandem)solar cells that use epitaxial crystals of III–V compound semiconductors take on the active role for photoelectric energy conversion in such PV power generation systems.Because these solar cells operate under a sunlight concentration of5009to10009, the cost of cells that use the epitaxial crystal does not pose much of a problem.In concentrator PV,the increased cost for a cell is compensated by less costly focusing optics. The photons shining down on earth from the sun have a wide range of energy distribution,from the visible region to the infrared region,as shown in Fig.1.Multi-junction solar cells,which are laminated with multilayers of p–n junctions configured by using materials with different band gaps,show promise in absorbing as much of these photons as possible,and converting the photon energy into elec-tricity with minimum loss to obtain high voltage.Among the various types of multi-junction solar cells,indium gallium phosphide(InGaP)/gallium arsenide(GaAs)/ger-manium(Ge)triple-junction cells that make full use of the relationship between band gaps and diverse lattice con-stants offered by compound semiconductors have the advantage of high conversion efficiency because of their high-quality single crystal with a uniform-size crystal lat-tice.So far,a conversion efficiency exceeding41%under conditions where sunlight is concentrated to an intensity of approximately5009has been reported.The tunnel junction with a function equivalent to elec-trodes is inserted between different materials.The positive holes accumulated in the p layer and the electrons in the adjacent n layer will be recombined and eliminated in the tunnel junction.Therefore,three p–n junctions consisting of InGaP,GaAs,and Ge will become connected in series. The upper limit of the electric current is set by the mini-mum value of photonflux absorbed by a single cell.On the other hand,the sum of voltages of three cells make up the voltage.As shown in Fig.1,photons that can be captured in the GaAs middle cell have a smallflux because of the band gap of each material.As a result,the electric currentoutputAMBIO2012,41(Supplement2):125–131 DOI10.1007/s13280-012-0267-4from the GaAs cell theoretically becomes smaller than that of the others and determines the electric current output of the entire tandem cell.To develop a higher efficiency tandem cell,it is necessary to use a material with a band gap narrower than that of GaAs for the middle cell.In order to obtain maximum conversion efficiency for triple-junction solar cells,it is essential to narrow down the middle cell band gap to 1.2eV and increase the short-circuit current density by 2mA/cm 2compared with that of the GaAs middle cell.When the material is replaced with a narrower band gap,the output voltage will drop.However,the effect of improving the electric current balance out-performs this drop in output voltage and boosts the effi-ciency of the entire multi-junction cell.When a crystal with such a narrow band gap is grown on a Ge base material,lattice relaxation will occur in the middle of epitaxial crystal growth because the lattice constants of narrower band-gap materials are larger than that of Ge (as shown in Fig.2).As a result,the carrier transport properties will degrade due to dislocation.Researchers from the international research center Solar Quest,the University of Tokyo,aim to move beyond such material-related restrictions,and obtain materials and structures that have effective narrow band gaps while maintaining lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.To achieve this goal,we have taken three approaches as indicated in Fig.3.These approaches are explained in detail below.DILUTE NITROGEN-ADDED BULK CRYSTAL Indium gallium nitride arsenide (InGaNAs)is a bulk material consists of InGaAs,which contains several percent of nitrogen.InGaNAs has a high potential for achieving a narrow band gap while maintaining lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.However,InGaNAs has a fatal problem,that is,a drop in carrier mobility due to inhomogeneousdistribution of nitrogen (N).To achieve homogeneous solid solution of N in crystal,we have applied atomic hydrogen irradiation in the film formation process and addition of a very small amount of antimony (Sb)(Fig.3).The atomic hydrogen irradiation technology and the nitrogen radical irradiation technology for incorporating N efficiently into the crystal can be achieved only through molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),which is used to fabricate films under high vacuum conditions.(Nitrogen radical irradiation is a technology that irradiates the surface of a growing crystal with nitrogen atoms that are resolved by passing nitrogen through a plasma device attached to the MBE system.)Therefore,high-quality InGaNAs has been obtained only by MBE until now.Furthermore,as a small amount of Sb is also incorporated in a crystal,it is nec-essary to control the composition of five elements in the crystal with a high degree of accuracy to achieve lattice matching with Ge or GaAs.We have overcome this difficulty by optimizing the crystal growth conditions with high precision and devel-oped a cell that has an InGaNAs absorption layer formed on a GaAs substrate.The short-circuit current has increased by 9.6mA/cm 2for this cell,compared with a GaAs single-junction cell,by narrowing the band gap down to 1.0eV.This technology can be implemented not only for triple-junction cells,but also for higher efficiency lattice-matched quadruple-junction cells on a Ge substrate.In order to avoid the difficulty of adjusting the compo-sition of five elements in a crystal,we are also taking an approach of using GaNAs with a lattice smaller than that of Ge or GaAs for the absorption layer and inserting InAs with a large lattice in dot form to compensate for the crystal’s tensile strain.To make a solid solution of N uniformly in GaNAs,we use the MBE method for crystal growth and the atomic hydrogen irradiation as in the case of InGaNAs.We also believe that using 3D-shaped InAs dots can effectively compensate for the tensile strainthatFig.1Solar spectrum radiated on earth and photon flux collected by the top cell (InGaP),middle cell (GaAs),and bottom cell (Ge)(equivalent to the area of the filled portions in the figure)occurs in GaNAs.We have measured the characteristics of a single-junction cell formed on a GaAs substrate by using a GaNAs absorption layer with InAs dots inserted.Figure 4shows that we were able to succeed in enhancing the external quantum efficiency in the long-wavelength region (corresponding to the GaNAs absorp-tion)to a level equal to GaAs.This was done by extending the absorption edge to a longer wavelength of 1200nm,and increasing the thickness of the GaNAs layer by increasing the number of laminated InAs quantum dot layers.This high quantum efficiency clearly indicates that GaNAs with InAs dots inserted has the satisfactory quality for middle cell material (Oshima et al.2010).STRAIN-COMPENSATED QUANTUM WELL STRUCTUREIt is extremely difficult to develop a narrow band-gap material that can maintain lattice matching with Ge orGaAs unless dilute nitrogen-based materials mentioned earlier are used.As shown in Fig.2,the conventionally used material InGaAs has a narrower band gap and a larger lattice constant than GaAs.Therefore,it is difficult to grow InGaAs with a thickness larger than the critical film thickness on GaAs without causing lattice relaxation.However,the total film thickness of InGaAs can be increased as an InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multi-layer structure by laminating InGaAs with a thickness less than the critical film thickness in combination with GaAsP that is based on GaAs as well,but has a small lattice constant,and bringing the average strain close to zero (Fig.3.).This InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multilayer structure will form a quantum well-type potential as shown in Fig.5.The narrow band-gap InGaAs layer absorbs the long-wavelength photons to generate electron–hole pairs.When these electron–hole pairs go over the potential bar-rier of the GaAsP layer due to thermal excitation,the electrons and holes are separated by a built-in electricfieldFig.2Relationship between band gaps and lattice constants of III–V-based and IV-based crystalsto generate photocurrent.There is a high probability of recombination of electron–hole pairs that remain in the well.To avoid this recombination,it is necessary to take out the electron–hole pairs efficiently from the well and transfer them to n-type and p-type regions without allowing them to be recaptured into the well.Designing thequantumFig.3Materials and structures of narrow band-gap middle cells being researched by thisteamFig.4Spectral quantum efficiency of GaAs single-junction cell using GaNAs bulk crystal layer (inserted with InAs dots)as the absorption layer:Since the InAs dot layer and the GaNAs bulk layer are stacked alternately,the total thickness of GaNAs layers increases as the number of stacked InAs dot layers is increased.The solid line in the graph indicates the data of a reference cell that uses GaAs for its absorption layer (Oshima et al.2010)well structure suited for this purpose is essential for improving conversion efficiency.The high-quality crystal growth by means of the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE)method with excellent ability for mass production has already been applied for InGaAs and GaAsP layers in semiconductor optical device applications.Therefore,it is technologically quite possible to incorporate the InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well structure into multi-junction solar cells that are man-ufactured at present,only if highly accurate strain com-pensation can be achieved.As the most basic approach related to quantum well structure design,we are working on fabrication of super-lattice cells with the aim of achieving higher efficiency by making the GaAsP barrier layer as thin as possible,and enabling carriers to move among wells by means of the tunnel effect.Figure 6shows the spectral quantum effi-ciency of a superlattice cell.In this example,the thickness of the GaAsP barrier layer is 5nm,which is not thin enough for proper demonstration of the tunnel effect.When the quantum efficiency in the wavelength range (860–960nm)that corresponds to absorption of the quan-tum well is compared between a cell,which has a con-ventionally used barrier layer and a thickness of 10nm or more,and a superlattice cell,which has the same total layer thickness of InGaAs,the superlattice cell demonstrates double or higher quantum efficiency.This result indicates that carrier mobility across quantum wells is promoted by even the partial use of the tunnel effect.By increasing the P composition in the GaAsP layer,the thickness of well (or the In composition)can be increased,and the barrier layer thickness can be reduced while strain compensation is maintained.A cell with higher quantum efficiency can befabricated while extending the absorption edge to the long-wavelength side (Wang et al.2010,2012).GROWTH TECHNIQUE FOR STRAIN-COMPENSATED QUANTUM WELLTo reduce the strain accumulated in the InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure as close to zero as possible,it is nec-essary to control the thickness and atomic content of each layer with high accuracy.The In composition and thickness of the InGaAs layer has a direct effect on the absorption edge wavelength and the GaAsP layer must be thinned to a satisfactory extent to demonstrate fully the tunnel effect of the barrier layer.Therefore,it is desirable that the average strain of the entire structure is adjusted mainly by the P composition of the GaAsP layer.Meanwhile,for MOVPE,there exists a nonlinear rela-tionship between the P composition of the crystal layer and the P ratio [P/(P ?As)]in the vapor phase precursors,which arises from different absorption and desorption phenomena on the surface.As a result,it is not easy to control the P composition of the crystal layer.To break through such a difficulty and promote efficient optimiza-tion of crystal growth conditions,we have applied a mechanism to evaluate the strain of the crystal layer during growth in real time by sequentially measuring the curvature of wafers during growth with an incident laser beam from the observation window of the reactor.As shown in Fig.7,the wafer curvature during the growth of an InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure indicates a periodic behavior.Based on a simple mechanical model,it has become clear that the time changes ofwaferFig.5Distribution of potential formed by the InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated multilayer structure:the narrow band-gap InGaAs layer is sandwiched between wide band-gap GaAsP layers and,as a result,it as quantum well-type potential distribution.In the well,electron–hole pairs are formed by absorption of long-wavelength photons and at the same time,recombination of electrons and holes takes place.The team from Solar Quest is focusing on developing a superlattice structure with the thinnest GaAsP barrier layercurvature are proportionate to the strain of the crystal layer relative to a substrate during the growing process.One vibration cycle of the curvature is same as the growth time of an InGaAs and GaAsP pair (Sugiyama et al.2011).Therefore,the observed vibration of the wafer curvature reflects the accumulation of the compression strain that occurs during InGaAs growth and the release of the strain that occurs during GaAsP growth.When the strain is completely compensated,the growth of the InGaAs/GaAsP pair will cause this strain to return to the initial value and the wafer curvature will vibrate with the horizontal line as the center.As shown in Fig.7,strain can be compensated almost completely by adjusting the layer structure.Only by conducting a limited number of test runs,the use of such real-time observation technology of the growth layer enables setting the growth conditions for fabricating the layer structure for which strain has been compensated with highaccuracy.Fig.6Spectral quantum efficiency of GaAs single-junction cell using InGaAs/GaAsP superlattice as theabsorption layer:This structure consists of 60layers of InGaAs quantum wells.The graph also shows data of a reference cell that uses GaAs for its absorption layer (Wang et al.2010,2012)Fig.7Changes in wafer curvature over time during growth of the InGaAs/GaAsP multilayer structure.This graph indicates the measurement result and the simulation result of the curvature based on the layer structure(composition ?thickness)obtained by X-ray diffraction.Since compressive strain is applied during InGaAs growth,the curvature decreases as time passes.On the other hand,since tensile strain is applied during GaAsP growth,the curvature changes in the oppositedirection (Sugiyama et al.2011)FUTURE DIRECTIONSIn order to improve the conversion efficiency by enhancing the current matching of multi-junction solar cells using III–V compound semiconductors,there is an urgent need to create semiconductor materials or structures that can maintain lattice matching with Ge or GaAs,and have a band gap of1.2eV.As for InGaNAs,which consists of InGaAs with several percent of nitrogen added,we have the prospect of extending the band edge to1.0eV while retaining sufficient carrier mobility for solar cells by means of atomic hydrogen irradiation and application of a small quantity of Sb during the growth process.In addition,as for GaNAs bulk crystal containing InAs dots,we were able to extend the band edge to1.2eV and produce a high-quality crystal with enoughfilm thickness to achieve the quantum efficiency equivalent to that of GaAs.These crystals are grown by means of MBE. Therefore,measures that can be used to apply these crys-tals for mass production,such as migration to MOVPE, will be investigated after demonstrating their high effi-ciency by embedding these crystals into multi-junction cells.As for the InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated quantum well that can be grown using MOVPE,we are working on the development of a thinner barrier layer while compen-sating for the strain with high accuracy by real-time observation of the wafer curvature.We have had the prospect of achieving a quantum efficiency that will sur-pass existing quantum well solar cells by promoting the carrier transfer within the multilayer quantum well struc-ture using the tunnel effect.As this technology can be transferred quite easily to the existing multi-junction solar cell fabrication process,we strongly believe that this technology can significantly contribute to the efficiency improvement of the latest multi-junction solar cells. REFERENCESOshima,R.,A.Takata,Y.Shoji,K.Akahane,and Y.Okada.2010.InAs/GaNAs strain-compensated quantum dots stacked up to50 layers for use in high-efficiency solar cell.Physica E42: 2757–2760.Sugiyama,M.,K.Sugita,Y.Wang,and Y.Nakano.2011.In situ curvature monitoring for metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy of strain-balanced stacks of InGaAs/GaAsP multiple quantum wells.Journal of Crystal Growth315:1–4.Wang,Y.,Y.Wen,K.Watanabe,M.Sugiyama,and Y.Nakano.2010.InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated superlattice solar cell for enhanced spectral response.In Proceedings35th IEEE photovoltaic specialists conference,3383–3385.Wang,Y.P.,S.Ma,M.Sugiyama,and Y.Nakano.2012.Management of highly-strained heterointerface in InGaAs/GaAsP strain-balanced superlattice for photovoltaic application.Journal of Crystal Growth.doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2011.12.049. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHYYoshiaki Nakano(&)is Professor and Director General of Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology,the University of Tokyo.His research interests include physics and fabrication tech-nologies of semiconductor distributed feedback lasers,semiconductor optical modulators/switches,monolithically integrated photonic cir-cuits,and high-efficiency heterostructure solar cells.Address:Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo,4-6-1Komaba,Meguro-ku,Tokyo153-8904,Japan.e-mail:nakano@rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp。
太阳能热光伏发电系统研究与仿真外文翻译
太阳能热光伏发电系统研究与仿真外文翻译Introduction1.1 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion1.2 solar Cells and Solar Energy Conversion1.3 solar Cell ApplicationsReferences1.1PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSIONPhotovoltaic energy conversion is the direct production of electrical energy in the form of current and voltage from electromagnetic (i.e., light,including infrared, visible. and ultraviolet) energy. The basic four steps needed for photovoltaic energy conversion are:1. a light absorption process which causes a transition in a material(the absorber) from ground state to an excited state,2.the conversion of the excited state into (at least) a free negativeand free positive-charge carriers pair, and3. discriminating transport mechanism, which causes the resultingfree negative-charge carriers to move in one direction (to a con-tact that we will call the cathode) and the resulting free positive-charge carriers to move in another direction (to a contact that wewill call the anode).The energetic photogenerated negative-charge carriersarriving, at the cathode result in electrons which travel through an external path (an electric circuit). While traveling this path, they lose their energy doing something useful at an electrical "load," and finally they return to the anode of the cell. At the anode, every one of the returning electrons completes the fourth step of photovoltaic energy conversion, which is closing the circle by4. combining with an arriving positive-charge carrier, thereby returning theabsorber to the ground state.In some materials, the excited state may be a photogenerated free electron-free hole pair. In such a situation, step 1 and step 2 coalesce. In some materials, the excited state may be an exciton, In which case steps 1 and 2 are distinct.A study of the various man-made photovoltaic devices that carry out these four steps is the subject of this text. Our main interest is photovoltaic devices that can efficiently convert the energy in sunlight into usable electrical energy. Such devices are termed solar cells or solar photovoltaic devices. Photovoltaic devices can be designed to be effective for electromagnetic spectra other than sunlight. For example, devices can be designed to convert radiated heat (infrared light) into usable electrical energy. These are termed thermal photovoltaic devices. There are also devices which directly convert light into chemical energy. In these, the photogenerated excited state is used to drive chemical reactions rather than to drive electrons through an electric circuit. One example is the class of devices used for photolysis. While our emphasis is on solar cells for producing electrical energy, photolysis is briefly discussed later in the book .1.2 SOLAR CELLS AND SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSIONThe energy supply for a solar cell is photons coming from the sun .This input is distributed ,in ways that depend on variables like latitude, time of day, and atmospheric conditions ,over different wavelengths .the various distributions that are possible called solar spectra. The product of this light energy input, in the case of a solar cell, is usable electrical energy in the form of current and voltage. Some common "standard" energy supplies from the sun, which are available at or on the earth, are plot- ted against wavelength (λ) in W/㎡/nm spectra in Figure 1.l A. An alternative photons/㎡-s/nm spectrum is seen in Figure 1.1B.The spectra in Figure 1.1A give the power impinging per area(㎡)in a band of wavelengths 1 nm wi de (the bandwitdth ?λ)centered on each wavelength λ. In this figure, the AM0 spectrum is based on ASTM standard E 490FIGURE 1.1 Solar energy spectra.(a): Data expressed in watts per ㎡per nm bandwidth for AMO (from Ref .1 with permission) and for AM l.5G, and AW1.5D spectra(from Ref.2, with permission).(b): The AM l.5G data expressed in terms of impinging photons per second per cm2per 20 nm bandwidth.()d hc λλλλΦ?and is used for satellite applications. The AM1.5G spectrum, based on ASTM standard G173, is for terrestrial applications and includes direct and diffuse light .It integrates to 1000 W/㎡.the AM1.5D spectrum,also based on G173 ,is for terrestrial applications but includes direct light only. It integrates to 888 W/㎡. The spectrum in Figure 1.l B has been obtained from the AM1.5G spectrum of Figure 1.l A by converting power to photons per second per cm2 and by using a bandwidth of 20nm. Photonspectra Φ(λ), exemplified by that in Figure 1.l B, are more convenient for solar cell assessments, because optimally one photon translates into one free electron-free hole pair via steps 1 and 2 of the four steps needed for photovoltaic energy conversion.Standard spectra are needed in solar cell research, development, and marketing because the actual spectrum impinging on a cell in operation can vary due to weather, season, time of day, and location. Having standard spectra allows the experimental solar cell performance of one device to be compared to that of other devices and to be judged fairly, since the cens can be exposed to the same agreed-upon spectrum. The comparisons can be done even in the laboratory since standard distributions can be duplicated using solar simulators.The total power Pin per area impinging on a cell for a given photon spectrum Φ。
外文翻译--一种光伏电池最大功率点的控制系统
图2 Boost电路及等效模型 图3 控制系统 （a）框图 (b)MPPT指令
其中晶体管可以被电压源所替代，电压值为其平均值。同样，二极管可以被电流源替代。
A.PV模型的理想工作点
在本文中，PV系统模型的等效电路图如图4所示。PV输出电压V和输出电流I之间的关系在文献[13][14]中给出，有
PV板的输出功率P=VI，在理想工作点，可证明
故又可得出：
其中，A = q/(γkTNcell) , Ncell为串联单元的数量。
在本文章中，根据SM55建立PV系统模型。它由36个相连的单晶单元串联而成。其在标准环境（光照辐射度为1000W/m2，上午，太阳光谱，单元温度为25。C）下的测量的铭牌相关参数如表1所示。
从20世纪80年代末开始，世界电力工业出现了由传统的集中供电模式向集中和分散结合的供电模式过渡的趋势。近年来，以可再生能源利用为主的新型发电技术，主要是太阳能光伏发电和风力发电，还包括燃料电池发电等，凭借发电方式灵活，与环境兼容等优点得到了快速发展。
光伏发电系统具有非线性的特征。其P-V特性 I-V特性如图1所示。光伏系统（以下称PV）的输出电压和输出电流的乘积的最大功率点称其为“MPP”。为了达到最大的利用率，PV平板必然要在其最大功率点处工作运行。然而，PV系统由于其光照辐射度、单元温度以及负荷的变换的影响，其运行点会偏离MPP。此时为了在PV系统和负荷之间插入最大功率工作点跟踪系统（即MPPT），它可以调节系统使其在任何的环境下，都可以工作在MPP处，并且提高了系统的利用率[1]。在现代工程中，许多MPPT的调节器使用微控制器和计算机以实现复杂的算法，而且还有部分使用人工神经网络。这些系统都有着十分良好的性能。然而它们过于昂贵并且这些方法均需要得到一套独立的、稳定的电能供给来维持其运行；因此它们只在高能量场合适合应用。另外一种算法基于利用公式 以搜索功作点，既由“ ”产生的信号作为MPPT的搜索的方向。这就使得在电压和电流为连续信号的情况，决定最大功率点成为了可能。在最近几年，很多基于这种控制算法的MPPT得用应用和证明。在参考文献[9]和[10]中，推荐了一种类似的MPPT控制系统，其中同样含有boost电路以使得 的值为零，其中Iout为直直转换
光伏发电技术中英文资料外文翻译文献
光伏发电技术中英文资料外文翻译文献Research Article 1: Title of the ArticleAbstractResearch Article 2: Title of the ArticleAbstractThis research article focuses on the environmental impact of PV technology. It explains how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity and highlights the role of PV systems in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The article discusses the benefits and challenges associated with PV technology, including its dependence on sunlight, land requirements, and recyclability of materials. It also examines the life cycle assessment (LCA) of PV systems to evaluate their overall environmental performance. The research concludes by suggesting strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of PV technology, suchas improving panel efficiency and implementing responsible recycling practices.Research Article 3: Title of the ArticleAbstractThis article explores the economic aspects of PV technology. It analyzes the cost of installing and maintaining PV systems, including considerations for equipment, installation, and operation. The research discusses various financial incentives, such as government subsidies and tax credits, that promote the adoption of PV technology. It also highlights the economic benefits of PV systems, including job creation and energy independence. The article concludes by discussing the future potential of PV technology in reducing energy costs and stimulating economic growth.Research Article 4: Title of the ArticleAbstractThe focus of this research article is on the technical advancements in PV technology. It discusses the development of new materials and manufacturing processes to improve the efficiency and reliability of solar panels. The article explores the integration of PV systems with smart grid technology and how it enables better management of electricity generation and consumption. It also highlights the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing PV system performance. The research concludes by suggesting future research directions in PV technology, such as exploring nanomaterials and enhancing the intelligence of PV systems.Conclusion总结这份文献收录了关于光伏发电技术的各个方面的研究，涵盖了与环境影响、经济考量和技术进展相关的主题。
光伏发电外文翻译
附录A 英文文献1.The world's current situation and development of photovoltaic industry forecastSolar cells is the use of the material effects of photovoltaic solar energy into electrical energy directly to the semiconductor devices, also known as photovoltaic cells. In 1954, the first practical silicon solar cells (η = 6%) and the first atomic power station at the same time in the United States was born in 1959 into the space solar cell applications, the energy crisis in 1973 after the application step by step to the ground.Photovoltaic power generation is divided into independent grid photovoltaic systems and photovoltaic systems. Independent PV power station, including the villages in remote areas the power supply system, solar household power system, communications, signal power, cathodic protection, such as solar street lamps withbatteries can run independently of the photovoltaic power generation system.Grid PV system is connected with the power grid to feed electricity grid PV power system. Currently technically achievable grid PV power system in the way: housing fixed-grid system and power plant system of the desert. Use of the existing roof system is the effective area of the roof construction, installation and network of photovoltaic power generation system, the size of a few kWp generally ranging from several MWp. Desertpower plant is uninhabited desert area in the development and construction of large-scale photovoltaic power generation systems and networks, the size of several GWp from the 10MWp size. In recent years, the rapid increase in solar cell production, for 8 years in 30% growth in 2019, even more than the annual growth rate of 60 percent, reaching 1200MW.2.The Chinese PV market and industry status2.1 China's solar market developmentChina started research on solar cells in 1958, in 1971, China successfully launched the first applies to the 2nd satellite Dongfanghong. Started in 1973 for ground-based solar cells. China's photovoltaic industry in 80 years ago is still in embryonic form, the annual production of solar cells has been hovering below 10KW, price is also very expensive.As a result of restrictions on prices and production, market development is very slow, and apart from, as the satellite power supply, on the ground only for low-power solar power systems, such as beacon lights, railway signal systems, weather station equipment alpine electricity, electricity Wai field, black light, fluorescent lamps, such as DC power is normally a few watts to tens of watts. In the "65" (1981-1985) and "75" (1986-1990), the countries of photovoltaic PV industry and to give support for the development of the market, the central and local governments invested in the photovoltaic certain funds, makes a very weak第 1 页solar industry has been consolidated and applied in many areas of the model, such as microwave relay stations, communications system units, gates and oil pipeline cathodic protection systems, rural carrier telephone system, small households and villages with power supply system systems. At the same time, "75" period, the domestic has introduced from abroad a number of solar cell production line, in addition to the amorphous silicon, a 1MW battery production line, the other is single crystal silicon cell production line, making China's solar cell production capacity increased to 4.5MWp / years, the price is also from "75" early 80 yuan / Wp dropped to 40 yuan / Wp around.After the nineties, with the shape of China's photovoltaic industry and to lower costs to the industrial application areas and application of the development of rural electrification, the market steadily expanding, and are included in the national and local government plans, such as Tibet "Project Sunshine" "bright work", "Ali photovoltaic project in Tibet", optical fiber communication power, oil pipeline cathodic protection, radio and television every village, a large-scale promotion of rural households with photovoltaic power systems. The 21st century, particularly in the last 3 years of "power to the villages," the project, two billion state investment, the installation of 20MW, to solve our country's 800 townships without electricity power problems in China's PV market to promote rapid, substantialincrease in .At the same time, grid demonstration project began rapid development, from 5kW, 10kW to 100kW development of more than 1MW Expo in Shenzhen in 2019 and works as a grid PV applications in China highlights. The end of 2019, China's total installed capacity of photovoltaic systems reached approximately 65MW.Shenzhen, Shantou, Guangzhou and Zhejiang, solar garden lights, a large number of exports, with annual sales of as much as 500 million. Garden of the cells used are usually imported, and then with plastic packaging, simple process. The 6MW cells by as much as a year is a large solar applications (which are not into statistics).2.2 China's status of the industrialization of solar cellsAlthough the rapid development of China's photovoltaic industry, the size and technological level of industry have been raised accordingly. But compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, such as: the degree of domestic raw materials-specific is not high, species was incomplete, already made materials and components, its performance is lower than abroad, such as silver, aluminum paste, EVA, etc. . Packaging components suede low iron glass, TPT has not yet been put on the market.The upper reaches of small photovoltaic industry chain, the lower reaches of large imbalances, the most serious is that第 3 页the production of solar grade polysilicon is blank, entirely dependent on imports. The difference between the part of other aspects of the need to import, such as cells, silicon ingot / silicon, supporting materials.The level of industrial equipment design and manufacturing capabilities behind. Poly-silicon casting furnace, wire sawing, breaking completely the need to import ingot; PECVD silicon nitride deposition equipment, screen printing presses,battery-chipsorting machines, welding machines and other series can not meet the performance needs of modern production. These devices will need to introduce a full set, and so on.These gaps with the R&D base and weak industrial base. Enterprises through the introduction of digestion and absorption in a short period of time a modern photovoltaic industry, but supporting a special materials and equipment also can not keep up, in which the solar-grade polysilicon material particularly conspicuous. Countries should be organized photovoltaic industry with chemical, mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturing industries joint research, at the same time actively seeking international cooperation in solar-grade silicon as the breakthrough point, to avoid the technology of semiconductor-grade silicon blockade.3.China's PV market forecasting and planning proposals"11, the five" period, should be the implementation of therural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plan, the implementation of open terrain (desert) and large-scale PV power station network pilot projects, as well as "central cities and the construction of photovoltaic net" plan as a priority. For the commercial development of PV will also be actively support policies and support.3.1 Rural off-grid photovoltaic power generation plansThere are about 28,000 of China's villages, 7 1 million, 3,000 million people without electricity. These are the distribution of the population without electricity in western China and a number of islands, some of which are villages without electricity using diesel generators for power generation, power supply 2-3 hours per day; some did not even diesel generators can only point of butter lamps, kerosene lamp and candle lighting. These areas without electricity have a wealth of solar energy resources, photovoltaic power generation in this region has a vast market prospect.Rural electricity supply problem has been through the "power to the villages," the fundamental solution works. There are villages without electricity and household electric power supply issues need to be resolved. If every village without electricity in accordance with the 10KWp, households without electricity in accordance with each 400Wp planning, taking into account the expansion of the power station has been built, the potential market第 5 页is around 3,000 MWp.From the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2019, for the full settlement of the western region of more than 50 villages without electricity and 15% of households living without electricity electricity issues 2019 and-2019 years, 10,000 to settle the village without electricity and 100 million households without electrical power problems, the amount of new photovoltaic 265MWp, accumulated solar for rural electrification to reach 300 MWp.3.2 Open to large-scale photovoltaic power plant construction and networkFrom the current policy of national strength and perspective, by 2019, should be open to carry out large-scale photovoltaic power plant tests, the test site chosen should have the following conditions: close to the trunk power system (preferably within 50 kilometers), in order to reduce the additional transmission line of investment; backbone grid of sufficient bearing capacity, in the case of non-modified PV power station capable of transmission of electricity; load center distance of 100 kilometers in order to reduce transmission losses; if there is no electricity near load centers, the best large-scale hydropower, photovoltaic power station could be pumped-storage power through the conversion. Planning to establish by 2019, Block 2-3 of about 10-20MWp open to (desertification) pilotdemonstration power plant, with a total installed capacity reached 30MWp, to test their technical and economic feasibility. 2019-2020 open to the formal start of China (desertification) of photovoltaic power stationplanned for 2019-2020 new installed PV power station 11,970 MWp, to open by the end of 2020 to a total of (Desert) photovoltaic power plants installed 12GWp.中文翻译1.世界光伏产业现状和发展预测太阳电池是利用材料的光生伏打效应直接将太阳能变成电能的半导体器件，也称光伏电池。
太阳能热光伏发电系统研究与仿真外文翻译
太阳能热光伏发电系统研究与仿真外文翻译Introduction11 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion12 solar Cells and Solar Energy Conversion13 solar Cell ApplicationsReferences11PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY CONVERSIONPhotovoltaic energy conversion is the direct production of electrical energy in the form of current and voltage from electromagnetic ie lightincluding infrared visible and ultraviolet energy The basic four steps needed for photovoltaic energy conversion are1 a light absorption process which causes a transition in a materialthe absorber from ground state to an excited statethe conversion of the excited state into at least a free negative and free positive-charge carriers pair and3 discriminating transport mechanism which causes the resultingfree negative-charge carriers to move in one direction to a con- tact that we will call the cathode and the resulting free positive- charge carriers to move in another direction to a contact that we will call the anodeThe energetic photogenerated negative-charge carriers arriving at the cathode result in electrons which travel through an external path an electric circuit While traveling this path they lose their energy doing something useful at an electrical "load" and finally they return to the anode of the cell At the anode every one of the returning electrons completes the fourth step of photovoltaic energy conversion which is closing the circle by4 combining with an arriving positive-charge carrier thereby returning theabsorber to the ground stateIn some materials the excited state may be a photogenerated free electron-free hole pair In such a situation step 1 and step 2 coalesce In some materials the excited state may be an exciton In which case steps1 and2 are distinctA study of the various man-made photovoltaic devices that carry out these four steps is the subject of this text Our main interest is photovoltaic devices that can efficiently convert the energy in sunlight into usable electrical energy Such devices are termed solar cells or solar photovoltaic devices Photovoltaic devices can be designed to be effective for electromagnetic spectra other than sunlight For example devices can be designed to convert radiated heat infrared light into usable electrical energy These are termed thermal photovoltaic devicesThere are also devices which directly convert light into chemical energy In these the photogenerated excited state is used to drive chemical reactions rather than to drive electrons through an electric circuit One example is the class of devices used for photolysis While our emphasis is on solar cells for producing electrical energy photolysis is briefly discussed later in the book12 SOLAR CELLS AND SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSIONThe energy supply for a solar cell is photons coming from the sun This input is distributed in ways that depend on variables like latitude time of day and atmospheric conditions over different wavelengths the various distributions that are possible called solar spectra The product of this light energy input in the case of a solar cell is usable electrical energy in the form of current and voltage Some common "standard" energy supplies from the sun which are available at or on the earth are plot- ted against wavelength λ in W㎡nm spectra in Figure 1l A An alternative photons ㎡-snm spectrum is seen in Figure 11BThe spectra in Figure 11A give the power impinging per area ㎡ in a band of wavelengths 1 nm wide the bandwitdth λ centered on each wavelength λ In this figure the AM0 spectrum is based on ASTM standard E 490FIGURE 11 Solar energy spectra a Data expressed in watts per ㎡ per nm bandwidth for AMO from Ref 1 with permission and for AM l5G and AW15D spectra from Ref2 with permission b The AM l5G data expressed in termsof impinging photons per second per cm2 per 20 nm bandwidth and is used for satellite applications The AM15G spectrum based on ASTM standard G173 is for terrestrial applications and includes direct and diffuse light It integrates to 1000 W㎡the AM15D spectrumalso based on G173 is for terrestrial applications but includes direct light only It integrates to 888 W㎡ The spectrum in Figure 1l B has been obtained from the AM15G spectrum of Figure 1l A by converting power to photons per second per cm2 and by using a bandwidth of 20nm Photon spectra Φ λ exemplified by that in Figure 1l B are more convenient for solar cell assessments because optimally one photon translates into one free electron-free hole pair via steps 1 and 2 of the four steps needed for photovoltaic energy conversionStandard spectra are needed in solar cell research development and marketing because the actual spectrum impinging on a cell in operation can vary due to weather season time of day and location Having standard spectra allows the experimental solar cell performance of one device to be compared to that of other devices and to be judged fairly since the cens can be exposed to the same agreed-upon spectrum The comparisons can be done even in the laboratory since standard distributions can be duplicated using solar simulatorsThe total power Pin per area impinging on a cell for a given photon spectrum Φ λ is the integral of the incoming energy per time per areaper bandwidth over the entire photon spectrum iePinwhere an example Φ λ expressed as photonstimeareabandwidth is plotted in Figure 1l B In Equation 11 the quantity h is Plancks constant and c is the speed of light The electrical power Pout per area produced by the cell of Figure 12 operating at the voltage V and delivering the current I as result of this incoming solar power is the product of the current I times V divided by the cell areaIntroducing the current density J defined as I divided by the cell area allows Pout to be written asPout JVA plot of the possible J-V operating points called the "light" J-V char- acteristics of the cell of Figure 12 is seen in Figure 13 The points labeled Jsc and Voc represent respectively the extreme cases of no volt- age produced between the anode and cathode i e the illuminated solar cell is short-circuited and of no current flowing between the anode and cathode i e the illuminated solar cell is open-circuited FIGURE 12 Cross-section of a typical solar cell The area of photon impingement and the area of current production are the same The anti-reflection AR coating has the function of reducing reflection losses The collecting electrodes cathode and anode are shown with the top electrode being transparentFIGURE 13 The current density-voltage J-V characteristic of the photovoltaic structure of Figure 12 under illumination The short-circuit current density Jsc and open-circuit voltage Voc are shown The imum power point largest J-V product is also shown Device efficiency ηis defined as η JmpVmp Pin where Pin is the incoming power per areaAt any of the operating points seen in Figure 13 Pout is given by the JV productThe quantity Pout has its best value at the imum power point labeled by the current density Jmp and the voltage Vmp on the light J-V characteristic in Figure 13 This operating point gives the imum obtainable current density-voltage product Therefore the best thermodynamic efficiency η of the photovoltaic energy conversion process for the cell of Figure 12 isηwhich assumes the photon impingement area and the area generating the current are the same as in Figure 12 For cells collecting light over a larger area than that generating the current i e for concentrator solar cells this expression is replaced byηwhere As is the solar cell area generating current and Ac is the area collecting the photons The advantage of a concentrator configuration liesin its being able to harvest more incoming solar power with a given cell sizeAs can be seen from Figure 13 the ideally shaped J-V characteristic would be rectangular and would deliver a constant current density Jsc until the open-circuit voltage Voc For such a characteristic the imum power point would have a current density of Jsc and a voltage of Voc A term called the fill factor FF has been invented to measure how close given characteristic is to conforming to the ideal rectangular J-V shape The fill factor is given byFFBy definition FF 1The J-V characteristics seen in Figure 13 merit one addlitiona1 comment What has been plotted is that part of cells J-V characteristics for which power is being produced Put simply in this first quadrant plot conventional current is emerging from the anode of the cell Conventional currententers the anode of the archetypical power-consuming devices the resistor and the diode In this book che power-producing quadrant of a solar cell will henceforth be switched to the fourth quadrant to be consistent with resistor and diode plots which will be in the first and third quadrants13 SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONSSolar photovoltaic energy conversion is used today for both space and terrestrial energy generation The success of solar cells in space applications is well known eg communications satellites manned and unmanned space exploration On earth solar cells have a myriad of applications varying from supplementing the grid to powering emergency call boxes However the need for much more extensive use of solar cells in terrestrial applications is becoming clearer with the growing understanding of the true cost of fossil fuels and with the widespread demand for renewable and environmentally acceptable terrestrial energy resources As long as 120 years ago visionaries looking through the soot and smoke of the early industrializing world saw the need for a renewable and environmentally acceptable energy source Writing in 1891 Appleyard foresaw "the blessed vision of the Sun no longer pouring his energies unrequited into space but by means of photo-electric cells and thermopiles these powers gathered into electrical storehouses to the total extinction of steam engines and the utter repression of smoke It is interesting to note Appleyards specific mention of what he calls photo-electric cells This energy conversion approach was known even then due to Becquerels discovery of photovoltaic action in 18394 To increase the use of terrestrial solar photovoltaics more efforts are needed to enhance cell energy-conversion efficiency η to increase module a grouping of cells lifetimes to reduce manufacturing costs toreduce installation costsand to reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing and deploying solar cells The last three may be combined into "true costs" looked at it this way increasing the use of terrestrial solar photovoltaics depends on increasing a "figure of merit" defined by [ energy conversion efficiency true costs ]lifetimeDeveloping the knowledge base needed to further increase this figure of merit and thereby bringing Appleyards vision to fruition are the objectives of this bookREFERENCESASTM Standard E490ASTM Standard G173-03RAppleyardTelegraphic JElectrRev28124 1891EBecquerel ComptRend9561 1839中文翻译仅供参考11光伏能量转换12太阳能电池和太阳能转换13太阳能电池的应用参考11光伏能量转换光伏能量是电磁电流和电压的电能的直接产品即包括红外线可见光和紫外线光伏能量转换的四个基本步骤如下所示1光吸收过程使材料中的吸收从基态到激发态激发态转换成至少自由负和自由正电荷载体对产生的负电荷在一个方向上运动阴极和产生的自由正在另一个方向移动的电荷载体阳极负电荷在电子通过外部路径阴极结果当旅行这条道路失去了自己的在电负载最后他们回到电池的阳极在阳极的电子返回的每一个完成的光伏能量转换的第四个步骤结合到正电荷载流子从而返回到基态的吸收在一些材料态可以是光生自由电子空穴对在这种情况下步骤1和步骤2合并在一些材料态可能是一个激子步骤1和2的情况下是不同的人为的光伏器件这四个步骤的研究是本文的主题我们的主要是光伏器件可以有效地在阳光的能量转换成可用的电能这样的装置称为太阳能电池或太阳能光伏器件光伏器件的设计是有效电磁光谱例如设备可以设计热辐射红外转换成可用的电能这些被称为热光伏器件也有装置直接将光能转化为化学能在这些光激发态是用来驱动化学反应而不是通过电驱动的电子电路一个例子是用于光解设备类而我们的重点是生产电能的太阳能电池光是简要地在本书的后面了12太阳能电池和太阳能转换可用于卫星应用根据ASTM标准173AM15G光谱是地面应用包括直接和散射光它集成到1000 W ㎡同时基于173该AM15d谱是地面应用还包括直接光它集成到888 W ㎡频谱图11 B通过使用带宽为20nm的功率转换到每秒每平方厘米光子从图11 AM15G光谱得到的光子光谱Φλ通过在图11例是太阳能电池的评估更加方便因为最佳的一个光子转化成一个自由电子空穴对通过步骤1和2的四个步骤所需的光伏能量转换标准光谱太阳能电池的研究需要开发和营销因为实际的光谱照射在细胞操作可以因天气季节时间和位置其他设备相比具有标准光谱是实验太阳能电池的性能是公因为暴露在相同的可以做甚至在实验室自标准分布可以重复使用太阳模拟器其中一个例子Φλ表示为光子时间面积带宽如图1我在方程量11 h是普朗克常数c是光速电由产生图12工作在电压和提供作为这个输入太阳能发电是目前介绍了电流密度J一个的电流工作点称为光的J-V特性图12的是在图13所示标记的点的电流和电压代表分别没有电压的极端情况下在阳极和阴极之间产生即照明的太阳能电池的短路和无电流在阳极和阴极之间的流动即照明的太阳能电池的开路图12典型的太阳能电池的横截面光子撞击区和当前生产的区域是相同的抗反射AR涂层具有减少反射损失收集极阴极和阳极图13所示最大功率点的电流密度JMP在图13光照J-V特性的电压VMP标记有其最佳值这个工作点给出了可获得的最大电流密度的电压因此图12电池的光电能量转换过程的热力学效率η最好的是假设光子撞击区和区内产生的电流是相同的如图12所示收集光在较大的面积产生的电流即为集中器配置的太阳能电池这种表达As是太阳能电池产生电流和是地区收集的光子一个集中器配置的优势在于能够收获更多的太阳从图13中可以看到该理想形状的J-V特性将提供一个恒定电流密度JSC直到开路电压Voc最大功率点会有一个电流密度JSC和VOC的电压一因子FF已经测量接近符合理想的矩形电流的形状系数图13优点之一评论J-V特性所绘制的那部分J-V特性简单的说在这第一象限图常规电流从电池的阳极传统的电流进入原型耗电设备的阳极该电阻和二极管在这本书车电力生产太阳能电池象限从此将被切换到第四象限电阻和二极管的一致的这将在第一和第三象限太阳能光伏能量转换为空间和地面发电使用在太空中的太阳能电池的应用成功是众所周知的例如通信卫星载人和无人太空探索在地球上太阳能电池有无数的应用从补充电网供电紧急求助电话然而与化石燃料的真实成本的认识不断加深和可再生的广泛需求和环境可接受的陆地能源资源对于更广泛的使用在地面应用的太阳能电池的需求变得越来越清晰早在120年前梦想家透过烟尘和早期的工业化世界看到了可再生能源和环保的能源需求1891Appleyard预见为视野中的太阳不再将自己的能量不求回报的空间但是通过光电池和热电堆的手段这些力量聚集到电子仓库蒸汽机和烟雾值得注意的是所谓的光电电池更有趣这种能量的转换方法是众所周知的即使是由于18394贝克勒尔发现的光伏作用增加地面太阳能光伏利用还需要更多的努力来提高电池的能量转换效率η增加模块一组细胞的寿命降低制造成本降低安装成本并减少制造和部署太阳能电池对环境的影响最后三可以组合成真正的成本看着它这样增加地面太阳能光伏应用取决于增加一个数字的优点的发展中需要进一步增加这个数字的优点的知识库从而使网络的视觉成果是这本书的目标。
光伏电力系统文献翻译
光伏电力系统文献翻译1光伏电力系统光伏电力系统利用太阳能电池吸收太阳光线，并将这种能量转化成电能。
这个系统让广大家庭通过一种清洁，可靠，平静的方式来产生电能，这样就可以补偿将来的部分电能支出，也减少了对输电网的依赖。
太阳能电池一般是由经改进的硅，或者其他能够吸收阳光并将之转化成电能的半导体材料制成。
太阳能电池是相当耐用的（1954年在美国安装的第一个光伏电力系统至今仍在运营）。
绝大多数的生厂商都担保自己的产品的电源输出至少维持20年。
但大多数的有关太阳能研究的专家认为一个光伏电力系统至少能维持25到30年。
1.1 太阳能电池的类型目前有单晶硅，多晶硅和薄膜三种基本形式的光伏组件。
这些类型的电池工作效率都很好但单晶硅电池效率最好。
薄膜技术的电池以成本低为特色，而且伴随着太阳能电池板的发展它的效率也在不断地提高。
越来越多的生厂商以及各种各样的电池型号在当今市场上出现。
一个太阳能技术的支持者可以帮你分析各个系统的利弊，如此你就可以得到为你所用数十年的最佳的系统设计方案。
1.2光伏电力系统如何运作光电板通常安装在建筑物顶部，通过逆变器来引到建筑物中。
逆变器将通过太阳能板产生的直流电转化成交流电，而在当今美国交流电是向建筑提供电动力的主要形式。
朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。
有关太阳能电池发电的更多的信息，可以查询Cooler Planet’s的《太阳能电池如何工作》。
朝南方向的太阳能板能使能量的收集效果最大化，大部分都是与建筑物顶部成60度的位置安放太阳能电池。
1.3 太阳能电池板与光伏建筑一体化太阳能电池板是用于捕获太阳光的平面板，他们以阵列的形式安装在建筑物顶部或者柱子上。
他们是传统的用于获得太阳能的阵列形式。
鉴于它们独立竖立的设计，太阳能电池板非常适用于家庭的改进和改型使用。
然而太阳能电池越来越多地被合并到像窗户，墙面，或者屋顶瓦片之类的大厦组件中。
自动化太阳能发电系统英文文献翻译
在混合光伏阵列中采用滑模技术的电源控制发电系统
摘要
变结构控制器来调节输出功率的一个独立的混合发电系统。 该系统包括光伏 发电和风力发电， 存储电池组和一个变量的单相负载。控制律承认两种操作模式 。 第一条用在当日晒度足够满足对电力的需求的情况下。第二运作模式应用在 日晒度不足的时候。后者致使系统在最大功率操作点（MPOP）操作下存储尽可能 多的能量。根据IncCond算法开发的一种新方法。滑模控制用于技术设计的控制 律。这些技术提供了一个简单的控制律设计框架，并有助于它们自带的鲁棒性。 最后，指导方针根据考虑为实际系统的设计。
1引言
可再生能源， 如风力和太阳能被认为是非常前途的能源。它们拥有可以满足 不断增加的世界能源需求的特点。另一方面，他们是基于无公害转换流程，它们 需要的主要资源是取之不尽，用之不竭，并且免费的。对于远程、远离电网的地 方，它往往是比用输电线路[1] 提供一个独立的电力来源拥有可行性。在这些电 网中， 在混合动力系统结合模块的基础上， 可再生能源发电以柴油为动力的备用 发电机已考虑ERED等效为一个可行的选择[2, 3]。然而，柴油发电机在孤立的燃 料供应和其运作领域是相当麻烦，相比较可再生能源，显得不划算[4]。为了取 代柴油备用发电机，独立的混合动力系统经常采用结合可再生能源来源的TARY 型材，如风力和光伏发电，合适的存储设备，如电池。自存储成本仍然是一个重 大的经济约束，通常光伏/风能/电池系统是用“适当”的大小以减少资本成本。 本文提出了一种控制策略，以规范的混合动力系统，包括光伏发电和风力 发电，蓄电池组和可变负载的输出功率作为研究。控制可调整的光伏发电、风力 发电， 以满足负载和电池充电的电源要求。系统以在独立控制下的最大发电的主 要目标。该控制器的设计开发，在之前的文献[5]中提过。因此，根据不同的大 气条件，不同的光伏阵列控制律使用的范围不同。第一条用在暴晒的地方，运作 模式足以提供的总功率需求，和风力发电一起适用。另一条控制律是在曝晒度不 足情况下跟踪最大功率操作点（MPOP），使系统保持尽可能多的储存的能量。 跟踪MPOP的方法是一个新的扩展版本下的IncCond算法[6]。 对于这两种操作模式设计控制律均使用滑模方法。这种技术很有吸引力，它 简化了设计任务，并使控制器具有鲁棒性。此外，根据第二次的运作模式，这种 技术提供的MPOP收敛速度最快。
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文献信息：文献标题：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics Power Generation Systems（光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案）国外作者：Tamer T.N.Khatib，Azah Mohamed，Nowshad Amin文献出处：《European Journal of Scientific Research》,2009，Vol.33 No.3, pp515-524字数统计：英文1337单词，7006字符；中文2149汉字外文文献：A New Controller Scheme for Photovoltaics PowerGeneration SystemsAbstract:This paper presents a new controller scheme for photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems. The proposed PV controller scheme controls both the boost converter and the battery charger by using a microcontroller in order to extract maximum power from the PV array and control the charging process of the battery. The objective of the paper is to present a cost effective boost converter design and an improved maximum power point tracking algorithm for the PV system. A MATLAB based simulation model of the proposed standalone PV system has been developed to evaluate the feasibility of the system in ensuring maximum power point operation.1.IntroductionRecently, the installation of PV generation systems is rapidly growing due to concerns related to environment, global warming, energy security, technology improvements and decreasing costs. PV generation system is considered as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy. The main applications of PV systems are in either standalone or grid connected configurations. Standalone PV generationsystems are attractive as indispensable electricity source for remote areas. However, PV generation systems have two major problems which are related to low conversion efficiency of about 9 to 12 % especially in low irradiation conditions and the amount of electric power generated by PV arrays varies continuously with weather conditions. Therefore, many research works are done to increase the efficiency of the energy produced from the PV arrays.The solar cell V-I characteristics is nonlinear and varies with irradiation and temperature. But there is a unique point on the V-I and P-V curves, called as the maximum power point (MPP), at which at this point the PV system is said to operate with maximum efficiency and produces its maximum power output. The location of the MPP is not known but can be traced by either through calculation models or search algorithms. Thus, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are needed to maintain the PV array’s operating point at its MPP. Many MPPT techniques have been proposed in the literature in which the techniques vary in many aspects, including simplicity, convergence speed, hardware implementation and range of effectiveness. However, the most widely used MPPT technique is the perturbation and observation (P&O) method. This paper presents a simple MPPT algorithm which can be easily implemented and adopted for low cost PV applications. The objective of this paper is to design a novel PV controller scheme with improved MPPT method.The proposed standalone PV controller implementation takes into account mathematical model of each component as well as actual component specification. The dc–dc or boost converter is the front-end component connected between the PV array and the load. The conventional boost converter may cause serious reverse recovery problem and increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion efficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference problem becomes severe under this situation. To increase the conversion efficiency, many modified step-up converter topologies have been investigated by several researchers. V oltage clamped techniques have been incorporated in the converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery problem of the output diodes. In this paper, focus is also given in the boost converter design. Another important component in the standalone PV systemsis the charge controller which is used to save the battery from possible damage due to over-charging and over-discharging. Studies showed that the life time of a battery can be degraded without using a charge controller.The proposed new controller scheme for the standalone PV system controls both the boost converter and the charge controller in two control steps. The first step is to control the boost converter so as to extract the maximum power point of the PV modules. Here, a high step-up converter is considered for the purpose of stepping up the PV voltage and consequently reducing the number of series-connected PV modules and to maintain a constant dc bus voltage. A microcontroller is used for data acquisition that gets PV module operating current and voltage and is also used to program the MPPT algorithm. The controller adopts the pulse width modulation (PWM) technique to increase the duty cycle of the generated pulses as the PV voltage decreases so as to obtain a stable output voltage and current close to the maximum power point. The second control step is to control the charge controller for the purpose of protecting the batteries. By controlling the charging current using the PWM technique and controlling the battery voltage during charging, voltages higher than the gassing voltage can be avoided.2.Design of the Proposed Photovoltaic SystemMost of the standalone PV systems operate in one mode only such that the PV system charges the battery which in turns supply power to the load. In this mode of operation, the life cycle time of the battery may be reduced due to continuous charging and discharging of the battery. The proposed standalone PV system as shown in terms of a block diagram in Figure 1 is designed to operate in two modes: PV system supplies power directly to loads and when the radiation goes down and the produced energy is not enough, the PV system will charge the battery which in turns supply power to the load. To manage these modes of operation, a controller is connected to the boost converter by observing the PV output power.3.MethodologyFor the purpose of estimating the mathematical models developed for the proposed standalone PV system, simulations were carried in terms of the MATLAB codes. Each PV module considered in the simulation has a rating of 80 Watt at 1000 W/m2, 21.2 V open circuit voltage, 5A short circuit current. The PV module is connected to a block of batteries with of sizing 60 Ah, 48 V.4.Results and DiscussionThe simulation results of the standalone PV system using a simple MPPT algorithm and an improved boost converter design are described in this section. Simulations were carried out for the PV system operating above 30o C ambient temperature and under different values of irradiation. Figure 9 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various irradiation values. From the figure, it is observed that the PV current increase linearly as the irradiation value is increased. However, the PV voltage increases in logarithmic pattern as the irradiation increases. Figure 10 shows the PV array I-V characteristic curve at various temperature values. It is noted from the figure that, the PV voltage decreases as the ambient temperature is increased.Figure 4 compares the PV array P-V characteristics obtained from using the proposed MPPT algorithm and the classical MPPT P&O algorithm. From this figure, it can be seen that by using the proposed MPPT algorithm, the operating point of PV array is much closer to the MPP compared to the using the classical P&O algorithm.In addition, the proposed boost converter is able to give a stable output voltage as shown in Figure 5. In terms of PV array current, it can be seen from Figure 6 that the PV current is closer to the MPP current when using the improved MPPT algorithm. Thus, the track operating point is improved by using the proposed MPPT algorithm. In terms of efficiency of the standalone PV system which is calculated by dividing the load power with the maximum power of PV array, it is noted that the efficiency of the system is better with the proposed MPPT algorithm as compared to using the classical P&O algorithm as shown in Figure 7.5.ConclusionThis paper has presented an efficient standalone PV controller by incorporating an improved boost converter design and a new controller scheme which incorporates both a simple MPPT algorithm and a battery charging algorithm. The simulation results show that the PV controller using the simple MPPT algorithm has provided more power and better efficiency (91%) than the classical P&O algorithm. In addition, the proposed boost converter design gives a better converter efficiency of about 93%. Such a PV controller design can provide efficient and stable power supply for remote mobile applications.中文译文：光伏发电系统的一种新的控制方案摘要：本文提出了一种新的光伏（PV）发电系统控制器方案。