美国文学 霍桑 NEW 12 Hawthorne
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
Major works
• 1837-1842: Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》 • 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》 • 1850: The Scarlet Letter《红字》 • 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 《带七个尖角阁的房子》 • 1852: The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》
Early life influences on Hawthorne
• Salem - early childhood, later work at the Custom House. • Puritan family background - one of his forefathers was Judge Hathorne, who presided over the Salem witchcraft trials, 1692. • Belief in the existence of the devil. • Belief in determinism宿命论.
5. Allegory(寓言)
◇ Hawthorne often achieved allegory by placing characters in a situation outside of the ordinary. eg. Young Goodman Brown《小伙子布朗》
美国著名小说家霍桑简介
美国著名小说家霍桑简介霍桑是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。
下面小编就带大家一起来详细了解下吧。
霍桑人物简介纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804年7月4日-1864年5月19日)美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。
爱伦·坡称他的小说“属于艺术的最高层次，一种服从于非常崇高级别的天才的艺术。
”其代表作是以殖民时期新英格兰生活为背景的长篇小说《红字》(1850)。
探讨了有关罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。
霍桑人物生平霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇。
他的祖辈为著名的1692年塞勒姆驱巫案的三名法官之一。
父亲是个船长，在霍桑四岁的时候死于海上，霍桑在母亲抚养下长大。
1821年霍桑在亲戚资助下进入缅因州的博多因学院，在学校中他与朗费罗与富兰克林·皮尔斯成为好友。
1824年大学毕业，霍桑回到故乡，开始写作。
完成一些短篇故事之后，他开始尝试把自己在博多因学院的经验写成小说，这就是长篇小说《范肖》(Fanshawe)，于1828年不署名发表，但是没有引起注意。
霍桑将没有卖出去的小说全部付之一炬。
1836年霍桑在海关任职。
1837年他出版了两卷本短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》(Twice-ToldTales)，开始正式署上自己的名字。
其中《教长的黑纱》(The Minister's Black Veil，1836一篇最为人称道。
1841年霍桑曾参加超验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。
1842年7月9日他结婚，婚姻非常美满。
两人到马萨诸塞州的康科德村老牧师住宅居住三年，期间霍桑完成短篇小说集《古宅青苔》(又译《古屋青苔》[Mosses from an Old Manse，1846]) 。
其中的短篇小说《小伙子布朗》(Young Goodman Brown，1835)、《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》(Rappaccini's Daughter，1844)很受欢迎。
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne
作品特点：
描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点， 这与加尔文教关于人的“原罪”和“内在堕落”的 理论的影响是分不开的。 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内心”。 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过善行和自 忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶和人的 劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予极大的同 情。
Roger Chillingworth
Chillingworth’s Revenge
He is a scholar and uses his knowledge to disguise（伪装） himself as a doctor, intent on discovering and tormenting Hester's anonymous lover.
Little Pearl, who's born with a false charge, grows up innocent and lively with no restraint. She is destined to live a happy life .
一个出生就被冠以无须有罪名的小珍珠，她天真活泼不畏
The Scarlet Letter
——character analysis
L
I
D
LOADING LOADING
Hester
A
Dimmesdale
G
Chillingworth
Peal
Hester Prynne
Hester Prynne
Crime(犯罪 →Atonement(赎罪 →Renascence(重生) ↓ ↓ Rebel or Compromise About women’s right and freedom
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
分析胡珀教长带黑面纱的原因： 1. 始终是个迷,也许像故事暗示的那样，他曾经犯下某 种罪孽，为给自己赎罪而带上黑面纱。 2. 为芸芸教众们赎罪。世间所有的人都带有与生俱来 的罪孽，而且每个人都设法隐藏它，因此是不可饶恕 的。 3. 他的清教主义的罪恶观使他的双眼蒙上一层黑纱。 4. 以一种似乎自相矛盾的方式抗议人们缺乏坦率、存 有隔膜、缺乏同情心及友爱之心。
Masterpiece The Scarlet Letter
1850 《红字》 Novel The House of the Seven Gables 1851 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》 Novel The Blithedale Romance 1852 《福谷传奇》
Children’s book True Stories from History and Biography 1851 《真实的历史和人物传奇故事》 Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的书》 Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林传说》 Collection of short stories The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪影和其它重讲一遍故事》 1852 Novel The Marble Faun 1860《玉石雕像》 Novel Our Old Home 1863《我们的老家》
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
(1804-1864)
纳撒尼尔· 霍桑
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A 19th century American
novelist and short story writer.
美国文学霍桑_NEW_12Hawthorne精品PPT课件
Education
Bowdoin College (1821-1825) Friends: H. W. Longfellow & Franklin
Pierce Graduating 18th of 38 students
Career
1825-1827: Salem (reading and writing ) 1839-1840: Boston Customs House 1842: getting married and living at the Old Manse 1846-1849: Salem Customs House Buying “Wayside” 1853-1857: United States Consul at Liverpool 1857-59: Rome and Florence 1860: returning to America 1864: death
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Novelist Short Story Writer Central Figure of
American Renaissance
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body
Men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life —Encyclopedia Britannica
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
2.Morality and Sin（道德
& 罪恶）
◇ Man will get punished one way or another for his sin but can also be saved by his gooddeeds and self- improvement. ◇ One has to work and strive against temptation in order to win salvation(拯救). There could be no magic carriage which would enable one to reach heaven without toil or trouble.
thehouseofthesevengables带七个尖角阁的房子?1852
Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) （纳撒尼尔·霍桑）
Contents
Life Major works
Themes Writing styles
Life
• Birthplace: Salem, Massachusetts • Family background: a family with a long Puritan tradition; father died when he was only 4 years old; mother relied on relatives in rearing her four children • Education: reading extensively by his midteens and aspired to be a writer; from 1821-1825, he studied at Bowdoin college in Maine.
霍桑Nathaniel-Hawthorne
Psychological and physical struggle
About human’s nature and sociality
eg. When Hester tells him Chillingworth is her husband, he is not brave to face and overcome it, but to sink down on the ground, and burry his face in his hands, he throws his burden upon Hester. “I am powerless to go! ….Lost as my own soul is, I would still do what I may for other human souls! I dare not quit my post…
小说以两百多年前的殖民地时期的美洲为背景，围绕 着四个主人公之间的爱恨、善恶、惩罚与报复而展 开，同时揭露了19世纪资本主义发展时代的美国社 会法典的残酷、宗教的欺骗和道德的虚伪。
the scarlet letter
main characters:
Hester Prynne 海斯特· 白兰(a woman with the scarlet letter A on her dress）
father:died when he was only four mother:relied on relatives in rearing the
children a family with long puritan tradition brought up by his uncle he graduated from bowdoin college in 1842
《红字》主要情节
《红字》主要情节自18世纪以来，《红字》一书便成为了美国文学的经典之作。
作为一部关于爱情、罪恶和道德观念的小说，《红字》的主要情节扣人心弦，引人入胜。
本文将围绕着《红字》主要情节，逐步展开论述。
在《红字》中，故事发生在17世纪的新英格兰。
书中的主人公哈莉特·普林切特（Hester Prynne）因丧夫而被迫与别人婚外情生下了一个女婴。
由于婚外情这一罪行，哈莉特被迫佩戴着一个鲜红的字母“A”，代表着她是一名通奸者。
这个字母成为了故事中的重要象征，代表着强加于哈莉特身上的羞辱和社会的道德规范。
随着故事的展开，哈莉特的丈夫罗杰（Roger）回到了新英格兰，并化名乔治·君斯科特（Roger Chillingworth）。
君斯科特发誓要找出通奸的罪魁祸首，并对其展开报复。
他发现了婚外情的真相，但为了不暴露自己的身份，他没有让人们知道他与哈莉特的关系。
君斯科特的复仇心理以及他对哈莉特的控制和压迫，为故事注入了更加扣人心弦的紧张氛围。
与此同时，故事中出现了亨芮·皮金斯（Arthur Dimmesdale），一位年轻有为的牧师。
他与哈莉特有着秘密的情感纠葛，但他并未公开承认。
亨芮内心的挣扎以及对自己矛盾道德观念的呈现，给读者带来了更多的思考。
他的弱点和内疚与君斯科特的邪恶相对照，为整个故事增添了层次。
在故事的高潮部分，君斯科特百般摧残亨芮，试图揭露他的秘密。
亨芮的身体和心灵都遭受了极大的折磨，但他始终没有公开承认自己的罪行。
直到最后，他在公众面前坦白了自己的错误，向众人展示了他胸前的红字“A”。
这个场景极具震撼力，引发了众人的震惊和同情。
《红字》最后的情节围绕着哈莉特、君斯科特和亨芮的命运展开。
哈莉特的坚强和宽容、君斯科特的邪恶和病态以及亨芮的内疚和救赎，交织在一起，构成了小说的高潮部分。
通过《红字》这一主要情节，作者霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）对于个人的罪行、道德观念以及社会对于罪犯的惩罚方式进行了深刻的思考和揭示。
美国浪漫主义文学的一代宗师霍桑
美国浪漫主义文学的一代宗师——霍桑在美国文艺复兴时期，有一位作家，用一部名为《红字》的小说将美国浪漫主义推向极致，他就是霍桑,美国19世纪最伟大的浪漫主义小说家。
他一生著作颇丰，既有短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》、长篇小说《红字》《带有七个尖角的房子》等、也有童话故事《奇妙故事》（中译本《神奇的故事》《乱树丛故事》（中译本《丛林故事》)、人物传记《富兰克林·皮尔斯传》以及散文集《我们的老家》。
霍桑出身新英格兰破落贵族世家，清教徒意识严重，深受原罪思想的影响，以宗教善恶观看世界，把社会矛盾归结为抽象的“恶”，他认为恶的“根源”就是人们灵魂与道德的堕落和人心的黑暗。
他深信这就是世人皆有的“原罪”，是人们前进道路下难以逾越的障碍。
而且代代相传，他主张通过善行和忏悔来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯救。
可以说，他毕生的文学创作都是这种思想的形象阐述，以《红字》最具代表性。
小说讲述了发生在北美殖民时期的恋爱悲剧：女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生齐灵渥斯，然而，他们之间却没有爱情；不幸的婚姻，加之丈夫两年音讯全无，甚至传来了死讯。
在孤独中海丝特与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿；事情败露后，海丝特被当众惩罚，被迫终身佩戴“红字“，为了爱人的名声她独立承担屈辱与孤独。
最终凭着自己的毅力和坦诚，赢得了人们的尊重。
主人公海斯特是一个闪耀女性独立光辉的人物形象。
她遵从个体情感的自由释放，大胆追求爱情，她认为爱情是个人的事，与社会、道德、宗教无关。
她在形式上虽然接受了惩罚，胸前佩带红字，但在思想上却“没有接受惩罚她的那些社会道德规范”。
而且这一罪之罚的形式红字成为“她进入别的女人不敢涉足的领域的通行证”并在她德行的照耀下成为精美的装饰物。
海丝特·白兰是霍桑笔下崇高道德的化身，她不但感化了表里不一的丁梅斯代尔,同时也在感化着充满罪恶的社会。
除了人物形象的成功塑造之外，霍桑还在小说中深入探讨了“恶”的根源与“罪”的起因，主题可谓深邃。
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
He was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston
Custom House. He joined the transcendentalist utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841. While on a tour of the White Mountains, Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.
work
First novel
fanshawe 1828 《范肖》 Collection of short stories Twice-Told Tales 1837 《重讲一遍的故事》 The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》 Mosses from an Old Manse 1846 《古屋青苔》 Rappaccini's Daughter《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》 Young Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》 Roger Malvin's Burial《罗杰马尔文的葬礼》
Brief Introduction
He was Born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of a long line of Puritan
ancestors including John Hathorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials（塞勒姆女巫案）. In the fall of 1821, he was admitted to Bowdoin College in Brunsweick. In 1828,he write his first novel fanshawe. In 1863, he published his last novel our old home.
美国文学 霍桑介绍Nathaniel Hawthorne ppt课件
Early life influences on Hawthorne
Features of his works
• Setting ： Puritan New England • Themes ： Evil & Sin • Idea ： "Black vision" toward human beings
• Technique ： symbolism
Black Vision :
◇ Supernatural
2. Symbolism
◇ Hawthorne used various symbols to imply themes of adultery, sins, and human morality. •Example in The Scarlet Letter:
Adultery (shame) Ability (sympathy) Angel (admiration)
➢Themes
1. Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”） 2. Morality and Sin（道德 & 罪恶） 3. Human Isolation（人之孤独）
1.Dark View of Human Nature（人性之“恶”）
◇ Human beings are evil-natured and sinful， and this sin and evil is ever present in human heart and will pass on from one generation to another.
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
Significance
Hawthorne was the first novelist in English to
combine morality with art. Hawthorne is significant for the themes with regard to: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilt; and so on. Hawthorne is significant for his style of writing romance, which he thought a predestined form of American narrative.
work
First n肖》 Collection of short stories Twice-Told Tales 1837 《重讲一遍的故事》 The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》 Mosses from an Old Manse 1846 《古屋青苔》 Rappaccini's Daughter《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》 Young Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》 Roger Malvin's Burial《罗杰马尔文的葬礼》
workfirstnovelfanshawe1828shortstoriestwicetoldtales1837重讲一遍的故事ministersblackveil教长的黑面纱mossesfromoldmanse1846古屋青苔rappaccinisdaughter拉伯西尼医生的女儿younggoodmanbrown小伙子布朗rogermalvinsburial罗杰马尔文的葬礼scarletletter1850红字sevengables1851带有七个尖角阁的房子blithedaleromance1852福谷传奇childrensbooktruestoriesfromhistorybiography1851真实的历史和人物传奇故事wonderbookboys1851奇异的书tanglewoodtalesboys1853丛林传说shortstoriesothertwicetoldtales雪影和其它重讲一遍故事1852marblefaun1860玉石雕像novelouroldhome1863我们的老家ministersblackveil分析胡珀教长带黑面纱的原因
霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 个人简介
故事》 Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的
书》 Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林
传说》
Collection of short stories
He was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House.
He joined the transcendentalist utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841.
While on a tour of the White Mountains, Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.
NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
(1804-1864)
纳撒尼尔·霍桑
Nathaniel Hawthorne
A 19th century American novelist and short story writer.
One of the founder of the American romantic novels and psychoanalytic novel.
Masterpiece The Scarlet Letter 1850 《红字》
Novel The House of the Seven Gables 1851
的房子》
《带有七个尖角阁
美国文学NathanielHawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑)1. Hawthorne’s Life Storya. born into the family of a sea captain, in Salem 塞勒姆b. When he was born, his family declined. He was aware of hisancestors' misdeeds and thus "blackness of Hawthorne" formed.He thought that the reason of his family's decline is hisancestors' misdeeds.His original family name was “Hathorne”.Why did he insert a “w”into his name:HathorneHawthorneT o escape the curse put on his family by his ancestorsHis ancestor John Hathorne had taken part in the famous Witchcraft T rials in Salem塞勒姆驱巫案•c. In 1821 he entered Bowdoin College and graduated in 1825 in•the class with Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, later•president of the United States.•d. Between 1825-1837, the twelve years were so-called•“seclusion”隐居, when he•lived in his mother’s Salem home to read widely and prepare•for his literary career•his first book is a collection of short stories Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》gained critical attention.•e. In 1841-1842, he stayed at Brook Farm and took part in the transcendental experiment and married Sophia Peabody, a transcendentalist------ the inspiration of The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》•f. After marriage, they lived in a house named Old Manse.•it was there, Hawthorne wrote his collection of short stories Mosses from an Old Manse«古宅青苔»•Lately, from 1839 to 1849, he worked in the US Custom office .海关•g. In 1853, After Pierce became president, he was asked to be the consul领事in Liverpool and Italy.•Italy is the setting of one of his novels---The Marble Faun《大理石雕像》•h. After 1860 Hawthorne lived in Concord and devoted his•remaining years to literature until he died suddenly while on• a trip to New Hampshire with his lifelong friend Pierce.2.Hawthorne’s Major Works1). Two collections of short stories:⏹Twice-told Tales 《故事新编》⏹Mosses from an Old Manse«古宅青苔»Short stories:Young Goodman Brown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》The Minister’s Black V eil《教长的黑面纱》The Birthmark 《胎记》2). Novels( 1) The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》(2) The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(3) The Marble Faun《大理石雕像》(4) The Scarlet Letter«红字»3. Hawthorne’s point of viewThe Blackness of Hawthorne▪Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.He was aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, which led to his understanding of evil at the core of human life.▪Melville : “霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。
霍桑NathanielHawthorne个人简介
? He was hired in 1839 as a weigher and gauger at the Boston Custom House.
? He joined the transcendentalist utopian community at Brook Farm in 1841.
? While on a tour of the White Mountains, Hawthorne died in his sleep on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, New Hampshire.
True Stories from History and Biography 1851
故事》
《真实的历史和人物传奇
Wonder Book for Girls and Boys 1851 《奇异的 书》
Tanglewood Tales for Girls and Boys 1853《丛林 传说》
? Collection of short stories
Brief Introduction
? He was Born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. ? He was a descendant of a long line of Puritan
ancestors including John Hathorne, a presiding magistrate in the Salem witch trials（塞勒姆女 巫案）. ? In the fall of 1821, he was admitted to Bowdoin College in Brunsweick. ? In 1828,he write his first novel fanshawe. In 1863, he published his last novel our old home.
美国文学霍桑
霍桑效应 (Hawthorne Effect)或称霍索恩效应， Effect)或称霍索恩效应， 或称霍索恩效应 起源于1924年至1933年间的一系列实验研究， 1924年至1933年间的一系列实验研究 起源于1924年至1933年间的一系列实验研究，由哈 佛大学心理专家乔治·埃尔顿 梅奥（ 埃尔顿·梅奥 佛大学心理专家乔治 埃尔顿 梅奥（George Elton Mayo）教授为首的研究小组提出此概念。 Mayo）教授为首的研究小组提出此概念。霍桑一词 是美国西部电气公司座落在芝加哥的一间工厂的名 称，是一座进行实验研究的工厂。 是一座进行实验研究的工厂。 改变工作条件和劳动效率之间没有直接的因果关系； 改变工作条件和劳动效率之间没有直接的因果关系； 提高生产效率的决定因素是员工情绪，而不是工作条件； 提高生产效率的决定因素是员工情绪，而不是工作条件； 关心员工的情感和员工的不满情绪， 关心员工的情感和员工的不满情绪，有助于提高劳动生 产率。 产率。
红字》 《红字》中A的含义
A是字母表中的第一字母。也就意味着 是字母表中的第一字母。 开始。 开始。基督教的观点认为开始是无人 幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落。 幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落。 小说以海丝特戴着A 小说以海丝特戴着A字上刑场为开 正式暗示着“开始即堕落” 场．正式暗示着“开始即堕落”这一 具有普遍意义的命题。 具有普遍意义的命题。
• The Scarlet Letter(1850) 《红字》 红字》 • The House of Seven Gables (1851)《有 《 七个尖角阁的房子》 七个尖角阁的房子》852) 《福谷 传奇》 传奇》 • The Marble Faun (1860)《玉石雕像》 《玉石雕像》
红字》 《红字》
美国文学霍桑
心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。 心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己 的小说称为“心理罗曼史” 的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在 事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富， 事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结 构严谨。 构严谨。
作品特点
• 描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点。 描写社会和人性的阴暗面是霍桑作品的突出特点。 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“ 霍桑是心理小说的开创者，擅长剖析人的“内 他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题， 心”。他着重探讨道德和罪恶的问题，主张通过 善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵， 善行和自忏来洗刷罪恶、净化心灵，从而得到拯 然而霍桑并非全写黑暗， 救。然而霍桑并非全写黑暗，他在揭露社会罪恶 和人的劣根性的同时，对许多善良的主人公寄予 和人的劣根性的同时， 极大的同情。 极大的同情。霍桑对美国文学的发展做出了很大 的贡献。 的贡献。 • 霍桑的作品想象丰富、结构严谨。他除了进行心 霍桑的作品想象丰富、结构严谨。 理分析与描写外，还运用了象征主义手法。 理分析与描写外，还运用了象征主义手法。他的 构思精巧的意象，增添了作品的浪漫色彩， 构思精巧的意象，增添了作品的浪漫色彩，加深 了寓意。但他的作品中也不乏神秘晦涩之处。 了寓意。但他的作品中也不乏神秘晦涩之处。
红字》 《红字》中A的含义
A是字母表中的第一字母。也就意味着 是字母表中的第一字母。 开始。 开始。基督教的观点认为开始是无人 幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落。 幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落。 小说以海丝特戴着A 小说以海丝特戴着A字上刑场为开 正式暗示着“开始即堕落” 场．正式暗示着“开始即堕落”这一 具有普遍意义的命题。 具有普遍意义的命题。
生平
霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇。 霍桑出生于美国马萨诸塞州塞勒姆镇。他的 祖辈为著名的1692 塞勒姆驱巫案的三名法 1692年 祖辈为著名的1692年塞勒姆驱巫案的三名法 官之一。父亲是个船长， 官之一。父亲是个船长，在霍桑四岁的时候 死于海上，霍桑在母亲抚养下长大。1821年 死于海上，霍桑在母亲抚养下长大。1821年 霍桑在亲戚资助下进入缅因州的博多因学院， 霍桑在亲戚资助下进入缅因州的博多因学院， 在学校中他与朗费罗与富兰克林·皮尔斯成为 在学校中他与朗费罗与富兰克林 皮尔斯成为 好友。 1836年霍桑在海关任职 1837年他出 年霍桑在海关任职。 好友。 1836年霍桑在海关任职。1837年他出 版了两卷本短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》 版了两卷本短篇小说集《重讲一遍的故事》， 开始正式署上自己的名字。其中《 开始正式署上自己的名字。其中《教长的黑 一篇最为人称道。1841年霍桑曾参加超 纱》一篇最为人称道。1841年霍桑曾参加超 验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。 验主义者创办的布鲁克农场。
美国文学欣赏_Hawthorne
point of view aesthetic ideas
(2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America.
the poverty of materials
allow him to avoid offending the Puritan taste
point of view aesthetic ideas
(1)
He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition (fulfill). Trying “to connect a bygone time with the very Present”, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.
Hawthorne
Evil exists in the human heart, human heart is rejects the the source of evil. Transcendentalist Everyone possesses some optimism evil secret. Evil is man’s birthmark.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
Novelist Short Story Writer Central Figure of American Renaissance
nathanile hawthorne studies
nathanile hawthorne studies **Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）是一名美国作家**，被誉为美国浪漫主义文学的重要代表。
他的作品以复杂的心理描写和象征主义为特色，探讨了人性、罪恶、爱与孤独等主题。
例如，《红字》（The Scarlet Letter）是他的代表作之一，这部小说通过讲述海丝特·白兰因通奸罪被社会排斥的故事，揭示了社会对罪恶的严厉惩罚和道德观念的狭隘。
此外，他的作品还包括《七角楼房》（The House of the Seven Gables）、《玉石雕像》（The Marble Faun）等。
总的来说，Nathaniel Hawthorne的作品展现了人类心理的深度和复杂性，以及人性的光明与黑暗面。
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Style
Romance fiction Long visual descriptions Formal dialogues (human emotion) Character’s inner struggle Symbolism and allegory Flowing and almost feminine Ambiguity
Sophia Peabody
“I am always so dazzled and bewildered with the richness, the depth, the… jewels of beauty in his productions that I am always looking forward to a second reading where I can ponder and muse and fully take in the miraculous wealth of thoughts”
“the genial atmosphere which a literary man requires in order to ripen the best harvest of his mind”
Interest in history and antiquity
“to recall what was valuable in the past” “connect a bygone time with the very Present” “a new territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbue itself with the nature of the other”
Romance
Predestined form of American narrative “Poverty of materials” Puritan prudence Treating physical passions obliquely Avoiding violating the human heart Telling the truth and satirizing and yet not offending
Trial of an accused witch in Salem
Examination of Sarah Good by Judges Hathorne and Corwin
What evil spirit have you familiarity with? None. Have you made no contract with the devil? No. Why do you hurt these children? I do not hurt them. I scorn it. Who do you imploy then to do it? I imploy no body. What creature do you imploy then? No creature. I am falsely accused.
Aesthetics
The Marble Faun; The Scarlet Letter; The House of Seven Gables
Poverty of Materials Interest in history and antiquity Romance
Sources
“there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight”
The Salem Witchcraft Trials
Time: May-October of 1692 One of the darkest times in American history of religious tolerance Among the last outbreaks of the persecution of accused witches Reasons: an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational strife, teenage boredom, and personal jealousies
The Scarlet Letter
Summary Major Themes Features
Summary
Hester is being led to the scaffold, where she is to be publicly shamed for having committed adultery. Hester is forced to wear the letter A on her gown at all times. She has stitched a large scarlet A onto her dress with gold thread, giving the letter an air of elegance. Hester carries Pearl, her daughter, with her. On the scaffold she is asked to reveal the name of Pearl's father, but she refuses. In the crowd Hester recognizes her husband from Amsterdam, Roger Chillingworth. Chillingworth visits Hester after she is returned to the prison. He tells her that he will find out who the man was, and he will read the truth on the man's heart. Chillingworth then forces her to promise never to reveal his true identity as her cuckolded husband. Hester moves into a cottage bordering the woods. She and Pearl live there in relative solitude. Hester earns her money by doing stitchwork for local dignitaries, but she often spends her time helping the poor and sick. Pearl grows up to be wild, even refusing to obey her mother.
Black Vision
Evil exists in the human heart Everyone possesses some evil secret Everyone seems to cover up his innerost evil Evil seems to be man’s birthmark Sin will eventually get punished Evil educates Overweening intellect—source of evil
Life Story Literary Characteristics The Scarlet Letter
Life Story
Childhood Education Career
Childhood
Birth: Salem, Massachusetts; July 4, 1804 Prominent ancestors: colonial magistrate (Quakers) judge (Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692) father: sea captain dying in 1808 Leading a secluded life
Literary Characteristics
Major Works Black Vision Aesthetics Style
Literary Career
1828: Fanshawe 1832: "My Kinsman, Major Molineux“ 1837: Twice-Told Tales 1846: Mosses from an Old Manse 1850: The Scarlet Letter 1851: The House of the Seven Gables 1852: The Blithedale Romance 1852: The Life of Franklin Pierce 1860: The Marble Faun 1863: Our Old Home
Quakers
One of a religious sect founded by George Fox whose teaching was primarily a preaching of repentance The trembling among the listening crowd caused or confirmed the name of Quakers given to the body Men and women sometimes fell down and lay struggling as if for life —Encyclopedia Britannica