当代美国翻译
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affiliation英 [əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn] 美 [əˌfɪliˈeɪʃn] n.加入;附属; 联系或关系;接纳. 政党联盟的力量和众议院议长或参议院主席的影响 力可能被高估了。
Committee Chairs can exert significant independence , a result of the seniority principle and consequently havi ng worked within committee for a long time and of a fe eling of collegiality among all committee members.
1994年,资历原则暂时被打破了。
Newt rich -then Speaker of the House-passed over senior members for younger members whose conservative ideological stance matched his own , cementing him as the most powerful Speaker for a generation .
当代美国P98-P99
P98第一段
• TO begin the lawmaking process ,ideas for legislation come from any branch or level of government ,interest group ,community ,or individual . • 立法程序开始的时候,立法思想来自政府 , 利益集团,社区或个人的任何分支机构或 阶层。
如果批准,它就会得到总统最后的批示,通 常都是授予,并签署成为法律。
If the president does not like the bill and less than 10days remain in the legislative session before recess , he can kill the bill by refusing to sign it.
priorities n.优先;优先权;先( priority的名词复数 ); 优先考虑的事 发言人和参议院主席决定立法的优先级,并从他们 自己政党的成员中任命委员会主席。
P99第一段
The strength of party affiliation and the influence of the House Speaker or Senate president can be overestimated.
v分配,指定,调派,划拨,调遣,任,差遣
• 每一个法案归属于一个相关的委员会。
Figure 3.2 The Lawmaking Process
Idea/pollcy stage 观念政策阶段 Introdyced as a Bill作为议案提出 Assigned to Committee分配给委员会 Assigned to Subcommittee分配给下属委员会 Returns to Full Committee收回到全体委员会 Rules Committee(House only)委员会(仅限议院)作出裁议 Full House and Senate debate全体委员会和参议员辩论 Conference Committee委员会协商 Returns for full House and Senate approval返回为了得到全体参众两院批准 President signs the Bill into law总统签字议案变成法律 Specific Departments write procedures to implement the law具体部门编写执行法律的程序
exert vt. 发挥;运用;使受(影响等);用(力) seniority 美 [si:niˈɔ:rəti] n. 资历;年资;年长;职位高 委员会主席可以发挥出较大的独立性是资历原则的结 果,因此,在委员会工作了很长时间会感觉所有委员 是联合领导的。
Powerful Chairs who realize they have reached the limits of their political careers offer majority leaders little leverage.
在众议院,裁判委员会设置规则和 时间来限制辩论。
After debate and changes , members vote on the bill.
辩论和改变之后,委员会成员就法案 表决。
Unless there are compelling local or ideological reasons not to, members usually rely on their party's advice and vote accordingly.
Compelling 英 [kəmˈpelɪŋ] 美 [kəmˈpɛlɪŋ] adj.引人入 胜的;扣人心弦的;非常强烈的;不可抗拒的v.强迫,使 不得不( compel的现在分词)
除非是有不可抗拒的的地方或意识形态上的原因不让 通过,不然成员们一般会按他们自己的党的意见来投 票。
If voted down in either chamber , the bill is dead ;if passed, the bill goes to a Conference Committee to iron out differences between the bills passed in different chambers chamber 美 [ˈtʃembɚ] n. 室,卧室,会客室 vt. 限制,幽禁 如果法案在这个小组委员会被否决了,那它就 废弃了;如果通过了,法案就会提交到会议委 员会,去消除(通过法案的)不同委员会之间 的差异。
In late 1998 the seniority system reemerged following Gingrich's demise.
reemerged v. 再度出现( reemerge的 过去式和过去分词 ) 在1998年末,资历原则随着金里奇的下台 而重新出现。
源自文库
P99第二段
Subcommittees study bills and listen to advices from experts both in and out of government.
cement v.接合, 粘牢,巩固
纽特· 金瑞奇——众议院议长——(越过资深委员)提 拔跟他同属保守意识形态立场的年经成员,巩固他成 为最有影响力的众议长。
纽特· 金瑞奇(Newt rich,1943年),美国政治家。生
于宾夕法尼亚州首府哈里斯堡,1978年当选佐治亚州国会众议员,后成 为国会保守派共和党领袖,终结了民主党42年在众议院的统治地位,因 此成就1995年当选《时代》周刊年度人物[1] 。后和克林顿总统在预算上 冲突激烈,又支持因莱温斯基案弹劾总统,1998年中期选举失利辞职, 2012年参加总统竞选,中途宣布退出。
merits英 ['merɪts] 美 ['merɪts] n.长处;[宗教] (行善得到的)功德( merit的名词复数 );功勋; 荣誉v.值得, 一旦确信了法案的价值,小组委员会报告所有 委员对哪一个法案、什么时候满意了,并作好 与众议院或参议院辩论的准备。
In the House , the Rules Committee sets rules and time limits for debate.
Subcommittee n.(由大委员会的成员组成的) 小组委员会( subcommittee的名词复数 );下属 委员会,附属委员会
小组委员会研究法案并听取政府内外的专家 意见。
Once convinced of the merits of a bill, the subcommittee reports to full committee which , when satisfied , reports it ready for debate by the full House or Senate. .
initiate
formally
sponsored
vt.发起,开创,发动
adv.正式地 vt. 赞助 发起
立法程序启动时,立法思想必须是一个国会成员在 众议院或参议院中作为“法案”正式提出过才能发 起。
Each bill is assigned to a relevant committee.
assigned
P98第二段 The work of committee is structured by its Chairthe senior member of the biggest party-who is attuned to the political desires of his party.
Chair n.椅子;大学教授职位;主持会议的主席(的席位 或职位);讲座vt.主持;使…入座;使就任要职 attuned v.使协调( attune的过去式和过去分词 ) 委员会的工作是它们的主席组织的——最大政党的高 级成员——可以满足他所在政党的政治欲望。
因此,多数党通过委员会和众议院议长领导办公室以 及参议院的“临时”主席(在有需要的时候——副总统 是参议院的正式主席)控制立法议程。
The Speaker and Senate president decide on legislative priorities and appoint committee Chairs from members of their own party.
Chairs have considerable power and decided which Bills to consider or ignore-there are far more Bills introduced than committees can handel.
主席们有相当大的权力来决定哪些法案要考 虑或忽略——法案的出台远远超过委员会的处 理能力。
Thus the majority party controls the legislative agenda both through the committees and through the leadership offices of Speaker of the House and of the Senate's president “ pro tempore"(for the "time being"-the vice-president is the formal president of the Senate).
To initiate the legislation process ,the ideas must be sponsored by a member of Congress who formally introduces it on the floor of the House or Senate as a “Bill” .
The bill is sent back to both Houses for one, last time.
最终,法案被送回两院中的一 个。
If approved . it goes to the president for final approval , which he usually gives , signing it into law.
leverage英 [ˈli:vərɪdʒ] 美 [ˈli:vərɪdʒ] n.杠杆 作用;影响力;优势,力量;举债经营v.举债经营; 借贷收购
有影响力的主席意识到他们已经到达从政生 涯的权力极限了。
In 1944 the seniority principle was broken temporarily 。
Committee Chairs can exert significant independence , a result of the seniority principle and consequently havi ng worked within committee for a long time and of a fe eling of collegiality among all committee members.
1994年,资历原则暂时被打破了。
Newt rich -then Speaker of the House-passed over senior members for younger members whose conservative ideological stance matched his own , cementing him as the most powerful Speaker for a generation .
当代美国P98-P99
P98第一段
• TO begin the lawmaking process ,ideas for legislation come from any branch or level of government ,interest group ,community ,or individual . • 立法程序开始的时候,立法思想来自政府 , 利益集团,社区或个人的任何分支机构或 阶层。
如果批准,它就会得到总统最后的批示,通 常都是授予,并签署成为法律。
If the president does not like the bill and less than 10days remain in the legislative session before recess , he can kill the bill by refusing to sign it.
priorities n.优先;优先权;先( priority的名词复数 ); 优先考虑的事 发言人和参议院主席决定立法的优先级,并从他们 自己政党的成员中任命委员会主席。
P99第一段
The strength of party affiliation and the influence of the House Speaker or Senate president can be overestimated.
v分配,指定,调派,划拨,调遣,任,差遣
• 每一个法案归属于一个相关的委员会。
Figure 3.2 The Lawmaking Process
Idea/pollcy stage 观念政策阶段 Introdyced as a Bill作为议案提出 Assigned to Committee分配给委员会 Assigned to Subcommittee分配给下属委员会 Returns to Full Committee收回到全体委员会 Rules Committee(House only)委员会(仅限议院)作出裁议 Full House and Senate debate全体委员会和参议员辩论 Conference Committee委员会协商 Returns for full House and Senate approval返回为了得到全体参众两院批准 President signs the Bill into law总统签字议案变成法律 Specific Departments write procedures to implement the law具体部门编写执行法律的程序
exert vt. 发挥;运用;使受(影响等);用(力) seniority 美 [si:niˈɔ:rəti] n. 资历;年资;年长;职位高 委员会主席可以发挥出较大的独立性是资历原则的结 果,因此,在委员会工作了很长时间会感觉所有委员 是联合领导的。
Powerful Chairs who realize they have reached the limits of their political careers offer majority leaders little leverage.
在众议院,裁判委员会设置规则和 时间来限制辩论。
After debate and changes , members vote on the bill.
辩论和改变之后,委员会成员就法案 表决。
Unless there are compelling local or ideological reasons not to, members usually rely on their party's advice and vote accordingly.
Compelling 英 [kəmˈpelɪŋ] 美 [kəmˈpɛlɪŋ] adj.引人入 胜的;扣人心弦的;非常强烈的;不可抗拒的v.强迫,使 不得不( compel的现在分词)
除非是有不可抗拒的的地方或意识形态上的原因不让 通过,不然成员们一般会按他们自己的党的意见来投 票。
If voted down in either chamber , the bill is dead ;if passed, the bill goes to a Conference Committee to iron out differences between the bills passed in different chambers chamber 美 [ˈtʃembɚ] n. 室,卧室,会客室 vt. 限制,幽禁 如果法案在这个小组委员会被否决了,那它就 废弃了;如果通过了,法案就会提交到会议委 员会,去消除(通过法案的)不同委员会之间 的差异。
In late 1998 the seniority system reemerged following Gingrich's demise.
reemerged v. 再度出现( reemerge的 过去式和过去分词 ) 在1998年末,资历原则随着金里奇的下台 而重新出现。
源自文库
P99第二段
Subcommittees study bills and listen to advices from experts both in and out of government.
cement v.接合, 粘牢,巩固
纽特· 金瑞奇——众议院议长——(越过资深委员)提 拔跟他同属保守意识形态立场的年经成员,巩固他成 为最有影响力的众议长。
纽特· 金瑞奇(Newt rich,1943年),美国政治家。生
于宾夕法尼亚州首府哈里斯堡,1978年当选佐治亚州国会众议员,后成 为国会保守派共和党领袖,终结了民主党42年在众议院的统治地位,因 此成就1995年当选《时代》周刊年度人物[1] 。后和克林顿总统在预算上 冲突激烈,又支持因莱温斯基案弹劾总统,1998年中期选举失利辞职, 2012年参加总统竞选,中途宣布退出。
merits英 ['merɪts] 美 ['merɪts] n.长处;[宗教] (行善得到的)功德( merit的名词复数 );功勋; 荣誉v.值得, 一旦确信了法案的价值,小组委员会报告所有 委员对哪一个法案、什么时候满意了,并作好 与众议院或参议院辩论的准备。
In the House , the Rules Committee sets rules and time limits for debate.
Subcommittee n.(由大委员会的成员组成的) 小组委员会( subcommittee的名词复数 );下属 委员会,附属委员会
小组委员会研究法案并听取政府内外的专家 意见。
Once convinced of the merits of a bill, the subcommittee reports to full committee which , when satisfied , reports it ready for debate by the full House or Senate. .
initiate
formally
sponsored
vt.发起,开创,发动
adv.正式地 vt. 赞助 发起
立法程序启动时,立法思想必须是一个国会成员在 众议院或参议院中作为“法案”正式提出过才能发 起。
Each bill is assigned to a relevant committee.
assigned
P98第二段 The work of committee is structured by its Chairthe senior member of the biggest party-who is attuned to the political desires of his party.
Chair n.椅子;大学教授职位;主持会议的主席(的席位 或职位);讲座vt.主持;使…入座;使就任要职 attuned v.使协调( attune的过去式和过去分词 ) 委员会的工作是它们的主席组织的——最大政党的高 级成员——可以满足他所在政党的政治欲望。
因此,多数党通过委员会和众议院议长领导办公室以 及参议院的“临时”主席(在有需要的时候——副总统 是参议院的正式主席)控制立法议程。
The Speaker and Senate president decide on legislative priorities and appoint committee Chairs from members of their own party.
Chairs have considerable power and decided which Bills to consider or ignore-there are far more Bills introduced than committees can handel.
主席们有相当大的权力来决定哪些法案要考 虑或忽略——法案的出台远远超过委员会的处 理能力。
Thus the majority party controls the legislative agenda both through the committees and through the leadership offices of Speaker of the House and of the Senate's president “ pro tempore"(for the "time being"-the vice-president is the formal president of the Senate).
To initiate the legislation process ,the ideas must be sponsored by a member of Congress who formally introduces it on the floor of the House or Senate as a “Bill” .
The bill is sent back to both Houses for one, last time.
最终,法案被送回两院中的一 个。
If approved . it goes to the president for final approval , which he usually gives , signing it into law.
leverage英 [ˈli:vərɪdʒ] 美 [ˈli:vərɪdʒ] n.杠杆 作用;影响力;优势,力量;举债经营v.举债经营; 借贷收购
有影响力的主席意识到他们已经到达从政生 涯的权力极限了。
In 1944 the seniority principle was broken temporarily 。