托福测试辅导：语法讲解(46)

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托福考试语法点全面攻略

托福考试语法点全面攻略托福考试是许多学生对英语学习的重要里程碑。

其中，语法部分往往是考生们最为头疼的一环。

为了帮助大家更好地备考托福考试语法部分，本文将全面介绍托福考试中的语法点，以及备考策略和技巧。

希望能为广大考生提供有效的帮助。

一、名词名词作为英语语法中的基础部分，托福考试中有许多涉及名词的考题。

其中包括名词的单复数形式、所有格的正确使用以及名词在句子中的作用等。

1. 单复数形式名词的单复数形式在托福考试中经常会被考察。

记住常见的名词复数形式规则是非常重要的。

例如，以“s”结尾的名词通常变为复数形式，如“books”、“cars”；以“y”结尾的名词，将“y”变为“i”，再加“es”构成复数，如“cities”、“ladies”。

2. 所有格在名词的所有格使用方面，要注意加上“’s”来表示所有格。

例如，“John’s book”表示“约翰的书”。

3. 名词的作用了解名词在句子中的不同作用也是备考托福语法部分的关键。

名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语以及定语等。

通过积累大量的例句并理解不同的语法结构，能够有效应对名词相关的考题。

二、代词代词是托福语法考试中另一个重要的知识点。

它包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词以及相对代词等。

1. 人称代词人称代词主要用于替代特定的人称，如“I，you，he，she，it，we，they”。

掌握这些代词的主格、宾格以及所有格形式，能够帮助我们更好地理解和应对托福语法考题。

2. 反身代词反身代词用于表示动作的反射或强调，如“myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，themse lves”。

要注意反身代词的使用必须与句子的主语保持一致。

3. 指示代词指示代词用于指示特定的人或物，如“this，that，these，those”。

在应对托福考试中的代词题目时，注意理解代词与所指的名词之间的一致性和连贯性。

三、动词动词是英语语法中最重要、最复杂的一部分。

托福TPO46阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO46阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

The Origins of Writing It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq)that civilization arose,and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization,writing.These examples,in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.,have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians,a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing,but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material.In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants,and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper;it was excellent in quality but,like any paper,fragile.Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds,but its land did provide good clay,and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists:it is durable.Fire,for example,which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood,simply bakes it hard,thereby making it even more durable.So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze,he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it.Clay,moreover,is cheap,and forming it into tablets is easy,factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well,in Syria,Asia Minor,Persia,and even for a while in Crete and Greece.Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands.In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia,and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding,once and for all,to more convenient alternatives. The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay.This script consists of simple shapes,basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus;scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks(cunei in Latin)that are its hallmark.Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines,there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words.Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice;inevitably,literacy was largely limited to a small professional class,the scribes. The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E.,and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language.■A The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same,and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor.■B The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East,and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken,the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literarylanguage,the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.■C For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages,training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language.■D The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals,jars,baskets,etc.Writing,it would appear,started as a primitive form of bookkeeping.Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous things and acts that are involved in daily life,from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations. Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches.The batches,some of which contain thousands of tablets,consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned:bills,deliveries,receipts,inventories,loans,marriage contracts,divorce settlements,court judgments,and so on.These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference—they were,in effect,files,or,to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East,archives.Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order,writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity.They range from simple textbook material to literature and they make an appearance very early,even from the third millennium B.C.E. Paragraph 1 It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia(modern-day Iraq)that civilization arose,and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization,writing.These examples,in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.,have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians,a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. 1.The word“key”in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A.frequent B.essential C.original D.familiar Paragraph 2 The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing,but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material.In。

托福听力tpo46 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文

托福听力tpo46lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:I'd like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today's class by focusing on a concept we haven't yet touched upon—swarm intelligence.Swarm intelligence is a collective behavior that emerges from a group of animals,like a colony of termites,a school of fish,or a flock of birds.Let's first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence,and we'll use the ant as our model.Now,an ant on its own is not that smart.When you have a group of ants,however, there you have efficiency in action.You see,there's no leader running an ant colony. Each individual,each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when foraging for food.Rule number1:Deposit a chemical marker…called a pheromone.And rule2:Follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food.So,for example,when ants leave the nest,they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take.If they find food,they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger—it's doubled in strength.Because an ant that took a shorter path returns first,its pheromone trail is stronger,and other ants will follow it, according to rule2.And as more ants travel that path,the pheromone trail gets even stronger.So,what's happening here?Each ant follows two very basic rules,and each ant acts on information it finds in its immediate local environment.And it's important to note: Even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan,they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and a food source because it's the most reinforced path.By the way,a-a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we're studying to everyday life.And swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how concepts in biology can be applied to other fields.Well,businesses have been able to use this approach of following simple rules when designing complex systems,for instance,in telephone networks.When a call is placed from one city to another,it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way.At each point,a decision has to be made:Which direction does the call go from here?Well,a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants use to find food.Remember,individual ants deposit pheromones,and they follow the path that is most reinforced.Now,in the phone network,a computer monitors the connection speed of each path, and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest—the least crowded parts of the network.And this information,converted into a numeric code,is deposited at the network nodes.This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule the telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced.So,similar to the ant's behavior,at each intermediate node,the call follows the path that is most reinforced.This leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the network as a whole,and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior,another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively.How do they coordinate their movements and know where they're supposed to be?Well,it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow.Rule1:Stay close to nearby birds.Rule2:Avoid collision with nearby birds.And rule3:Move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds.Oh,and by the way,if you're wondering how this approach can be of practical use for humans:The movie industry had been trying to create computer-generated flocks of birds in movie scenes.The question was how to do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these threerules in a computer graphics program,and it worked!There have also been attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence.However,I'm not surprised that more research is needed.The three rules I mentioned might be great for bird simulations,but they don't take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior.So,if you want to create crowds of people in a realistic way,that computer model might be too limited.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Various methods that ants use to locate foodB.A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC.A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD.Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation2.According to the professor,what behavior plays an important role in the way ants obtain food?A.Ants usually take a different path when they return to their nest.B.Ants leave chemical trails when they are outside the nest.C.Small groups of ants search in different locations.D.Ants leave pieces of food along the path as markers.3.What are two principles of swarm intelligence based on the ant example?[Click on2answers.]A.Individuals are aware of the group goal.B.Individuals act on information in their local environment.C.Individuals follow a leader's guidance.D.Individuals instinctively follow a set of rules.4.According to the professor,what path is followed by both telephone calls on a network and ants seeking food?A.The path with the least amount of activityB.The most crowded pathC.The path that is most reinforcedD.The path that has intermediate stopping points5.Why does the professor mention movies?A.To identify movie scenes with computer-simulated flocks of birdsB.To identify a good source of information about swarm intelligenceC.To emphasize how difficult it still is to simulate bird flightD.To explain that some special effects in movies are based on swarm intelligence6.What is the professor's attitude about attempts to create computer-generated crowds of people?A.She believes that the rules of birds'flocking behavior do not apply to group behavior in humans.B.She thinks that crowd scenes could be improved by using the behavior of ant colonies as a model.C.She is surprised by how realistic the computer-generated crowds are.D.She is impressed that computer graphics can create such a wide range of emotions.答案C B BD C D A译文下面听一段生物学讲座的片段。

托福语法高分要点(完全整理版)概要

目录第一章名词 (2第二章形容词 (13第三章副词 (19第四章介词 (23第五章动词 (28第六章代词 (41第七章简单句 (45第八章并列句 (50第九章主从复合句 (54第十章时态 (62第十一章一致原则 (65第十二章倒装 (69第十三章被动语态 (72第十四章常考关于It的句式 (74 第十五章虚拟语气 (77第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容第一节可数名词考点一单复数可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。

TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。

TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。

例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式下面我们会讲一下复数形式。

复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs例题:(1 Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.A B C D答案:A应改为:Flowers解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数(2 Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronicA B C Dpain.答案:A应改为:Doctors解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数考点二复数形式特例这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意1.单复数词形相同如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人, aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft 等2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如:basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crisesmedium(媒体-media datum(数据-data curriculum(课程-curriculalarva(幼虫-larvae criterion(标准-criteria phenomenon(现象-phenomena3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:clothes trousers compasses(圆规 scales(天平 savings(储蓄,statistics(统计数据, headquarters(总部,4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:goods(货物, manners(礼貌, troops(军队, authorities(当局5 不规则的名词复数child - children mouse - mice louse - licetooth - teeth foot - feet6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词例题:(1 With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leadingA B Cjazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.D(2Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feetA B C D答案:D应改为:foot解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬第二节限定词名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类:1.之后肯定接单数:a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.例句:Each of them has two books.You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本2.之后肯定接复数:these, those, many, such, other,大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…,a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small number of, several,one of, all (of, some /any (of, most(of, a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用考点一否定限定词no(1 no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如:No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花.No one is here.(2 no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。

阅读TPO46解析

TPO 46阅读解析Reading 1文章内容概要1. 文字的起源2. 早起书写材料的发展3. 泥板字的特点4. 泥板字的演变5. 早起泥板字的记录的内容6. 后期泥板字记录的内容背景知识和关键词clay n. 粘土clay tablet 泥板remains n. 骨骼papyrus n. 纸莎草（生长在埃及的一种用于制造纸的草）conqueror n. 征服者excavator n. 挖掘者common era 公历元年script n. 手迹incise v. 雕刻cuneiform n. 楔形文字notation n. 记号法archive n. 答案文件TPO 46-1-1题目The word “key” in the passage is closest in meaning to O frequentO essentialO originalO familiar正确答案A题目类型词汇题定位It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing.解题思路分析“key”意为“关键的”。

选项A “频繁的”，选项B“必要的”，选项C“原始的，最初的”，选项D“熟悉的，常见的”。

“关键的”与“必要的”对应，因此答案为B。

TPO 46-1-2题目The word “virtue” in the passage is closest in meaning toO priceO designO desirable qualityO physical characteristic正确答案C题目类型词汇题定位Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable.解题思路分析“virtue”意为“美德”，“优点”。

托福语法解析汇总

托福语法解析汇总语法在托福考试中一直很重要，了托福语法解析的技巧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

一、填空题的特点填空题的特点是句子给的很长，句中挖一个空(缺少一部分内容)，考生需要从四个选项中选出一个正确的选项(选项内容填到句中使句子语法结构意思都正确)。

在托福语法部分的40道题目中，填空题占15道。

二、填空题的解题步骤填空题的解题步骤分为两步：读题和解题。

下面我们把读题和解题分开来讲解。

(一)读题做填空题，读句子是首当其冲的事情。

这里需要先解决一个问题，看到的填空题解题时，是只读空格附近的内容，还是整句全读?有些学生认为那些结构很复杂的句子没有必要全读，怕这样浪费时间，影响做题的速度。

因为句子中缺少的只有一个部分，只要读这个空前后的一段话就可以判断出来。

其实，这种做法虽然可以解决一些简单的问题，但是得不偿失的。

因为主谓不全的句子在填空中非常多，所以只读空格及周围的信息是不合适的。

一定要全句通读，从全句的角度来看空中缺少的成分。

在托福考试中，填空题的特点是：难度比改错题小，但信息量比改错题大。

因此，在解题前，一般而言，填空题要从头到尾先读一遍。

但是第一次读句子的目的并不是为了把句子的内容全读懂，而是要读出句子的大概结构来。

这里需要一种能力：不管给你一个多长的句子，马上快速找出它的主干，即找出句子的主语，谓语动词和宾语。

这里主要是针对填空题来说的，改错题不是这样读。

改错题的详细解题步骤我们下一章会详细说明。

填空比改错读的应该多。

(二)具体的解题步骤在读完题后，就要进行正式的解题过程了。

填空题的解题步骤共有三步。

但并不是每一道题目三个步骤都要用到。

这三个步骤就像三个解题法宝一样。

先用第一步去解，如果不灵了，再用第二步。

还不行，就要用第三步杀手锏了。

这种做题方法的优点是在保证正确率的前提下最大限度地节省了思考时间并加快了做题的速度。

1.第一步：考虑句子完整性问题考虑句子的完整性，换句话说就是看句子主谓宾全不全。

托福TPO46口语｜题目+文本

小编给考生们带来了托福TPO46口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。

托福TPO46口语task1题目:Talk about one way in which you have benefited from using the Internet. Usespecific examples and details in your response.托福TPO46口语task2题目:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today havehealthier lifestyles than people did 100 years e specific examples anddetails to support your opinion.托福TPO46口语Task3阅读:No More Posters Outside the Student CenterReading TimeNo More Posters Outside the Student CenterTraditionally, students have been permitted to put up posters advertisingevents, clubs, and activities on the concrete wall outside the main entrance tothe student center Beginning next semester, however, students will no longer beallowed to attach anything to the front of the building According to auniversity official, the new policy is part of an effort to improve the campus’sappearance. “The posters on the wall make the building unattractive," he said,"so they have to come down." He added that posters can instead be displayed inthe dining hall: "Students can use the bulletin board in the dining hall forposters, so the policy change should not be a problem.The woman expresses her opinion about the new policy. Briefly describe thepolicy. Then state the woman’s opinion about the policy, and explain the reasonsshe gives for holding that opinion.托福TPO46口语Task4阅读：Warning ColorationReading TimeWarning ColorationMany animals have defense mechanisms that help protect them from predators.In some cases, these animals have distinct coloring that signals predators ofthe presence of such defenses. This type of coloring is called warningcoloration. If a predator does not recognize the meaning of this coloration andattacks, it may suffer significant discomfort or injury when its would-be preyemploys its defense mechanism. As a result, the predator learns to associate thewarning coloration with negative consequences, and will from that point forwardavoid attacking animals that have that coloration.Explain how the professor’s example from the lecture illustrates warningcoloration.托福TPO46口语Task5题目Question：Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state whichof the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain thereasons for your recommendation.托福TPO46口语Task6听力+题目ListeningWhen we think about the past, we try to remember the past; we remembersomething better than others. Why is that? Well there're few differentexplanations. One explanation is that we remember something better if we alreadyhave some previous knowledge about it. Some previous understanding of it. For。

托福tpo46口语

托福tpo46口语在〔托福〕口语备考中,我们应该选用怎样的备考材料呢?而TPO 往往是考生备考托福最常用的资料。

下面是我为您整理的关于托福tpo46口语，希望对你有所帮助。

托福tpo46口语题目Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the future, people will read fewer books than they do toady. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion. TPO46托福听力Lecture题目文本及答案解析Lecture 11. What is the lecture mainly about? 【题型】内容主旨题A Various methods that ants use to locate foodB A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation答案：C破题关键词汇：what解析：(从第3"开始，原文重现：Id like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and concept we havent yet touch upon: swarm intelligence. 153'And swarm intelligence offers several can be applied to other fields. )C选项的animal behavior就是原文所说的swarm intelligence. 选项中的application对应原文的applied.托福TPO46口语task2答案解析Task 2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today have healthier lifestyles than people did 100 years ago.Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.托福TPO46口语task2答题要领(1) Specifically express your opinion, ie, agree or disagree the statement.(2) State specific reasons or give relevant examples to support your opinion.托福TPO46口语task2观点提示Agree(1) 100 years ago, people were suffering from war and turmoil, which made it impossible to pay special attention to healthy lifestyles. What people cared most was not to starve to death.(2) Owing to the development of technology and medicine, people today pay more attention to some health issues, and thus live longer than people did 100 years ago.Disagree(1) Environmental pollution has exerted negative influence on peoples health. For example, the polluted air has increased the possibility of lung cancer.(2) The fast space of todays life forces people to overwork and stay up late, which will do harm to their health.托福TPO46口语task2模板(1) I agree/disagree with the statement.(2) The specific reasons are(3) On the one hand, on the other hand,Q2I agree that people today have healthier lifestyles than they did 100 years ago. First, modern advancement in food safety and availability has led to proper nutrition and ahighly reduced chance of illness or death from unsafe food. Before, food would often be either scarce or spoiled, and there was little regulation on food production. Now with refrigeration, food science and eating the right food in the right amounts, all ensure that we can have a healthy and balanced diet. Also, nowadays, our understanding of the importance of fitness is much greater. It is common knowledge that staying fit and active is the key to being healthy. People often strive to exercise whether its outdoors, in a gym or at home to stay healthy.I do not agree that people have healthier lifestyles today than they did 100 years ago. First, in the past, humans grew their own food or purchased it from local farmers. The growing process was all natural and free from harmful chemicals. However, much food today contains lots of preservatives and additives that are unnatural. Also, before much more of our work required actual manual labor. For example, if you needed to get somewhere, you had to walk and most chores were done by hand. These are examples of daily exercises to help us to keep fit. But today, machines do most of our work. We drive our cars to go anywhere andrely on dishwashers or robots to do the work for us.托福口语考试怎么摆脱中式〔英语〕曾经有一个疑似伊丽莎白女王的账号在twitter上吐槽：For the avoidance of doubt, there is no such thing as American English. There is the English language and there are mistak 大致意思是，根本没有英式英语和美式英语之分，只有正确的英语和错误的英语之分。

托福语法指导汇总

托福语法指导汇总考托福语法一直都很重要，整理了关于真题要点解析的语法指导，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福语法指导-并列连词及真题要点解析有关并列连词的命题在TOEEL考试中占有极重要的地位。

并列连接词不仅自身是命题的焦点，它还涉及到一些其它的题型，如平行结构，词类、及一致等TOEEL考试要点。

一般说来，有关并列连词的题目并不深涩，因为连接词无论在语意上还是结构功能上都并非孤立使用。

而且，细察并列连词的题目，还可寻见其中的命题规律并列连词常考题型及解题要点1. 并列连词and but or混淆来源：考试大解题要点这类题型主要分面布在written Expression (16-40题中) 当A、B、C、D四项选择中出现单独的and或but 或or时，它通常就是此题的焦点，应根据句意判断此连词是否用错。

全真例题要分析来源：考试大(1) Harvesting of grains is affected by annual changes in temperature or inthe amount of moisture, but both. (90.1)[答案] D 根据句意，这里并无转折关系。

因此but 应改为or。

(2) Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin. Ball clay,feldspar. And silica. (91.1)[答案] C 此句表达的是一个取舍关系，and应改为but. “not…but”是表达转折，到舍含义的固定并列连词搭配。

3. The structure or behavior of many protozoans are amazingly comples forsingle-celled artimals.[答案] A 根据句中复数谓语动词are 来判断，连词or是错误，它表述的概含是两项之一，应用单数第三人称动词。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

托福语法知识总览

托福语法知识总览托福（Test of English as a Foreign Language）是评估非英语为母语的人士的英语语言能力的考试。

其中，语法作为其考试的一个重要组成部分，对于考生来说十分关键。

本文将为大家总览托福语法知识，旨在帮助考生提高对语法的理解和应用。

一、动词时态动词时态在托福考试中经常被考察。

以下是几种常见的时态：1. 一般现在时：表示当前情况或普遍真理。

例如：The sun rises in the east.译文：太阳从东方升起。

2. 过去时：表示已经发生的事情或过去的经历。

例如：I went to the park yesterday.译文：昨天我去了公园。

3. 现在进行时：表示当前正在进行的动作。

例如：They are studying for the exam.译文：他们正在为考试而学习。

4. 一般将来时：表示将来某个时间会发生的事情。

例如：She will travel to Europe next month.译文：她下个月将去欧洲旅行。

二、名词名词是英语语法中的核心部分之一。

这里列举几种常见的名词用法：1. 单数名词：表示一个人、物或概念。

例如：I have a cat.（我有一只猫。

）2. 复数名词：表示多个人、物或概念。

例如：They have two cars.（他们有两辆车。

）3. 不可数名词：表示无法分为单个单位的物质或抽象概念。

例如：I need some advice.（我需要一些建议。

）4. 可数/不可数名词的区分：可数名词与不可数名词之间的区分在很多情况下会影响到名词前面的冠词和数量词的使用。

例如：I ate an apple.（我吃了一个苹果。

）I drank some water.（我喝了一些水。

）三、代词代词在托福考试中也是一个常见的考点。

以下是几种重要的代词：1. 主格代词：用于主语的位置。

例如：He is my friend.（他是我的朋友。

托福考试中的常见语法知识点

托福考试中的常见语法知识点托福考试是全球范围内最为知名的英语语言水平测试之一。

语法是托福考试中的重要篇章之一，同时也是考生通过托福考试的关键所在。

在语法考试中，考生需要明确掌握一些常见的语法知识点，本文将为大家详细介绍。

一、语法的基石：句子结构英语语法的最基础也是最重要的一部分是句子结构。

在托福考试中，句子在很多题目的考点中都是基础的考查对象，因此考生有必要对句子结构的基本知识有所了解。

英语句子一般都是由主语、谓语和宾语组成的。

其中，主语是指句子中扮演行为者或者状态的角色，谓语则是主语执行的动作，宾语则是谓语动作的对象。

除了这三个基本要素，英语句子中还会有其他的成分，例如宾语补足语、介词短语等。

这些要素的掌握是语法基本功的重中之重，在托福考试中相关的考点也不容忽视。

二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在时态和语态上相符合。

是托福考试语法考点中比较常见的一个难点。

在主谓一致中，时态一定要一致。

举个例子，如果主语是过去式的单数形式，谓语也应当是单数的过去时态，不可以混用。

而在语态上，则应当与主语相匹配。

例如，如果主语是被动语态，那么谓语也应当是被动语态。

尤其重要的是注意在长难句中的主谓一致问题，稍有不慎就会导致考试得分的下降。

三、时态时态是托福语法中比较重要的考点之一，要求考生具备良好的时态掌握能力。

在英语中，时态代表了动作发生的时间关系,包括过去时间、现在时间以及将来时间。

常见的复合时态如现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等,也需要较高的掌握水平。

时态考试内容包括时态种类分类、时态形式变化规律、时态的用法以及时态的正确运用。

在原句子时态错误的基础上改正，也是托福考试中经常出现的题目类型，考生需要有足够的敏锐度以及语法知识处理。

四、动词形式在英语中，动词的形式会受到主谓一致以及时态等多种因素的影响，需要考生在语法掌握时进行注意。

英语动词一般分为不定式(Infinitive)、现在分词(Present participle)和过去分词(Past participle)三种形式。

托福语法辅导解析题汇总

托福语法辅导解析题汇总托福语法辅导解析题11. A symbol of freedom，the Statue of Liberty represents a woman has just escapedA Bfrom the chains of slavery，which lie at her feet.C DKey：B分析：第一步分析空前后的关系，发现谓语动词represents与has just冲突，所以has前面应该加who才对。

必要知识点：考点是谓语单一原则。

has此处和主句represents谓语重复，需要变成定语从句，改正：woman has à woman who has参考译文：自由的象征，自由女神像表现了一个刚从躺在她脚边的奴隶枷锁中逃出的妇女。

2. The southwestern portion of the United States is a land of little rain，and parts ofA Bit are too dry that they are called deserts.C DKey：C分析：第一步分析空前后的关系，发现that，首先想到so 。

that，所以这里C出现问题。

必要知识点：考点是固定结构。

so。

that结构也是语法中常考的，经常会把so替换为too，as等。

改正：too à so.参考译文：美国的西南部分是一个少雨地带，其一部分地区因为太干而被称为沙漠。

3. Seneca chief Corn-planter helped arrange treaties between many United States settlerA Band Native American tribes in western Pennsylvania after the American Revolutionary War.C DKey：B分析：第一步分析空前后的关系，发现many，所以在此首先想到后面的词应该是复数才对。

小托福常考语法知识点

小托福常考语法知识点小托福考试是许多学生在学习英语过程中必须面对的一项挑战。

在小托福考试中，语法知识点是一个非常重要的考试内容。

以下是小托福常考的语法知识点：1. 时态时态是英语语法中最基本的概念之一。

在小托福考试中，时态的使用是非常重要的。

英语中有12种时态，包括简单现在时、进行时、完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时等等。

学生需要掌握这些时态的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

2. 主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上的一致。

在英语语法中，主谓一致是非常重要的，因为它可以使句子更加清晰和易于理解。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握主谓一致的规则，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

3. 介词介词是英语语法中的一个重要部分。

介词用于连接名词、代词或动词与其他词语。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握介词的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

4. 形容词和副词形容词和副词是英语语法中的两个重要部分。

形容词用于描述名词或代词，而副词用于描述动词、形容词或其他副词。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握形容词和副词的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

5. 从句从句是一个包含主语和谓语的句子，它不能独立存在，必须依附于另一个句子。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握从句的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

6. 并列句并列句是由两个或更多的句子组成的句子，它们之间用逗号、分号或连词连接。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握并列句的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

7. 语态语态是指动词的形式，它可以表示动作的主动或被动。

在小托福考试中，学生需要掌握语态的用法，以便在考试中正确地使用它们。

总之，小托福考试中的语法知识点是非常重要的。

学生需要花费大量的时间和精力来学习这些知识点，并在考试中正确地使用它们。

只有这样，才能在小托福考试中取得好成绩。

托福句子结构完整语法解析

托福句子结构完整语法解析托福句子结构完整语法解析导语：句子结构完整语法是托福考试中最常考的语法方向，下面是YJBYS店铺整理的托福句子结构完整语法解析，希望对你有帮助!这是托福考试中最常考的语法方向。

句子结构完整指的是构成句子的基本组成部分完整且没有错误，一般来说，在一个完整的句子中，主语和谓语是唯一存在且是必不可少的.句子基本成份。

而其他的成分(如：宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等)要视句子的具体结构和需要而定。

要特别注意的是：对于句子中套有从句的复合句子，首先考虑主句的完整性，然后再看从句的完整性。

还有就是当考试中遇到一个句子中出现两个主语和谓语时，必定要有连接词的出现。

当有连词连接的并列句时，也要对其并列的小分句逐一判断。

对于有些省略形式的从句结构，在分析考试题目时会有单独介绍。

只需记住“主谓唯一不可缺少”这一原则，很多的题目就可以直接解决掉了。

比如：例1: _______ Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center.(A) Fort Wayne(B) Although Fort Wayne(C) For Wayne is in(D) Fort Wayne, in例题分析：空格后分析主干有两个主语(Indiana和it)和两个谓语动词(两个is)，但中间没有连接词，违反了一句话中主谓唯一不可缺少的原则。

由此可知，空中需要填入连接词断成两个单句。

有四个选项中只有(B)中although是连词，故直接选(B)。

例2：William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ______an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues.(A) covers(B) covers it(C) which covers(D) which it covers例题分析：分析主干得知，William Walker’s mural肯定是主语了，而空格后的deals with 是谓语动词，根据一句话中主谓唯一不可缺少的原则，主句中不可能再有谓语动词出现，故A, B是谓语形式可先排除; CD表明所填的是从句，那么分析从句中的主干。

托福语法

托福考试常考语法解读导语：托福考试中常考的语法有很多，下面是YJBYS 小编整理的托福考试常考语法解读，希望对你有帮助!(一)不可数名词量的表示1)物质名词a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。

(不可数)These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。

(可数)b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel. (不可数)We need various steels. (可数)c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea.我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas， please.请来两杯茶。

2) 抽象名词有时也可数four freedoms 四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如：a glass of water 一杯水a piece of advice 一条建议(二)重点语法概念1)形容词2)副词3)比较4)措辞错误5)双重否定6)不完整句子7)并列结构8)介词和介词短语9)代词指代10)主谓一致形容词形容词修饰名词或代词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。

通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

形容词是修饰回答像what kind of或which?或whose?这类的问题。

不要混淆形容词和副词，副词通常是以ly结尾的，而极少形容词以ly结尾。

1)以ly结尾的形容词:friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly.2)以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词:daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early.副词副词通常修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)2

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补obj：n/代词宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique it:真宾语3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语（讲义 33）that +句子4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补（新题32）o）the more…the more结构标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window) 省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（比较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj最高级的省略结构：（讲义 40 41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时Xa. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语lack a. be lack ofvi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？eg：n+called call-called-calledWe called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是非谓语。

TPO 46答案及解析

Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the woman? 【题型】目的主旨题A To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC To find out if it would be possible for him to live inthe music houseD To check on the status of his application to move intothe music house答案：C破题关键词汇：why解析：(从第35“开始，原文重现：Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in, but, um, I’m not a music major.)Student说自己想选择music house, 所以C选项正确。

2. According to the woman, why might some people not wantto live in the music house? 【题型】细节题A is rarely quiet.B is not conveniently located.C All of the residents are required to participate inhouse activities.O All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.答案：A破题关键词汇：why, not want to live解析：(从第1‘04“开始，原文重现：You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.)Woman说music会bother some people. A选项与此同义，故A正确。