南方医科大学外科学(泌尿外)2015年考博真题试卷

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泌尿外科考试试题

泌尿外科考试试题(总36页)本页仅作为文档页封面，使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March泌尿外科考试试题(一)一、单选题（本大题100小题．每题1.0分，共100.0分。

请从以下每一道考题下面备选答案中选择一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应题号的相应字母所属的方框涂黑。

）第1题TURP术中及术后常见的并发症有A 术后出血B TURP综合征C 膀胱穿孔D 尿失禁E 以上都是【正确答案】：E【本题分数】：1.0分第2题无痛性肉眼全程血尿最常见的原因是A 泌尿系感染B 泌尿系结核C 泌尿系肿瘤D 泌尿系结石E 前列腺肥大【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分第3题肾结核病人就诊时最多见的主诉是A 肾区疼痛和肿块B 尿失禁C 脓尿D 尿频、尿痛E 血尿【正确答案】：D【本题分数】：1.0分第4题青年男性，突发上腹痛，伴恶心、呕吐，急查尿常规：红细胞满视野，白细胞5～10个/HP，血常规正常，考虑右输尿管结石，最适当的急诊处理方法是A 大量饮水B 口服抗菌药物C 消炎，解痉，止痛D ESWLE 手术探查【正确答案】：C【本题分数】：1.0分第5题患者，男性，66岁，进行性排尿困难1年余，近3个月来尿频，每日排尿10余次，且尿道外口有尿液溢出。

体检：下腹部隆起，叩诊实音；直肠指诊：前列腺4cm×5cm大小，质韧，中央沟消失。

测残余尿300ml，据上述病史，体检应考虑下面哪种排尿异常A 遗尿B 真性尿失禁C 压力性尿失禁D 急迫性尿失禁E 充盈性尿失禁【正确答案】：E【本题分数】：1.0分第6题尸体肾移植中，肾脏冷藏保存最长不应大于A 30小时B 48小时C 72小时D 24小时E 10小时【正确答案】：A【本题分数】：1.0分第7题患者，男性，患者，29岁，一年前因左肾、左输尿管及膀胱结核，行左肾和左输尿管切除术，手术后行抗结核治疗8个月。

泌尿外科考试试题

泌尿外科考试试题
泌尿外科是医学中一个重要的学科领域，涉及到泌尿系统的疾病诊断和治疗。

作为医学生或从事泌尿外科工作的医生，必须具备扎实的专业知识和技能。

下面是一些泌尿外科考试试题，帮助大家进行知识的检测和提升。

1. 男性尿道炎的常见症状包括哪些？
2. 何为急性肾盂肾炎，其病因和临床表现是什么？
3. 请简要介绍前列腺增生的发病机制和治疗方法。

4. 何谓泌尿系结石，常见的结石成分有哪些？
5. 如何诊断和治疗膀胱癌？
6. 高血压和糖尿病患者易发生哪些泌尿系统并发症？
7. 泌尿外科手术有哪些常见并发症，如何预防和处理？
8. 慢性肾脏疾病的根本治疗措施是什么？
9. 急性睾丸炎的病因和诊断方法是什么？
10. 泌尿外科护理中需要注意哪些事项？
以上就是一些泌尿外科考试试题，希望大家认真对待，不断学习和提高自己的医学水平。

泌尿外科是一个重要的学科领域，掌握好相关知识对于临床工作至关重要。

祝大家考试顺利，取得好成绩！。

泌尿外科学考试题库及答案

泌尿外科学考试题库及答案泌尿外科学是一门研究泌尿系统疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科目。

以下是一套泌尿外科学的考试题库及答案，供参考：一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个器官不属于泌尿系统？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱D. 胆囊答案：D2. 肾盂肾炎是由哪种细菌引起的？A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 幽门螺杆菌答案：B3. 以下哪种情况需要进行输尿管镜检查？A. 肾盂积水B. 肾结石C. 膀胱炎D. 前列腺增生答案：B4. 前列腺增生的常见症状不包括以下哪项？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 血尿D. 尿失禁答案：D5. 以下哪种药物是治疗良性前列腺增生的常用药物？A. 阿司匹林B. 阿莫西林C. 特拉唑嗪D. 甲硝唑答案：C二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. 肾脏的主要功能包括_______、排泄代谢产物和_______。

答案：调节水、电解质平衡；维持酸碱平衡7. 膀胱的主要功能是暂时储存_______。

答案：尿液8. 急性肾盂肾炎的治疗原则是_______和_______。

答案：抗感染；充分排尿9. 前列腺增生的手术指征包括药物治疗无效、反复尿潴留、肾功能受损等。

10. 肾移植是治疗_______的有效方法之一。

答案：终末期肾病三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述泌尿系结石的常见症状及诊断方法。

答案：泌尿系结石的常见症状包括剧烈腰痛、血尿、尿频、尿急等。

诊断方法包括尿液分析、B超、X线平片、CT等。

12. 描述前列腺癌的筛查方法及其重要性。

答案：前列腺癌的筛查方法主要包括前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）血液检测和数字直肠检查。

早期筛查有助于及时发现前列腺癌，提高治疗成功率。

四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）13. 论述泌尿系统感染的预防措施。

答案：预防泌尿系统感染的措施包括：保持良好的个人卫生习惯，避免憋尿，多喝水以促进尿液的排泄，定期进行泌尿系统检查，及时治疗泌尿道疾病等。

南方医科大学考博外科真题

2016南方医科大学骨外科学真题外科总论名词解释1 代谢性碱中毒2 休克代偿期3 冷沉淀4 心肺复苏5 败血症6 气性坏疽简答题1 低钾血症的临床表现和治疗原则2 感染性休克的治疗原则骨科部分简答题，5选41 周围神经损伤的分类，临床表现，治疗原则2 腰椎间盘突出的诊断与鉴别诊断，治疗原则3 腕管综合症的病因，临床表现和治疗原则4 股骨颈骨折的garden分型和治疗原则5 四肢骨折的ao分型和治疗原则问答题，3选21 开放性骨折的分类和治疗原则2 骨折内置物术后感染的诊断和治疗策略3 发育性髋关节不良的临床表现和治疗原则2015年南方医科大学骨外科学真题外科学总论一名词解释急性肾衰ARDS脑疝休克二简答题1.无菌术定义及内容2.少尿期处理原则3. 剖腹探查的指征4. 输血并发症骨科部分一简答题1. 数字骨科在临床应用①计算机导航手术，是指利用X线装置、CT、MR I等提供的图像信息、先进的立体定位系统进行配准、定位，辅助外科医生进行各种手术干预。

计算机导航手术已经遍及到矫形和创伤外科的各个领域。

②3D打印技术，自上世纪80年代末以来, 这项起源于先进制造技术的建模方法迅速得到医学领域的高度重视。

在骨科首先被应用于术前模拟椎弓根的定位。

随之被应用于骨盆及其肿瘤切除后假体的制作。

通过与快速成形技术和逆向工程软件的结合, 不但可以重建骨折的模型, 还可以设计出与之相对应的阴模, 实现个体化模板, 从而进行内固定材料的预塑形或数字化导航模板，这样大大节省了术中的时间, 提高手术精确度。

③虚拟手术规划，基于CT数据重建三维模型，在术前模拟手术，为骨折的复位、内固定的选择、手术设计、手术模拟等提供更为准确的依据。

④有限元分析，工程上广泛使用的有限元法也是生物力学重要的研究手段之一。

由于人体结构的复杂且难于直接测量，所以最初的有限元模型都是二维模型。

医学影像科学的进步使得现在研究者可以借助医学图像来建立三维有限元模型。

南方医科大学外科学(骨外)2006,2008,2011--2019年考博真题

第1页共1页
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分外科学总论（共28分）一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分） 1、痈 2、SIRS 3、三期愈合 4、急性肾衰竭二、简答题（每题5分，共20分） 1、无菌术是什么，有何内容，灭菌和消毒的区别 2、代谢性酸中毒的治疗原则 3、肠外营养的指征 4、肿瘤共同的临床表现第二部分骨外科学（共72分）一、简答题(6选4，每题8分，共32分) 1.周围神经感觉障碍的分级。 2.全膝关节置换术的适应症和并发症。 3.迟发型尺神经炎的病因及临床表现。 4. 骨巨细胞瘤的病理学分期及X线表现。 5. 胸腰椎骨折的分类及治疗原则。 6.骨盆骨折的常见并发症。二、问答题（3选2 每题20分，共40分） 1.股骨颈骨折的分型及治疗原则 2.颈椎病的分型及治疗原则 3.开放性骨折的治疗原则
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南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸别代表什么，写出中英文 2肠外营养适应证
一、名词解释 1、等渗性缺水 2、交界性肿瘤 3、休克 4、自身输血二、简答题（5选4） 1、骨组织工程的几个要素，你对该研究的前景如何看待？ 2、髌骨软骨软化症的表现和治疗 3、膝关节半月板损伤的诊断要点和治疗原则 4、急性化脓性骨髓炎的临床表现和治疗原则 5、骨巨细胞瘤的病理分型、X线表现和治疗原则三、论述题（3选2） 1、开放性骨折的分类和清创原则 2、腰椎间盘突出的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗原则 3、骨折的并发症
考试科目：外科学（骨外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。

泌尿外科考试题及答案

泌尿外科考试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个器官不属于泌尿系统？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱D. 胆囊答案：D2. 肾盂肾炎的主要致病菌是：A. 大肠杆菌B. 金黄色葡萄球菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 流感嗜血杆菌答案：A3. 以下哪项不是尿路结石的常见症状？A. 腰痛B. 尿频C. 尿急D. 尿痛答案：C4. 膀胱癌最常见的病理类型是：A. 鳞状细胞癌B. 腺癌C. 移行细胞癌D. 肾细胞癌答案：C5. 前列腺增生的典型症状是：A. 血尿B. 尿路感染C. 尿频D. 尿失禁答案：C6. 以下哪种检查不是用于诊断肾结石的？A. X线平片B. B超C. CTD. 心电图答案：D7. 肾动脉狭窄最常见的原因是：A. 动脉粥样硬化B. 血栓形成C. 动脉炎D. 动脉瘤答案：A8. 以下哪种情况不是输尿管结石的典型表现？A. 肾绞痛B. 血尿C. 尿路感染D. 尿频答案：D9. 以下哪种药物不用于治疗尿路感染？A. 头孢类抗生素B. 氟喹诺酮类抗生素C. 胰岛素D. 磺胺类抗生素答案：C10. 以下哪种情况不是膀胱癌的危险因素？A. 吸烟B. 职业暴露C. 长期服用抗凝药物D. 慢性膀胱炎答案：C二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些因素可能增加前列腺癌的风险？A. 年龄B. 家族史C. 高脂饮食D. 长期饮酒答案：A、B、C2. 以下哪些症状可能提示肾癌？A. 腰痛B. 血尿C. 体重减轻D. 贫血答案：A、B、C、D3. 以下哪些检查有助于诊断膀胱癌？A. 尿细胞学检查B. 膀胱镜检查C. CTD. MRI答案：A、B、C、D4. 以下哪些情况需要进行肾移植？A. 慢性肾衰竭B. 急性肾损伤C. 肾动脉狭窄D. 肾结核答案：A5. 以下哪些药物可能引起尿路结石？A. 钙通道阻滞剂B. 抗凝药物C. 抗生素D. 利尿剂答案：A、C、D三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 肾结石患者都应该进行手术治疗。

南方医科大学外科学(神外)2004,2009,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题

医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学2004年神经外科学（博士）
1垂体腺瘤经蝶窦入路的手术指征和手术注意事项
2颅脑损伤或脑部手术后呼吸机治疗的适应征和使用要点
3写出颅内动脉瘤Hunt和Hess临床分级
4写出下列词汇相对应的中文或英文名称
(1) subdural perimedullary arteriovenous fistuala;
(2)中枢神经细胞瘤
(3)深部脑刺激(DBS)
(4) craniopharyngioma
(5) subfrontal approach
5写出你对博士研究生课题研究的设想
南方医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
2.简述何为脑室裂隙综合征？及临床表现。
3.开放性非火器伤颅脑损伤的救治原则。
4.中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血定义及可能出血来源。
二、问答题
1.听神经瘤进展分期及临床表现。
2.简述缺血性疾病的检查手段的优缺点。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神经外科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论
一、名词解释
1.体液容量失调
2.CVP
3.冷休克
4.血清肿
5.消毒
二、简答题
1.高钾血症诊断，治疗
2.输血溶血的诊断，治疗
3.S评分，病情判断的意义。
2，动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血双H分级。
3，视野缺损的解剖基础，常见疾病。

2015考博真题

一、单选1×50
上下尖牙区别
monson球面的半径
下颌神经前支中的感觉神经
前牙切割运动的杠杆运动形式
单囊性成釉细胞瘤处理方式
腺淋巴瘤病理特点
舌下腺结构
放射性骨髓炎病理表现
翼下颌间隙内容
下颌运动特点
下颌体骨化中心
颞下颌关节手术时切口方式
牙受垂直向力时牙龈主纤维中不受力的是
（以后想起来再补充）
二、名解2×10
近唇线角
pterygoid process
Terra dentition index
mento-cervical angle
taste threshold
alveolar bone proper
candidiasis
chronic gingivitis
branchial cleft cyst
lymphoepithelial carcinoma
三、简答5×6
解剖
1.根管系统在根部侧面开口的系统名称，并从解剖角度解释牙周病和牙髓病的相互影响。

2.口颌系统肌链的组成与功能？
3.临床上面神经的解剖方法，面神经主干的解剖标志点？
病理
1.口腔黏膜鳞癌有很多亚型，请举3例口腔黏膜鳞癌亚型，并叙述其镜下特点及生物学行为？
2.根据牙骨质组织结构学特性，叙述牙骨质龋特点？
3.肌上皮细胞来源的唾液腺良恶性肿瘤各举两例，及其镜下鉴别要点。

泌尿外科试题及答案

泌尿外科试题及答案泌尿外科是医学领域中一个重要的分支，主要研究和治疗泌尿系统和男性生殖系统的疾病。

以下是一份泌尿外科的试题及答案，供学习和参考使用。

# 泌尿外科试题一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个不是泌尿系统的主要器官？A. 肾脏B. 输尿管C. 膀胱D. 胆囊2. 男性前列腺位于哪个部位？A. 膀胱下方B. 膀胱上方C. 直肠前方D. 膀胱后方3. 肾盂积水最常见的原因是什么？A. 肾结石B. 肾囊肿C. 肾癌D. 肾结核4. 以下哪项不是输尿管结石的典型症状？A. 腰痛B. 血尿C. 尿频D. 尿急5. 膀胱癌最常见的症状是什么？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 无痛性血尿D. 尿痛6. 以下哪个不是前列腺增生的常见症状？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 尿痛D. 尿流变细7. 以下哪个是泌尿系感染的常见病原体？A. 支原体B. 衣原体C. 大肠杆菌D. 螺旋体8. 以下哪项不是肾脏移植的禁忌症？A. 活动性感染B. 严重心血管疾病C. 恶性肿瘤D. 年龄超过70岁9. 以下哪个药物不是用于治疗泌尿系感染的？A. 头孢类抗生素B. 氟喹诺酮类抗生素C. 磺胺类抗生素D. 阿司匹林10. 以下哪个不是泌尿系结石的预防措施？A. 多喝水B. 限制盐分摄入C. 限制钙摄入D. 避免高草酸食物二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）1. 肾脏的主要功能包括________、________和________。

2. 男性生殖系统中，________是产生精子的器官。

3. 膀胱的主要功能是________。

4. 前列腺增生的常用手术方法是________。

5. 泌尿系感染的治疗原则包括________、________和________。

三、简答题（每题15分，共30分）1. 描述泌尿系结石的常见症状和治疗方法。

2. 简述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗策略。

四、论述题（每题30分，共30分）1. 论述肾脏移植的适应症、手术过程及术后管理。

南方医科大学外科学(泌尿外)2009,2013--2016,2018年考博真题

医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分外科学总论（共28分）
一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分）
1、痈2、SIRS 3、三期愈合4、急性肾衰竭
三、简答题
1.局限性前列腺癌和局限性进展性前列腺癌的定义区别？
2.前列腺癌治疗中主动监测和观察等待有何不同？
3.万艾可治疗勃起功能障碍的机制？
4.男性性功能异常常见有哪些？
四、问答题
1.勃起功能障碍的系统性治疗方法？
2.国际泌尿病理协会(ISUP)在2005年和2014年版的前列腺癌病理评分(Gleason评分)的区别。
4、膀胱肿瘤的TNM分期
5、肾移植术前必须做哪些检查，意义如何四、问答题ຫໍສະໝຸດ 每题20分，3题任选2题，共40分）
1、肾脏损伤的诊断和治疗
2、泌尿系梗阻的好发部位……
3、如果让您自己设计博士课题，您的博士课题准备研究的内容，立题依据及技术路线
南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（泌尿外）
外科学总论部分
一、名词解释2分*4=8分
1.急性肾衰
2.ARDS
3.脑疝
4.休克
二、简答题5分*4=20分
1.什么是无菌术，无菌术的内容？灭菌和消毒的区别？
2.简述剖腹探查的指征？
3.少尿期的治疗原则？
4.输血的并发症？
泌尿外科部分
一、简答题8分*4=32分
1. TVT手术？
2.ESWL的禁忌症？

2015年医学博士外语真题试卷

2015年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分：206.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.How to deal with his sleeping problem.B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.A.To take the medicine for a longer time.B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.A.To take it easy and continue to work.B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.A.Fullness in the stomach.B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.A.Extremely severe.B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.（分数：10.00）A.He has lost some weight.B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.A.She is giving the man an injection.B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.A.In the gym.B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.A.Diarrhea.B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.A.She has developed allergies.B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.（分数：10.00）A.Listen to music.B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.A.She isn't feeling well.B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weather.D.She is feeling relieved.A.Michael's wife was ill.B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.A.She is absent-minded.B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.A.Ten years ago.B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.2.Section B（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ （分数：10.00）A.A blood test.B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.A.To lose some weight.B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller, lighter meals.A.Potato chips.B.Chicken.C.Cereal.D.Fish.A.Ulcer.B.Cancer.C.Depression.D.Hernia.A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.（分数：10.00）A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C.It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D.It is more chemically complex.A.Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B.How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C.Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D.What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar from blood.（分数：10.00）A.Vegetative patients are more aware.B.Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movements.C.EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patients.D.We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.A.The left-hand side of the brain.B.The right-hand side of the brain.C.The central part of the brain.D.The front part of the brain.A.31.B.6.C.4.D.1A.The patient was brain-dead.B.The patient wasn't brain-dead.C.The patient had some control over his eye movements.D.The patient knew the movement he or she was making.A.The patient is no technically vegetative.B.The patient can communicate in some way.C.We can train the patient to speak.D.The family members and doctors can provide better care.3.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________4.Despite his doctor's note of caution, he never______from drinking and smoking.（分数：2.00）A.retainedB.dissuadedC.alleviatedD.abstained5.People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likelyto______their hearing.（分数：2.00）A.rehabilitateB.jeopardizeC.tranquilizeD.supplement6.Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to______Larry in any way in his success.（分数：2.00）A.refuteB.ratifyC.facilitateD.impede7.When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.（分数：2.00）A.accordinglyB.alternativelyC.considerablyD.relatively8.It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can______future adults with appreciation of music.（分数：2.00）A.acquaintB.familiarizeC.endowD.amuse9.If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices______. （分数：2.00）A.level outB.stand oute offD.wear off10.Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate______from qualified medical personnel.（分数：2.00）A.prescriptionB.palpationC.interventionD.interposition11.Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and______of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.（分数：2.00）A.offsetB.intakeC.outletD.onset12.Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, ______and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.（分数：2.00）A.salineB.salivaC.scabiesD.scrabs13.The newly designed system is______to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.（分数：2.00）parableB.transmissibleC.translatableD.amenable14.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________15.Every year more than 1, 000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.（分数：2.00）A.propellingB.prolongingC.puzzlingD.promising16.Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS. （分数：2.00）A.disgraceB.discriminationC.harassmentD.segregation17.Surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude .（分数：2.00）A.depletionB.dehydrationC.exhaustionD.handicap18.Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.（分数：2.00）A.negativeB.confusingC.eloquentD.indistinct19.Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.clarifyC.examineD.verify20.His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.（分数：2.00）A.challengingB.solemnC.hostileD.demanding21.The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.（分数：2.00）A.erasedB.triggeredC.shadowedD.suspended22.Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.（分数：2.00）B.eliminateC.assimilateD.puncture23.Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.（分数：2.00）A.unpredictableB.unconventionalC.unparalleledD.unexpected24.A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.（分数：2.00）A.estimatingB.handlingC.rectifyingD.anticipating五、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases,【C1】______a new case report published in PNAS this week. According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth,【C2】______tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father,【C3】______would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cells made it into the unborn child's body across the placental barrier. The Guardian claimed this to be the first【C4】______case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case — microchimerism,【C5】______cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 per cent of cases and to go the other way about half【C6】______. As the BBC pointed out, the greater【C7】______in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the【C8】______of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched. 【C9】______, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger". Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined【C10】______of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.suggestsB.suggestingC.having suggestedD.suggested(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.sinceB.althoughC.whereasD.when(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whomD.as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.predictedB.notoriousC.provenD.detailed(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whenC.ifD.whatever(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.as manyB.as muchC.as wellD.as often(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.threatB.puzzleC.obstacleD.dilemma(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.detectionB.deletionC.amplificationD.addition(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.ThereforeB.FurthermoreC.NeverthelessD.Conclusively(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.likelihoodB.functionC.influenceD.flexibility六、PartⅣ Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)The American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the more cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long tail of cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug in initial tests, and nine out often is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing drugs toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent? Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In atest of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been tried if two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads together. Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by walls of competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the vast amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the odds are pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）petition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC.The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD.Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug(2).In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now______.（分数：2.00）A.are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB.are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC.are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD.care only about their profits(3).From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that______.（分数：2.00）A.the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB.it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC.other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD.the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy(4).From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question______.（分数：2.00）A.is nowhere to be foundB.can drive one crazyC.can be multipleD.is conditional(5).The tone of the author of this passage seems to be______.（分数：2.00）A.neutralB.criticalC.negativeD.optimisticLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U. S. , chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's no guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats. The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically. With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days. The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However, the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant). But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong — and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create healthy liver cells from the very patients who need transplants — lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to______.（分数：2.00）A.investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB.explore the unknown functions of the human liverC.reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U. S.D.address the source of liver transplants(2).What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?（分数：2.00）A.The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B.A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C.The building of the infrastructure of a donor liver.D.Growing liver cells in the donor organ.(3).The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until______.（分数：2.00）A.duplicated syntheticallyB.isolated from the healthy liverC.repopulated with the healthy cellsD.the addition of some man-made blood vessels(4).What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?（分数：2.00）A.The rats as wrong recipients.B.The time point of the transplantation.C.The short period of the recellularization.D.The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.(5).The research team holds high hopes of______.（分数：2.00）A.creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB.the timetable for generating human livers in the labC.stem-cell research as the future of medicineD.building a fully functioning liver into ratsPatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea. Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery. Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring vision, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves. Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries. The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B.The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C.The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D.The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.(2).The Italian technique reported in this passage______.（分数：2.00）A.can repair damaged retinasB.is able to treat damaged optic nervesC.is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD.shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?（分数：2.00）A.The places in which people work.B.The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C.The mishaps that involve vehicles batteries.D.The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.(4).What is one of the requirements for the current approach?（分数：2.00）A.The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B.The patient physically healthy.C.The damaged eye with partial vision.D.The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.(5).Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards the new method?（分数：2.00）A.Sarcastic.B.Indifferent.C.Critical.D.Positive.Here is a shaming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that. America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only partly explained by access to healthcare. But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively. We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia. To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine. It's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.（分数：10.00）(1).As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.（分数：2.00）A.injustice everywhereB.racial discriminationC.a growing life spanD.health inequalities(2).Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?（分数：2.00）A.Where to live.B.Which race to belong to.C.How to adjust environmentally.D.What medical problem to suffer.(3).The Chicago-based project focuses its management on______.（分数：2.00）A.a particular medical problem and its related social issueB.racial discrimination and its related social problemsC.the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD.a specific disease and its medical treatment(4).Which of the following can most probably be neglected by sociologists?（分数：2.00）A.The racial perspective.B.The environmental aspect.C.The biological dimension.D.The psychological angel.(5).The author is a big fan of______.（分数：2.00）A.the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB.the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC.the mutual understanding and respect between racesD.public education and health promotionAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science. One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says. The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs. It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008. The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies. Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies, " which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement. Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest three test methods that blend the three new antibodies together in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug. If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the passage that______.（分数：2.00）A.a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the HIV strainsB.a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC.American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD.the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection(2).What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?（分数：2.00）A.They can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the world.B.They may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugs.C.They will kill all the HIV viruses.D.They will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection.(3).The newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of______.（分数：2.00）A.pathologyB.pharmacologyC.HIV neutralizationD.HIV epidemiology(4).According to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to______.（分数：2.00）。

南方医科大学考博外科真题部分答案

1 骨折内置物术后感染的诊断和治疗策略急性感染:内固定术后急性感染的诊断较容易，一般根据患者的临床表现如现发热、夜间出汗、寒战、肿胀、僵硬以及活动性疼痛可有助于确定感染。

体查发现感染体征，如发红、发硬、苍白、肿胀、局部淋巴结肿大、伤口渗出、窦道和活动性疼痛。

结合实验室检查（全血细胞计数、血沉和C反应蛋白）即可做出明确诊断。

迟发感染:迟发感染因其发病隐匿，在诊断上有一定的困难。

目前诊断标准是：①原骨折处出现酸胀感、深部疼痛、休息痛或原有疼痛加剧，患肢肿胀持续不退。

②原切口局部出现红肿、发热，部分有全身发热发冷等中毒症状。

③有窦道形成。

④穿刺培养可得到阳性结果，但穿刺有脓性液者不一定能培养出细菌⑤实验室检查：早期WBC一过性升高、ESR持续加快，有诊断价值。

⑥X线片表现为软组织肿胀阴影，骨折端有吸收、变位，钉道有透光区出现，内固定物结构不良等。

⑦x线片示骨折端常没有外骨痂形成。

急性感染的治疗:•①清创:彻底清除所有的血肿．坏死组织(皮缘．皮下组织及肌肉组织)．死骨及增生的肉芽组织。

从多个部位切取标本送细菌学及组织学检查。

髓内感染如果存在骨坏死行锉髓清创，通过锉髓将坏死组织清除，并在髓腔远端开将坏死物排出。

•②内固定物处理:只要内固定还能提供稳定的固定，就将其保留到骨性连接出现。

即使是置于皮下的钢板，感染后外露．如果稳定性还在，仍然可以保留，开放换药，并用消毒剂保护伤口，防止外源性感染，髓内钉固定后感染．如果骨折有愈合征像．就保留髓内钉．先行清创．引流脓肿，待骨折愈合后再取出髓内钉．外固定支架钉道感染时通过X线拍片检查确定钉道周围有无环行死骨形成。

如果有骨坏死．就进行清创冲洗更换支架固定螺钉。

•③伤口的处理:有开放治疗和闭合治疗两种方法。

开放治疗效果比较可靠．但病程较长。

具体做法是用含消毒剂的敷料保护伤口，每天换药防止外源性细菌感染。

闭合性治疗：虽然有风险．但可望使伤口较快愈合。

伤口深层一般不缝合放置大号引流营．用林格氏液或伤口冲洗剂行闭式引流、冲洗。

外科学泌尿外科试题及答案

外科学泌尿外科试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 泌尿外科主要治疗的疾病类型是：A. 心血管疾病B. 泌尿系统疾病C. 消化系统疾病D. 呼吸系统疾病2. 以下哪项不是前列腺增生的症状？A. 尿频B. 尿急C. 尿痛D. 尿不尽3. 肾癌最常见的症状是：A. 腰痛B. 血尿C. 腹痛D. 恶心4. 膀胱癌的确诊主要依靠：A. 腹部B超B. 膀胱镜检查C. 尿常规检查D. 血常规检查5. 以下哪项不是尿路结石的典型症状？A. 腰痛C. 尿急D. 腹泻6. 以下哪种检查对于诊断肾结石最有帮助？A. X光平片B. CT扫描C. MRID. 超声波检查7. 急性肾盂肾炎的治疗原则是：A. 手术治疗B. 抗感染治疗C. 支持治疗D. 免疫治疗8. 以下哪个不是肾移植的禁忌症？A. 严重的心血管疾病B. 活动性感染C. 恶性肿瘤D. 糖尿病9. 以下哪种药物是治疗前列腺增生的常用药物？A. 抗生素B. 利尿剂C. α受体拮抗剂D. 镇痛剂10. 以下哪个不是膀胱结石的典型症状？A. 尿痛B. 尿急D. 腹痛二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）11. 简述前列腺增生的诊断方法。

12. 描述肾癌的临床表现。

13. 阐述尿路结石的治疗方法。

三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）14. 论述肾移植的适应症和禁忌症。

15. 讨论膀胱癌的预防和早期诊断的重要性。

答案一、选择题1. B2. C3. B4. B5. D6. B7. B8. D9. C10. D二、简答题11. 前列腺增生的诊断方法包括：病史询问、体格检查、尿流率测定、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）检测、超声检查、尿流动力学检查等。

12. 肾癌的临床表现包括：血尿、腰痛、肿块、体重减轻、发热、贫血等。

13. 尿路结石的治疗方法包括：药物治疗、体外冲击波碎石、经皮肾镜碎石术、输尿管镜碎石术等。

三、论述题14. 肾移植的适应症包括：终末期肾病、部分遗传性肾病、某些代谢性疾病等。

泌尿外科考试题及答案

泌尿外科考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 男性尿道分为几个部分？A. 2个B. 3个C. 4个D. 5个答案：C2. 前列腺增生最常用的检查方法是？A. 腹部B超B. 直肠指诊C. 尿流动力学检查D. 膀胱镜检查答案：B3. 膀胱癌最常见的类型是？A. 移行细胞癌B. 鳞状细胞癌C. 腺癌D. 肉瘤答案：A4. 肾癌最常见的症状是？A. 血尿B. 腰痛C. 肿块D. 体重下降答案：A5. 肾结石最常见的类型是？A. 钙盐结石B. 尿酸结石C. 草酸盐结石D. 磷酸盐结石答案：A6. 急性尿潴留最常见的原因是？A. 前列腺增生B. 膀胱结石C. 尿道狭窄D. 神经源性膀胱答案：A7. 肾结核最常见的症状是？A. 血尿B. 尿频C. 腰痛D. 肿块答案：B8. 膀胱结石最常见的症状是？A. 血尿B. 尿频C. 尿急D. 尿痛答案：D9. 肾盂肾炎最常见的致病菌是？A. 大肠杆菌B. 葡萄球菌C. 链球菌D. 真菌答案：A10. 肾动脉狭窄最常见的原因是？A. 动脉粥样硬化B. 动脉炎C. 动脉血栓D. 动脉瘤答案：A11. 肾静脉血栓最常见的症状是？A. 血尿B. 腰痛C. 肿块D. 蛋白尿答案：D12. 肾囊肿最常见的类型是？A. 单纯性肾囊肿B. 多囊肾C. 肾盂囊肿D. 肾盏囊肿13. 肾盂积水最常见的原因是？A. 肾结石B. 输尿管结石C. 肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄D. 膀胱结石答案：C14. 肾损伤最常见的类型是？A. 肾挫伤B. 肾裂伤C. 肾蒂损伤D. 肾切除答案：A15. 输尿管损伤最常见的原因是？B. 手术C. 结石D. 感染答案：B16. 膀胱损伤最常见的原因是？A. 外伤B. 手术C. 结石D. 感染答案：A17. 尿道损伤最常见的原因是？A. 外伤B. 手术C. 结石答案：A18. 睾丸扭转最常见的症状是？A. 睾丸疼痛B. 睾丸肿块C. 睾丸红肿D. 睾丸发热答案：A19. 精索静脉曲张最常见的症状是？A. 睾丸疼痛B. 睾丸肿块C. 睾丸红肿D. 睾丸发热答案：A20. 附睾炎最常见的致病菌是？A. 大肠杆菌B. 葡萄球菌C. 链球菌D. 真菌答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）21. 男性生殖系统包括________、________、________和________四部分。

2015医学考博试题

2015医学考博试题2015年中山大学肿瘤防治中心分子医学专业考博试题生物化学（一）六选五1.米氏方程式公式是什么？Km，Vmax的意义。

三种可逆性抑制剂存在情况下，Km，Vmax的变化。

2.如何进行克隆的构建以及质粒的扩增与抽提？3.衰老的细胞分子机制（至少五点并作解释）。

4.分子量20KD，PI=5.5的核蛋白的抽提。

5.蛋白质的翻译后修饰及生理作用，写出修饰的氨基酸。

6.可以进行分子标记三种酶，并比较底物和作用方式。

细胞生物学六选五1.应用抗原抗体反应的分子生物学技术（至少五种）2.比较细胞自噬，细胞凋亡，细胞坏死3.细胞骨架的组成及如何调控胞质分裂和核分裂4.细胞周期各时期的物质合成5.膜泡运输的方式及调控2015中山医肿瘤学考博真题必答题（15*4）1. 良恶性肿瘤的区别2. 肿瘤三级预防的定义和方法3. 简述第二信使4. P53基因异常表达的形式选答题（6选2 20*2）5. 肿瘤化疗用药的原则6. NHL和HL的区别（病理类型上，治疗方案上）7. 食管癌手术的注意事项8. 乳腺癌放疗原则9. 对不起忘啦10. 肿瘤干细胞的定义和特征11. 实验设计题，给出肿瘤转移可能相关基因，设计实验进行功能验证12. 细胞周期各期特点和关键check-point2015年浙大考博专业基础课--病理与病理生理学真题（回忆版）病理学部分一、名词解释（3*8）：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变二、简答题（六选三，3*12）：1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。

2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。

3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。

4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些（至少4种）及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。

5.肿瘤上皮间质转化（EMT）的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。

6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。

病理生理学部分（四选二，2*20）1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。

外科学考博试题及答案

外科学考博试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科感染中最常见的致病菌是：A. 金黄色葡萄球菌B. 大肠杆菌C. 肺炎链球菌D. 真菌答案：A2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C3. 以下哪项是开放性骨折的特点？A. 骨折端不与外界相通B. 骨折端与外界相通C. 骨折线完全在皮肤下D. 骨折线完全在骨髓内答案：B4. 急性阑尾炎最典型的临床表现是：A. 腹痛B. 恶心呕吐C. 右下腹固定压痛D. 发热答案：C5. 以下哪项是乳腺癌的高危因素？A. 长期吸烟B. 长期饮酒C. 家族遗传史D. 长期素食答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述外科手术切口的分类及其特点。

答案：外科手术切口根据其感染风险分为三类：清洁切口、可能污染切口和污染切口。

清洁切口是指手术区域无炎症，无感染，且手术过程中未进入呼吸道、消化道、泌尿生殖道及口咽部。

可能污染切口是指手术区域可能存在细菌，但无明显感染，如胃肠道手术。

污染切口是指手术区域有明显感染或手术过程中进入有菌环境，如脓肿切开引流。

2. 描述急性胆囊炎的诊断要点。

答案：急性胆囊炎的诊断要点包括：右上腹疼痛，尤其是Murphy征阳性；发热和白细胞计数升高；腹部超声检查发现胆囊壁增厚、胆囊内结石或胆囊周围积液；有时可伴有黄疸。

3. 解释何为“无菌技术”及其在外科手术中的重要性。

答案：无菌技术是指在手术过程中采取的一系列措施，以防止手术区域受到微生物污染。

这包括使用无菌器械、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、保持手术区域清洁等。

无菌技术在外科手术中至关重要，因为它可以显著降低术后感染的风险，提高手术成功率。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术前的准备要点。

答案：外科手术前的准备要点包括：详细的病史采集和体格检查，以评估患者的整体健康状况和手术风险；必要的辅助检查，如血常规、凝血功能、心电图、肝肾功能等；术前禁食和禁水，以减少术中呕吐和误吸的风险；术前抗生素的使用，以预防感染；心理支持和教育，以减轻患者的焦虑和恐惧。

中山大学外科学(泌尿外科)2015年考博真题试卷

13、急诊开胸的指征。
泌尿外科简答题，10分每题
1、男性不育的定义及原因。
2、泌尿系影像学检查方法及意义。
3、肾结核血尿特点及鉴别诊断。
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科பைடு நூலகம்：外科学（泌尿外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科学
简答，共13道，所有外科考生必答，4-7分每题不等，共70分
1、手术剃毛的见解
2、甲旁亢的类型及临表
3、腹腔间室综合征的临表及治疗
4、慢性运动损伤的临床特点
5、短时间发生等渗性缺水的临床表现
6、休克指数及其意义
7、新鲜冰冻血浆和普通冰冻血浆的区别及应用
8、腹部切口裂开的原因及表现
9、胃癌D2根治术后那些情况需要化疗
10、列举胰腺瘤的三种疾病及其临表
11、DVT的非手术治疗
12、fast track surgery的中文及其理念和措施

2015年外科考博试题

2015 年试题1、您敌手术区剃毛怎样瞧待？1)以前大批剃毛 ,其实不减少感染率2)现手术切口旁3)勿伤害皮肤4)洁净会阴等地区2、急性等渗性失水的病因、临床表现、治疗1）病因:○1 消化液的急性丧失:肠瘘、大批呕吐○2 体液丧失在感染区或软组织内:腹腔内或腹膜后感染、肠阻塞、烧伤2）临床表现 :○1 症状:恶心、厌食、乏力、尿少但不口○2 体征:舌干燥、眼窝凹陷、皮肤干燥、废弛,○3 若短期内丧失体重的5%,即丧失25%的细胞外液,则出现脉搏细速、指端湿冷、血压不稳等血容量不足的表现 ,○4 若达到6-7%则会有更严重的休克表现,则会出现代谢性酸中毒。

如大批丧失胃液可有代谢性碱中毒的表现。

3)治疗 :○1 踊跃治疗原发病;○2 输注等渗盐水或均衡盐溶液○3 休克者,起码丧失5%,增补3000ml液体,血容量表现不足者增补1500-2000ml○4 迅速输注时应心脏检测,心率,中心静脉压或肺动脉楔压○5 增补日需要量,水2000ml,钠4、5g3、新鲜冰冻血浆与一般冰冻血浆的差别○1 FP中v因子与VIII因子以及纤维蛋白原含量较低○2 其她凝血因子与各样血浆蛋白成分含量同样○3 二者都合适多种凝血因子缺少、肝脏疾病、大批输注库存血后的出血偏向○4 对血友病或VIII 与 V 因子缺少都可用FFP4、休克指数以及临床意义1)常用脉率 / 缩短压计算休克指数2)○1帮助判断休克的有无以及严重程度○2 指数为0、5多提示无休克,指数>1、0-1、5提示有休克,>2、0提示有严重休克5、腹腔间隔室综合征的临床表现及治疗原则腹内压》 12mmHg 为腹腔高压 ,腹内压》 20mmHg 伴有与腹腔高压有关的器官功能衰竭为腹腔间隔室综合征病因 :腹腔内容物增添、腹腔容积相对减少○1腹壁要素 :腹壁深度烧伤焦痂对腹腔的缩迫、腹壁的缺血与水肿、巨大腹壁疝修理术后强行关腹致使的腹壁适应性降落○2 腹腔内容量的增添,如腹腔内大出血、器官严重水肿、胃肠扩充、肠系膜静脉栓塞、腹腔内积液或积脓、腹腔内大批纱布填塞止血。

外科学考博试题库及答案

外科学考博试题库及答案外科学是一门研究外科疾病的诊断、治疗和预防的医学科学。

以下是一份外科学考博试题库及答案，供参考：一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 快速原则D. 安全原则答案：C2. 外科手术中，下列哪项不是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 穿戴无菌手术衣和手套B. 保持手术区域的清洁C. 手术器械直接接触患者皮肤D. 手术室内保持空气流通答案：C3. 以下哪项是外科手术中常见的并发症？A. 术后出血B. 术后感染C. 术后肺栓塞D. 所有选项都是答案：D二、简答题1. 简述外科手术的无菌技术的重要性。

答：无菌技术是外科手术中非常重要的一环，它可以有效预防术后感染，保证手术的安全性和成功率。

无菌技术包括手术人员穿戴无菌手术衣和手套、手术器械的消毒、手术区域的清洁以及手术室内环境的控制等。

2. 描述外科手术中的麻醉方法有哪些，并简要说明其特点。

答：外科手术中的麻醉方法主要包括局部麻醉、椎管内麻醉和全身麻醉。

局部麻醉作用于身体的某一部位，使该部位失去痛觉，适用于小手术；椎管内麻醉作用于脊髓，使下半身失去痛觉，适用于下肢和下腹部手术；全身麻醉使患者在整个手术过程中处于无痛和无意识状态，适用于大型手术。

三、论述题1. 论述外科手术中止血的重要性及其常用方法。

答：止血是外科手术中至关重要的环节，它不仅可以防止患者失血过多，还能减少术中并发症的发生。

常用的止血方法包括物理止血（如压迫止血、冷敷止血）、药物止血（如使用止血药物）、电凝止血、结扎止血等。

选择合适的止血方法需要根据出血的类型、部位和量来决定。

结束语外科学作为一门实践性极强的学科，对医生的理论知识和操作技能都有很高的要求。

通过不断的学习和实践，医生可以提高自己的专业水平，更好地为患者服务。

希望这份试题库能够帮助考生们更好地复习和掌握外科学的相关知识。