2010年考研英语翻译试题译文及解析

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2010年考研英语翻译试题及答案

2010年考研英语翻译试题及答案

2010年考研英语翻译试题及答案one basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the munity have no economic value.yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance。

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it .we invert excuses to give it economic importance.at the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing。

(46scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them),the evideuce had to be conbmic in order to be valid。

It is pamful to read these round about accounts today .we have no land ethic yet ,(47but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us)A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamalsand fish-eating birds 。

2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译超详解析

2010年考研英语二真题全文翻译超详解析

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道,叙述了猪流感的爆发,产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。

首段和第二段简述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。

第三段引用专家的观点,认为瘟疫并不严重。

第四段和第五段以墨西哥及美国的情况为例,说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。

第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。

二、试题解析1.【答案】D【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”,根据declare 的逻辑(“宣布为”),可知应该选D 项designated“命名,制定”,而不是C 项commented“评论”,这是典型的近义词复现题目。

2.【答案】C【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索,选出答案,难度在于出处句是个长难句。

本句的理解应该抓住alert、meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系,根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise(“病例数的增加”)是meeting(“日内瓦专家会议”)的原因,由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因,而是结果,即meeting 使得alert 升级。

根据上述分析可以排除B、D 选项,B 项activated“激活,激起”,D 项“促使,引起”,此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting的召开。

而C 项followed 意思是“紧随,跟在……之后”,体现出after 的逻辑,完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting,meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑,所以是正确项。

而A 项proceeded“继续”,属不及物动词,不可接宾语,用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。

3.【答案】B【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and,从并列呼应来看:空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia,所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases(“病例数的剧增”),因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。

2010年考研英语翻译真题解析--修改后-刘晓峰

2010年考研英语翻译真题解析--修改后-刘晓峰
continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of
economic advantage to us.
句子解析: 1. 本句相对难度较大。本句主干为 we have drawn near the point。of admitting that…intrinsic right 做后置定语修饰 point。Regardless of… 引导让步状语。 2. draw near the point:得出接近的观点。of admitting…后置定语太长,不宜翻译到 point 之 前,可以断开独立翻译。 3. intrinsic right:本词较难。Intrinsic 为“内在的、固有的”。即:固有的权利。 4. regardless of:引导让步状语,翻译为“无论、不管”;在历年真题中出现过3次。如:2006 年考研真题阅读第一篇:“… these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background.”(那些商店对所有人开放,无论顾客是来自什么阶层或背景。) 5. presence or absence 是押尾韵的修辞手法,两个词都是 ence 结尾。本意为“出席”和“缺 席”,在本文中引申为:无论对我们是否具有经济价值。Advantage 最好不要翻译为“优点、 优势”,而应根据上下文内容调整为“经济价值”才更通顺。
本题考点: 定语从句;被动语态;比较结构
参考译文: 在欧洲,林业生态比较发达,公益林木被视为原始森林群落的成员而得以合理保护。
(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.全文翻译:在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中,影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了,而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

2010年考研英语二真题全文翻 译答案超详解析

2010年考研英语二真题全文翻    译答案超详解析

2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是取材于新闻报道,叙述了猪流感的爆发,产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。

首段和第二段简述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。

第三段引用专家的观点,认为瘟疫并不严重。

第四段和第五段以墨西哥及美国的情况为例,说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。

第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。

二、试题解析1.【答案】D【解析】上文提到“… was declared a global epidemic…”,根据 declare 的逻辑(“宣布为”),可知应该选 D 项designated“命名,制定”,而不是 C 项 commented“评论”,这是典型的近义词复现题目。

2.【答案】C【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索,选出答案,难度在于出处句是个长难句。

本句的理解应该抓住 alert、meeting 和 a sharp rise 三者的关系,根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise(“病例数的增加”)是 meeting(“日内瓦专家会议”)的原因,由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因,而是结果,即 meeting 使得 alert 升级。

根据上述分析可以排除B、D 选项,B 项activated“激活,激起”,D 项“促使,引起”,此两项的选择都在讲 alert 导致了 meeting的召开。

而C 项followed 意思是“紧随,跟在……之后”,体现出after 的逻辑,完全满足本句 rise 之后是 meeting,meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑,所以是正确项。

而 A 项proceeded“继续”,属不及物动词,不可接宾语,用法和逻辑用在此处都不合适。

3.【答案】B【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and,从并列呼应来看:空格后的表达 in Britain…对应前面的 in Australia,所以空格处 rising _____ 应该对应 a sharp rise in cases(“病例数的剧增”),因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。

2010年英语一真题翻译

2010年英语一真题翻译

2010年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English1924年美国国家调查委员会派出两名工程师监督在芝加哥附近的霍桑工厂的电话配件生产车间进行实验。

实验旨在了解车间照明是否影响工人的生产效率。

研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念——“霍桑效应”,也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

这种观点之所以产生是因为工厂的女工令人困惑的行为。

根据实验的描述,当灯光变亮或者变暗时,工人每小时的产量都有所提高。

至于实验中做了什么并不重要;只要改变了条件,产量就有所提高。

工人知道自己本身是被研究对象——这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

几十年后,同样的数据也被应用在计量经济学分析中。

霍桑试验在仓储业方面有了另一个令人惊奇的结果。

和记录的描述相反,〖JP+2〗并没有发现系统的证据来证明生产力水平与照明变化有关。

〖JP〗 结果表明,实验中使用的特别方法或许会误导对实验室数据的解释。

举例来说,周日对照明进行改变。

周一再工作时,产量与上周六相比有所提高,这一趋势将会持续几日。

然而,通过对没有做实验前的几周数据对比发现,周一的产量总是提高。

工人们无论在什么状况下在一周的最初几日工作非常勤快,然后就到达平稳水平,最后又懈怠下来。

这表明所谓的“霍桑效应”是很难确定的。

Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1在过去的25年里发生在英语报纸上的所有变化中,或许最具有深远意义的就是艺术评论报道范围缩小和严肃性上的降低。

年龄在40岁以下的普通读者无法想象那样一个能够在大部分的大城市报纸上找到高质量的文艺评论的时代。

然而,发表在20世纪的大量的评论集是由大量报纸评论所组成。

如今去读这种书籍会使人们对这样一种事实感到大为惊讶,那就是这些广博的内容曾经被人们认为很适合刊登在面向大众的日报上。

我们离20世纪初期和二战前夕期间在英国发表的东拉西扯的报纸评论甚至更远,当时,新闻用纸非常便宜,而且时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种对刊登这种内容的出版物的装饰。

2010英语考研真题解释

2010英语考研真题解释

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1.A解析:A项 affect 意思是“影响,感动”; B项 achieve意思是“达成,完成”; C 项extract意思是“提取,榨出”;D项restore是“恢复,重建”. 这句话的意思是:他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的,所以答案是A。

2.B解析:本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法,end up 意思是“最终成为……”,end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意,故选B。

3.C解析:本句的大意为:研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”,也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

所以这里应选择C。

4.B解析:作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。

四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”,所以正确答案为B。

5.C解析:本句的含义是:根据研究描述,当照明灯变亮或变暗时,工人的时产量就会提高。

四个选项中有描述含义的是C项 accounts。

6.B解析:这句话的意思是:实验中做什么并不重要。

Do not matter 固定表达,故选B。

7.D解析:考查so long as 短语,意思是“只有”,句子意思是:只要有改变,生产率就会上升。

8.A解析:A项awareness 意思是“意识”,B项expectation意为“期望”,C项sentiment 意为“”观点,意见,D项illusion 为“幻觉”,本句的大意是说:工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

所以选A。

9.C解析:见第8题解析。

10.D解析:见第8题解析。

11.C解析:be subjected to表示“服从于,与……一致’,为固定短语。

12.A解析:contrary to表示“与…相反“。

根据语境提示,空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味的链接词。

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析

Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.全文翻译:在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中,影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了,而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。

考研英语2010年 TEXT1 翻译

考研英语2010年 TEXT1 翻译

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.过去的25年,在英文报纸发生的所有变化中,或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小,严肃性不断减弱,这是个无法逆转的必然趋势。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲,让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

2010年考研英语真题及解析

2010年考研英语真题及解析

14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. Toread such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of En gland’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospectseems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in theso-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence isprimarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulati ng a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading i deas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that .[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in rule-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has beencorrectly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardlessof how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2009年6月22日The Economist《经济学人》,原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect(《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。

2010年考研试题翻译——完型部分

2010年考研试题翻译——完型部分

Section I Use of English完形填空译文:1924年,美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到位于芝加哥附近的霍桑电话配件场指导一系列实验。

委员会希望工程师能弄清楚车间照明如何影响工人的生产效率。

然而,这些研究最终以得出“霍桑效应”——这一极具影响力的理论而告终,它说明充当实验对象这一行为改变了实验对象的表现。

此结论是根据工厂女工那些令人费解的行为得出的。

根据实验记录,照明增强时,女工们每小时的产出会增加;照明减弱时,也是如此。

实验做了什么无关紧要;只要有变化发生,工人的生产效率就会提高。

似乎仅仅是意识到自己成为实验对象这件事本身就足以改变工人的行为。

几十年之后,有人对同一组数据进行了计量经济学分析。

结果显示,“霍桑实验”还隐藏了另一个让人意外的结果。

与所记录的描述相反,没有系统证据能够证明生产效率是随照明的变化而改变的。

结果证明,可能是特殊的实验方式导致了对试验对象的误导性解释。

比如,工厂照明变化总是发生在周日。

周一再次开始工作时,产量也恰在此时比上周六要高,然后在接下来的几天还会持续升高。

但是,将没有进行实验的几周的生产数据进行对比后发现,周一的产量总是会增加。

在任何情况下,工人在每星期的最初几天往往都比较卖力,继而趋于平稳,最后逐渐放松。

这表明,所谓的“霍桑效应”仍然难以说清。

Section II Reading ComprehensionText 1在过去的25年里,在英文报纸行业中发生了许多变化,其中,影响最为深远的或许是艺术报道的范围和严肃性已呈难以遏制的衰落之势。

对于40岁以下的普通读者来说,他们几乎无法想象,曾经有一段时间,在大多数大城市的报纸上都能够读到高质量的文艺评论。

事实上,20世纪出版的评论文集的内容很大一部分来自于报纸评论。

今天阅读这类书会让人感到惊叹;这类涉及高深学识的内容竟曾被认为适合刊登在面向普通读者发行的日报上。

距离我们更为遥远的是:20世纪初期到第二次世界大战前夕,英国的报纸评论方式广泛,当时,新闻用纸非常便宜,而且对于它们所刊登的出版物来说,时髦的文艺评论被认为是一种装饰。

2010年考研英语阅读理解第一篇全文翻译及分析

2010年考研英语阅读理解第一篇全文翻译及分析

忠告:想要把考研英语考好,不在考场上⼼理崩盘,只有详细研究真题和精读外刊,否则绝⼤部分考⽣对⽂章的理解注定是只⾔⽚语和模糊不清的,⽽考研英语强调的是精细、精确地理解。

很多学⽣反映看不懂外刊,但是如果我们不在平时崩盘,那么就会在考试时崩溃。

请⼤家仔细体会我们的忠告! (1)①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ②Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. ③Even those papers that continue to review fine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past。

[译⽂] 过去的25年,在英⽂报纸发⽣的所有变化中,或许有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸⽂艺报道的范围在缩⼩,严肃性在减弱,势头不可阻挡。

2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2010年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:完形In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be9 to alter workers' behavior 10itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12the descriptions on record, no systematic 13was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happed. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionText 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a seriousbusiness, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep the ir own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout.[D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they areinviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:选段排序[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percenta year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures,when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part C翻译One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelesslylopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Part C (10 points)46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救,其大意是:如果鸟类无法控制害虫,那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析(2)

2010年考研英语(一)阅读理解全文翻译及解析(2)

T ext 1①Of all the chang‎e s that have taken‎place‎in Engli‎s h-langu‎a ge newsp‎a pers‎durin‎g the past quart‎e r-centu‎r y, perha‎p s the most far-reach‎i ng has been the inexo‎r able‎decli‎n e in the scope‎and serio‎u snes‎s of their‎arts cover‎a ge.①It is diffi‎c ult to the point‎of impos‎s ibil‎i ty for the avera‎g e reade‎r under‎the age of forty‎to imagi‎n e a time when high-quali‎t y arts criti‎c ism could‎be found‎in most big-city newsp‎a pers‎.②Yet a consi‎d erab‎l e numbe‎r of the most signi‎f ican‎t colle‎c tion‎s of criti‎c ism publi‎s hed in the 20th centu‎r y consi‎s ted in large‎part of newsp‎a per revie‎w s. ③ To read such books‎today‎is to marve‎l at the fact that their‎learn‎e d conte‎n ts were once deeme‎d suita‎b le for publi‎c atio‎n in gener‎a l-circu‎l atio‎n daili‎e s.① We are even farth‎e r remov‎e d from the unfoc‎u sed newsp‎a per revie‎w s publi‎s hed in Engla‎n d betwe‎e n the turn of the 20th centu‎r y and the eve of World‎War 2,at a time when newsp‎r int was dirt-cheap‎and styli‎s h arts criti‎c ism was consi‎d ered‎an ornam‎e nt to the publi‎c atio‎n s in which‎it appea‎r ed. ②In those‎far-off days, it was taken‎for grant‎e d that the criti‎c s of major‎paper‎s would‎write‎in detai‎l and at lengt‎h about‎the event‎s they cover‎e d. ③Their‎s was a serio‎u s busin‎e ss. and even those‎revie‎w s who wore their‎learn‎i ng light‎l y, like Georg‎e Berna‎r d Shaw and Ernes‎t Newma‎n, could‎be trust‎e d to know what they were about‎.④These‎men belie‎v ed in journ‎a lism‎as a calli‎n g, and were proud‎to be publi‎s hed in the daily‎press‎.⑤So few autho‎r s have brain‎s enoug‎h or liter‎a ry gift enoug‎h to keep their‎own end up in ourna‎l ism,Newma‎n wrote‎, "that I am tempt‎e d to defin‎e "journ‎a lism‎" as "a term of conte‎m pt appli‎e d by write‎r s who are not read to write‎r s who are".①Unfor‎t unat‎e ly, these‎criti‎c s are virtu‎a lly forgo‎t ten. ②Nevil‎l e Cardu‎s, who wrote‎for the Manch‎e ster‎Guard‎i an from 1917 until‎short‎l y befor‎e his death‎in 1975, is now known‎solel‎y as a write‎r of essay‎s on the game of crick‎e t. ③Durin‎g his lifet‎i me, thoug‎h, he was also one of Engla‎n d's forem‎o st class‎i cal-music‎criti‎c s, and a styli‎s t so widel‎y admir‎e d that his Autob‎i ogra‎p hy (1947) becam‎e a best-selle‎r. ④He was knigh‎t ed in 1967, the first‎music‎criti‎c to be so honor‎e d.⑤Yet only one of his books‎is now in print‎, and his vast body of writi‎n gs on music‎is unkno‎w n save to speci‎a list‎s.①Is there‎any chanc‎e that Cardu‎s's criti‎c ism will enjoy‎a reviv‎a l? ②The prosp‎e ct seems‎remot‎e.③Journ‎a list‎i c taste‎s had chang‎e d long befor‎e his death‎, and postm‎o dern‎reade‎r s have littl‎e use for the richl‎y uphos‎t ered‎Vicwa‎r dian‎prose‎in which‎he speci‎a lize‎d. ④Moreo‎v er,the amate‎u r tradi‎t ion in music‎criti‎c ism has been in headl‎o ng retre‎a t.全文翻译:在过去的25 年英语报纸‎所发生的变‎化中,影响最深远‎的可能就是‎它们对艺术‎方面的报道‎在范围上毫‎无疑问的缩‎小了,而且这些报‎道的严肃程‎度也绝对降‎低了。

2010年考研英语真题英译汉分析及答案

2010年考研英语真题英译汉分析及答案

英语辅导专家贾洪伟⽼师,针对2010年考研英语英译汉部分进⾏分析,2010考研英语英译汉⽂章属环保范畴,摘⾃利奥波德(Aldo Leopold)于1966年在⽜津⼤学出版出版的《沙乡年鉴》(A Sand Country Almanac)中的“⼟地伦理”(The Land Ethics)部分,具体在原书210页。

本题⼲中,出题者也是动过“⼩⼿术”的,⽐如:第⼀段的原⽂是:“One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Wildflowers and songbirds are examples. Of the 22,000 higher plants and animals native to Wisconsin, it is doubtful whether more than 5 per cent can be sold, fed, eaten, or otherwise put to economic use. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance。

”,经过加⼯就变成了“One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community, and if (as I believe) its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance。

考研英语2010年考研英语翻译试题译文及解析1

考研英语2010年考研英语翻译试题译文及解析1

2010年考研英语翻译试题译文及解析(2010-03-09 16:54:04)转载分类:考研资料分享标签:考研试题解析翻译教育英文译文:完全以经济动机为基础的守恒系统中,存在一个基本的弱点,即陆生群落的大多数成员都没有经济价值。

然而这些生物是生物群落的成员,如果群落的稳定性取决于其完整性,他们就有权持续生存。

当其中一个非经济类别受到威胁时,如果我们碰巧喜爱这个类别,就会创造借口使其具有经济意义。

本世纪初,鸣禽原本正在消失。

(46)科学家们匆匆赶来救援,但证据是明显站不住脚的。

大意就是,如果鸟不能控制这些虫子,虫子就会吃光一切。

这个证据必须是经济的,才是有效的。

如今阅读这些拐弯抹角的论述令人痛心。

我们还没有土地伦理,(47)但是,我们至少比较一致地认可这样一种观点,即:无论鸟类对我们是否具有经济价值,他们都应该继续享有其固有的生物权利。

类似的情况存在于食肉的哺乳动物和捕食鱼的鸟类中。

(48)生物学家们曾一度滥用这个证据:这些生物通过残杀弱者来维持生物链条的健康发展,或者只是捕食“无价值的物种”。

因此在这里,证据必须是经济的,才是有效的。

天敌是社会的成员,任何具有特殊要求的集团都无权为了自身真实的或想象的利益消灭它们。

有些种类的树木被一些只具备经济头脑的林业员认为是“非我族类”,因为它们发育过慢,或作为木材销售价值过低。

(49)欧洲的林业生态发展比较先进。

那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。

此外,人们发现一些树种在保持土壤的肥沃方面具有重要作用。

森林和构成森林的不同的树种,地面植物以及动物之间的相互依赖是理所当然的。

由于有些树种成长缓慢甚或是作为木材的价值也太低,所以一些受经济利益驱使的人就将这些树种完全抛弃。

总而言之:一种守恒系统完全基于自身经济利益是倾斜无望的。

(50)这样的体系容易忽视、并最终灭绝了生物群落中的许多元素。

然而这些元素虽然缺少商业价值,但对整个群落的健康运动却至关重要。

2010考研英语一翻译真题详解

2010考研英语一翻译真题详解

2010考研英语一翻译真题详解(新东方)北京新东方学校唐静One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its inteyrity, they are entitled to continuance。

When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing. 46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them. The evideuce had to be economic in order to be valid。

It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet, 47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us。

2010年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析

2010年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析

2010年考研英语·英译汉真题及解析真题:One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.解析:(46)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.jumped to the rescue迅速的其来援救shaky不可靠的,站不住脚的to the effect 大意是;大致是说eat us up 吃掉我们【解析】本题考查的知识点是:固定短语、同位语从句、状语从句、从句嵌套、根据上下文确定词义。

2010 考研英语阅读真题翻译

2010 考研英语阅读真题翻译

2010 Text 1过去的25年,在英文报纸发生的所有变化中,或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小,严肃性不断减弱,这是个无法逆转的必然趋势。

对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲,让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。

然而,在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中,人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。

现在,如果读到这些集子,人们肯定会惊诧,当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

从20世纪早期到二战以前,当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛,包罗万象,我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。

当时的报纸极其便宜,人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。

在那些遥远的年代,各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情,这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。

他们的写作是件严肃的事情,人们相信:甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家,比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么(即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上)。

这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业,并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。

“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们能在新闻报纸写作中坚持不懈”,Newman曾写道,“以至于我非常想把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”不幸的是,这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。

从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus,如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。

但是,在他的一生当中,他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。

他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家,所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。

1967年他被授予爵士称号,也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。

考研英语2010年TEXT2翻译

考研英语2010年TEXT2翻译

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called businessmethods. Amazon received one for its -click “〞oneonline payment system. Merrill Lynch got legalprotection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.在过去的十年中,成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。

亚马逊获得的专利是在线“单击〞付费系统。

美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。

有个创造者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。

Now the nation’ s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-methodpatents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In amove that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the FederalCircuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski, a s the case is known, is“ a very big deal,〞 says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It“ has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.〞现在,该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利,因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。

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得分重点:
表语从句,同位语从句,方式状语,固定搭配
(49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
词义推敲:
Time was when意为“曾经,从前”
overwork 工作过度,过分
preserve the health of game 意为“维护游戏的正常运行”,根据上下文,引申为“维持生物链条的健康发展”
prey on 意为“捕食”
参考译文:生物学家们曾一度滥用这个证据:这些生物通过残杀弱者来维持生物链条的健康发展,或者只是捕食“无价值的物种”。
词义推敲:
be recognized as 意为,“被看做”
the Non-commercial tree species 不具有经济价值的树种
native forest community 意思是“当地的森林群落”
within reason,意为“合情合理的”
参考译文:
欧洲的林业生态发展比较先进。,那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。
英文译文:
完全以经济动机为基础的守恒系统中,存在一个基本的弱点,即陆生群落的大多数成员都没有经济价值。然而这些生物是生物群落的成员,如果群落的稳定性取决于其完整性,他们就有权持续生存。
当其中一个非经济类别受到威胁时,如果我们碰巧喜爱这个类别,就会创造借口使其具有经济意义。本世纪初,鸣禽原本正在消失。(46)科学家们匆匆赶来救援,但证据是明显站不住脚的。大意就是,如果鸟不能控制这些虫子,虫子就会吃光一切。这个证据必须是经济的,才是有效的。
结构分析:
(46) 主句的主语/Scientists 主句谓语/jumped to 主句宾语/the rescue 伴随状语/with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect 同位语从句//that 从句主语/insects 从句谓语would eat us up 条件状语从句//if birds failed to control them
词义推敲:
draw near the point of 意为“接近.....”
as a matter of 意为“作为......”
regardless of 意为,“不管,不顾”
intrinsic right 内在的固有的权利
economic advantage 经济价值
参考译文:这样的体系容易忽视、并最终灭绝了生物群落中的许多元素。然而这些元素虽然缺少商业价值,但对整个群落的健康运行却至关重要。
得分重点:
动词搭配,定语从句,专有名词
to the effect that 是固定搭配,表示“大意是...
参考译文:
科学家们匆匆赶来救援,但证据是明显站不住脚的。大意就是,如果鸟不能控制这些虫子,虫子就会吃光一切。
得分重点:
同位语从句,固定搭配
(47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
由于有些树种成长缓慢甚或是作为木材的价值也太低,所以一些受经济利益驱使的人就将这些树种完全抛弃。总而言之:一种守恒系统完全基于自身经济利益是倾斜无望的。(50)这样的体系容易忽视、并最终灭绝了生物群落中的许多元素。然而这些元素虽然缺少商业价值,但对整个群落的健康运动却至关重要。它虚假地认为生物时钟的经济部分可以在缺少非经济部分的情况下继续起作用。
结构分析:
(47) but 主句主语/we 主句谓语/have at least drawn near 主句宾语/the point 介词短语作后置定语/of admitting 宾语从句//that 从句主语/birds 从句谓语/should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, 让步状语/regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
词义推敲:
jump to sth 表示“匆匆......”, 例如jump to a conclusion 表示“匆匆得出结论
rescue vt.援救, 营救n.援救, 营救
with some distinctly shaky evidence 伴随状语,意为:采用一些站不住脚的证据
如今阅读这些拐弯抹角的论述令人痛心。我们还没有土地伦理,(47)但是,我们至少比较一致地认可这样一种观点,即:无论鸟类对我们是否具有经济价值,他们都应该继续享有其固有的生物权利。
类似的情况存在于食肉的哺乳动物和捕食鱼的鸟类中。(48)生物学家们曾一度滥用这个证据:这些生物通过残杀弱者来维持生物链条的健康发展,或者只是捕食“无价值的物种”。 因此在这里,证据必须是经济的,才是有效的。天敌是社会的成员,任何具有特殊要求的集团都无权为了自身真实的或想象的利益消灭它们。
结构分析:
(49) 地点状语/In Europe, 非限定性定语从句//where forestry is ecologically more advanced, 主句主语/the Non-commercial tree species 被动结构/are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
词义推敲:
tend to do sth. 意为“倾向于做某事”;
be essential to sth. 意为“对......必要的”
the land community 陆生群落
commercial value 经济/商业价值
healthy functioning 健康运行
参考译文:
但是,我们至少比较一致的认可这样一种观点,即:无论鸟类对我们是否具有经济价值,他们都应该继续享有其固有的生物权利。
得分重点:
固定搭配,后置定语,宾语从句,让步状语
(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
பைடு நூலகம்
试题解析:
(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
结构分析:
(48) 主句的主语/Time 主句系动词/was 表语从句//when 从句主语/biologists somewhat 从句谓语/overworked the evidence 并列同位语从句//that these creatures preserve the health of game 方式状语/by killing the physically weak, or 并列同位语从句//that they prey only on “worthless species”.
结构分析:
(50) 主句主语/It 主句谓语/tends to ignore, 并列谓语and thus eventually to eliminate, 主句宾语/many elements in the land community并列定语从句// that 从句谓语/lack 从句宾语/commercial value,并列定语从句 but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
有些种类的树木被一些只具备经济头脑的林业员认为是“非我族类”,因为它们发育过慢,或作为木材销售价值过低。(49)欧洲的林业生态发展比较先进。那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。此外,人们发现一些树种在保持土壤的肥沃方面具有重要作用。森林和构成森林的不同的树种,地面植物以及动物之间的相互依赖是理所当然的。
得分重点:
非限定性定语从句,被动结构,专有名词
(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
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