美国文学霍桑红字分析1

• 耶酥还对人说“你为什么老指着你兄弟的眼中的木屑，而 不见你自己眼中的木块呢” （马修7：1-3）？新约约翰 福音8中提到怜悯淫妇。当时不怀好意的人将一名淫妇当 场捉住，并带到耶酥面前，问耶酥，按摩西的法规这女人 要被人用石头砸死，他该如何处置？耶酥道：“你们中如 果谁没有罪，就首先向她投石吧”，听了这话，那些人觉 得自己也不干净，一一溜走了。耶酥最后告诉那淫妇， “我也不定你的罪，去吧，以后不要再犯罪了”（约翰 8）。或许正是通过理解耶酥的宽容与博爱精神，霍桑得 以在更广阔的人文视野里来审视新教的原罪观。并给《红 字》的原罪与赎罪观下了定义：霍桑的《红字》的主人翁 不是没有罪，而是值得关怀与同情的对象。 因为人人都 有弱点，所以人是平等的；所以任何人都不能以傲慢的态 度对待别人而无视自己的污点。因为弱者需要关怀，所以 必须给予别人多一些关爱，理解和宽容。所以作者才会选 择一个被当时的伦理几乎不耻的通奸犯的海丝特· 白兰作 为主人翁来同情。写她的情感，困惑和在自我救赎中性格 升华的经历。
• When, in the course of events, it becomes necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume among the people of the earth a position different from that which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes that impel them to such a absolution.
• 当读者开始同情海丝特· 白兰及丁姆斯代尔，把所 有鄙视的眼光投向心灵阴暗的海丝特丈夫齐灵窝 斯的时候，我们再一次被自己的偏见蒙骗了。即 使齐灵窝斯也有悔悟的一天。丁姆斯代尔死后， 齐灵窝斯向海丝特· 白兰承认是他耽搁了她的豆蔻 年华，并在临死时把自己的财产留给了海丝特· 白 兰和丁姆斯代尔的女儿珍珠——那个他痛恨的私 生子。所以霍桑仅是清教的半个叛逆者。《红字》 也没有走出原罪与赎罪的圈。只是在他的原罪词 条里要加上“普遍的罪”与“普遍的宽容”的概 念。用兰· 欧斯巴[15]47（Lan Ousby）的话说， “他继承了新教的精神遗产——原罪及其精神内 修的救赎。身肩史学家与批评家于一身。”
II Prototype Analysis
• 但是这个“几乎不进教堂的霍桑”又是清教的半 个叛逆者。他的第一代祖先就是一位清教元老， 曾鞭打异端的女教徒。他的第二代祖先就是前面 提到过的在塞勒姆“女巫审判案”中把犯人绞死 的三个主要法官之一[14]101。清教的这些极端做 法到了19世纪依然无有收敛。于是以爱默生为代 表的性善论者打着超验的思想大旗进行改革。霍 桑没有改变自己的性恶论，却另劈溪经，在基督 教的本义中找到了宗教改革的思想武器。那就是 宽容。彼得问耶酥：“我该原谅人几次，7次吗”？ 耶酥回答“7乘70次”（马修18：21-22）。
• Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.
• .
The Cat doth play, And after slay.（猫儿不修，吃刀有望）
A Dog will bite A thief at night（狗儿吠吠，夜贼胆惶）
s l a y . A D o g w i l l b
a f t e r
The Eagle‘s flight Is out of sight.（飞鹰翱翔，我自怅惘）
Soil, Climate, the Spiritual Atmosphere
I Background
• A fervent religious writer， but not a puritan in a strict sense, though his fathers being Puritan Elite.
A Critical Approach to The Scarlet Letter
• • • • • I Background II Prototype Analysis III Psychological Analysis IV Powerful Conflicts Of Flesh and Soul V Aesthetic Evaluation of Poetic landscape depicting • VI Theme—Sin, Redemption and Tolerance • VII The Employment of Symbolism • VIII The artistic truths
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Puritan Background
• THE NEW ENGLAND PRIMER • 1843 edition
• Alphabet Poem
In Adam‘s fall We sinned all. （始祖蒙罪，我皆沦丧）
Thy life to mend, God‘s Book attend（欲赎此生，此书良方）
• We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal….
• The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.
• Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. He later changed his name to "Hawthorne", adding a "w" to dissociate from relatives including John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials. Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College and graduated in 1825; his classmates included future president Franklin Pierce and future poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (born; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American novelist and short story writer.
• 但是这个“几乎不进教堂的霍桑”又是清 教的半个叛逆者。他的第一代祖先就是一 位清教元老，曾鞭打异端的女教徒。他的 第二代祖先就是前面提到过的在塞勒姆 “女巫审判案”中把犯人绞死的三个主要 法官之一[14]101。清教的这些极端做法到 了19世纪依然无有收敛。
The idle Fool Is whipped at school.（愚人庸懒，鞭打以匡）
字母歌
• ―始祖蒙罪，我皆沦丧；欲赎此生，此书良 方；猫儿不修，吃刀有望；狗儿吠吠，夜 贼胆惶；飞鹰翱翔，我自怅惘；愚人庸懒， 鞭打以匡”。
Declaration of sentiments
• Seneca Falls Convention • 1848 • Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842. The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires, then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three children.
Main Characters
• • • • • • Hester Prynne Arthur Dimmesdale Pearl Roger Chillingworth From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A-- Adultery
• The Scarlet Letter (1850) is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is considered his magnum opus[1](巨著）. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism（条文主义，教条主 义）, sin, and guilt.