当代美国翻译The Cold War
世界当代史名词解释
雅尔塔体制是指美苏英在二战后期，为了各自的战略利益，在以雅尔塔会议为代表的一系列重要国际会议上，达成的有关结束战争、安排战后世界、划分势力范围的一系列协议而确立的国际关系体制。
雅尔塔体制的实质是美、苏、英依据实力划分势力范围，对世界秩序重新作出安排。
雅尔塔体制是大国之间相互妥协的结果。
它为战后美苏两极对峙的世界格局奠定了基础，为美苏两个超级大国争霸开了先河。
布雷顿森林货币体系(Bretton Woods system)是指战后以美元为中心的国际货币体系。
关税总协定作为1944年布雷顿森林会议的补充，连同布雷顿森林会议通过的各项协定，统称为“布雷顿森林体系”，即以外汇自由化、资本自由化和贸易自由化为主要内容的多边经济制度，构成资本主义集团的核心内容，是按照美国制定的原则，实现美国经济霸权的体制。
1.布雷顿森林体系<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns ="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />美国政府为建立战后资本主义世界金融体制，发起召开国际货币金融体系会议。
1944年7月1日—22日，美英苏等44个国家在美国新罕布什尔州的布赖顿森林举行。
会议通过了最后议定书和《国际货币基金组织协定》、《国际复兴开发银行协定》，据此成立了国际货币基金组织和国际复兴开发银行，并决定把各国货币与美元以固定比价联系起来，从而建立起亿美元为支柱的资本主义世界货币体系。
在这两个机构中，美国都拥有最多的投票权。
冷战指第二次世界大战后美苏两个超级大国及以美苏为首的两个世界体系和国家集团（通称东西方）之间除采用世界性战争和美苏直接交战之外的全面对抗。
战后初期，东西方冷战以资本主义和社会主义两大阵营的对抗为表现形式。
20 世纪 60 年代后，由于两大阵营的分化或瓦解，冷战主要表现为美苏两个超级大国的全球争霸。
20 世纪 80 年代末、 90 年代初，随着东欧剧变、德国统一、苏联解体，世界格局发生重大变化，原来意义上的东西方冷战也宣告结束。
cold war。美苏冷战 英语版。最全最完整的版本。啵啵独家制作
何谓“冷战”
（What is Cold War)
Cold War refers to:1947--1991 years the United States led western capitalist countries and the Soviet Union socialist countries two camps in addition to the direct engagement, in economic, political, military, diplomatic, cultural, ideological and other aspects are in a state of confrontation period.
冷战是指：1947年——1991年间美国为首的西方资本主义国家和苏联为 首社会主义国家两个阵营除直接交战以外，在经济、政治、军事、外交、文 化、意识形态等各方面都处于对抗状态的时期。
The u.s.-led campaign of capitalism
Soviet union socialist camp
It is, however, quite safe to say that since 1947 when President Truman of the United States declared an anti-communist policy, the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union has begun.
Goals of the 2 countries
The United States, greatly expanded and enhanced in its strength in W. W. II, felt it had the power to establish American leadership in the world and open the world market to American goods and capital. So it wanted to break down the Soviet sphere of influence前苏联的势力范围 in Eastern Europe.
当代美国外交名词解释
天定命运Manifest destiny:The belief, widespread in the nineteenth century, that Americans were a chosen people who were destined to expand across the North American continent and eventually embody it.“天定命运论”是19世纪40年代美国产生的一种扩张主义思潮，表达美国凭借天命、对外扩张、散播民主自由的信念。
昭昭天命最初为十九世纪时的政治警句（catch phrase），后来成为标准的历史名辞，意义通常等于美国横贯北美洲，直达太平洋的领土扩张。
它迎合了当时美国国内进行领土扩张的需要，在美国盛极一时，成为早期美国的主流思想，迄今仍影响着美国外交政策的走向。
天定命运一直是笼统的观念而非一个特定的政策，其使命的内容在不同的年代对不同的人有不同的意义。
它可以说是对西向扩充运动的一种辩解或理由；又或者是一种促发其进程的意识型态或学说。
自由国际主义Liberal internationalism—‘‘the intellectual and political tradition that believes in the necessity of leadership by liberal democracies in the construction of a peaceful world order through multilateral cooperation and effective international organizations’’ (Gardner 1990)—now animated the American people and their leaders as they embarked on a new era of unprecedented global activism.孤立主义Isolationism ----A policy of aloofness（冷漠、孤傲）or political detachment（分离、超然）from international affairs; Thomas Jefferson advocated isolationism as the best way to preserve（保持）and develop the United States as a free people.孤立主义是一种外交政策。
课文翻译
Unit 131Travel has always appealed to young people Carla Power et al. with means. But American kids are now on the move abroad in greater numbers than any previous generation. And these voyagers-mostly in their twenties and early thirties-aren‟t just doing a grand tour on Mommy and Daddy‟s credit card. Neither slackers nor disaffected dropouts, they defy the stereotypes of Generation X. And they disprove the conventional wisdom that the post-cold-war crop of Americans doesn‟t care about the rest of the world. They may not want to be foreign-policy geeks, but they are intensely interested in other cultures and languages, in the kind of go-go job opportunities available in fast-growing foreign economies and in going overseas as a way of finding themselves. Call them Generation G, for Global. One of their unofficial mottoes: “Do it. Be it. Live it”.旅游总是以种种方式吸引着像Carla Power et al的年轻人。
Role of the Sputnik Launch in the Cold War 翻译
菲利普K ·沃伦大卫Silbey历史20年代，04 - 冷战1998年3月10日作用在冷战发射人造地球卫星苏联宣布1957年10月4日，他们已成功发射人造卫星进入轨道，一个184磅重的卫星，（空间活动1）。
这引起了美国巨额的风暴国家，作为美国人充满敬畏那有什么关系被认为是落后的国家已经成功地向太空发射一颗卫星前美国在技术上优越。
在发射1957年美国对俄罗斯的恐惧升级斯普特尼克卫星到一个点它比以往任何时候。
它作为一种唤醒式通话这两个国家- 它直接导致了两个苏联复兴和美国的导弹计划，创造了一个直接的，可见的冲突两个超级大国之间，创造了新的兴趣在空间勘探两个国家。
1955年，苏联首次宣布它计划把一颗卫星转化为国际地球物理年（1）轨道。
总统艾森豪威尔遵循的类似公布三个月后，宣布项目先锋，创建一个卫星方案完全没有军事介入（史密斯1）。
尽管有传言说，军方已接近完成了自己的卫星，艾森豪威尔希望美国的太空计划是完全分开军队（艾森豪威尔189。
在1957年发射第一颗人造卫星和随后由联合国的企图各国打击与自己的发射一个相当尴尬为所有美国第一，在人造卫星是一个二十两英寸，184磅卫星相对于美国先锋，一个6英寸，三点五英镑卫星（神十三）。
此外，俄罗斯航天计划推出仅一个月人造卫星二第一次启动后，这一次体重超过1200磅，进行板上一个活着的狗。
由美国第一次发射尝试发生在十二月，1957年，在卡纳维拉尔角。
要经过大量宣传的美国卫星进入太空，计划突然结束的先锋，因为它“上回落只有使后离地面三英尺垫一吼“。
这一天（神71）记者据称被称为卫星“Flopnik，Dudnik和Kaputnik。
” （神71）美国终于派出了第一颗卫星（由军事创建），浏览器一成在一月，1958年轨道后，艾森豪威尔允许军队移动对自己的项目（太空活动1）。
美国对苏联的反应的初始发射是对所有不同两侧，有许多人被人在公告惊慌失措。
艾森豪威尔总统，但是，令人惊讶的未受影响的人造卫星推出。
大学英语实用翻译教程参考答案 第二章
《大学英语实用翻译教程》参考答案第二章第一节练习一：一、1．保护人类基因健康是个比较严峻的问题，但这不过是问题的一个方面而已。
2．这些是科学家和技术专家研制的机器和产品。
3．科学已成为力量的一种源泉，不只是适宜于幻想的题材了。
4．建造和装饰宫殿、教堂和寺院的款项都由经商的富户承担支付。
5．查理一世和下议院的争吵已到了紧要关头，后来内战爆发，并在白厅把斯图尔特王朝的君主送上了断头台。
6．在开辟第二战场之前，美国步兵精神饱满，营养充足，还没有在战斗中受过创伤。
练习二：一、1．已经拟就一张至今已教过的所有动词的表。
2．每天从全国各地传来各行各业取得伟大成就的消息。
3．城乡之间的差别依然存在。
4．那一年，建立了旨在促进研究和试验的英国航空学会。
5．这里出版的报纸谴责侵略者屠杀大批无辜人民。
6．凡是成功的科学家常常把注意力集中在他发现尚未得到满意解答的问题上。
练习三：1．所有植物组织和动物组织主要由碳化合物、水和少量的矿物质组成。
2．他们并不认为有必要提供学生经常使用的名词化规则和构造使役句的规则。
3．各种族集团的文化特性、民间传说、神话和信仰都是根据文化进化规律起源于每一个集团的内部。
4．个别国家的科学努力可能将由跨国机构来进行统一和协调。
5．解放前，这个城市的垃圾和苍蝇一向无人过问，结果经常发生地方性病疫。
6．他是美国印第安人作家、演讲家和争取印第安人权利运动的活动家。
第二章第二节练习一：一、1．我原先以为这部机器不过是一种没有什么价值的玩具。
2．第二天一早，饱饱地吃了一顿早餐之后，他们便动身了。
3．你愿意别人如何待你，你就应该如何待别人。
4．这部打印机真是物美价廉。
5．我七岁时就会织毛衣。
6．钢铁制品常常涂上油漆以免生锈。
二、1．He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.2．Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.3．The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. And the tongue is used for tasting.4. Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.5．As it was getting quite dark, we decided to stop at that temple for the night.6．Internet is so convenient that we can find any information with the click of the mouse.练习二：一、1．勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；俭约过度，即成贪婪。
当代美国翻译英汉版
Introduction 引言；前言；绪言The opening decade of the twenty-first century has been overwhelmingly shaped by the American and world response to the terror attacks of 11 September 2001.Many analysts speak of a paradigm shift in foreign policy alignments, global economies, and domestic affairs.The events of the post (=late)-11 September world make the 1990s seem a vast, quaint (奇怪的) universe away.But we should note that analysts had christened (洗礼仪式) the last decade of the twentieth century as a “New World Order” u nder the common umbrella of democracy and free market capitalism.Certainly the decade marked a decisive end to the “post (after)-World War II” or “Cold War” world and ushered in a new era.The 45-year period following the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki the, division of the world into “free”and “communist”influences, and the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 changed things.The world is still adjusting to those changes and countries rush (run) to realign (重新排列, 再结盟) the geopolitical order.美国和世界对于2001年9月11日恐怖袭击的反应已经压倒性地充斥了21世纪的头十年。
冷战【英文】The_Cold_War
Containment
The American policy of “containment” soon expanded into a policy known as the Truman Doctrine”
Loyalty $$
By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey
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Unit 2 – Outcome 2.3
GLOBAL HISTORY 12
The Cold War
Proxy Wars
WWW.NICKJORDAN.CA
HORTON HIGH SCHOOL
2014
The Cold War Heats Up!
GLOBAL HISTORY 12 CHINA – QUELLING A REVOLUTION
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Chinese Civil War
BATTLE FOR RED CHINA
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After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa)
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冷战解释英语5句话
冷战，即“The Cold War”，指1947年至1991年间，美国、北大西洋公约组织为主的资本主义阵营与苏联、华沙条约组织为主的社会主义阵营之间的政治、经济、军事斗争。
以下是我用英语编写的关于冷战的五句话，共计800字：1. "The Cold War was a period of political, economic, and military confrontation between the capitalist and socialist blocs, characterized by mutual suspicion and fear of each other's intentions."冷战是资本主义和社会主义阵营之间一段时期内的政治、经济和军事对抗，特点在于彼此相互猜疑，害怕对方的意图。
2. "From the early post-war years to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War presented a stark choice between two opposing ideologies."从战后初期一直到苏联解体，冷战让人们必须在两种对立的思想意识形态之间做出抉择。
3. "The ideological divide between the two camps was reflected in their respective alliances and policies, leading to a period of intense competition and mutual suspicion."两个阵营之间的意识形态分歧反映在他们各自的联盟和政策上，导致了一段时期激烈的竞争和相互猜疑。
4. "However, the Cold War also witnessed moments of cooperation and dialogue, particularly in the field of arms control and disarmament."尽管如此，冷战时期也出现了合作和对话的时刻，尤其是在军备控制和裁军领域。
The Cold War 冷战
The U.S.-led campaign of capitalism
Soviet union socialist camp
Policy
European communist party Economy Marshall plan 马歇尔计划 Help each other经互会 German Piecing together the federal Bolster problem republic of Germany democracy Germany Military Established NATO Plan Warsaw Treaty 北大西洋公约组织 Organization华 沙条约组织
The Vietnam War(1955~1975)
Although the U.S.A didn’t fail in battle, it was a fatal mistake during the Cold War.
This event turned the U.S.A from a wonderful position to the opposite, and it was also American’s Waterloo.
The Afghanistan Issue(1979~1989)
Soviet Union wanted to control the Indian Ocean through holding Afghanistan for reaching the goal of taking over the world.
Cold War refers to:1947--1991 years the United States led western capitalist countries and the Soviet Union socialist countries two camps in addition to the direct engagement, in economic, political, military, diplomatic, cultural, ideological and other aspects are in a state of confrontation period.
英美文化部分名词解释
The Cold War （冷战）By the end of WWⅡ, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, because the strongest country in the world. As the possessor of atomic tombs and much of the world’s gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the policy-makers of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, a world market free and open to American goods and services. In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union. Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold War began.Mrs. Thatcher （撤切尔主义）Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy.Service industries （服务业）They are industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”.Regionalism (地方主义)As pioneers settled new territories in the West, writers now focused on the differences between the various regions of the United States rather than on a single vision of the expanding country.Stock （股票）When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop—they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk.Three Faiths in the US （三大信仰）By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestants are the strongest, the Catholics are next to the Protestants and Jewish are the smallest amongthe three groups.The Civil Rights Movement （公民权利运动）It’s one of the most important of all social movement in the 1960s U.S. history. Rosa Park’s spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to be the true beginning of the civil rights movement. The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement. During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like SNCC (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, CORE (the Congress of Racial Equality), and SCLC (the Southern Christian Leadership Conference) struggled for racial integration by providing leadership, tactics, network and the people. In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self image of the blacks. The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in the U.S.The containment policy （压制政策）The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. By containment, the US meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US fought two was in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.The “Lost Generation” (迷惘的一代)In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Gener ation”. The two most representative writers of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.Transcendentalists（超验主义者）In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion. A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson. They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence. They are known as Transcendentalists. The “Beat Generation”（跨掉的一代）The “Beat Generation” was made up of a group of young writers in the 1950s based in San Francisco. The name referred simultaneously to the rhythm of Jazz music, to their sense that society was worn out, to the interest in new forms of experience, through drugs, alcohol or Eastern mysticism. Alan Ginsburg’s Howl set for them a tone of social protest.Greensboro Sit-in (格林斯博罗静坐)On February 1, 1960, 4 freshmen from a black college in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat down at a department lunch counter and ordered coffee. When refused, they continued to sit at the counter, openly defying the segregation law prevailing in the state. The next day, more students joined them. Thus began the civil rights movement, which spread from the south to th e north. Later, this quiet “sit-in” became the major nonviolent direct action tactics to be used by black civil rights activists.White-collar crimes (白领阶层的犯罪)White-collar crimes are those committed by higher income groups such as the crimes of fraud, false advertising, corporate price fixing, bribery, embezzlement, industrial pollution, tax evasion and so on. Yet the statistics provided by the FBI tend to overlook white-collar crimes. In fact, white-collar crimes are often ignored by law enforcement agencies. Some sociologists argue that the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes.。
冷战英文介绍 the cold war
A
6
Détente
缓和
As Nixon distanced America from
the Vietnam War, he searched for a
better-focused foreign policy. He
with his Secretary of State began a
kind of balance-of-power diplomacy
The Vietnam War: The Vietnam
War was the longest and most unpopular war in American history. Many people lost their lives during the war.
A
5
The Cuban Missile Crisis(古巴导弹 危机): The Cuban missile crisis known as
THE DIFFERENT POLICY: During the Cold War,
the U.S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against communism. And the Soviet Union believed it should rapidly build up its strength for the final struggle against capitalism(资本主义).
A
4
The Hot War
The Korean War(1950-1953):
The Korean War was a result of Cold War friction. After World War into the Soviet-supported north and the American-supported south.
文学性
quoteThe Shadow had no imagination. He neither looked at naked women nor thought of ridding the world of dictators like Hitler or Mussolini.[影子没有想象力。
他既不看裸体女人，也不想摆脱像希特勒或墨索里尼这样的独裁者的世界。
]多克托罗是当代美国犹太文学中一颗耀眼的明星,他以其独特的后现代叙事艺术而倍受关注,然而其作品中的犹太性则在一定程度上被忽视。
在研究多克托罗作品的著述中,专门研究其犹太性的很少。
多克托罗成长于东欧犹太移民家庭,深受犹太文化的影响,犹太性是其作品中的一个重要主题。
随着犹太人融入美国社会的程度不断提高,如何保持犹太身份、避免犹太文化的消失受到了越来越多的关注。
犹太教曾经是几千年的犹太大流散中维系犹太人的一条精神纽带,但是越来越多的美国犹太远离犹太教选择一种世俗生活。
世俗化的美国犹太人能否作为一个种族继续延续下去成为一个亟待解决的重要问题。
本论文通过对《世界博览会》小说中犹太主题的探讨来剖析多克托罗的犹太性及其在不同时期的变化,指出多克托罗的犹太性体现在他对保存美国犹太种族及犹太文化的关注和探讨。
《世界博览会》发表于二十世纪八十年代。
作者通过一个普通犹太家庭的经历探讨了美国犹太人的同化问题和身份问题。
面对美国文化的冲击,移民家庭的三代犹太人分别有着不同的选择,第三代犹太少年双重身份的选择代表了作者的理想。
World's Fairprint Print document PDF list Cite link Link“Essentially,” E. L. Doctorow told one interviewer, “I believe you have to reinvent fiction with each and every book; you’ve got to take the conventions and break them down, reconstitute them.” The strongest impulse in twentieth century literature, Doctorow told another, has been “to assault fiction, assault the forms, destroy it so it can rise again. You let go of the tropes one by one. You get rid of the lights, you get rid of the music, you forego the drum roll, and finally you do the high-wire act without the wire.”In practice, what the attitudes expressed in these statements mean is that Doctorow’s work has combined an aversion to repeating himself with a persistent intention. The aversion has made versatility and daring distinguishing marks of his fiction; the intention has made his individual books take on the status of pieces of a single oeuvre.Each Doctorow book seems a new departure. With each, he creates a different narrative voice, focuses on a different time and place, experiments with a different style, and explores a different aspect of American experience. In Welcome to Hard Times (1960), the time is the nineteenth century, the setting is the Old West, and the narrator is a cowardly mayor plagued by existential angst. In The Book of Daniel (1971), the time is the Cold War 1950’s and the explosive 1960’s, the focus is the Old Left’s legacy to the New, the narrator is an angry, self-mocking graduate studentwhose life story incorporates the radicalism of both eras. In Ragtime (1975), the time is the turn of the century, the style mixes real and imagined figures, and the narrative voice is a verbal equivalent of ragtime music. In Loon Lake (1980), the time is the Depression, the form is a 1970’s blend of Horatio Alger and proletarian novel, and the narrators include the main character, a failed poet, and a computer. In Lives of the Poets (1984), the time is the 1980’s, the form is a series of related stories, and the narrative voice is pastiche of the sounds of contemporary American fiction. In World’s Fair, the time is, again, the Depression, the setting is the Bronx, the form blends fiction and memoir into a Bildungsroman, and the narration is divided between a young boy, his older self, his mother, and his brother.Beneath its variety and versatility, however, each of Doctorow’s books represents another contribution to a continuing project. That project has focused on testing the limits of genre, blurring (and so, challenging) the accepted boundaries between the real and the imagined, the historical and the fictional. (Thus, to accuse Doctorow, as some reviewers have, of failing to be “fully novelistic”in Ragtime and World’s Fair is to miss his artistic point completely.) In Ragtime, the metaphor for this artistic challenge to conventional notions of reality and fiction is Harry Houdini, forced to think of increasingly more dangerous escapes so that his illusions can compete with “the real-world act.”In World’s Fair, Doctorow’s project is embodied in a circus clown who climbs the high wire after “the experts”are done.Slipping and sliding about holding on to the wire for dear life, he was actually doing stunts far more difficult than any that had gone on before. This was confirmed, invariably, as he doffed his clown garments one by one and emerged the star who headlined the high-wire act . I took profound instruction from this hoary circus routine . There was art in the thing, the power of illusion, the mightier power of the reality behind it. What was first true was then false, a man was born from himself.Doctorow’s versatility and his effort to bring about the rebirth of...(The entire section is 1547 words.)imagined houses as superior beings who talked silently to one another," writes EL Doctorow in his sixth novel, World's Fair. Looking back on a 1930s childhood in the Bronx, it's a book that quickly shrinks you down to waist height and throws you colourfully and evocatively into a speedily growing New York. It opens in the early 30s, during the Depression –a time of Flash Gordon comics, early phonographs, and whispered dread about Hitler – and ends with the astonishing radio-controlled cars and space age structures of the 1939 World's Fair in Flushing Meadow. In this way, it is a rare thing: a book that makes you miss the past and the future simultaneously.Doctorow is a great collector of yellowing cultural clutter, not least in his latest novel, Homer And Langley, a fictionalised account of the life of the Collyer brothers, America's most notorious hoarders. His books – most notably 1975's Ragtime - often zigzag through the lives of prominent 20th-century figures, with unnerving yet convincing abandon. Ragtime was criticised on publication for the liberties it took with such well-known lives as Houdini's, Emma Goldman's and JP Morgan's (John Updike said it "smacked of playing with helpless dead puppets"), but it ultimately paved the way for everyone from Don DeLillo to James Ellroy to insert real life luminaries into their fiction. Similarly, upon World's Fair's publication in 1985, the New York Times criticised a "peculiar" and "clumsy" mixture of memoir and fiction which now seems like a natural – perhaps even superior –precursor to Tobias Wolff's celebrated attempt to perform a not dissimilar feat in 1989's This Boy's Life.The narrator in World's Fair has the same first name as Doctorow, Edgar. His father, mother and brother are, like Doctorow's, respectively called Dave, Rose and Donald. When Edgar tells us about his family dog being run over or the magic of the music shop were Dave works, the recollections are so clear and powerfully felt that it seems impossible that these things did not happen to the author himself. But Doctorow also adds a smattering of chapters in the voices of Rose, Dave, Donald and his aunt Frances. These are addressed to the narrator himself, in the manner an elderly relative might respond to some quizzing about a family legend. They work very well. When Donald disagrees with Edgar about how physically harsh their father was, it justifies Doctorow's decision to write the book as fiction. The additional voices also help give a little more of a sense of the hardship of the era. Rose, for example, reminds us of the 1930s' lack of conveniences: how time-consuming it was to live in a period before washing machines, before refrigeration; when clothes had to be scrubbed on a washboard and all meals had to be made from scratch.Doctorow's narrator probably couldn't have told us this. His recollections have the eloquence of adulthood, but always take immense care to find a child's perspective on the world and keep to a child's interests. "I had the distinct impression that death was Jewish," he tells us. I completely believe Edgar "did not like Humpty Dumpty" for the reason that the egg-human "lacked all manly definition and was so irrevocably fragile", although, as a seven year-old, he probably couldn't have put it into words that way. Even when Edgar talks of the deterioration of his parents' marriage, and describes his father as "a free soul tethered, by a generous improvidence not terribly or shrewdly mindful of itself, to the imperial soul of an attractive woman" he makes it believable that, somewhere deep in his rapidly developing mind, a precocious, bright pubescent might have made such an observation.And Edgar is precocious. He helps his brother's teenage band by calling out a new member who is only pretending that he can play saxophone. When reading about the elusive, often invisible comic superhero The Shadow, he works out that a clever crook could kill him by simply keeping his figure pressed down on the trigger of a Tommy gun and spinning around 360 degrees. But the knowledge that we are dealing with such an advanced pre-pubescent never erodes the sweet sense of awe and innocence that is present from Edgar's first sentence right up to the finale, at the World's Fair itself: "a quiet world of tomorrow" with "everyone all dressed up". In Doctorow's best other novels – even early ones such as Ragtime and The Book Of Daniel –there is a sense of being in a whiskery, erudite presence that has spent a goodly amount of time weighing the world. World's Fair might not walk the bold narrative line that they do, but very surefootedly, sentence by sentence, it creates something arguably even more memorable: a voice that is wise, comforting, open-eyed with wonder and authentic all at the same time.“I imagined houses as superior beings who talked silently to each other.”Child’s imagination, child’s fantasies and memories of our childhood are all dear to us. And I suppose there is always some central recollection that remains with us during our entire life. “My father had predicted the Fair would be good for business. He explained that people were coming to see it from all over the country. They would have to stay in hotels, they would have to have dinner, they would spend money going to Radio City and they would pass the shop and see records and electrolas they wanted and they would come in and buy something. People on trips always set aside money to buy things. Besides, in his store they could find things you couldn’t find anywhere else. He was very optimistic.”Life goes on, we grow older but memories of childhood remain the brightest and dearest.[我相信世博会是他自己童年的E.L·L·多克托的文学再现- 这部小说如此富有同情心，充满了真实的感情。
cold war美苏冷战 英语最全最完整的本啵啵独家制作
Policy
Truman socialist杜鲁门主义
Economy Marshall plan 马歇尔计划
German Piecing together the federal problem republic of Germany
Military
Established NATO 两大军事集团对立形成
Causes of Cold War
(1) Underlying causes (i) Ideological (意识形态的) (ii) Economic (iii) Power rivalry(竞争)
(2) Immediate Causes Leading to the Cold War (i) Extension of Russian influence in Europe (ii) The reactions of the United States (iii) Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet Union
何谓“冷战”
（What is Cold War)
Cold War refers to:1947--1991 years the United States led western capitalist countries and the Soviet Union socialist countries two camps in addition to the direct engagement, in economic, political, military, diplomatic, cultural, ideological and other aspects are in a state of confrontation period.
The cold war 冷战
冷战时期全球形势 深蓝色：北大西洋公约组织。 正蓝色：美国的其它盟国。 浅蓝色：接受美国援助的国家。 绿色：欧洲的殖民地。 深红色：华沙条约组织。 正红色：与苏联结盟的社会主义国家。 浅红色：苏联的其它盟国。 灰色：不结盟国家。
Prologue Start: Truman Doctrine (1947) End: Soviet Union, Eastern Europe (1991.12) German unification Important sign: Iron Curtain Speech (1946.3), the Truman Doctrine (1947.3), Soviet Union (1991.12) camps 序幕 NATO : (full name: North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 开始：杜鲁门主义（1947） Time: 1949; 结束：苏联解体，东欧剧变（1991.12）德国统一 Country: United States led 12 Western countries 重要标志：铁幕演说（1946.3）、杜鲁门主义（1947.3）、苏联解体（1991.12）两大阵营 Nature: military-political group for the target: 北约的成立：（全称：北大西洋公约组织） Soviet-led socialist countries in Eastern Europe. 时间：1949年； 国家：以美国为首的12个西方国家 Features: collective defense, the United States and some Western European countries, 性质：军事政治集团针对对象：苏联为首的东欧社会主义国家。 Canada and the Soviet Union to compete together. 特点：集体防御，美国和加拿大联合西欧一些国家共同与苏联抗衡。 目的:美国加拿大和联合西欧洲一些国家共同与苏联抗衡,对苏联进行遏制。Union Objective: USA Western Europe, Canada and the United States and the Soviet 华约的成立：（全称：华沙条约组织） Soviet Union. jointly compete for containment of the 时间：1955年established: (full name: Warsaw Treaty Organization) WTO was 国家：苏联和7个东欧国家（共8国） 性质：军事政治集团针对对象：以美国为首的资本主义国家。 Time: 1955 特点:单独或集体自卫 Country: Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries (a total of eight countries) 目的:苏联联合东欧国家成立华约，既用来同美国和西欧抗衡；也可以进一步控制东欧 Nature: military-political group for the target: the US-led capitalist countries. Features: individual or collective self-defense Objective: The Soviet Eastern European countries established joint WTO, both to compete with the United States and Western Europe; Eastern Europe can be further controlled
美苏冷战的对峙小作文英文
美苏冷战的对峙小作文英文Title: The Cold War Confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union。
The Cold War stands as one of the most significant periods in modern history, characterized by intense ideological, political, and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Spanning from the end of World War II in 1945 to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, this confrontation shaped global politics, economics, and society for decades. This essay delves into the intricacies of the Cold War standoff between these two superpowers.At its core, the Cold War was a clash of ideologies –capitalism versus communism. The United States championed democratic principles, individual freedoms, and a market-driven economy, while the Soviet Union promoted state-controlled communism and centralized planning. This ideological divide served as the backdrop for numerousconflicts and proxy wars across the globe.One of the primary theaters of the Cold War was Europe, where the United States and its NATO allies confronted the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The division of Germany symbolized this confrontation, with West Germany aligned with the Western powers and East Germany under Soviet influence. The Berlin Wall, erected in 1961, became a potent symbol of the Iron Curtain separating the capitalist West from the communist East.The arms race was another critical aspect of the Cold War confrontation. Both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a relentless competition to develop and stockpile nuclear weapons. The doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD) emerged, whereby both sides recognized that a full-scale nuclear conflict would result in catastrophic consequences for all parties involved. This led to a tense balance of power known as deterrence, where neither side dared to initiate a nuclear attack for fear of retaliation.Proxy wars were a common feature of the Cold War era, as both superpowers sought to expand their influence without directly confronting each other. Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, and various African nations became battlegrounds for ideological struggles between the United States and the Soviet Union. These conflicts often resulted in immense human suffering and geopolitical instability, as rival factions received military and financial support from their respective patrons.The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 stands out as one of the most perilous moments of the Cold War. The discovery of Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba, capable of striking the United States, brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. Tensions escalated rapidly, with both sides engaging in brinkmanship before reaching a diplomatic resolution. The crisis underscored the dangers of miscalculation and the importance of effective communication between nuclear-armed adversaries.Despite the constant threat of conflict, the Cold War also witnessed periods of détente, characterized byefforts to reduce tensions and promote dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union. Strategic armslimitation talks (SALT) and various diplomatic initiatives aimed to prevent the escalation of hostilities and manage the risks of nuclear confrontation. However, underlying mistrust and competition persisted, leading to periodic flare-ups of tension.The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War era, signaling the triumph of capitalism and the decline of communism as a global ideological force. The peaceful dissolution of the Soviet bloc caught many by surprise, highlighting the resilience of democratic institutions and the failure of centralized planning. The end of the Cold War ushered in a new era of globalization and uncertainty, as the world grappled with the challenges of a post-Soviet order.In conclusion, the Cold War standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union was a defining chapter in 20th-century history. Fueled by ideological rivalry, military competition, and proxy conflicts, this confrontation shapedthe course of global politics and society for over four decades. While the threat of nuclear annihilation loomed large, diplomatic effo rts and occasional détente helped prevent a catastrophic showdown between the world's two superpowers.。
The_Cold_War
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 杜鲁门主义和马歇尔计划 The Truman Administration decided to provide aid for these two countries. In his speech to Congress Truman said, it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation （subjugation：征服；制服） by armed minorities or by outside pressures. 少数武 装人员和外来压力企图进行的征服（前苏联支持的游 击队和前苏联干涉）That is to say, the U. S. government would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The Berlin blockade 柏林封锁 In order to control inflation in their unified zone, the three powers decided to introduce a new Mark which would also be used in West Berlin. The Soviet Union, fearing that this measure might affect the economic situation in its occupied zone, objected. When the West rejected the Soviet objection, the Soviet Union took this drastic move, which came to be known as the Berlin Blockade. 柏林封锁（1948年6月苏联封锁柏林， 直至1949年5月才解除）
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01.4 The Cold War01.4.1The 1950sWith the war over [=After the war was over](=blocks阵营) led by the Soviet Union and the United States. Americans reached a [con-:=together; sense=reason理性->] consensus (共识) that Soviets were evil atheists (无神论者) out for world [dominate->] domination (主导) and concluded that the United States was the only country (be able to do sth.=) (be ~ of doing sth.) capable of stopping them. As (=When) the United States accepted the superpower role (=part角色) it still maintains (=keeps), the country moved from a [depend (on): vi] dependence on conventional (=traditional) armies to a strategy (策略) of sophisticated (=complicated复杂的) airpower, long-range (远程) missiles, [nu-/neo=new; nu-: 核的] nuclear [sub-: under;marine=sea->] 艇), and[thermo-: warm->] (热核的) warheads (核弹头).After a decade of economic depression followed by a four-year war (symbolized a stage) where personal spending was limited and where savings accounts (账号) bulged (膨胀) with $ 40 billion, Americans began to consume. Millions of veterans (老兵) used the new “G.I. (=Government Issue 军用品) Bill” to get university degrees, and in the process [(1)vt.加工(2)n.工艺, 工序; (3)n.过程], increased the numbers of US research universities. As the middle class expanded and均质化,整齐划一) and seemed to reach a basic consensus (共识) about values (价值观) and culture. Sociologist David Reisman’s The Lonely Crowd [->crowded拥挤的] (1950) described this as adoing what others expected (期待). The primaryexpression of wealth was the baby boom (生育高峰) of 1945–57 which saw (=experienced经历/ witnessed见证) the birthrate (出生率) soar to 25 births per 1,000 people – about 4 million babies a year. Larger families promoted (=lead to导致) a demand for housing (住宅) construction and the automobile (汽车) allowed for far-flung (蔓延) suburban communities. By 1960 the majority (多数) of Americans lived in the suburbs, commuted (->commuter) on the new interstate (州际) -> highway man强盗<->express way=free way高速公路) system, and bought what they needed in shopping malls (大型购物中心; supermarket自选商场->hypermarket 超大型商场).To renew (=improve提升) themselves, Americans turned to religion and listened to radio evangelists (福音传道者) like (=such as) Billy Graham who preached (布道) that true Americans were Christians, not “godless Communists.” In 1954, Congress added the words “under God” to the Pledge (誓言) ofAllegiance (效忠), and the next year put the words “In God We Trust (=believe in God)” on every piece of [current: (1)n.洋流,潮流; (2)adj. 当前的->] currency (货币). Christianity (基督教) demanded order and pressured (=forced) women to return to the domestic sphere to raise (养育) “decent (=good)” children. Thousands obeyed, but thousands more were reluctant (=unwilling不愿意的) to give up the freedom and equality provided by a paycheck. The “two-income family (双职工家庭)” lifted (提高) the status (地位) ofand increased [pose: vi.摆姿势->] (税后所得的, 可支配的) income so that most white Americans lived in what John Kenneth Galbraith called TheEducation (1954), the Supreme Court ordered theMontgomery, Alabama, refused to ride (乘车) the segregated city bus lines and found a leader in Martin Luther King, Jr. [junior小<->senior老] Latinos and American Indians began to protest their (poor: adj.<->) poverty [n.贫穷] and second-class citizenship in the richest country on earth (=in the world).A growing (=increasing) youth culture (阶层) turned to jazz, marijuana (大麻), and Rock ‘n’ Roll to challenge the conformity (一致性,遵纪守法) in the suburbs [Counter-culture反主流文化].During the 1950s, Americans became– which was formed in 1938 to explore whether or not the New Deal welfare (福利制度) programs (=project计划) were “creeping (爬行) socialism” –to uncover conspiracies (阴谋) against the American way of life. HUAC’s Richard Nixon headed the investigation into the stealing of atomic secrets by foreign spies. Actorexpansion, voters in 1952 elected US Armyand encouraging economic growth. He believedphilosophy: “What is good for General Motors is also good for our country.” The government invested in weaponry and big businesses profited (获利) in what Eisenhower critically termed (=called/ names) the “military-industrial complex (军事产业合作体).” Things were booming like never before.****************************************Martin Luther King, Jr. **************************************** 1.4.2 The 1960sThe decade opened with a presidential election between Republican Vice-President Richard Milhous Nixon and Democratic Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK). Both were anti-communists who had supported McCarthy’s ****************************************Joseph McCarthy **************************************** witch-hunt (猎女巫, 反共产主义活动). Nixon appealed to [(1)n.欲望; (2)=attract;(3)呼吁] conservative Protestants and Kennedy, a Catholic, fought to downplay (=scorn轻蔑) rumors (谣言) that he was controlled by the Pope (罗马天主教教皇). Nixon pushed for (强烈要求) television debates. After all, when rumors of an illegal camp aign “slush fund (贿赂基金)” almost forced him from the Republican ticket in 1952, Nixon went on television to explain that he had alsoreceived a puppy (a small dog) as a gift. With a tear in his eye and his voice shaking, Nixon said that his daughter loved that puppy and that no matter what happened, he would not make (force) her give it back. Viewers (=Audience) agreed that Nixon should keep his dog and remain on the ticket. In 1960, television did make the difference (=was influential影响力很大，起作用), but it was JFK (Kennedy)’s camera presence (=performance表现) that won the election.At his inauguration (就职典礼), Kennedy challenged Americans to “ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do foryour country.” His 使柔弱,玩女人) –including Marilyn Monroe –was not high media drama in days when the press (媒体)“New Frontier,” raised the minimum wage,愁潦倒) Appalachia – an area located primarily in Tennessee –and appointed more minorities to federal jobs than anyone had done before. Yet, JFK insisted on balancing the budget (预算) instead of spending on social welfare programs and even though he supported the efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr., his administration (政府当局) could not be counted on (=be relied依赖) to stand up to (对抗) determined (=stubborn顽固的) Southern white racism (种族主义).It was in foreign policy that Kennedy made his mark, even after a bad start (=beginning). A CIA-planned (invade; vt.->) invasion of Cuba failed, and a few months later the world awoke to a new barrier (障碍)– and a Soviet victory – the Berlin Wall. [bold=brave<->bald秃头的](=Encouraged), Cuban President Fidel Castro and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (赫鲁晓夫) put missiles in Cuba in October 1962.Kennedy responded by [threat: n.威胁] threatening nuclear war if the missiles were not removed. When Khrushchev capitulated(=give in让步<->give up放弃), Kennedy’s popularity (声望) rose. Americans also admired Kennedy’s establishment of the Peace Corpsbecause it the historical missionary (传教士) zeal of bringing democracy and “American know-how (=knowledge知识)” to developing countries. They liked his determination (毅力,决心) to win the space race (竞赛) by putting a man on the moon before the before] foresee (=predict预料) the consequences (=result) of, his order sending 16,000 combat advisors (顾问) to Vietnam. Then, on 22 November 1963, a sniper—or, according to asnipers—[murder谋杀<->assassinate政治谋杀] assassinated him in Dallas, Texas.JFK the martyr (殉道者) myth immediately rose up in the American imagination as a shining promise of what might have been. His beatification (受福, 授福) eased (n./vt.扫平) the way for his successor (继任者), Lyndon Johnson,to declare a “war on poverty” and to promote his “Great Society” programs for raising the lot) of the [privilege: n.特权->](穷困的,下层社会的). Minority groups were already resisting their exclusion (排斥在外) from the affluent (=rich富足的) society. In the farms of the West where workers labored long days for poor pay and no benefits packages (=welfare福利), Cesar Chavez organized migrant Chicano (墨西哥裔美国人) laborers into the United Farm Workers Union. The African American Civil Rights Movement hit high gear (齿轮; 提速), and mass (=public) protests created turmoil (混乱) and brought world opinion to bear on (对…产生影响) discrimination and racism. Martin Luther King used non-violent moral pressure, but others, like (=such as) Malcolm X and the Black Panthers (美洲豹), believed that violence could be a revolutionary tool. From 1964 to 1968, race riots (暴乱) erupted (爆发) across urban America. In this climate of anger and fear, further[murder<->assassinate: vt.政治谋杀] assassinations followed: Malcolm X (1965), Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968), and presidential candidate Robertviolence combined with the (使士气低落的) war in Vietnam to destroy the Great Society.The nation divided sharply along [gene: n.基因->generate= produce-> generation->]生育的,世代的), philosophical, gender, and racial lines. When it became clear种族灭绝) and that there were limits to American power, anti-war protests (反战游行抗议) further split (分化) society as (=when) women, environmentalists, blacks, Latinos, gays, Indians, hippies, and students demanded (要求) change. Johnson was besieged (=troubled包围，使烦恼) by the incessant (=ever-lasting) chanting (咏唱) outside the Oval Office: “Hey, Hey LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)! How many kids you kill today?” and “Two, Four, Six, Eight, We don’twant to integrate!” and “Power! Black Power!” He did not run for reelection.1.4.3 The 1970sRichard Nixon was back, promising “peace with honor (体面地结束越战)” in Vietnam and a return to “law and order” at home. Americans –whom Nixon called “the Great Silent (minority<->) Majority” –elected him to thepresidency in 1968 and 1972. He(=finally) pulled American troops out of Vietnam, but only after a savage (野蛮的) (lift垂直向上的电梯<->escalator倾斜向上的电梯) escalation (扩大,增加) of bombing forced the peace. Nixon also made overtures (=proposal) to (向…建议) Russia and China and foreign policy entered an era of détente (=relax). In domestic affairs, he promoted a “New Federalism” to reduce the role of the national government by returning power to the states and placed (=put) thousands of police in America’s streets to reestablish domestic order. The scandals came quickly. Daniel Ellsberg, aPentagon official (文官<->officer武馆), leaked top-secret documents, the Pentagon Papers, to theThe Washington Post(误导)完told the American people about Vietnam. The second story revealed that Nixon had known about the burglary and had covered it up (掩盖). The Senate investigated the matter (事), television turned it into high drama, and when Congress threatened to impeach (弹劾) him, Nixon resigned. Watergate was a triumph (=victory胜利) for a liberal (=free) press, the checks (=control) and balances system and thefears of conspiracy (阴谋) and (缺乏信赖) of government. With the years of social turmoil (动荡) and assassinations (谋杀), thenation’s first war defeat (第一次打败战), a stagnant economy (停滞萧条的经济) with high inflation (通胀), and two presidents dishonored for lying, the American people suffered (蒙受经济损失, 遭受精神折磨) a crisis in confidence (信任危机).Usually the elected vice-president becomes president when a (vacant->) vacancy (空缺) occurs out-of-sync (不同步正常的Agnew had been found逃税,漏税) and had stepped down. Nixon selected Gerald Ford to fill Agnew’s position, effectively making Ford the only. Still [(1)adv. further more而且; (2)adj.=motionless静止的], the people felt better to have a man known to be scrupulously (小心翼翼的) honest at the helm (舵,掌舵). Ford made Americans laugh when he declared upon taking office, “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln” – a word-play (pun文字游戏) on a common automobile and a luxury car (LincolnContinental), as well as the obvious connection. Americans were prepared to suspend (暂停) judgment when (=suddenly) the unthinkableFord issuedexplained it as a way to end “our long national nightmare,” most Americans saw the action as yet者) Jimmy Carter defeated Ford by making a single campaign promise never to lie to the American people. In domestic affairs, Carter could not stop inflation, which rose to 4 percent as unemployment topped (高居) 7 percent for the first time since the Depression. An energy crisis hurt the economy when Arab oil-producing states cut oil exports in protest of US–Israeli actions in the Middle East. Two [aster-/astr-与星象有关->]disasters also indicated (=showed) governmental failures. In 1978, at a housing development in Niagara Falls, New York (city), called “Lovedump nearby. The next year, at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, a nuclear power plant releasedatmosphere.Carter did better in the global arena (斗兽场), deftly (=skillfully灵巧地) handling a treaty returning the canal zone to Panama, officially recognizing the People’s Repub lic of China, brokering (调停) the peace between Egypt and Israel that ended their 30-years’ war, and campaigning (=fighting) worldwide for human rights. But those successes were overcome (克服，抵消) in the long year of 1980 when Iranian revolutionaries held 52 Americans hostage in Tehran (德黑兰) after theUS-backed Shah (伊朗王). Carter’s(外交的) efforts failed and the American people fumed over (大怒) Muslim terrorists and Arab oil embargoes (禁运). When Carter seemed to be locked in the White House doing nothing, his popularity (声望) tumbled (倒下). When he tried a rescue mission (=task) with helicopter (直升机), gunship (炮舰), a dust storm in the desert spoiled the attempt, and Americans blamed him personally.1.4.4 The Reagan EraRising (vi.) prices, energy人质), and social turmoil (动荡), [food->feed->] fed into the rising right-wing[surge: (1)n.波涛; (2)vt.汹涌而至->](复苏). In 1979, in the United Kingdom, the conservative Margaret Thatcher was electedIn 1980, in the United States,voters opted for (=chose) the of California, a former (the ~前者<->the latter后者) actor in second-rate movies, a charismatic (=charming有魅力的) cowboy who wasthreatening war with Iran if it did not return the hostages. Ronald Reagan beat Carter by a landslide electoral college vote of 489–49 after promising to return Americans to confidencestressing patriotism (爱国主义) and(恢复) the military. At 69, he was the oldest president the country had evergrandfatherly chuckle (轻声笑)(=attracted) voters, and his acting ability gained him the sobriquet (=nickname绰号) “the Great Communicator (雄辩家).”On inauguration day, Iran released the hostages – there had been a secret deal [n./ vt.交易]. Reagan continued his aggressive stance (立场), labeling the Soviet Union “an evil empire” and vowing (发誓) to intervene (干预) militarily if anyone threatened US interests. This high-risk strategy made the world uneasy (=nervous) while it (strong->strength: n.->) strengthened American confidence. Reagan (prove: vt. 证明->) approved expensive high-tech projects, got the military budget increased from $136 to $244 billion – fourtimes the amount spent per minute during the“Star Wars” defense system in outer space to protect the US against a nuclear strike by another (super) power. But Reagan’s approach (=method) did not bring peace or security. When he sent marines (=sea->海军陆战队) into Lebanon in 1983 as part of a peacekeeping force, terrorists used a truck bomb to kill 29 of them. Reagan withdrew the soldiers. In 1985, Muslim fundamentalists held various Americans hostage, hijacked airplanes, killed an American tourist on a cruise (游船) ship near Crete (克利特岛), and bombed an American nightclub in Munich (慕尼黑). Frustrated by the inability to hold any country responsible, Reagan sent an air-strike (空袭) against Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi for his support of terrorists.Reagan was more successful in stopping Cuban-led insurgency (暴动) in Grenada [(英)格林纳达，东加勒比海向风群岛的最南端，南距委内瑞拉海岸约160公里]. He also approved ofCIA help to the “Contras (反对派)” – a rightwing group in Nicaragua trying to overthrow (推翻) an elected socialist government. Worried that the US might be getting involved in another Vietnam, Congress ordered all funding to the Contrasstopped. At that point,–a deputy to the National Security Advisor –the Watergate scandal –and a congressional investigation revealed (=showed) a presidency (总体及其内阁, 总体职位) out of control, one managed so loosely (松弛) that non-elected officials could subvert (颠覆, 推翻) the orders of Congress. Reagan said he knew nothing of it and the matter faded (vi.褪色) away.Reagan’s domestic policy rolled back the social welfare programs begun in the New Deal and expanded during the Great Society. Individual responsibility and free marketcapitalism were revived. Social commentators spoke of “lifestyle choices” as a way to explain away (淡化) poverty, failure (政府的失职), and multiculturalism (多元文化). Reagan got tax breaks (减税) for the rich and called for an increase in capital punishment (死刑), harsher (=severer严厉的) penalties (刑罚) for drug use, more prisons, and bigger police departments.In 1988, Reagan’s two-term Vice-President, George Bush, easily defeated the Democratic nominee (提名人) Michael Dukakis. Bush spoke of a “kinder, gentler” America while he maintained (=kept) Reagan’s economic policies. He benefited from (获益) breathtaking events in Eastern Europe: the Berlin Wall came down, Germany reunited, and Soviet President MikhailGorbachev’s reform policies led to the(->collapsible可折叠的) and breakup of theThe Warsawmoved toward free market capitalism, something Bush called “the New World Order.”In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, only to be surprised at the quick and determined response of Bush, who by January had deployed (部署) over 500,000 American troops to the Persian Gulf. The quick victory in “Operation Desert Storm” boosted his popularity at home. But the economy slowed and, wanting to balance the budget, Bush (seek->) sought to reduce government domestic programs while reneging (违约) on his 1988 campaign promise, “Read my lips! No new taxes!” The American public resisted any further cuts (削减) in and the tax increase[fury怒火->] (=annoyed激怒) conservatives. In the election of 1992, 19 million disgruntled (不满意的) voters supported a third-party candidate, Texas computer billionaire Ross Perot. This split (分歧) in the conservative vote elected the Democratic nominee (被提名人), a young lawyer and governor from a small Southern state, who played saxophone on MTV: William Jefferson Clinton (Illustration 1.3).。