过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

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过程装备与控制工程专业英语

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The design of chemical reactors is probably the one activity which is unique to chemical engineering, and it is probably this function more than anything else which justifies the existence of chemical engineering as a distinct branch of engineering.
Physical treatment Steps
Produces

Recycle
1
The raw materials undergo a number of physical treatment steps to put them in the form in which they can be reacted chemically. They then pass through the reactor.The products of the reaction must then undergo further physical treatment- separations, purifications, etc. - for the final desired product to be obtained. 原料进行了一些物理处理的步骤，使它们能够发生化学反应。然后让他们通过反应器。产物要经历进一步的物理处理——分离，净化提纯等等，以获得期望的最终产品。
只有……才有的化学反应器的设计也许是一种只有化学工程领域才涉及的工作。并且可能正是因为这种功能才奠定了化学工程作为工程领域的一个特殊分支而存在的合理性

过程装备与控制工程专业英语重点

《过程装备与控制工程专业英语》考试范围——made by REN09过控Unit 1 General Equilibrium Conditions of A System词汇：1、internal force 内力2、external force 外力3、equilibrium 平衡4、sufficient condition 充分条件5、necessary condition 必要条件虽然我们不能对其进行详细的讨论，以上结论适用于一个由任意外力作用的任何数量的质点所组成的系统，假设系统内力符合牛顿第三定律。

特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是有大量微体和质点组成的。

方程1.1是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程式。

通常情况下他们并不是平衡的充分条件；满足这些方程不一定保证系统将处于平衡。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，以内我们只处理处于平衡的系统。

对于刚体，方程1.1既是必要条件又是充分条件。

检验它的充分性需要用到牛顿第二定律和其他超出本课文水平的知识。

Unit 9 internal structure of steel词汇1、internal structure of steel 钢材的内部就够2、alloy 合金3、fracture 断裂，断口4、grind 研磨，抛光5、polish 研磨，抛光，精加工钢是我们最重要的工程和建筑材料；它大概占所有金属制品的80%。

由于它具有强度高，容易制造成多种形状，特性广泛并且成本低。

我们生产从相当柔软的带钢到硬质工具钢等各种用途的钢的能力，很多情况下取决于对给定的以加工成型或未成形钢的热处理。

在研究钢材和其他黑色金属合金材料的热处理之前，先简要的地考察一下钢材的内部结构将是有益的。

一块钢材的表面情况并不能给出该刚才内部结构情况的任何迹象，但是如果一块金属被破坏，则断口将呈现出颗粒状的表面。

Unit 13 principles of heat transfer词汇1、The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three ：conduction（热传导）、convection（热对流）、radiation（热辐射）2、natural convection 自然对流3、forced convection 强制对流4、electromagnetic wave 电磁波5、enthalpy 焓Unit 14单元操作有：fluid flow 流体流动，heat transfer 传热，evaporation 蒸发，drying 烘干，distillation 蒸馏，absorption 吸收，crystallization 结晶，mechanical physical separation 机械物理分离，membrane separation 膜分离，liquid-liquid separationUnit 15 chemical reaction engineering1、chemical reaction engineering 化学反应工程2、chemical kinetics 化学动力学3、fluid dynamics 流体力学4、materials mechanics 材料力学5、heat transfer 热转换6、thermal dynamics 热力学反应器的设计用到信息，知识，以及不同领域的经验——热力学、化学动力学、流体力学、传热、传质和经济学，化学反应工程是综合所有因素，其目的是正确设计一个化学反应器。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇.

abrasiveness 研磨；腐蚀absolute 绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差，容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的，大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation 自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt 螺栓bonnet 阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的，脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst 催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔，室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist 检查表，清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的- 1 -coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil 盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩；凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller 控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语重点

特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是有大量微体和质点组成的。

方程1.1是平衡的必要条件；也就是说，如果系统处于平衡，必须满足这些方程式。

通常情况下他们并不是平衡的充分条件；满足这些方程不一定保证系统将处于平衡。

然而，这并不会带来任何困难，以内我们只处理处于平衡的系统。

对于刚体，方程1.1既是必要条件又是充分条件。

检验它的充分性需要用到牛顿第二定律和其他超出本课文水平的知识。

由于它具有强度高，容易制造成多种形状，特性广泛并且成本低。

我们生产从相当柔软的带钢到硬质工具钢等各种用途的钢的能力，很多情况下取决于对给定的以加工成型或未成形钢的热处理。

在研究钢材和其他黑色金属合金材料的热处理之前，先简要的地考察一下钢材的内部结构将是有益的。

一块钢材的表面情况并不能给出该刚才内部结构情况的任何迹象，但是如果一块金属被破坏，则断口将呈现出颗粒状的表面。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语单词总结概要

exert n.用力,施力fundamental v.基本的negligible a.可以忽略的moment n.力矩(各种矩 equilibrium n.平衡的cancel out 相约,相消preceding a.以前的pulley n.滑轮,皮带轮relegate vt.归类,委托Component n.分力,分量Scalar n.;a.纯量,标量Statically determinate 静定transverse a.横向,横切symmetry n.对称性pin support 铰支座roller support 滚轴支座translate 平移lateral 横向的,水平的sustain 支撑,承受住cantilever悬臂overhang外伸intensity 强度,密度reaction反作用力magnitude大小,量级equilibrate(使平衡inverse相反的counterclockwise逆时针方向的deliberately审慎的,故意的stress 应力strain应变deformable可(易变形的shaft轴derivation 推导,导出axially-loaded 受轴向载荷的blend 混合tension 拉伸,张力shear 剪切,剪力prismatic 等截面的at right angles to与。

垂直analogous类似的hydrostatic流体静力学submerge浸没,沉没denote 表示,指示resultant合力;合成的centroid质心,矩心,重心elongation伸长,延伸率adjacent 相邻的,临近的free-body自由体bendin moment弯矩convention协定,惯例algebraic 代数的truss 桁架unknowingly 无意中,不知不觉的lowercase 小写visualize 假设patently 明白的perpendicular 垂直,直立vector 矢量squash 压缩tangential 切向subscript 下标,脚码say 假定algebraic 代数差unidirectional 单向,单自由度的postulate 假设ductile 可塑,可锻,韧性的criterion 标准,规范rupture 断裂,破坏specimen 样本,试件monitor 监视,控制multitude 众多,大批sin 罪恶,犯罪ignorance 未知yield-point 屈服点longgitudinal 轴向的,纵向的circumferential 圆周的,环形的oscillatory 振荡的,摆动的confront 面临,面对wear 磨损,耐磨性fatigue 疲劳acute 敏锐,尖锐impair 损害,减少symmertrical 对称的,均匀的propeller 螺旋桨,推进器compact 压实,压紧chaff 废物,渣滓thresh 猛烈摆动glider 滑翔机panel 底座helical 螺旋(线,面,形 springboard 跳板,出发点pendulum 振动体bob 振子球displacement位移,平移customary 通常,习惯的reciprocal 相互的,倒数的amplitude 振幅angular 角,成角度的dissipative 损耗,消耗的damp 阻尼,减震viscous 粘性的constrain 约束coordinate 坐标specify 指定,确定detect 探测,检测knife-edges 韧性支承rotor转子armature 电枢,转子crankshaft 曲轴,centtrifugal 离心式的,离心机rock 摇动,摆动bearing 轴承equivalent 相等的,等价的converse 逆的,反的oz. ounce 盎司alloy 合金crystal 结晶,晶体lattice 晶格aggregate 集合,集合体valence 化合价electrostatic 静电的conductor 导体wrought 精制的,可锻的cast 浇铸,铸件ferrous 含铁的nonferrous 不含铁intake 吸入,入口manifold 集气管aluminum 铝magnessium 镁beryllium铍brass 黄铜bronze 铜tin 锡zinc 锌elusive 难以理解的ductility 韧性,延展性fracture 破裂brittle 脆性的interplay 相互作用manufacture 加工制造strength of materials 材料力学rheology 流变学outset 开头,开始relevant 有关的,相关的component 分量,组件scope 范围,工作域realm 领悟,范围concept 概念,原理harden 变硬,硬化classification 分类,分级conserve 保存,守恒melt 融化,熔融evaporation 蒸发,汽化forging 锻造characterize 表征,表示。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

Reading Material 16Pressure Vessel Codes①History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, explosions in boilers and pressure vessels were frequent. A firetube boiler explosion on the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana on April 27, 1865, resulted in the boat's sinking within 20 minuted and the death of 1500 soldiers going home after the Civil War. This type of catastrophe continued unabated into the early 1900s. In 1905, a destructive explosion of a firetube boiler in a shoe factory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killed 58 people, injured 117 others, and did $400000 in property damage. In 1906, another explosion in a shoe factory in Lynn, Massachusetts, resulted in death, injury, and extensive property damage. After this accident, the Massachusetts governor directed the formation of a Board of Boiler Rules. The first set of rules for the design and construction of boilers was approved in Massachusetts on August 30, 1907. This code was three pages long.②In 1911, Colonel E. D. Meier, the president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, established a committee to write a set of rules for the design and construction of boilers and pressure vessels. On February 13, 1915, the first ASMEBoiler Code was issued. It was entitled "Boiler Construction Code, 1914 Edition". This was the beginning of the various sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which ultimately became Section 1, Power Boilers.③The first ASME Code for pressure vessels was issued as "Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure V essels", Section Ⅷ, 1925 edition. The rules applied to vessels over 6 in. indiameter, volume over 1.5 3ft, and pressure over 30 psi. In December 1931, a Joint API-ASMECommittee was formed to develop an unfired pressure vessel code for the petroleum industry. The first edition was issued in 1934. For the nest 17 years, two separated unfired pressure vessel codes existed. In 1951, the last API-ASME Code was issued as a separated document. In 1952, the two codes were consolidated into one code----the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section Ⅷ. This continued until the 1968 edition. At that time, the original code became Section Ⅷ, Division 1, Pressure Vessels, and another new part was issued, which was Section Ⅷ, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels.④The ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers with approval by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as an ANSI/ASME document. One or more sections of the ANSI/ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been established as the legal requirements in 47 states in the United Stated and in all provinces of Canada. Also, in many other countries of the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is used to construct boilers and pressure vessels.⑤Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is divided into many sections, divisions, parts, and subparts. Some of these sections relate to a specific kind of equipment and application; others relate to specific materials and methods for application and control of equipment; and others relate to care and inspection of installed equipment. The following Sections specifically relate to boiler and pressure vessel design and construction.Section ⅠPower Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅢDivision 1 Nuclear Power Plant Components (7 volumes)Division 2 Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containment (1 volume)Code Case Case 1 Components in Elevated Temperature service (in Nuclear Code N-47Case book)Section ⅣHeating Boilers (1 volume)Section ⅧDivision 1Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Division 2 Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels (1 volume)Section ⅩFiberglass-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (1 volume)⑥A new edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is issued on July 1 every three years and new addenda are issued every six months on January 1 and July 1. The new edition of the code becomes mandatory when it appears. The addenda are permissive at the date of issuance and become mandatory six months after that date.⑦Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes In addition to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which is used worldwide, many other pressure vessel codes have been legally adopted in various countries. Difficulty often occurs when vessels are designed in one country, built in another country, and installed in still a different country. With this worldwide construction this is often the case.⑧The following list is a partial summary of some of the various codes used in different countries:Australia Australian Code for Boilers and Pressure Vessels, SAA Boiler Code (Series AS 1200):AS 1210, Unfired Pressure Vessels and Class 1 H, Pressure Vessels of Advanced Design and Construction, Standards Association of Australia.France Construction Code Calculation Rules for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Syndicat National de la Chaudronnerie et de la Tuyauterie Industrielle (SNCT), Paris, France.United Kingdom British Code BS. 5500, British Standards Institution, London, England.Japan Japanese Pressure V essel Code, Ministry of Labour, published by Japan Boiler Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese Standard, Construction of Pressure Vessels, JIS B 8243, published by the Japan Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan; Japanese High Pressure Gas Control Law, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, published by The Institution for Safety of High Pressure Gas Engineering, Tokyo, Japan.Italy Italian Pressure Vessel Code, National Association for Combustion Control (ANNCC), Milan, Italy.Belgium Code for Good Practice for the Construction of Pressure Vessels, Belgian Standard Institute (IBN), Brussels, Belgium.Sweden Swedish Pressure Vessel Code, Tryckkarls kommissioner, the Swedish Pressure Vessel Commission, Stockholm, Sweden.压力容器准则①美国的压力容器规范历史在19世纪和20世纪初期，锅炉和压力容器频繁发生爆炸事件。

过程控制工程英文字典

过程控制工程英文字典
1. Automation（自动化）: 指的是利用各种控制系统和设备来
实现自动化操作和监控过程的技术。

2. Control system（控制系统）: 是用来管理、指导和调节工
业过程或设备的系统，通常包括传感器、控制器和执行器等组件。

3. Feedback（反馈）: 在控制系统中，指的是将输出信号再次
输入到系统中以调节和修正系统的行为的过程。

4. Process variable（过程变量）: 是指在工业过程中需要监
控和控制的物理量，比如温度、压力、流量等。

5. PID controller（PID控制器）: 是一种常见的控制器类型，利用比例、积分和微分三个控制参数来调节系统的输出，以实现对
过程的精确控制。

6. HMI (Human-Machine Interface，人机界面): 是指人和机
器之间进行信息交流和交互的界面，通常用来监视和操纵工业过程。

7. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition，监
控与数据采集系统): 是一种用于监控、控制和数据采集的系统，常
用于工业生产过程中。

8. PLC (Programmable Logic Controller，可编程逻辑控制器): 是一种用于控制自动化设备和工业生产过程的数字计算机系统。

以上是一些常见的过程控制工程英文字典条目，希望能帮助到你。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语ppt第5单元

Words and Expressions
• 26. constrain [kən'strein] vt.约束，束缚，强制 • 27. coordinate [kəu'ɔ:dinit, kəu'ɔ:dineit] n·坐标(系);a.坐标的，同位的 • 28. specify ['spesəfai] vt.挃定，确定，详细说明
original text
Unit 5 Mechanical Vibrations
When part of the propeller of an airplane is shot off or breaks off in flight the propeller is no longer symmetrical，and the vibrations from the engine may tear the engine from the plane unless it can be stopped in time.
合肥工业大学
过程装备不控制工程与业
书本介绍
Process Equipment & Control Engineering Specialized English
作者介绍
Words and Expressions
content
examples translation
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translated text
Unit 5 Mechanical Vibrations
original text
Unit 5 Mechanical Vibrations
Fig .1 .20(a)shows a body W suspended from a support by a spring and hanging at its equilibrium position. If the body is pulled from its equilibrium position by a force F and released，it will，in the absence of any frictional forces， continue to oscillate about the equilibrium position indefinitely .

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

第四单元Membrane Stresses薄膜应力Shells of Revolution回转壳体Curve曲线 Axis轴线Process vessels过程容器 Cylinder cylindrical 圆柱,圆柱的Cone conical圆锥 ,圆锥的Hemispherical sphere半球形的,球形 Ellipsoidal椭圆形的 T orispherical准球形的（碟形的）Bending stresses弯曲应力 Shear stresses剪切应力 Internal pressure内压Arising from…由什么引起Be subjected to…承受…Symmetric对称的Circumference周向的 Meridional stress经向应力 Circumferential stress周向应力T angential stress切向应力 Radius of curvature曲率半径 Normal component法向分量Diameter直径 An angle αto the axis与轴夹角α段落： 22页2，3段第五单元mechanical vibration机械振动 periodically repeated motion交替重复的运动 wear磨损bear轴承 fatigue疲劳 precision instrument精密仪表 propeller螺旋桨threshing machine脱粒机 spring弹簧 shaft轴 beam梁 cantilever beam悬臂梁cycle循环 frequency频率 amplitude振幅 displacement位移 elastic force弹性力free vibration自由振动 natural frequency自然频率 forced vibration受迫振动exciting force激振力 damped vibration阻尼振动 undamped vibration非阻尼振动degree of freedom自由度 coordinate坐标重点段落：图1.20下面的第一段:"Mechanical vibrations ...for many purposes."第六单元金属合金 metal alloy 结晶的crystalline 晶格crystal-lattice 原子atom 离子ions锻造金属wroung metal 铸造金属cast metal 导热体conductor of heat导电体conductor of electricity 塑性的plastic 黑色金属ferrous metal 铸铁cast iron有色金属nonferrous metal 碳钢carbon steel 铜合金copper alloy 钛trtanium熔点melting point第七单元原材料 the virgin/starting material 韧性ductility 脆性brittleness 断裂fracture硬化hardening 导热性 thermal conduction 润滑(n,v）lubrication ,lubricateThe final strength of any material used in an engineering component depends on its mechanical and physical properties after it has been subjected to one or more different manufacturing processes. 用于工程构件的任何一种材料的最终强度取决于这种材料在经历了一种或多种不同加工过程之后的机械与物理性质。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语Unit 13 Principles of Heat TransferPractically all the operations that are carried out by the chemical engineer involve the production or absorption of energy in the form of heat. The laws governing the transfer of heat and the types of apparatus that have for their main object the control of heat flow are therefore of great importance.实际上，所有的由化学工程师进行的操作都要涉及热量的产生和吸收。

因此，控制传热的定律和以控制热流为主要目的的仪器类型都是很重要的。

1. Nature of Heat FlowWhen two objects at different temperatures are brought into thermal contact, heat flows from the object at the higher temperature to that at the lower temperature. The net flow is always in the direction of the temperature decrease. The mechanisms by which the heat may flow are three, conduction, convection, and radiation. 当两种不同温度的物体开始接触后，热流就会从高温物体传给低温物体。

净热流总是随着温度降低的方向。

传热的机理通常分三种:热传导，热对流，热辐射。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

Unit 21Pumps1. IntroductionPump, device used to raise, transfer, or compress liquids and gases. Four' general classes of pumps for liquids are described below t In all of them , steps are taken to prevent cavitation (the formation of a vacuull1), which would reduce the flow and damage the structure of the pump, - pumps used for gases and vapors are usually known as compressors . The study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.1．介绍泵是提出，转移或压缩液体和气体的设备。

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

Water Pump, device lor moving water from one location to another, using tubes or other machinery. Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than 10,000 pounds per square inch. Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove 'Water from beneath the foundations of homes.水泵是用管子或其他机械把水从一个地方传到另一个地方。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语词汇

abrasiveness研磨；腐蚀absolute绝对的accumulate 堆积；积累acid 酸；酸性的，酸味的actuator 执行机构adjust 调整；调节agitation 搅拌air preheater 空气预热器air register 空气调节器airflow 气流alkali 碱allowance 公差,容差，容许量alloy 合金alternating current 交流电angle 角度，角apparatus 装置，仪器，仪表application 应用artificial 人造的；仿造的assembly 装配atmospheric 大气的,大气层的austenite 奥氏体automation自动化，自动操作auxiliary 辅助设备，附属机构backflow 回流baffle 挡板；折流板；隔板batch 一批，批量bearing 轴承bellow 波纹管belt 带；腰带；地带blade 叶片blower 鼓风机boiler 锅炉bolt螺栓bonnet阀盖，阀帽，机罩box furnace 箱式炉brittle 易碎的,脆弱的burner 燃烧器bushing 轴衬；套管butterfly valve 蝶阀capacity 容积carbon steel 碳钢，碳素钢casing 机壳cast 浇铸catalyst催化剂category 分类，种类cavity 腔；洞，凹处centrifugal force 离心力chamber 腔,室，船舱check valve 止回阀checklist检查表,清单classify 分类；分等clockwise 顺时针方向的- 1 -coating 涂层，覆盖层coefficient 系数coil盘管，线圈coking 结焦，焦化column 圆柱，柱形物combination 结合combustion 燃烧，氧化component 成分；组件；零件composition 组成，成分compressor 压缩机concentration 浓度concentric 同轴的，同心的condense 浓缩;凝结condenser 冷凝器；凝汽器conduction 传导cone roof 锥形顶constant 常量，常数contract 缩小，收缩contrast 对比，形成对照controller控制器convection 对流convert 使转变；转换.。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译13

Reading Material 13Principles of Mass Transfer1. General RemarksSome of the most typical chemical engineering problems lie in the field of mass transfer. A distinguishing mark of chemical engineer is his ability to design and operate equipment in products is prepared, chemical reactions take place, and separations of the resulting products are made. This ability rests largely on a proficiency in the science of mass transfer. Applications of the principles of momentum and heat transfer are common in many branches of engineering, but the application of mass transfer has traditionally been largely limited to chemical engineering. Other important applications occur in metallurgical processes, in problems of high-speed flight, and in waste treatment and pollution-control processes. Eddy diffusion is apparent in thedissipation of smoke from a smokestack. Turbulence causes mixing and transfer of the smoke to the surrounding atmosphere. In certain locations where atmospheric turbulence is lacking, smoke originating at the surface of the earth is dissipated largely by molecular diffusion. This cause serious pollution problems because mass is transferred less rapidly by molecular diffusion than by eddy diffusion.4. Convective Mass-Transfer CoefficientsIn the study of heat transfer we found that the solution of the differential energy balance was sometimes cumbersome or impossible, and it was convenient to express the rate of heat flow in terms of a convective heat-transfer coefficient by an equation like )(m s t t h A q -=The analogous situation in mass transfer is handled by an equation of form)(Am As P A k N ρρ-=The mass flux N A is measured relative to a set of axes fixed in place. The driving force is the difference between the conversation at the phase boundary (a solid surface or a fluid interface) and the concentration at some arbitrarily defined point in the fluid medium. The convective coefficient P k may apply to forced or natural converction; there are no mass-transfer counterparts for boiling, condensation, or radiation heat-transfer coefficients,the value of P k is a function of the geometry of the system and the velocity and properties of the fluid, just as was the coefficient h .3. Eddy DiffusionJust as momentum and energy can be transferred by the motion of finite parcels of fluid, so mass can be transferred. We have seen that the rate of these transfer operations, caused by bulk mixing in a fluid, can be expressed in terms of the eddy kinematics viscosity, the eddy thermal diffusivity, and the eddy diffusivity. This latter quantity can be related to a mixing length which is the same as that defined in connection with momentum and energy transfer. In fact, the analogy between heat and mass transfer is so straightforward that equations developed for the former are often found to apply to the latter by a mere change in the meaning of the symbols.Molecular diffusion also occurs in liquids and solids. Crystals in an unsaturated solution dissolve,with subsequent diffusion away from the solid-liquid interface. Diffusion in solids is of importance in metallurgical operations. When iron which is unsaturated with respect to carbon is heated in a bed of coke, the concentration of the carbon near the surface is increased by inward diffusion of carbon atoms.The above remarks apply only in an approximate and qualitative way. The quantitative prediction of the diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of a gas from a knowledge of molecular properties can be quite complicated. The consideration of such relations forms an important part of the subject of statistical mechanics.2. Molecular DiffusionMolecular diffusion occurs in a gas as a result of the random motion of the molecules. This motion is sometimes referred to as a random walk. Across a plane normal to the direction of the concentration gradient (or any other plane), there are fluxes of molecule in both directions. The direction of movement for any one molecule is independent of the concentration in dilute solutions. Consequently, in a system in which there is a concentration gradient, the fraction of molecules of a particular species (referred to as species A) which will move across a plane normal to the gradient is the same for both the high-and low- concentration sides of the plane. Because the total number of molecules of A on the high-concentration side is greater than on the low-concentration side, there is therefore a net movement of A in the direction in which the concentration of A is lower. If there are no counteracting effects, the concentrations throughout the mixture tend to become the same. In the analogous transfer of heat in a gas by conduction, the distribution of hotter molecules (those which have a higher degree of random molecular motion) tends to be evened out by random mixing on a molecular scale. Similarly, if there is a gradient of directed velocity (as distinguished from random velocity) across the plane, the velocity distribution tends toward uniformity as a result of the random molecular mixing. There is a transfer of momentum, which is proportional to the viscosity of the gas.In discussing the fundamentals of mass transfer we shall consider mainly binary mixtures, although multicomponent mixtures are important in industrial applications. Some of these more complicated situations will be discussed after the basic principles have been illustrated in terms of binary mixtures.The analogy between momentum and energy transfer has already been studied in some detail, and it is now possible to extend the analogy to include mass transfer.By mass transfer is meant the tendency of a component in a mixture to travel from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration. For example, if an open test tube with some water in the bottom is placed in a room in which the air is relatively dry, water vapor will diffuse out through the column of air in the test tube. There is a mass transfer of water from a place whereits concentration is high(just above the liquid surface) to a place where its concentration is low (at the outlet of the tube).If the gas mixture in the tube is stagnant, the transfer occurs by molecular diffusion. If there is a bulk mixing of the layers of gas in the tube by mechanical stirring or because of a density gradient, mass transfer occurs primarily by the mechanism of forced or natural convection. These mechanisms are analogous to the transfer of heat by conduction and by convection; there is, however, no counterpart in mass transfer for thermal radiation.阅读材料13传质原理1. 概述一些最典型的化学工程问题存在于质量转移领域。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语基础词汇

一．有用词汇及短语1.radial stress 径向应力2.longitudinal stress 经向应力3.circumferential stress 环向应力4.subscript 脚注，下标5.ultimate strength 强度极限6.rupture 破裂，断裂7.postulate v. 假设，主张8.specimen n. 标本，样本9.membrane stress 薄膜应力 membrane separation 膜分离10.shells of revolution 回转壳11.conical adj. 圆锥形的12.cylinderical adj. 圆柱的，筒形的13.hemispherical adj. 半球形的14.ellipsoidal adj. 椭圆形的15.torispherical adj. 准球形的16.boundary conditions 边界条件17.high-oder term 高阶的项18.displacement 位移19.reciprocal 倒数20.amplitude 振幅21.free vibration 自由振动22.forced vibration 受迫振动23.dissipative elements 耗散因素24.coordinate 坐标25.crankshaft 曲轴26.bearing 轴承27.toughness 韧性28.stiffness 刚度29.as-cast adj.铸造的 n.毛坯铸件30.ingot 钢锭，铸块31.solder 钎焊、锡焊、银焊等低温焊接32.braze 硬钎焊33.weld 焊接，熔焊34.plain carbon steel 普通碳素钢mild steel 低碳钢35.low-alloy steel 低合金钢36.generic term 通用术语37.quench 淬火38.temper 回火39.ductility 韧性，延展性40.brittle adj.脆性的 brittleness n.脆性41.granular adj.颗粒的，粒状的 grain n.颗粒，晶粒42.magnifying glass 放大镜 microscope 显微镜43.magnification 放大，放大倍数 magnify v.放大44.reagent 试剂reactant 反应物，反应剂 resultant 生成物；合力45.ferrite 铁素体46.body-centered cubic adj.体心立方的 body-centered cube 体心立方face-centered cubic adj.面心立方的 face-centered cube 面心立方47.allotropy n. 同素异构 allotrope n.同素异构体mpblack 炭黑 graphite 石墨49.corrodent 腐蚀剂50.corrosion-resistant 耐腐蚀的 impact resistance 抗冲击性能51.inhibitor 缓蚀剂52.stable compound 稳定化合物53.contamination of products 产品污染54.depletion 消耗，耗尽55.concentration 浓度 concentration gradient 浓度梯度56.impurity 杂质57.alkaline adj.碱性的，碱的58.chlorine 氯59.film 膜 passive film 钝化膜60.ion 离子61.volatile 易挥发的 nonvolatile 难挥发的62.solvent 溶剂 solution 溶液，解solute 溶质63.crevice corrosion 缝隙腐蚀 pitting 点蚀64.passivate v.钝化65.cybernetics 控制论 kinematics 运动学66.engage in 从事67.forge ahead 前进，发展bustion 氧化，燃烧69.artificial intelligence 人工智能70.differential equation 微分方程 solution 解71.scalar 标量 vector 矢量72.mass/heat/momentum transport 传质/热/动量传递73.humidifier 增湿器 dry 干燥器fractionater 分馏器 absorber 吸收器74.pollutant 污染物75.pilot-plant 中试装置，试验工厂76.homogeneous 均相的，均匀的77.coefficient 系数 heat-transfer ～传热系数78.tubular 管状的79.apparatus 设备，仪器80.conduction 传导 convection 对流 radiation 辐射81.furnace 火炉，熔炉82.enthalpy 焓，热焓83.flux 通量84.monatomic 单原子的，单质的 diatomic 双原子的，二元的85.sedimentation 沉淀，沉降86.precipitate vt.使沉淀 vi.沉淀 n.沉淀物87.setting 沉降，沉淀88.more often than not 往往，通常89.endothermic 吸热的90.exothermic 放热的91.。

过程装备与控制工程专业外语(原文+翻译)

下面介绍四种类型的泵。

在所有的这些中，我们一步步采取措施防止气蚀，气蚀将减少流量并且破坏泵的结构。

用来处理气体和蒸汽的泵称为压缩机，研究流体的运动的科学成为流体动力学。

过程装备与控制工程专业英语

过程装备与控制工程专业英语学院：化学化工学院1.Static Analysis of Beams⑴ A bar that is subjected to forces acting trasverse to its axis is called a beam. In this section we consider only a few of the simplest types of beams, such as those shown in Flag.1.2. In every instance it is assumed that the beam has a plane of symmetry that is parallel to the plane of the figure itself. Thus ， the cross section of the beam has a vertical axis of symmetry .Also,it is assumed that the applied loads act in the plane of symmetry ,and hence bending of the beam occurs in that plane. Later we will consider a more general kind of bending in which the beam may have an unsymmetrical cross section.⑵ The beam in Fig.1.2, with a pin support at one end and a roller support at the other, is called a simply support beam ,or a simple beam . The essential feature of a simple beam is that both ends of the beam may rotate freely during bending, but the cannot translate in lateral direction. Also ,one end of the beam can move freely in the axial direction (that is, horizontal). The supports of a simple beam may sustain vertical reactions acting either upward or downward .⑶ The beam in Flg.1.2(b) which is built-in or fixed at one end and free at the other end, is called a cantilever beam. At the fixed support the beam can neither rotate nor translate, while at the free end it may do both. The third example in the figure shows a beam with an overhang. This beam is simply supported at A and B and has a free at C.⑷ Loads on a beam may be concentrated forces, such as P1 and P2 in Fig.1.2(a) and (c), or distributed loads loads, such as the the load q in Fig.1.2(b), the intesity. Distributed along the axis of the beam. For a uniformly distributed load, illustrated in Fig.1.2(b),the intensity is constant; a varying load, on the other hand, is one in which the intensity varies as a function of distance along the axis of the beam.⑸ The beams shown in Fig.1.2 are statically determinate because all their reactions can be determined from equations of static equilibrium. For instance ,in the case of the simple beam supporting the load P 1 [Fig.1.2(a)], both reactions are vertical, and tehir magnitudes can be found by summing moments about the ends; thus,we findL a L P R A )(1-= L L P R B 1= The reactions for the beam with an overhang [Fig.1.2 (c)]can be found the same manner.2 ⑹ For the cantilever beam[Fig.1.2(b)], the action of the applied load q is equilibrated by avertical force RA and a couple MA acting at the fixed support, as shown in the figure. From a summation of forces in certical direction , we include thatqb R A =， And ,from a summation of moments about point A, we find)2(b a qb M A +=， The reactive moment MA acts counterclockwise as shown in the figure.⑺ The preceding examples illustrate how the reactions(forces and moments) of staticallydeterminate beams requires a considerition of the bending of the beams , and hence this subject will be postponed.⑻ The idealized support conditions shown in Fig.1.2 are encountered only occasionally inpractice. As an example ,long-span beams in bridges sometimes are constructionn with pin and roller supports at the ends. However, in beams of shorter span ,there is usually some restraint against horizonal movement of the supports. Under most conditions this restraint has little effect on the action of the beam and can be neglected. However, if the beam is very flexible, and if the horizonal restraints at the ends are very rigid , it may be necessary to consider their effects.⑼ Example Find the reactions at the supports for a simple beam loaded as shown infig.1.3(a ). Neglect the weight of the beam.⑽ Solution The loading of the beam is already given in diagrammatic form. The nature of thesupports is examined next and the unknow components of reactions are boldly indicated on the diagram. The beam , with the unknow reaction components and all the applied forces, is redrawn in Fig.1.3(b) to deliberately emphasiz this important step in constructing a free-body diagram. At A, two unknow reaction components may exist , since roller. The points of application of all forces are carefully noted. After a free-body diagram of the beam is made, the equations of statics are applied to abtain the sollution.∑=0x F ，R Ax =0∑+=0A M ，2000+100（10）+160（15）—R B =0，R B =+2700lb ↑∑+=0BM ,RAY(20)+2000—100（10）—160（5）=0，RAY=—10lb ↓ Check ：∑+↑=0FX ，—10—100—160+270=0 ⑾ Note that ∑=0x F uses up one of the three independent equations of statics, thus only twoadditional reaction compones may be determinated from statics. If more unknow reaction components or moment exist at the support, the problem becomes statically indeterminate. ⑿ Note that the concentrated moment applied at C enters only the expressions for summationmoments. The positive sign of RB indicates that the direction of RB has been correctly assumed in Fig.1.3(b). The inverse is the case of RAY ,and the vertical reaction at a is downward. Noted that a check on the arithmetical work is available if the caculations are。